Once you lose your basic
understanding
of relativity and begin to hold the distinctions as real, you've fallen into a wrong view.
Kalu Rinpoche
According to the Buddha's teaching, the one hundred and fourteen acquired views are abandoned through understanding the meaning of things and developing certainty.
The three hundred and sixty innate views only meditation can dispel.
Q. . What is an example of an innate view?
A. It's the view of clinging to a self-the view of the perishable ag- gregates. Clinging to an "I" in the five skandhas, you think, "I'm sick," "I'm in pain," "I'm unhappy," "I'm happy. " Or "I feel," "I perceive," "I think. " These views are always grounded in clinging to an "I" in what is only the five skandhas.
An example of an acquired view would be the different doc- trines of eternalism and nihilism that are learned or based on deduc- tion or inference. Thus, if you have the belief that each person was created by someone, then you will believe that someone must have created the Buddha, even though there is no evidence for that view. That would be an example of an acquired view.
Of the five emotional afflictions, the three major ones, ig- norance, desire, and hatred, are all inherent. The other two, pride and doubt, are acquired. For example, pride may arise from hear- ing yourself praised: "You're great," "You have excellent qualities," "You're beautiful. " One comes to acquire this view of oneself, too. Likewise, being taught that something isn't true could be cause for acquiring doubts. Holding your own views as supreme is also an ac- quired view.
Q. . You said that the main injunction ofthe Buddha's teachings is to test and re-test our views with our own intellect, and that blind faith is to be avoided. Now on some levels of the path, especially the Vaj- rayana, it is not possible for beginners to fathom the answer to all their questions. Faith is said to be extremely imponant and the root of accomplishment here. Could you say something about this son of faith?
A. Whichever vehicle you're practicing, the Hinayana, Mahayana, or Vajrayana, there is no difference-you need the faculty of ex- amination. The Buddha said, "My teaching is like gold: melt it, pound it, cut it-it is always excellent. " So the teaching ofthe Bud- dha can be examined as much as you want, and it will still be true.
Thus all the vehicles are the same in that examining their meaning it will only develop your understanding; as a result, your certainty will allow you to work one-pointedly. The Vajrayana is no dif- ferent. You need to examine: how does one train on this path? what is the fruit of this?
On the Vajrayana path, you must also evaluate the teacher. When the Lama explains the Dharma, does it benefit you? Does it
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benefit sentient beings? Just because it is the Vajrayana Dharma, you can't just think: "It's the Vajrayanal" and set aside any examina? tion. You have to determine whether the Lama has abandoned per- sonal gain and is presenting the teaching for the benefit of all sen? tient beings, leading them on the path to liberation from suffering, and towards Buddhahood. One must examine this carefully; just assuming that because it's the Vajrayana one can't examine the teacher is the wrong attitude. Proper examination is very important. Trust results from it. Certainly you can investigate the great Lamas, like Kalu Rinpoche, Dezhung Rinpoche,* Ling Rinpoche,t and Dudjom Rinpoche. ~ great teachen of all the four schools, and find that they are indeed worthy Lamas. So, even in the Vajrayana, there is no such thing as faith without examination.
If you discover that a teacher is not satisfactory you are always free to leave and find one who can benefit your practice. There are many Lamas who can do so. Once you have investigated and found the Lama to be qualified, then you should put your faith in him. And after you have received profound instructions from a teacher, you can't disparage him. You have established an important con- nection with him, and to criticize him at that point would be a negative act that will destroy your Dharma practice.
Q. . Is it possible that some people do not make any examination whatsoever, yet happen to hold the right point of view? Can you hold blindly and uncritically to the real truth?
A. It is not possible to have attachment to the perfect view, since someone who has the perfect view must have real understanding and experience. Once you have them, there naturally can be no attach- ment or mental blindness.
It is said, "If there is grasping, then it is not "perfect view. " This comes from the famous Shenpa Shidrel [zhen pa bzhi 'bral], a teaching of the Sakyapas consisting of four venes:
If you are attached to this life, You are not a Dharma person.
? A contemporary master of the Sakya lineage, who has taught for many years at the University of Washington.
tLate head of the Geliigpa Lineage and senior tutor to the Dalai Lama.
:I:Chief representative of the Nyingmapa lineage, with numerous Dharma centers in
the West.
If you are attached to samsara, You don't have renunciation.
If you are attached to your own benefit, You don't have Bodhicitta.
If there is grasping,
You don't have the view.
Q. . Does the tenn "middle path" refer to avoiding the extreme views of nihilism and etemalism? What exactly is it?
A. The middle path (Madhyamaka) rejects both extremes, both the view that says, "Yes, something is," and the view that says, "No, something is not. " You can't definitely assert that something is, because ultimately nothing is seen by the Buddhas. You also can't assert that nothing exists, because the mind is the basis for samsara, the lower realms, and so on. The Middle view is not a synthesis of these opposites, however, because it transcends existence and non- existence.
