Generated for (University of
Chicago)
on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl.
Poland - 1915 - Poland, a Study in National Idealism - Monica Gardner
Poland, a study in national idealism.
Gardner, Monica Mary, d 1941. London, Burns & Oates, ltd. , 1915.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621
Public Domain, Google-digitized
http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
This work is in the Public Domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use, and redistribute the work in part or in whole. It is possible that heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially.
The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 5-23
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? POLAND
*A Study in
National Idealism
<BY MONIC<A
M. GARDNER
<tAuthor of
"tAdam Mic\ieV>icz"
NOSNE-CES5ES
THOMATVERJ
BURNS &> OATES, LTD.
28 Orchard Street
London W
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Printed in England by The Westminster Press,
412a Harrow Road, London, W.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? LA race slave n'a pas encore ba^ti ses cathe? d-
rales ni fait ses croisades. La France, dans
l'histoire des croisades, pourrait trouver
la mesure de sa force morale. L'Allemagne doit
e? tudier sa cathe? drale de Cologne, et s'humilier
devant ce monument du passe? ; mais la Pologne
n'a qu'a` consulter sa tradition vivante, son Ame.
Adam Mickiewicz, Les Slaves.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface ix
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish xii
Chapter I : The Last Hundred Years I
Chapter II: The National Literature of
Poland 32
Chapter III : The Poet of a Nation's Suffer-
ing : Adam Mickiewicz 45
Chapter IV: The Anonymous Poet of
Poland: Zygmunt Krasinski 107
Chapter V: The Mystic Pilgrimage in
Siberia 176
Chapter VI: The Spirit of the Steppe 198
Chapter VII: The Ideals of Kornel Ujejski 208
Table^of Various Dates in Polish History 228
Index 235
vi
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
AT this moment, the eyes of England are
once more turned towards Poland. The
object for which I have written this book
is to give the English reader some faint conception
of the idealism and the patriotism by which
Poland has preserved her life through more than
a hundred years of suffering and oppression. The
literature that was born of her sorrows has been,
as I have endeavoured to point out in the follow-
ing pages, one of the chief factors in the main-
tenance of that life, and almost the only method
of self-expression that has been possible to a
country, debarred as Poland has been from normal
existence. The production of the Polish poets is
a splendid form of art: but even more is it a
great movement of national aspiration. Hence
my book is not so much a study in Poland's liter-
ature as an attempt to illustrate the soul of a
nation which, were it only for her devoted
, patriotism and fidelity to her ideals under over-
whelming difficulties, should command universal
sympathy. For this purpose, I have in the first
chapter given a brief account of the condition of
Poland since the partitions.
A word must be said as to my mode of dealing
with Russia's past treatment of Poland. It is a
subject that is necessary to be faced in a work on
Poland if any sort of justice is to be done to the
ix b
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? X
PREFACE
Poles. The Russian nation, now that she has shaken
herself free from Prussian influence, has promised
to redress the wrongs that Poland has suffered at
her hands. The greater these wrongs have been,
the more profound will be the admiration of
Europe when she beholds their reparation.
It has been impossible in a book of this scope to
give more than a sketch of such poets and teachers
as Mickiewicz and Krasinski. I have already pub-
lished a monograph on the former (Adam Mickie-
wicz, the National Poet of Poland, London, 1911),
and I have in preparation a study on the life and
work of Krasinski.
For the sake of the English reader unacquainted
with the Polish language, I have generally trans-
lated the Polish Christian names into their
English equivalents. As the Polish crossed 1 is a
complicated matter for printers and readers
ignorant of Polish, I have--although it is incorrect
to do so--replaced it where it occurs by the
simple 1, according to the custom of many French
and English writers on Poland. Certain letters of
the Polish alphabet that present special difficulties
I have rendered phonetically; but as it has not
been always possible to do this, I have indicated
a few rules on the pronunciation of Polish that
may be useful to the reader.
