74), sumed the three
criteria
(Epithpia): a.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
683, &c.
,
Hippocrates also is said to have died. (Clinton, ii. pp. 641, 639, iv. p. 333, &c.
F. H. ad ann. 357. ) We cannot leave unnoticed The philosophy of Democritus has, in modern
the tradition that Democritus deprived himself of times been the subject of much investigation. He-
his sight, in order to be less disturbed in his pur- gel (Vorlesung, üb. Gesch. d. Philos. i. p. 379, &c. )
suits. (Cic. de Fin. v. 29 ; Gellius, x. 17 ; Diog. treats it very briefly, and does not attach much
Laërt. ix. 36 ; Cic. Tusc. v. 39 ; Menage, ad Diog. importance to it. The most minute investigations
Laërt. ix. 43. ) But this tradition is one of the concerning it are those of Ritter (Gesch. d. Philos.
inventions of a later age, which was fond of i. p. 559), Brandis (Rhein. Mus. iii. p. 133, &c. ,
piquant anecdotes. It is more probable that he and Gesch. der Griech. u. Röm. Philos. i. p. 294,
may have lost his sight by too severe application &c. ), Petersen (Histor. Philog. Studien. i.
to study. (Brandis, l. c. p. 298. ) This loss, &c. ), Papencordt ( Atomicorum doctrina), and Mul-
however, did not disturb the cheerful disposition lach (l. c. pp. 373—419).
of his mind and his views of human life, which It was Democritus who, in his numerous writ-
prompted him everywhere to look at the cheerful ings, carried out Leucippus's theory of atoms, and
and comical side of things, which later writers took especially in his observations on nature. These
to mean, that he always laughed at the follies of atomists undertook the task of proving that the
men. (Senec. de Ira, ii. 10; Aelian, V. H. iv. quantitative relations of matter were its original
20. )
characteristics, and that its qualitative relations
Of the extent of his knowledge, which embraced were something secondary and derivative, and of
not only natural sciences, mathematics, mechanics thus doing away with the distinction between
(Brandis, in the Rhein. Mus. iii. p. 134, &c. ). gram- matter and mind or power. (Brandis, l. c. p. 291. )
mar, music, and philosophy, but various other use- In order to avoid the difficulties connected with
ful arts, we may form some notion from the list of the supposition of primitive matter with definite
his numerous works which is given by Diogenes qualities, without admitting the coming into exist-
Laërtius (ix. 46—49), and which, as Diogenes ence and annihilation as realities, and without
expressly states, contains only his genuine works. giving up, as the Eleatic philosophers did, the
The grammarian Thrasyllus, a contemporary of the reality of variety and its changes, the atomists
emperor Tiberius, arranged them, like the works of derived all definiteness of phaenomena, both phy-
Plato, into tetralogies. The importance which sical and mental, from elementary particles, the
was attached to the researches of Democritus is infinite number of which were homogeneous in
evident from the fact, that Aristotle is reported to quality, but heterogeneous in form. This made it
have written a work in two books on the problems necessary for them to establish the reality of a
of Democritus. (Diog. Laërt. v. 26. ) His works vacuum or space, and of motion. (Brandis, l. c.
were composed in the Ionic dialect, though not p. 303, &c. ) Motion, they said, is the eternal and
without some admixture of the local peculiarities of nece art consequence of the original variety of
Abdera. (Philopon. in Aristot. de gener. et cor- atoms in the vacuum or space. All phaenomena
rupt. fol. 7, a. ; Simplic. ad Aristot. de Coelo, fol. arise from the infinite variety of the form, order, and
150, a. ; Suid. s. v. Þuo uós. ) They are neverthe position of the atoms in forming combinations. It
less much praised by Cicero on account of the is impossible, they add, to derive this supposition
poetical beauties and the liveliness of their style, from any higher principle, for a beginning of the
and are in this respect compared even with the infinite is inconceivable. (Aristot. de Generat.