The basis of the middle path is interdependence-the union of the two truths, the relative and absolute. The path itself is the perfection of merit, which deteriorates, and primordial knowledge, which does not deteriorate. The fruit is the union of the two Kayas-the Rupakaya and the Dharmakaya. The Dharmakaya is the realization of the mind's essence, and benefits oneself. It is the attainment of the ultimate truth. The Dharmakaya doesn't benefit sentient beings directly. Through its power come the two aspects of the Rupakaya: the Samboghakaya and the Nirmanakaya, like light rays from the sun, which function to benefit sentient beings. The Rupakaya is the attainment of the relative truth.
Q. . About testing the truth for oneself-some truths, like that of cause and effect (kanna) don't manifest fully in one lifetime. They can't really be tested except over a period of several lifetimes. Some karma does manifest itself in one lifetime, when the fruits of a good or bad deed take effect, yet many other situations need several lifetimes to come to fruition. How can you test the truth of karma if you can't remember your past lives?
A. Because of the obscuring power of ignorance, it is difficult to understand and trust the full workings of cause and effect. But the truth of the karmic process can be demonstrated in a general way
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through examples and their implications, even though it is not always possible to actually see the precise effects of everything that you do. For example, a mother and father might have five children, each very different from the others. Their ideas are different, their activity is different, their physical characteristics are different, and their situations are completely different. The immediate cir- cumstances, their manner of birth, their environment are clearly the same for each of the children. Yet their lives are different. Likewise, in the world there are all sorts of variations in health, longevity, hap- piness, and so on. All such variations are attributable to karma. If you continually examine the way things occur you will understand something of cause and effect. A day or two is not enough to see results. This is because the obscuration of ignorance is very power- ful.
The Buddha said, "To understand your previous actions look at your present life; to understand your future life look at your pres- ent actions. " If you practice virtue, it will have a good result; if you do evil, the result will be correspondingly negative. To believe precisely and totally in this law is very difficult. We gain conviction through examples and reasoning, but to see the process in detail is difficult. Only a Buddha can know exactly the nature of every single cause and every single result.
In this life if you train in school from the time you're young, you can obtain a good job later on. If you train well at anything the results are good. Likewise one can infer that if the present life is used well, the future lives will be good, although it may be difficult to see. If one's intentions are good and one wishes to benefit others, then this will be a cause for virtuous karma. If intentions are bad, then they'll be a negative cause.
The Buddha said, "Our own intentions are the best way to be kind to ourselves. " Through our good thoughts and positive actions towards others, our own situation continues to improve lifetime after lifetime until we reach Buddhahood.
Q. . When you listed the five emotional afflictions the fifth one was doubt. Isn't the fifth one usually jealousy?
A. In this particular system the fifth obscuration is doubt. In other systems, jealousy is listed here. Jealousy is not a root affliction, but a
subsidiary one. Jealousy is dependent upon hatred, desire and pride, and is therefore a "branch" emotion, whereas doubt, although related to stupidity, is a "principal" one.
The first of the twenty subsidiary emotional afflictions is wrath, which is internal anger that has increased over time and readies one actually to harm other beings through actions such as beating.
The second, malice, is a variety of internal anger. In this case the intention to harm someone has become very powerful and con- tinuous. You can't let go of it and it makes you unforgiving.
The third is rage. When the causes of both wrath and malice become unbearable, you show it-your face turns red and you speak harsh, angry words.
Then, fourth is vindictz"veness, another kind of internal anger that is not expressed. It is the absence of love and compassion. Out- wardly you might appear gentle but inside you seek revenge. Vindic- tiveness causes one to despise others.
The fifth isjealousy. Jealousy is also classified as a kind of inter- nal anger. It is caused by attachment to acquisitions and honor. You can't bear for others to have good things or qualities. Jealousy agitates your mind greatly and, being so unhappy, you can never let it rest. Jealousy arouses anger and causes you to lose much of the merit that may have been gained previously.
Then, sixth, there is deceitfulness. Being attached to acquisi- tions and honor, you hide your faults. Constantly doing this,? you are engaged in a lot of crookedness. This is classified as a combination of desire, anger, and stupidity. It becomes an obstacle to receiving instructions from a teacher.
Seventh is hypocrisy. In order to gain possessions or respect you pretend to have qualities you don't have. Because those qualities are not factual, you are involved in deceiving others. This is classified as attachment and ignorance, and causes you to practice wrong livelihood.
The eighth affliction is shamelessness. This is complete lack of propriety. Here, one's standards do not include the avoidance of evil actions. Shamelessness is classified as a combination of the three poisons and accompanies all root and branch emotional afflictions.
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The ninth is inconsiderateness. With regard to others you do not avoid evil actions. It is also manifest as ingratitude for the good things others have done for you, such as your parents or Lama. While shamelessness relates to yourself, inconsiderateness relates to others. It's also classified as a combination of the three poisons and accompanies all the afflictions.
Then there is concealment. This is covering up your faults to avoid being admonished by others to behave well. It is classified as a mixture of attachment and stupidity, and causes one to feel no remorse.
The next affliction is greed. It is caused by desire. Greed is in- tense clinging to possessions, and causes one continually to want to increase them. & the Buddha said, "Where there is great power there is great evil, where there is great wealth there is great greed. "
The twelfth of the subsidiary afflictions is vanity, a kind of pride. It is being attached to and delighted with one's good health, beauty, youth, good qualities, etc. It is like being intoxicated with oneself.