Chapters V. and VII. and portions of my first
and second chapters have already appeared in
the Quest. Through the courtesy of the editor,
Mr. G. R. S. Mead, I am enabled to reprint them
here. With the exception of the chapters on
Anhelli and Ujejski, the present book has been
written after the outbreak of the war. I have
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
therefore been cut off from communication with
my friends and correspondents in Poland. But the
generous assistance which they gave me in the past
and in my work on Krasinski, about which I was
able to consult them before the cataclysm swept
down upon us, has been of the greatest help to
me in what I have been writing during these
terrible months, while their country has been
devastated by all the horrors of war. I therefore
express my deeply grateful thanks to my friend,
Mr. Edmund Naganowski, to Dr. Kallenbach,
and to Professor Zdziechowski. I am also much
indebted to Mr. Ladislas Mickiewicz, the son of
Adam Mickiewicz, and to my brother, Dr.
Edmund Gardner.
My earnest hope in offering this little book to
English readers is that it may arouse their sympathy
for the Polish nation.
1915. M. M. G.
Note. --Since the above words were written,
the news reached me of the death in Poland of
my friend, Edmund Naganowski. With him his
country loses one whose labour in her behalf was
unceasing. To those who, like myself, were hon-
oured with his friendship, and who found in him
the strongest, the most devoted and sympathetic
of friends and advisers, his loss can only be a life-
long and irreparable bereavement.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF
POLISH
The Polish C--an English ts, but has a softer
and somewhat hissing sound when it precedes i,
or when it is accented as in 6.
Ch--strongly aspirated h, as in the Scotch loch.
Cz--ch in cherry.
Dz--j, as in jam.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 5-23
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? POLAND
*A Study in
National Idealism
<BY MONIC<A
M. GARDNER
<tAuthor of
"tAdam Mic\ieV>icz"
NOSNE-CES5ES
THOMATVERJ
BURNS &> OATES, LTD.
28 Orchard Street
London W
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Printed in England by The Westminster Press,
412a Harrow Road, London, W.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? LA race slave n'a pas encore ba^ti ses cathe? d-
rales ni fait ses croisades. La France, dans
l'histoire des croisades, pourrait trouver
la mesure de sa force morale. L'Allemagne doit
e? tudier sa cathe? drale de Cologne, et s'humilier
devant ce monument du passe? ; mais la Pologne
n'a qu'a` consulter sa tradition vivante, son Ame.
Adam Mickiewicz, Les Slaves.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface ix
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish xii
Chapter I : The Last Hundred Years I
Chapter II: The National Literature of
Poland 32
Chapter III : The Poet of a Nation's Suffer-
ing : Adam Mickiewicz 45
Chapter IV: The Anonymous Poet of
Poland: Zygmunt Krasinski 107
Chapter V: The Mystic Pilgrimage in
Siberia 176
Chapter VI: The Spirit of the Steppe 198
Chapter VII: The Ideals of Kornel Ujejski 208
Table^of Various Dates in Polish History 228
Index 235
vi
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
AT this moment, the eyes of England are
once more turned towards Poland. The
object for which I have written this book
is to give the English reader some faint conception
of the idealism and the patriotism by which
Poland has preserved her life through more than
a hundred years of suffering and oppression. The
literature that was born of her sorrows has been,
as I have endeavoured to point out in the follow-
ing pages, one of the chief factors in the main-
tenance of that life, and almost the only method
of self-expression that has been possible to a
country, debarred as Poland has been from normal
existence. The production of the Polish poets is
a splendid form of art: but even more is it a
great movement of national aspiration. Hence
my book is not so much a study in Poland's liter-
ature as an attempt to illustrate the soul of a
nation which, were it only for her devoted
, patriotism and fidelity to her ideals under over-
whelming difficulties, should command universal
sympathy. For this purpose, I have in the first
chapter given a brief account of the condition of
Poland since the partitions.
A word must be said as to my mode of dealing
with Russia's past treatment of Poland. It is a
subject that is necessary to be faced in a work on
Poland if any sort of justice is to be done to the
ix b
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? X
PREFACE
Poles. The Russian nation, now that she has shaken
herself free from Prussian influence, has promised
to redress the wrongs that Poland has suffered at
her hands. The greater these wrongs have been,
the more profound will be the admiration of
Europe when she beholds their reparation.