works of Plato. (Groen van Prinsterer, l. c. ; Cic. Anim. i. 6, p. 742, b. 20, ed. Bekker; Brandis,
de Div. ii. 64, de Orat. i. 11, Orat. 20 ; Dionys. l. c. p. 309, &c. ) The atoms are impenetrable,
de Compos. verb. 24; Plut. Sympos. v. 7, p. 683. ) and therefore ofier resistance to one another. This
Pyrrhon is said to have imitated his style (Euseb. creates a swinging, world-producing, and whirling
Praep. Evang. xiv. 6), and even Timon praises it, motion. (This reminds us of the joke in the Clouds
and calls it περίφρονα και αμφίνοον λέσχην. (Diog. of Aristophanes about the god Δίνος! ) Now as
Laërt. ix. 40. ) Unfortunately, not one of his similars attract one another, there arise in that
works has come down to us, and the treatise which motion real things and beings, that is, combinations
we possess under his name is considered spurious. of distinct atoms, which still continue to be sepa-
Callimachus wrote glosses upon his works and made rated from one another by the vacuum. The first
a list of them (Suid. s. v. ); but they must have cause of all existence is necessity, that is, the neces-
been lost at an early time, since even Simplicius sary predestination and necessary succession of
does not appear to have read them (Papencordt, de cause and effect. This they called chancc, in oppo-
Atomicorum doctrina, p. 22), and since compara- sition to the vous of Anaxagoras. But it does the
tively few fragments have come down to us, and 'highest honour to the mind of Democritus, that he
1
TAT
## p. 976 (#996) ############################################
976
DEMOCRITUS.
DEMOCRITUS.
inade the discovery of causes the highest object or sensuous perception, but that he considered
of scientific investigations. He once said, that he knowledge derived from reason to be sensuous
preferred the discovery of a true cause to the pos- perceptions. (De Anim. i. 2. p. 404, 27. ) A purer
sesssion of the kingdom of Persia. (Dionys. Alex. and higher knowledge which he opposed to the
an. Euscb. Pruen. Erang. xiv. 27. ) We must not, obscure knowledge obtained through the medium
therefore, take the word chance (Tuxń) in its vul- of the senses, must therefore have been to him a
gar acceptation. (Brandis, l. c. p. 319. ) Aristotle kind of sensation, that is, a direct perception of
understood Democritus rightly in this respect the atoms and of space. For this reason he as.
(Phys. Auscult. ii. 4, p. 196. 11; Simplic. fol.
74), sumed the three criteria (Epithpia): a. Phaeno-
as he generally valued him highly, and often says mena as criteria for discovering that which is hid-
of him, that he had thought on all subjects, search- den : 1. Thought as a criterion of investigation :
ed after the first causes of phaenomena, and endea- and c. Assertions as criteria of desires. (Sext.
Toured to find defnitions. (De Generat. ct Corrupt. Emp. adr. Math. vii. 140; Brandis, l. c. p. 334. )
i. 2, 8, Metaph. N. 4, Phys. ii. 2, p. 194, 20, de Now as Democritus acknowledged the uncertainty
Purt. Anim. i. p. 642, 26. ) The only thing for of perceptions, and as he was unable to establish a
which he censures him, is a disregard for teleologi- higher and purely spiritual source of knowledge as
cal relations, and the want of a comprehensive sys- distinct from perceptions, we often find him com-
tem of induction. (De Respir. 4, de Generat. Anim. plaining that all human knowledge is uncertain,
v. 8. ) Democritus himself called the common no- ihat in general either nothing is absolutely trie,
tion of chance a cover of human ignorance (Tpóda- or at least not clear to us (äənaov, Aristot. Metaph.
ow idins avoins), and an invention of those who r. 5), that our senses grope about in the dark
were too idle to think. (Dionys, ap. Euseb. Praep. (sensus tenebricosi, Cic. Acad. iv. 10, 23), and that
Evang. xiv. 27; Stob. Eclog. Eth. p. 341. ) all our views and opinions are subjective, and come
Besides the infinite number of atoms existing in to us only like something epidemic, as it were,
infinite space, Democritus also supposed the exist with the air which we breathe. (Sext. Emp. adv.