Then there is the thirteenth, lack offaith. This is a kind of stupidity tb:at causes one to have no interest in perfect objects-the practice of virtue and Dharma-and therefore one accomplishes nothing for oneself or others.
The fourteenth is laziness. Being attached to the pleasure of negative actions, you take no joy in the practice of virtue and think, "It's too difficult for my body and health. " Because this runs con- trary to diligence, you accomplish nothing.
Carelessness comes from the three poisons and laziness. You lose the ability to distinguish between what is good and bad, and therefore cannot take up virtuous actions and abandon evil ones. This lack of concern runs contrary to carefulness.
The next of the afflictions is forgetfulness: you cannot remember clearly virtuous objects. You come wholly under the in- fluence of the other emotions, and the mind becomes distracted. This kind of forgetfulness principally occurs during Dharma prac- tice, for example, when you're going for Refuge or engendering Bodhicitta and are not able to concentrate your mind on what you're doing, or even the meaning of it.
Seventeenth is lack of conscience. This is said to be a "distracted wisdom" because even though you realize what are the right things to do and even understand why they are right, your emotional afflictions prevent you from doing those things. You can't conduct your body, speech, and mind the way you want to when the time comes to do so. It causes moral failings.
Then there is the affliction calledfogginess, which is actually a form of ignorance. It is a state in which the body and mind feel very heavy and you are not able to visualize clearly or to concentrate. It makes you vulnerable to the various emotional afflictions.
There is also wildness that results from desire. You desire cer- tain things, and your mind runs after them; you're not able to stay in a state of serenity. It is a very strong tendency that is an obstacle to shi nay meditation.
Finally, there is distraction. It is classified as consisting of all three poisons. Here, the mind is constantly wandering in different directions and can't stay on any virtuous object. There are many dif- ferent kinds of distraction that are distinguished-internal, external and so forth.
Q. . Sometimes we speak simply of good and bad deeds, while at other times we hear that dualism is a wrong view. How does one reconcile this apparent contradiction?
A. If dualistic distinctions are made with a clear understanding of the law of interdependent origination, they can be useful, as when we differentiate good and bad on the relative level. It is essential, however, to ground these distinctions in the truth of emptiness.
Once you lose your basic understanding of relativity and begin to hold the distinctions as real, you've fallen into a wrong view.
Q. . If negative states of mind seem to become stronger in the course of our practice, and even become overwhelming, is that the result of an error in practice, or is it a sign that the practice is taking effect? A. The practice of meditation is difficult. There are many things that occur in the mind. Sometimes negative aspects of mind seem to increase. This is simply a sign that your negativity is becoming clear to you. Tremendous upheaval occurs in the mind when you begin to meditate, and propensities that were previously latent become
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manifest. This doesn't mean that those propensities are increasing, but rather that you are becoming more aware of them.
Medz"tat'ion Pract'ice
Now we'll leave the discussion of the skandhas for a while and return to the meditation instructions given in the teachings of Kar- ma Chamay Rinpoche.
His third meditation is on the law of cause and effect; it is par- ticularly relevant to our discussion of the virtuous and unvirtuous occurrences of mind. His method is traced to the Indian Siddha Shawaripa, one of the eighty-four Mahasiddhas.
Imagine that in front of you is a huge mirror, like a vast televi- sion screen. In this mirror you can see distinctly the six realms of samsara. Think about the fact that after you die and enter the bar- do of Becoming, the force of your previous actions will determine the realm in which you must take rebirth.
Next, visualize Yama, the great Dharma King, on a large throne. Here Dharma refers particularly to laws-rules of conduct. Into his presence is brought someone who has committed many evil acts. From the right and left sides of Yama appear two people who are personifications of karma. One is white, the other black. The white figure speaks on behalf of the defendant, recalling all the vir- tuous things he or she has done: Dharma practice, and so forth. The black figure speaks to accuse the defendant of evil actions. The two argue like lawyers before a judge in a courtroom.
Meanwhile, Yama and the jury are scrutinizing a mirror which shows the actual truth of what the defendant has done in the past; they read a record of all previous deeds. They weigh these on a scale to determine which is heavier, virtue or evil.
Since the jury has authoritative records ? and can judge clearly, it's not possible to lie or to cover up the defenda:iif! > faults. And so the jury decides that this person has committed grave? misdeeds and will now have to go to the deepest hell.
Next a second defendant, a good person, is brought before Yama. Again the evidence is presented: the jury looks into the mir- ror, reads the records, weighs all the deeds; and again, there is no ly- ing or concealing. In this case, when all the evidence has been con-
sidered, even though there has been arguing on both sides, it seems clear that this person who has done virtuous actions is going to be reborn in the higher realms.
If one has a record of virtuous actions, a peaceful disposition, and accomplishment in developing the mind, no accuser can prove the person to be evil. Such a person cannot suffer the ill effects or obscurations that result from wrong deeds. All these appearances in the bardo are only manifestations of previous activity.