It has been impossible in a book of this scope to
give more than a sketch of such poets and teachers
as Mickiewicz and Krasinski. I have already pub-
lished a monograph on the former (Adam Mickie-
wicz, the National Poet of Poland, London, 1911),
and I have in preparation a study on the life and
work of Krasinski.
For the sake of the English reader unacquainted
with the Polish language, I have generally trans-
lated the Polish Christian names into their
English equivalents. As the Polish crossed 1 is a
complicated matter for printers and readers
ignorant of Polish, I have--although it is incorrect
to do so--replaced it where it occurs by the
simple 1, according to the custom of many French
and English writers on Poland. Certain letters of
the Polish alphabet that present special difficulties
I have rendered phonetically; but as it has not
been always possible to do this, I have indicated
a few rules on the pronunciation of Polish that
may be useful to the reader.
Chapters V. and VII. and portions of my first
and second chapters have already appeared in
the Quest. Through the courtesy of the editor,
Mr. G. R. S. Mead, I am enabled to reprint them
here. With the exception of the chapters on
Anhelli and Ujejski, the present book has been
written after the outbreak of the war. I have
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
therefore been cut off from communication with
my friends and correspondents in Poland. But the
generous assistance which they gave me in the past
and in my work on Krasinski, about which I was
able to consult them before the cataclysm swept
down upon us, has been of the greatest help to
me in what I have been writing during these
terrible months, while their country has been
devastated by all the horrors of war. I therefore
express my deeply grateful thanks to my friend,
Mr. Edmund Naganowski, to Dr. Kallenbach,
and to Professor Zdziechowski. I am also much
indebted to Mr. Ladislas Mickiewicz, the son of
Adam Mickiewicz, and to my brother, Dr.
Edmund Gardner.
My earnest hope in offering this little book to
English readers is that it may arouse their sympathy
for the Polish nation.
1915. M. M. G.
Note. --Since the above words were written,
the news reached me of the death in Poland of
my friend, Edmund Naganowski. With him his
country loses one whose labour in her behalf was
unceasing. To those who, like myself, were hon-
oured with his friendship, and who found in him
the strongest, the most devoted and sympathetic
of friends and advisers, his loss can only be a life-
long and irreparable bereavement.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF
POLISH
The Polish C--an English ts, but has a softer
and somewhat hissing sound when it precedes i,
or when it is accented as in 6.
Ch--strongly aspirated h, as in the Scotch loch.
Cz--ch in cherry.
Dz--j, as in jam.
O--oo as in rood.
Rz--the French j, as in Jean.
S', Si--a very soft hissing form of sh.
Sz--sh.
W--v.
Z, Zi--French j.
The accent in Polish is almost invariably on the
penultimate as, Mickie'wicz.
Xll
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHAPTER I
THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS
FOR more than a hundred years, Poland
has presented to Europe the spectacle
of a nation rent asunder. Her nationality V
has been proscribed and oppressed. The common 1
rights of race possession have been denied to her.
She has risen in arms for her liberties, only to be
crushed. She has suffered the basest treachery
and the bitterest disillusions. Eighty years ago,
Montalembert, in a famous phrase, gave her the
name of the "nation in mourning. " That title
has never lost its application. .
In 1772 and 1793, the first two partitions of \
Poland were effected: the first between Austria,!
Russia and Prussia, the second between Russia
and Prussia. After the second partition Kosciuszko,
arming the peasants with scythes, rose at the
head of the nation in a desperate attempt to save
the national independence. The armies of Russia
and Prussia were too strong for him. He was
carried, a wounded prisoner, from the lost field
of Maciejowice. Suvorov, the Russian commander,
then marched on Warsaw. The city was taken after
an appalling massacre of the inhabitants of its
suburb, Praga, in which thousands perished by
the sword or by fire, or were drowned in the river
as they fled, with a broken bridge before them,
from Suvorov's soldiers. The cause of Poland was
6
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp.