ence of an infinite number of worlds, some of which Math. vii. 136, 137, viii. 327, Hypotyp. i. 213;
resembled one another, while others differed from Diog. Laërt. ix. 72, te d' oùdėv louer, èv Buon
one another, and each of these worlds was kept gap n alhoera, which Cicero translates in profundo
together as one thing by a sort of shell or skin. | veritatem esse. )
He derived the four elements from the form of the In his ethical philosophy Democritus considered
atoms predominating in each, from their quality, the acquisition of peace of mind (evduula) as the
and their relations of magnitude. In deriving in- end and ultimate object of our actions. (Diog.
dividual things from atoms, he mainly considered Laërt. ix. 45; Cic. de Fin. v. 29. ) This peace,
the qualities of warm and cold. The warm or fire- this tranquillity of the mind, and freedom froin
like he took to be a combination of fine, spheric, fear (pobos and devoidaluovia) and passion, is the
and very mosable atoms, as opposed to the cold last and fairest fruit of philosophical inquiry.
and moist. His mode of proceeding, however, Many of his ethical writings had reference to this
was, first carefully to observe and describe the idea and its establishment, and the fragments re-
phaenomena themselves, and then to attempt his lating to this question are full of the most genuine
atomistic explanation, whereby he essentially ad- practical wisdom. Abstinence from too many oc-
vanced the knowledge of nature. (Papencordt, l. c. cupations, a steady consideration of one's own
p. 45, &c. ; Brandis, l. c. p. 327. ) He derived the powers, which prevents our attempting that which
soul, the origin of life, consciousness, and thought, we cannot accomplish, moderation in prosperity and
from the finest fire-atoms (Aristot. de Anim. i. 2, misfortune, were to him the principal means of ac-
ed. Trendelenburg); and in connexion with this quiring the evduuía. The noblest and purest ethi-
theory he made very profound physiological inves- cal tendency, lastly, is manifest in his views on
tigations. It was for this reason that, according virtue and on good. Truly pious and beloved by
to him, the soul while in the body acquires percep the gods, he says, are only those who hate that
tions and knowledge by corporeal contact, and that which is wrong (orous expòv tò đôlkeiv). The
it is affected by heat and cold. The sensuous per- purest joy and the truest happiness are only the
ceptions themselves were to him affections of the fruit of the higher mental activity exerted in the
organ or of the subject perceiving, dependent on endeavour to understand the nature of things, of
the changes of bodily condition, on the difference the peace of mind arising from good actions, and
of the organs and their quality, on air and light of a clear conscience. (Brandis, l. c. p. 337. )
Hence the differences, e. g. , of taste, colour, and The titles of the works which the ancients as.
temperature, are only conventional (Sext. Empir. cribed to Democritus may be found in Diogenes
adr. Math. vii. 135), the real cause of those differ-Laërtius. We find among them : ). Works of
ences being in the atoms.
ethics and practical philosophy. 2. On natural
It was very natural, therefore, that Democritus science. 3. On mathematics and astronomy.
described even the knowledge obtained by sensuous 4. On music and poetry, on rhythm and poetical
perception as obscure (okotimu kplow). A clear beauty (Bode, Gesch. der Hellen. Dichtkunst
. i. p.
and pure knowledge is only that which has refer- | 24. &c. ), and on Homer. 5. Works of a linguistic
ence to the true principles or the true nature of and grammatical nature; for Democritus is one of
things, that is, to the atoms and space. But the earliest Greek philosophers that made language
knowledge derived from reason was, in his opinion, the subject of his investigations. (Lersch, Sprach-
not specifically different from that acquired through philosophie der Alten, i. p. 13, &c. ) 6. Works on
the senses; for conception and reflection were to medicine, 7. On agriculture. 8. On painting.
him only effects of impressions made upon the 9. On mythology, history, &c.