Meditate on these two scenes and apply them to yourself. How would you fare in such a situation? Contemplate the results of vir- tuous and evil deeds. Consider the fact that in this situation there is no posssibility of lying about any evil actions you have ever done. There is no one you can ask to help you at this point. Meditate on the certainty of the ripening of your karmic seeds and the inevitable appearance of their fruits. Resolve that when you meet the Dharma King, you won't be in the position of having to be ashamed of previous evil actions. If your activity in this life is virtuous, at the time of death there won't be any need to be ashamed or afraid, because you won't have any feeling of guilt.
This is a meditation from Shawaripa on the events that will oc- cur during the bardo of Becoming.
In Tibet, knowing about this was easy. Among us there were certain unusual people, such as one woman who was famous in my country. After being dead for about seven days, such people could, if nothing had been done to the corpse, come back to life. During those seven days these individuals might see the states of existence, the pure realms, and also the bardo, where they might witness the fates of many people. When they return to life they are able to relate what they have seen. These people are not like Western psychics; this is a somewhat different phenomenon-it's actual experience. Such people have related their experiences to great Lamas such as the Gyalwa Karmapa or Dudjom Rinpoche, and these Lamas have confirmed that their stories were authentic.
I have met one of them, and I can tell the difference between some foolish people I've met in America who claim all sorts of things, and someone who has actually had this kind of experience. You must practice much virtuous activity to be this sort of in- dividual. The person I knew was the mother of Tarjay Gyamtso, my
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root Lama. When my teacher was young, he knew a man who wasn't really much of a practitioner but had posed as a great Lama. My teacher asked his mother how this man had fared after death, in the bardo. My teacher's mother answered, "Oh, him? He wasn't a real Lama, was he? He wasn't a real monk, nor was he even an ethical and virtuous person. Right now, he's trying to communicate with his relatives, telling them that they should do good deeds so that they can avoid the trouble he is having. " In another case she told my teacher about a great Lama of that region, truly a great monk and practitioner, who died and had reached the Pure Realm of Sangdok Palri [zangs mdog dpal ri]. Both of these people in life had seemed to be Dharma people, but when they died the truth was known. When my teacher's mother herself died, her teacher, a great Lama named Garchen Tulku, performed the ritual of transference for her. Through the excellence of her intention and the power of this Lama, she was reborn in the eastern part of the country as a young boy who later became a monk.
In general, the result of practicing the Dharma is that one's future lives do not become worse, but naturally improve in accord- ance with one's practice.
Formation: The Fourth Skandha Continued
Now we return to the fifty-one formations constituting the fourth skandha. We have discussed the five omnipresent ones, the five that determine the object, the eleven virtuous ones, the six root emotional afflictions, and the twenty subsidiary emotional afflic- tions: altogether, forty-seven have been considered.
The remaining four are the four variable states, which can be virtuous or unvirtuous. First is sleep, classified as stupidity, where all the sense fields are drawn inside. Whether it is meritorious or non- meritorious is determined by your state of mind as you are falling asleep. This can affect the dreams that follow. If one has trained well in virtue, then these tendencies will appear in the dream state. Similarly, if one mostly indulges in the emotional afflictions, one's dreams will reflect this.
Second is remorse. This is unhappiness about what you've done before. Because it breaks your concentration, it is an obstacle to
resting the mind. However, remorse is an element of confession. In order for confession to be an effective means of purifying unvirtuous activity, there must be remorse for previous actions. Here it func-
tions as a virtuous tendency.
Third is investigation. Relying on intention and wisdom, it is
the mind's descriptive process as it seeks an object. When form is dis- tant in the range of the senses, you are able to determine the identity of it roughly. Seeing a sentient being at a great distance you speculate, "It's a cow," "It's a horse," but you can't distinguish.
Finally, there is examination. Depending on intention and wisdom, you are able to discriminate the differences in a particular object. It is a fine mental analysis. For example you would not only understand an object to be a vase, but also that it was new, without cracks, etc.
Because these four are dependent upon whether the specific thoughts or conceptions involved are themselves virtuous, unvir- tuous or neutral, they are called the Four Variables.
This completes our discussion of the fifty-one mental states of the fourth skandha.
Consciousness (nam shay [mam shes])
The fifth skandha, consciousness, has as its characteristics clari- ty and knowing. Consciousness is divided into six types correspon- ding to the six sense faculties. Thus there is eye consciousness, nose consciousness, ear consciousness, tongue consciousness, body con- sciousness, and mind consciousness. Here we conceive of the mind as a sense faculty because it can recall past events and perceive various mental objects. Through all six types of consciousness, one can know distinctly the nature and characteristics of phenomena.