Gardner, Monica Mary, d 1941. London, Burns & Oates, ltd. , 1915.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621
Public Domain, Google-digitized
http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
This work is in the Public Domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use, and redistribute the work in part or in whole. It is possible that heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially.
The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 5-23
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? POLAND
*A Study in
National Idealism
<BY MONIC<A
M. GARDNER
<tAuthor of
"tAdam Mic\ieV>icz"
NOSNE-CES5ES
THOMATVERJ
BURNS &> OATES, LTD.
28 Orchard Street
London W
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Printed in England by The Westminster Press,
412a Harrow Road, London, W.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? LA race slave n'a pas encore ba^ti ses cathe? d-
rales ni fait ses croisades. La France, dans
l'histoire des croisades, pourrait trouver
la mesure de sa force morale. L'Allemagne doit
e? tudier sa cathe? drale de Cologne, et s'humilier
devant ce monument du passe? ; mais la Pologne
n'a qu'a` consulter sa tradition vivante, son Ame.
Adam Mickiewicz, Les Slaves.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface ix
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish xii
Chapter I : The Last Hundred Years I
Chapter II: The National Literature of
Poland 32
Chapter III : The Poet of a Nation's Suffer-
ing : Adam Mickiewicz 45
Chapter IV: The Anonymous Poet of
Poland: Zygmunt Krasinski 107
Chapter V: The Mystic Pilgrimage in
Siberia 176
Chapter VI: The Spirit of the Steppe 198
Chapter VII: The Ideals of Kornel Ujejski 208
Table^of Various Dates in Polish History 228
Index 235
vi
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
AT this moment, the eyes of England are
once more turned towards Poland. The
object for which I have written this book
is to give the English reader some faint conception
of the idealism and the patriotism by which
Poland has preserved her life through more than
a hundred years of suffering and oppression. The
literature that was born of her sorrows has been,
as I have endeavoured to point out in the follow-
ing pages, one of the chief factors in the main-
tenance of that life, and almost the only method
of self-expression that has been possible to a
country, debarred as Poland has been from normal
existence. The production of the Polish poets is
a splendid form of art: but even more is it a
great movement of national aspiration. Hence
my book is not so much a study in Poland's liter-
ature as an attempt to illustrate the soul of a
nation which, were it only for her devoted
, patriotism and fidelity to her ideals under over-
whelming difficulties, should command universal
sympathy. For this purpose, I have in the first
chapter given a brief account of the condition of
Poland since the partitions.
A word must be said as to my mode of dealing
with Russia's past treatment of Poland. It is a
subject that is necessary to be faced in a work on
Poland if any sort of justice is to be done to the
ix b
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? X
PREFACE
Poles. The Russian nation, now that she has shaken
herself free from Prussian influence, has promised
to redress the wrongs that Poland has suffered at
her hands. The greater these wrongs have been,
the more profound will be the admiration of
Europe when she beholds their reparation.
It has been impossible in a book of this scope to
give more than a sketch of such poets and teachers
as Mickiewicz and Krasinski. I have already pub-
lished a monograph on the former (Adam Mickie-
wicz, the National Poet of Poland, London, 1911),
and I have in preparation a study on the life and
work of Krasinski.
For the sake of the English reader unacquainted
with the Polish language, I have generally trans-
lated the Polish Christian names into their
English equivalents. As the Polish crossed 1 is a
complicated matter for printers and readers
ignorant of Polish, I have--although it is incorrect
to do so--replaced it where it occurs by the
simple 1, according to the custom of many French
and English writers on Poland. Certain letters of
the Polish alphabet that present special difficulties
I have rendered phonetically; but as it has not
been always possible to do this, I have indicated
a few rules on the pronunciation of Polish that
may be useful to the reader.