He had even
senses ; and Aristoile, therefore, expressly states, occupied himself, with success, with mechanics ;
that Democritus did not consider mind as some- and Vitruvius (Praef. lib. vii. ; comp. Senec. Epist.
thing peculiar, or as a power distinct from the soul 90) ascribes to him certain inventions, for example,
## p. 977 (#997) ############################################
DEMODOCUS.
977
DEMONAX
1
the art of arching. lle is also said to have pos- 2. One of the Athenian . . is, who com-
sessed in knowledge of perspective. Two works manded a fleet in the Hellespont, and in the
on lictics (TAKTIKOV Kal 'On douaxikóv) are ascribed spring of B. C. 124, recovered the town of Antan-
to him, apparently from a confusion of his name ris. (Thuc. iv. 75. ) Another person of this name
with that of Damocritus. (Fabric. Bill, Gract. iv. is mentioned by Polybius. (v: 95. ) [L. S. ]
p. 343 ; Mullach, l. c. pp. 93--159. ) [A. S. ] DEMO'DOCUS (Anubdokos) of Leros, the au-
DEMO'CRITUS (Anuskpitos). 1. Of Ephesus, thor of four epigrams in the Greek Anthology,
wrote works on the Ephesian temple and the town containing bitter attacks upon the Chians, Cappa-
of Samothrace. (Ding. Laërt. ix. 49. ) A frag- docians, and Cilicians. (Brunck, Anal. j. 56;
ment of his is preserved in Athenaeus. (xii. p. Jacobs, ii. 56, xiii. 698. ) lle is mentioned by
5:25. )
Aristotle. (Ethic. Nicom. vii. 9. ) [P. S. ]
2. A Platonic philosopher, who wrote commen- DEMO'DOCCS (Anuódokos ), a physician of
taries on Plato's Phaedon and Alcibiades I. (Por. Crotonn.
Hippocrates also is said to have died. (Clinton, ii. pp. 641, 639, iv. p. 333, &c.
F. H. ad ann. 357. ) We cannot leave unnoticed The philosophy of Democritus has, in modern
the tradition that Democritus deprived himself of times been the subject of much investigation. He-
his sight, in order to be less disturbed in his pur- gel (Vorlesung, üb. Gesch. d. Philos. i. p. 379, &c. )
suits. (Cic. de Fin. v. 29 ; Gellius, x. 17 ; Diog. treats it very briefly, and does not attach much
Laërt. ix. 36 ; Cic. Tusc. v. 39 ; Menage, ad Diog. importance to it. The most minute investigations
Laërt. ix. 43. ) But this tradition is one of the concerning it are those of Ritter (Gesch. d. Philos.
inventions of a later age, which was fond of i. p. 559), Brandis (Rhein. Mus. iii. p. 133, &c. ,
piquant anecdotes. It is more probable that he and Gesch. der Griech. u. Röm. Philos. i. p. 294,
may have lost his sight by too severe application &c. ), Petersen (Histor. Philog. Studien. i.
to study. (Brandis, l. c. p. 298. ) This loss, &c. ), Papencordt ( Atomicorum doctrina), and Mul-
however, did not disturb the cheerful disposition lach (l. c. pp. 373—419).