With the support of the sense faculty, the corresponding in- telligence arises. In the first instant of contact the faculty ap- prehends the object, yet the faculty itself is not capable of knowing its object. That is the function of consciousness: to hold onto the object in the second instant of contact that occurs. Without the faculty there can be no consciousness. But it is consciousness that does the actual work. That is why it is called, for example, "eye- consciousness. " By eye-consciousness we mean that basic intelligence
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which knows an object perceived by the eye. Each consciousness responds only to the corresponding faculty and object. It is not an unimpeded process. For example, when eye-consciousness knows its object in that second instant, ear consciousness is blocked, and so on. After the first moment of contact between a sound and the ear, the ear-consciousness knows about the perceptions of the sound, whether it is good or bad, whatever, in the second moment. When by means of the nose, contact takes place with an odor, basic in- telligence takes hold of the object and knows it in the second mo? ment; that is olfactory consciousness. Similarly, after contact be- tween the tongue and a tasteable object, consciousness in the next moment will hold and know the event. So also with the body: after there is contact with the body, consciousness can know in the second moment whether the sensation was pleasant or unpleasant, and so on. Finally, after the mind faculty perceives a mental phenomenon, basic intelligence is able to take hold and understand it. It can know any situation in the mind-happiness, suffering, and so on.
In the Hinayana tradition, just these six consciousnesses are counted. According to the sutras and commentaries of the Mind? Only school of the Mahayana, there are eight types of consciousness. Supported by Basic Consciousness, confused mind posits the View of a Self, Pride (thinking "1"), Attachent to a Self, and Ignorance. The mind with these four emotional afflictions is known as the "Emotionally afflicted mind" and is the seventh con- sciousness. Except for those who have actualized the stages of a Bodhisattva or the Truth of Cessation or the Path of No More Lear? ning, all beings have this kind of consciousness.
Finally, the eighth consciousness is the Basic Consciousness (kun shi nam she [kun gzhi rnam shes]). It is called this because it is the basis, the ground that holds the seeds-the skandhas, ayatanas, dhatus, and so forth. In clear awareness, the basis of the mind, oc- cur all the places in the six realms, external objects, the bodies we inhabit in each. All the karmic seeds for taking birth in these realms are held by Basic Consciousness and so it is called the "taking con? sciousness. " All these different places, bodies, and objects are like appearances in a dream, or images in a mirror. Although they are "mere appearance," without any ultimate reality, they are planted through habit and sustained by Basic Consciousness. Thus it is also called the "ripening consciousness. "
By and large, the different terms sem [sems], yi [yid] and nam she [rnam shes] have the same referent. But more specifically, sem connotes the basic consciousness and yi the emotionally afflicted consciousness, while nam she refers to the collection of the six con- sciousnesses.
This concludes our discussion of the five skandhas, under which are subsumed all composite phenomena. The reason for studying the five skandhas is to destroy our powerful attachment to a self in these skandhas. We tend to identify one or another of the five skan- dhas as what we are-"my physical form," "my sensations," and so on. To help eradicate this, all the constituents of the skandhas are enumerated. In the Mahayana path of training one works to eliminate clinging to the body, speech and mind. Although we think, "This is my body, my speech, my mind," it is not so: such thoughts are only obscurations. Understanding this, one examines also the emotional afflictions and the workings of all fifty-one men- tal occurrences. Here one actually observes the mind to see what sort of virtuous thoughts and what sort of unvirtuous thoughts occur. Because an understanding of the workings of consciousness is crucial for the practice of meditation, it is imponant to learn the ter- minology of the skandhas.
In the Vajrayana, the path of method, there is a funher development of the concept of the five skandhas, namely, their transformation. Here, once you have understood the skandhas, you can begin to consider how those factors can appear in either impure form or pure form. Since this is the path of method, one's concern is how to transform them. If you can recognize the five skandhas, it makes transformation easier. The impure skandhas become equivalent in their pure aspect to the Buddhas of the Five Families. But it is imponant to understand what the five skandhas are and how they really work, in order to see how they can manifest as the Five Buddhas. For example, some of the ornaments worn by the deities correspond to the fifty-one formations. If you don't know what these formations are, you cannot understand what the pure symbols adorning yidams and Buddhas represent. Thus by in- vestigating the five skandhas, one's understanding of Dharma, epecially the Secret Mantrayana, will gradually improve.
Q. . You said that one of the values of the teaching on the skandhas is to eliminate the view that there is a self. It seems to me that the
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Mind Only view which posits an eighth consciousness as the basis of all the different aspects of mind, karma and its effects, is moving back towards an affirmation of some kind of concrete individual.
A. What we have been talking about is the functioning of the mind of a sentient being. When the person becomes enlightened and becomes a Buddha, the distinction between the Mind only school and the Madhyamaka school dissolves, since the Basic Consciousness (the eight consciousness) is transformed into the Dhannakaya. With regard to unliberated consciousness, there seems to be a slight dif- ference between the schools. With regard to liberated mind, there is no distinction.
There are many different philosophical positions, and it's not necessarily the case that one is right and one is wrong. What is im- portant is that a teaching further your understanding and benefit your mind. There are many ways of explaining reality at different levels of understanding.
Q. . How can we use the description of the skandhas to look into our minds? Is it just a system of classification, or can we actually use it as a tool so that it will help us on the Vajrayana path?
A. There are many ways to use this teaching. The five skandhas are taught in a general sense to eliminate ignorance. The more you understand, the less ignorance you have. There are different meditative methods by which you can observe each of the skandhas. Kalu Rinpoche has also taught a special Vajrayana method of meditation on the five skandhas.