Chapters V. and VII. and portions of my first
and second chapters have already appeared in
the Quest. Through the courtesy of the editor,
Mr. G. R. S. Mead, I am enabled to reprint them
here. With the exception of the chapters on
Anhelli and Ujejski, the present book has been
written after the outbreak of the war. I have
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
therefore been cut off from communication with
my friends and correspondents in Poland. But the
generous assistance which they gave me in the past
and in my work on Krasinski, about which I was
able to consult them before the cataclysm swept
down upon us, has been of the greatest help to
me in what I have been writing during these
terrible months, while their country has been
devastated by all the horrors of war. I therefore
express my deeply grateful thanks to my friend,
Mr. Edmund Naganowski, to Dr. Kallenbach,
and to Professor Zdziechowski. I am also much
indebted to Mr. Ladislas Mickiewicz, the son of
Adam Mickiewicz, and to my brother, Dr.
Edmund Gardner.
My earnest hope in offering this little book to
English readers is that it may arouse their sympathy
for the Polish nation.
1915. M. M. G.
Note. --Since the above words were written,
the news reached me of the death in Poland of
my friend, Edmund Naganowski. With him his
country loses one whose labour in her behalf was
unceasing. To those who, like myself, were hon-
oured with his friendship, and who found in him
the strongest, the most devoted and sympathetic
of friends and advisers, his loss can only be a life-
long and irreparable bereavement.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF
POLISH
The Polish C--an English ts, but has a softer
and somewhat hissing sound when it precedes i,
or when it is accented as in 6.
Ch--strongly aspirated h, as in the Scotch loch.
Cz--ch in cherry.
Dz--j, as in jam.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 5-23
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? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? POLAND
*A Study in
National Idealism
<BY MONIC<A
M. GARDNER
<tAuthor of
"tAdam Mic\ieV>icz"
NOSNE-CES5ES
THOMATVERJ
BURNS &> OATES, LTD.
28 Orchard Street
London W
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? Printed in England by The Westminster Press,
412a Harrow Road, London, W.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? LA race slave n'a pas encore ba^ti ses cathe? d-
rales ni fait ses croisades. La France, dans
l'histoire des croisades, pourrait trouver
la mesure de sa force morale. L'Allemagne doit
e? tudier sa cathe? drale de Cologne, et s'humilier
devant ce monument du passe? ; mais la Pologne
n'a qu'a` consulter sa tradition vivante, son Ame.
Adam Mickiewicz, Les Slaves.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface ix
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish xii
Chapter I : The Last Hundred Years I
Chapter II: The National Literature of
Poland 32
Chapter III : The Poet of a Nation's Suffer-
ing : Adam Mickiewicz 45
Chapter IV: The Anonymous Poet of
Poland: Zygmunt Krasinski 107
Chapter V: The Mystic Pilgrimage in
Siberia 176
Chapter VI: The Spirit of the Steppe 198
Chapter VII: The Ideals of Kornel Ujejski 208
Table^of Various Dates in Polish History 228
Index 235
vi
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? PREFACE
AT this moment, the eyes of England are
once more turned towards Poland. The
object for which I have written this book
is to give the English reader some faint conception
of the idealism and the patriotism by which
Poland has preserved her life through more than
a hundred years of suffering and oppression. The
literature that was born of her sorrows has been,
as I have endeavoured to point out in the follow-
ing pages, one of the chief factors in the main-
tenance of that life, and almost the only method
of self-expression that has been possible to a
country, debarred as Poland has been from normal
existence. The production of the Polish poets is
a splendid form of art: but even more is it a
great movement of national aspiration. Hence
my book is not so much a study in Poland's liter-
ature as an attempt to illustrate the soul of a
nation which, were it only for her devoted
, patriotism and fidelity to her ideals under over-
whelming difficulties, should command universal
sympathy. For this purpose, I have in the first
chapter given a brief account of the condition of
Poland since the partitions.
A word must be said as to my mode of dealing
with Russia's past treatment of Poland. It is a
subject that is necessary to be faced in a work on
Poland if any sort of justice is to be done to the
ix b
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? X
PREFACE
Poles. The Russian nation, now that she has shaken
herself free from Prussian influence, has promised
to redress the wrongs that Poland has suffered at
her hands. The greater these wrongs have been,
the more profound will be the admiration of
Europe when she beholds their reparation.