of his mind and his views of human life, which It was Democritus who, in his numerous writ-
prompted him everywhere to look at the cheerful ings, carried out Leucippus's theory of atoms, and
and comical side of things, which later writers took especially in his observations on nature. These
to mean, that he always laughed at the follies of atomists undertook the task of proving that the
men. (Senec. de Ira, ii. 10; Aelian, V. H. iv. quantitative relations of matter were its original
20. )
characteristics, and that its qualitative relations
Of the extent of his knowledge, which embraced were something secondary and derivative, and of
not only natural sciences, mathematics, mechanics thus doing away with the distinction between
(Brandis, in the Rhein. Mus. iii. p. 134, &c. ). gram- matter and mind or power. (Brandis, l. c. p. 291. )
mar, music, and philosophy, but various other use- In order to avoid the difficulties connected with
ful arts, we may form some notion from the list of the supposition of primitive matter with definite
his numerous works which is given by Diogenes qualities, without admitting the coming into exist-
Laërtius (ix. 46—49), and which, as Diogenes ence and annihilation as realities, and without
expressly states, contains only his genuine works. giving up, as the Eleatic philosophers did, the
The grammarian Thrasyllus, a contemporary of the reality of variety and its changes, the atomists
emperor Tiberius, arranged them, like the works of derived all definiteness of phaenomena, both phy-
Plato, into tetralogies. The importance which sical and mental, from elementary particles, the
was attached to the researches of Democritus is infinite number of which were homogeneous in
evident from the fact, that Aristotle is reported to quality, but heterogeneous in form. This made it
have written a work in two books on the problems necessary for them to establish the reality of a
of Democritus. (Diog. Laërt. v. 26. ) His works vacuum or space, and of motion. (Brandis, l. c.
were composed in the Ionic dialect, though not p. 303, &c. ) Motion, they said, is the eternal and
without some admixture of the local peculiarities of nece art consequence of the original variety of
Abdera. (Philopon. in Aristot. de gener. et cor- atoms in the vacuum or space. All phaenomena
rupt. fol. 7, a. ; Simplic. ad Aristot. de Coelo, fol. arise from the infinite variety of the form, order, and
150, a. ; Suid. s. v. Þuo uós. ) They are neverthe position of the atoms in forming combinations. It
less much praised by Cicero on account of the is impossible, they add, to derive this supposition
poetical beauties and the liveliness of their style, from any higher principle, for a beginning of the
and are in this respect compared even with the infinite is inconceivable. (Aristot. de Generat.
works of Plato. (Groen van Prinsterer, l. c. ; Cic. Anim. i. 6, p. 742, b. 20, ed. Bekker; Brandis,
de Div. ii. 64, de Orat. i. 11, Orat. 20 ; Dionys. l. c. p. 309, &c. ) The atoms are impenetrable,
de Compos. verb. 24; Plut. Sympos. v. 7, p. 683. ) and therefore ofier resistance to one another. This
Pyrrhon is said to have imitated his style (Euseb. creates a swinging, world-producing, and whirling
Praep. Evang. xiv. 6), and even Timon praises it, motion. (This reminds us of the joke in the Clouds
and calls it περίφρονα και αμφίνοον λέσχην. (Diog. of Aristophanes about the god Δίνος! ) Now as
Laërt. ix. 40. ) Unfortunately, not one of his similars attract one another, there arise in that
works has come down to us, and the treatise which motion real things and beings, that is, combinations
we possess under his name is considered spurious. of distinct atoms, which still continue to be sepa-
Callimachus wrote glosses upon his works and made rated from one another by the vacuum. The first
a list of them (Suid. s. v. ); but they must have cause of all existence is necessity, that is, the neces-
been lost at an early time, since even Simplicius sary predestination and necessary succession of
does not appear to have read them (Papencordt, de cause and effect. This they called chancc, in oppo-
Atomicorum doctrina, p. 22), and since compara- sition to the vous of Anaxagoras. But it does the
tively few fragments have come down to us, and 'highest honour to the mind of Democritus, that he
1
TAT
## p. 976 (#996) ############################################
976
DEMOCRITUS.
DEMOCRITUS.
inade the discovery of causes the highest object or sensuous perception, but that he considered
of scientific investigations. He once said, that he knowledge derived from reason to be sensuous
preferred the discovery of a true cause to the pos- perceptions. (De Anim. i. 2. p. 404, 27. ) A purer
sesssion of the kingdom of Persia. (Dionys. Alex. and higher knowledge which he opposed to the
an. Euscb. Pruen. Erang. xiv. 27. ) We must not, obscure knowledge obtained through the medium
therefore, take the word chance (Tuxń) in its vul- of the senses, must therefore have been to him a
gar acceptation. (Brandis, l. c. p. 319. ) Aristotle kind of sensation, that is, a direct perception of
understood Democritus rightly in this respect the atoms and of space. For this reason he as.