Q. . Are the five skandhas related to the concept of mandala?
A. There is a very close relationship. The skandhas represent the im? pure aspects of things. When the skandhas are purified they manifest as a mandala, which is based on the five Buddhas and the five wisdoms. A famous teaching by Milarepa says that in its impure aspect, the world is the five skandhas; in its pure aspect, it's the five Buddhas; in its impure aspect, it's the five emotional afflictions; in its pure aspect, it's the five wisdoms.
Important to the Secret Mantra Vajrayana are the elements of symbol and meaning. Symbol is example-like mandalas and tanka
[thang ka] paintings. Meaning is what is actually experienced in one's
practice. The attainment of the stage of Buddhahood really has to do with one's own stream of being when it is purified, not when it is impure. Following the example of symbolic transformation, one brings about liberation through the meaning of one's practice.
Principally, the teaching of the five skandhas destroys ego? clinging, which is synonymous with the emotionally afflicted con? sciousness. All Dharma is taught as a remedy to ego-clinging. As at? tachment to the self becomes stronger and stronger, it becomes the? main cause of our immeasurable suffering and unhappiness. On the other hand, you experience peace and happiness to the extent to which your clinging has lessened.
Tilopa* was not a man of many words. He would say very little to his student Naropa. But he did tell him that appearances are not the cause of our bondage to samsara. What binds us to samsara is our attachment to those things, and it is . that which we must cut. At? tachment to external sense impressions and an internal ego only binds one more and more to existence, and especially to the lower realms. To the degree that we can reduce our attachment, life im- proves: we are able to meditate and practice the Dharma more easi?
Q. . What is an example of an innate view?
A. It's the view of clinging to a self-the view of the perishable ag- gregates. Clinging to an "I" in the five skandhas, you think, "I'm sick," "I'm in pain," "I'm unhappy," "I'm happy. " Or "I feel," "I perceive," "I think. " These views are always grounded in clinging to an "I" in what is only the five skandhas.
An example of an acquired view would be the different doc- trines of eternalism and nihilism that are learned or based on deduc- tion or inference. Thus, if you have the belief that each person was created by someone, then you will believe that someone must have created the Buddha, even though there is no evidence for that view. That would be an example of an acquired view.
Of the five emotional afflictions, the three major ones, ig- norance, desire, and hatred, are all inherent. The other two, pride and doubt, are acquired. For example, pride may arise from hear- ing yourself praised: "You're great," "You have excellent qualities," "You're beautiful. " One comes to acquire this view of oneself, too. Likewise, being taught that something isn't true could be cause for acquiring doubts. Holding your own views as supreme is also an ac- quired view.
Q. . You said that the main injunction ofthe Buddha's teachings is to test and re-test our views with our own intellect, and that blind faith is to be avoided. Now on some levels of the path, especially the Vaj- rayana, it is not possible for beginners to fathom the answer to all their questions. Faith is said to be extremely imponant and the root of accomplishment here. Could you say something about this son of faith?
A. Whichever vehicle you're practicing, the Hinayana, Mahayana, or Vajrayana, there is no difference-you need the faculty of ex- amination. The Buddha said, "My teaching is like gold: melt it, pound it, cut it-it is always excellent. " So the teaching ofthe Bud- dha can be examined as much as you want, and it will still be true.
Thus all the vehicles are the same in that examining their meaning it will only develop your understanding; as a result, your certainty will allow you to work one-pointedly. The Vajrayana is no dif- ferent. You need to examine: how does one train on this path? what is the fruit of this?
On the Vajrayana path, you must also evaluate the teacher. When the Lama explains the Dharma, does it benefit you? Does it
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benefit sentient beings? Just because it is the Vajrayana Dharma, you can't just think: "It's the Vajrayanal" and set aside any examina? tion. You have to determine whether the Lama has abandoned per- sonal gain and is presenting the teaching for the benefit of all sen? tient beings, leading them on the path to liberation from suffering, and towards Buddhahood. One must examine this carefully; just assuming that because it's the Vajrayana one can't examine the teacher is the wrong attitude. Proper examination is very important. Trust results from it. Certainly you can investigate the great Lamas, like Kalu Rinpoche, Dezhung Rinpoche,* Ling Rinpoche,t and Dudjom Rinpoche. ~ great teachen of all the four schools, and find that they are indeed worthy Lamas. So, even in the Vajrayana, there is no such thing as faith without examination.
If you discover that a teacher is not satisfactory you are always free to leave and find one who can benefit your practice. There are many Lamas who can do so. Once you have investigated and found the Lama to be qualified, then you should put your faith in him. And after you have received profound instructions from a teacher, you can't disparage him. You have established an important con- nection with him, and to criticize him at that point would be a negative act that will destroy your Dharma practice.
Q. . Is it possible that some people do not make any examination whatsoever, yet happen to hold the right point of view? Can you hold blindly and uncritically to the real truth?
A. It is not possible to have attachment to the perfect view, since someone who has the perfect view must have real understanding and experience. Once you have them, there naturally can be no attach- ment or mental blindness.