It has been impossible in a book of this scope to
give more than a sketch of such poets and teachers
as Mickiewicz and Krasinski. I have already pub-
lished a monograph on the former (Adam Mickie-
wicz, the National Poet of Poland, London, 1911),
and I have in preparation a study on the life and
work of Krasinski.
For the sake of the English reader unacquainted
with the Polish language, I have generally trans-
lated the Polish Christian names into their
English equivalents. As the Polish crossed 1 is a
complicated matter for printers and readers
ignorant of Polish, I have--although it is incorrect
to do so--replaced it where it occurs by the
simple 1, according to the custom of many French
and English writers on Poland. Certain letters of
the Polish alphabet that present special difficulties
I have rendered phonetically; but as it has not
been always possible to do this, I have indicated
a few rules on the pronunciation of Polish that
may be useful to the reader.
Chapters V. and VII. and portions of my first
and second chapters have already appeared in
the Quest. Through the courtesy of the editor,
Mr. G. R. S. Mead, I am enabled to reprint them
here. With the exception of the chapters on
Anhelli and Ujejski, the present book has been
written after the outbreak of the war. I have
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? PREFACE
therefore been cut off from communication with
my friends and correspondents in Poland. But the
generous assistance which they gave me in the past
and in my work on Krasinski, about which I was
able to consult them before the cataclysm swept
down upon us, has been of the greatest help to
me in what I have been writing during these
terrible months, while their country has been
devastated by all the horrors of war. I therefore
express my deeply grateful thanks to my friend,
Mr. Edmund Naganowski, to Dr. Kallenbach,
and to Professor Zdziechowski. I am also much
indebted to Mr. Ladislas Mickiewicz, the son of
Adam Mickiewicz, and to my brother, Dr.
Edmund Gardner.
My earnest hope in offering this little book to
English readers is that it may arouse their sympathy
for the Polish nation.
1915. M. M. G.
Note. --Since the above words were written,
the news reached me of the death in Poland of
my friend, Edmund Naganowski. With him his
country loses one whose labour in her behalf was
unceasing. To those who, like myself, were hon-
oured with his friendship, and who found in him
the strongest, the most devoted and sympathetic
of friends and advisers, his loss can only be a life-
long and irreparable bereavement.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF
POLISH
The Polish C--an English ts, but has a softer
and somewhat hissing sound when it precedes i,
or when it is accented as in 6.
Ch--strongly aspirated h, as in the Scotch loch.
Cz--ch in cherry.
Dz--j, as in jam.
O--oo as in rood.
Rz--the French j, as in Jean.
S', Si--a very soft hissing form of sh.
Sz--sh.
W--v.
Z, Zi--French j.
The accent in Polish is almost invariably on the
penultimate as, Mickie'wicz.
Xll
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? CHAPTER I
THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS
FOR more than a hundred years, Poland
has presented to Europe the spectacle
of a nation rent asunder. Her nationality V
has been proscribed and oppressed. The common 1
rights of race possession have been denied to her.
She has risen in arms for her liberties, only to be
crushed. She has suffered the basest treachery
and the bitterest disillusions. Eighty years ago,
Montalembert, in a famous phrase, gave her the
name of the "nation in mourning. " That title
has never lost its application. .
In 1772 and 1793, the first two partitions of \
Poland were effected: the first between Austria,!
Russia and Prussia, the second between Russia
and Prussia. After the second partition Kosciuszko,
arming the peasants with scythes, rose at the
head of the nation in a desperate attempt to save
the national independence. The armies of Russia
and Prussia were too strong for him. He was
carried, a wounded prisoner, from the lost field
of Maciejowice. Suvorov, the Russian commander,
then marched on Warsaw. The city was taken after
an appalling massacre of the inhabitants of its
suburb, Praga, in which thousands perished by
the sword or by fire, or were drowned in the river
as they fled, with a broken bridge before them,
from Suvorov's soldiers. The cause of Poland was
6
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