(Phys. Auscult. ii. 4, p. 196. 11; Simplic. fol.
74), sumed the three criteria (Epithpia): a. Phaeno-
as he generally valued him highly, and often says mena as criteria for discovering that which is hid-
of him, that he had thought on all subjects, search- den : 1. Thought as a criterion of investigation :
ed after the first causes of phaenomena, and endea- and c. Assertions as criteria of desires. (Sext.
Toured to find defnitions. (De Generat. ct Corrupt. Emp. adr. Math. vii. 140; Brandis, l. c. p. 334. )
i. 2, 8, Metaph. N. 4, Phys. ii. 2, p. 194, 20, de Now as Democritus acknowledged the uncertainty
Purt. Anim. i. p. 642, 26. ) The only thing for of perceptions, and as he was unable to establish a
which he censures him, is a disregard for teleologi- higher and purely spiritual source of knowledge as
cal relations, and the want of a comprehensive sys- distinct from perceptions, we often find him com-
tem of induction. (De Respir. 4, de Generat. Anim. plaining that all human knowledge is uncertain,
v. 8. ) Democritus himself called the common no- ihat in general either nothing is absolutely trie,
tion of chance a cover of human ignorance (Tpóda- or at least not clear to us (äənaov, Aristot. Metaph.
ow idins avoins), and an invention of those who r. 5), that our senses grope about in the dark
were too idle to think. (Dionys, ap. Euseb. Praep. (sensus tenebricosi, Cic. Acad. iv. 10, 23), and that
Evang. xiv. 27; Stob. Eclog. Eth. p. 341. ) all our views and opinions are subjective, and come
Besides the infinite number of atoms existing in to us only like something epidemic, as it were,
infinite space, Democritus also supposed the exist with the air which we breathe. (Sext. Emp. adv.
ence of an infinite number of worlds, some of which Math. vii. 136, 137, viii. 327, Hypotyp. i. 213;
resembled one another, while others differed from Diog. Laërt. ix. 72, te d' oùdėv louer, èv Buon
one another, and each of these worlds was kept gap n alhoera, which Cicero translates in profundo
together as one thing by a sort of shell or skin. | veritatem esse. )
He derived the four elements from the form of the In his ethical philosophy Democritus considered
atoms predominating in each, from their quality, the acquisition of peace of mind (evduula) as the
and their relations of magnitude. In deriving in- end and ultimate object of our actions. (Diog.
dividual things from atoms, he mainly considered Laërt. ix. 45; Cic. de Fin. v. 29. ) This peace,
the qualities of warm and cold. The warm or fire- this tranquillity of the mind, and freedom froin
like he took to be a combination of fine, spheric, fear (pobos and devoidaluovia) and passion, is the
and very mosable atoms, as opposed to the cold last and fairest fruit of philosophical inquiry.