It is said, "If there is grasping, then it is not "perfect view. " This comes from the famous Shenpa Shidrel [zhen pa bzhi 'bral], a teaching of the Sakyapas consisting of four venes:
If you are attached to this life, You are not a Dharma person.
? A contemporary master of the Sakya lineage, who has taught for many years at the University of Washington.
tLate head of the Geliigpa Lineage and senior tutor to the Dalai Lama.
:I:Chief representative of the Nyingmapa lineage, with numerous Dharma centers in
the West.
If you are attached to samsara, You don't have renunciation.
If you are attached to your own benefit, You don't have Bodhicitta.
If there is grasping,
You don't have the view.
Q. . Does the tenn "middle path" refer to avoiding the extreme views of nihilism and etemalism? What exactly is it?
A. The middle path (Madhyamaka) rejects both extremes, both the view that says, "Yes, something is," and the view that says, "No, something is not. " You can't definitely assert that something is, because ultimately nothing is seen by the Buddhas. You also can't assert that nothing exists, because the mind is the basis for samsara, the lower realms, and so on. The Middle view is not a synthesis of these opposites, however, because it transcends existence and non- existence.
The basis of the middle path is interdependence-the union of the two truths, the relative and absolute. The path itself is the perfection of merit, which deteriorates, and primordial knowledge, which does not deteriorate. The fruit is the union of the two Kayas-the Rupakaya and the Dharmakaya. The Dharmakaya is the realization of the mind's essence, and benefits oneself. It is the attainment of the ultimate truth. The Dharmakaya doesn't benefit sentient beings directly. Through its power come the two aspects of the Rupakaya: the Samboghakaya and the Nirmanakaya, like light rays from the sun, which function to benefit sentient beings. The Rupakaya is the attainment of the relative truth.
Q. . About testing the truth for oneself-some truths, like that of cause and effect (kanna) don't manifest fully in one lifetime. They can't really be tested except over a period of several lifetimes. Some karma does manifest itself in one lifetime, when the fruits of a good or bad deed take effect, yet many other situations need several lifetimes to come to fruition. How can you test the truth of karma if you can't remember your past lives?
A. Because of the obscuring power of ignorance, it is difficult to understand and trust the full workings of cause and effect. But the truth of the karmic process can be demonstrated in a general way
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through examples and their implications, even though it is not always possible to actually see the precise effects of everything that you do. For example, a mother and father might have five children, each very different from the others. Their ideas are different, their activity is different, their physical characteristics are different, and their situations are completely different. The immediate cir- cumstances, their manner of birth, their environment are clearly the same for each of the children. Yet their lives are different. Likewise, in the world there are all sorts of variations in health, longevity, hap- piness, and so on. All such variations are attributable to karma. If you continually examine the way things occur you will understand something of cause and effect. A day or two is not enough to see results. This is because the obscuration of ignorance is very power- ful.
The Buddha said, "To understand your previous actions look at your present life; to understand your future life look at your pres- ent actions. " If you practice virtue, it will have a good result; if you do evil, the result will be correspondingly negative. To believe precisely and totally in this law is very difficult. We gain conviction through examples and reasoning, but to see the process in detail is difficult. Only a Buddha can know exactly the nature of every single cause and every single result.
In this life if you train in school from the time you're young, you can obtain a good job later on. If you train well at anything the results are good. Likewise one can infer that if the present life is used well, the future lives will be good, although it may be difficult to see. If one's intentions are good and one wishes to benefit others, then this will be a cause for virtuous karma. If intentions are bad, then they'll be a negative cause.
The Buddha said, "Our own intentions are the best way to be kind to ourselves. " Through our good thoughts and positive actions towards others, our own situation continues to improve lifetime after lifetime until we reach Buddhahood.
Q. . When you listed the five emotional afflictions the fifth one was doubt. Isn't the fifth one usually jealousy?
A. In this particular system the fifth obscuration is doubt. In other systems, jealousy is listed here. Jealousy is not a root affliction, but a
subsidiary one. Jealousy is dependent upon hatred, desire and pride, and is therefore a "branch" emotion, whereas doubt, although related to stupidity, is a "principal" one.
The first of the twenty subsidiary emotional afflictions is wrath, which is internal anger that has increased over time and readies one actually to harm other beings through actions such as beating.
The second, malice, is a variety of internal anger. In this case the intention to harm someone has become very powerful and con- tinuous. You can't let go of it and it makes you unforgiving.
The third is rage. When the causes of both wrath and malice become unbearable, you show it-your face turns red and you speak harsh, angry words.
Then, fourth is vindictz"veness, another kind of internal anger that is not expressed. It is the absence of love and compassion. Out- wardly you might appear gentle but inside you seek revenge. Vindic- tiveness causes one to despise others.
The fifth isjealousy. Jealousy is also classified as a kind of inter- nal anger. It is caused by attachment to acquisitions and honor. You can't bear for others to have good things or qualities. Jealousy agitates your mind greatly and, being so unhappy, you can never let it rest. Jealousy arouses anger and causes you to lose much of the merit that may have been gained previously.