and moist. His mode of proceeding, however, Many of his ethical writings had reference to this
was, first carefully to observe and describe the idea and its establishment, and the fragments re-
phaenomena themselves, and then to attempt his lating to this question are full of the most genuine
atomistic explanation, whereby he essentially ad- practical wisdom. Abstinence from too many oc-
vanced the knowledge of nature. (Papencordt, l. c. cupations, a steady consideration of one's own
p. 45, &c. ; Brandis, l. c. p. 327. ) He derived the powers, which prevents our attempting that which
soul, the origin of life, consciousness, and thought, we cannot accomplish, moderation in prosperity and
from the finest fire-atoms (Aristot. de Anim. i. 2, misfortune, were to him the principal means of ac-
ed. Trendelenburg); and in connexion with this quiring the evduuía. The noblest and purest ethi-
theory he made very profound physiological inves- cal tendency, lastly, is manifest in his views on
tigations. It was for this reason that, according virtue and on good. Truly pious and beloved by
to him, the soul while in the body acquires percep the gods, he says, are only those who hate that
tions and knowledge by corporeal contact, and that which is wrong (orous expòv tò đôlkeiv). The
it is affected by heat and cold. The sensuous per- purest joy and the truest happiness are only the
ceptions themselves were to him affections of the fruit of the higher mental activity exerted in the
organ or of the subject perceiving, dependent on endeavour to understand the nature of things, of
the changes of bodily condition, on the difference the peace of mind arising from good actions, and
of the organs and their quality, on air and light of a clear conscience. (Brandis, l. c. p. 337. )
Hence the differences, e. g. , of taste, colour, and The titles of the works which the ancients as.
temperature, are only conventional (Sext. Empir. cribed to Democritus may be found in Diogenes
adr. Math. vii. 135), the real cause of those differ-Laërtius. We find among them : ). Works of
ences being in the atoms.
ethics and practical philosophy. 2. On natural
It was very natural, therefore, that Democritus science. 3. On mathematics and astronomy.
described even the knowledge obtained by sensuous 4. On music and poetry, on rhythm and poetical
perception as obscure (okotimu kplow). A clear beauty (Bode, Gesch. der Hellen. Dichtkunst
. i. p.
and pure knowledge is only that which has refer- | 24. &c. ), and on Homer. 5. Works of a linguistic
ence to the true principles or the true nature of and grammatical nature; for Democritus is one of
things, that is, to the atoms and space. But the earliest Greek philosophers that made language
knowledge derived from reason was, in his opinion, the subject of his investigations. (Lersch, Sprach-
not specifically different from that acquired through philosophie der Alten, i. p. 13, &c. ) 6. Works on
the senses; for conception and reflection were to medicine, 7. On agriculture. 8. On painting.
him only effects of impressions made upon the 9. On mythology, history, &c.
He had even
senses ; and Aristoile, therefore, expressly states, occupied himself, with success, with mechanics ;
that Democritus did not consider mind as some- and Vitruvius (Praef. lib. vii. ; comp. Senec. Epist.
thing peculiar, or as a power distinct from the soul 90) ascribes to him certain inventions, for example,
## p. 977 (#997) ############################################
DEMODOCUS.
977
DEMONAX
1
the art of arching. lle is also said to have pos- 2. One of the Athenian . . is, who com-
sessed in knowledge of perspective. Two works manded a fleet in the Hellespont, and in the
on lictics (TAKTIKOV Kal 'On douaxikóv) are ascribed spring of B. C. 124, recovered the town of Antan-
to him, apparently from a confusion of his name ris. (Thuc. iv. 75. ) Another person of this name
with that of Damocritus. (Fabric. Bill, Gract. iv. is mentioned by Polybius. (v: 95. ) [L. S. ]
p. 343 ; Mullach, l. c. pp. 93--159. ) [A. S. ] DEMO'DOCUS (Anubdokos) of Leros, the au-
DEMO'CRITUS (Anuskpitos). 1. Of Ephesus, thor of four epigrams in the Greek Anthology,
wrote works on the Ephesian temple and the town containing bitter attacks upon the Chians, Cappa-
of Samothrace. (Ding. Laërt. ix. 49. ) A frag- docians, and Cilicians. (Brunck, Anal. j. 56;
ment of his is preserved in Athenaeus. (xii. p. Jacobs, ii. 56, xiii. 698. ) lle is mentioned by
5:25. )
Aristotle. (Ethic. Nicom. vii. 9. ) [P. S. ]
2. A Platonic philosopher, who wrote commen- DEMO'DOCCS (Anuódokos ), a physician of
taries on Plato's Phaedon and Alcibiades I. (Por. Crotonn.