Then, sixth, there is deceitfulness. Being attached to acquisi- tions and honor, you hide your faults. Constantly doing this,? you are engaged in a lot of crookedness. This is classified as a combination of desire, anger, and stupidity. It becomes an obstacle to receiving instructions from a teacher.
Seventh is hypocrisy. In order to gain possessions or respect you pretend to have qualities you don't have. Because those qualities are not factual, you are involved in deceiving others. This is classified as attachment and ignorance, and causes you to practice wrong livelihood.
The eighth affliction is shamelessness. This is complete lack of propriety. Here, one's standards do not include the avoidance of evil actions. Shamelessness is classified as a combination of the three poisons and accompanies all root and branch emotional afflictions.
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The ninth is inconsiderateness. With regard to others you do not avoid evil actions. It is also manifest as ingratitude for the good things others have done for you, such as your parents or Lama. While shamelessness relates to yourself, inconsiderateness relates to others. It's also classified as a combination of the three poisons and accompanies all the afflictions.
Then there is concealment. This is covering up your faults to avoid being admonished by others to behave well. It is classified as a mixture of attachment and stupidity, and causes one to feel no remorse.
The next affliction is greed. It is caused by desire. Greed is in- tense clinging to possessions, and causes one continually to want to increase them. & the Buddha said, "Where there is great power there is great evil, where there is great wealth there is great greed. "
The twelfth of the subsidiary afflictions is vanity, a kind of pride. It is being attached to and delighted with one's good health, beauty, youth, good qualities, etc. It is like being intoxicated with oneself.
Then there is the thirteenth, lack offaith. This is a kind of stupidity tb:at causes one to have no interest in perfect objects-the practice of virtue and Dharma-and therefore one accomplishes nothing for oneself or others.
The fourteenth is laziness. Being attached to the pleasure of negative actions, you take no joy in the practice of virtue and think, "It's too difficult for my body and health. " Because this runs con- trary to diligence, you accomplish nothing.
Carelessness comes from the three poisons and laziness. You lose the ability to distinguish between what is good and bad, and therefore cannot take up virtuous actions and abandon evil ones. This lack of concern runs contrary to carefulness.
The next of the afflictions is forgetfulness: you cannot remember clearly virtuous objects. You come wholly under the in- fluence of the other emotions, and the mind becomes distracted. This kind of forgetfulness principally occurs during Dharma prac- tice, for example, when you're going for Refuge or engendering Bodhicitta and are not able to concentrate your mind on what you're doing, or even the meaning of it.
Seventeenth is lack of conscience. This is said to be a "distracted wisdom" because even though you realize what are the right things to do and even understand why they are right, your emotional afflictions prevent you from doing those things. You can't conduct your body, speech, and mind the way you want to when the time comes to do so. It causes moral failings.
Then there is the affliction calledfogginess, which is actually a form of ignorance. It is a state in which the body and mind feel very heavy and you are not able to visualize clearly or to concentrate. It makes you vulnerable to the various emotional afflictions.
There is also wildness that results from desire. You desire cer- tain things, and your mind runs after them; you're not able to stay in a state of serenity. It is a very strong tendency that is an obstacle to shi nay meditation.
Finally, there is distraction. It is classified as consisting of all three poisons. Here, the mind is constantly wandering in different directions and can't stay on any virtuous object. There are many dif- ferent kinds of distraction that are distinguished-internal, external and so forth.
Q. . Sometimes we speak simply of good and bad deeds, while at other times we hear that dualism is a wrong view. How does one reconcile this apparent contradiction?
A. If dualistic distinctions are made with a clear understanding of the law of interdependent origination, they can be useful, as when we differentiate good and bad on the relative level. It is essential, however, to ground these distinctions in the truth of emptiness.
Once you lose your basic understanding of relativity and begin to hold the distinctions as real, you've fallen into a wrong view.
Q. . If negative states of mind seem to become stronger in the course of our practice, and even become overwhelming, is that the result of an error in practice, or is it a sign that the practice is taking effect? A. The practice of meditation is difficult. There are many things that occur in the mind. Sometimes negative aspects of mind seem to increase. This is simply a sign that your negativity is becoming clear to you. Tremendous upheaval occurs in the mind when you begin to meditate, and propensities that were previously latent become
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manifest. This doesn't mean that those propensities are increasing, but rather that you are becoming more aware of them.
Medz"tat'ion Pract'ice
Now we'll leave the discussion of the skandhas for a while and return to the meditation instructions given in the teachings of Kar- ma Chamay Rinpoche.
His third meditation is on the law of cause and effect; it is par- ticularly relevant to our discussion of the virtuous and unvirtuous occurrences of mind. His method is traced to the Indian Siddha Shawaripa, one of the eighty-four Mahasiddhas.
Imagine that in front of you is a huge mirror, like a vast televi- sion screen. In this mirror you can see distinctly the six realms of samsara. Think about the fact that after you die and enter the bar- do of Becoming, the force of your previous actions will determine the realm in which you must take rebirth.
Next, visualize Yama, the great Dharma King, on a large throne. Here Dharma refers particularly to laws-rules of conduct. Into his presence is brought someone who has committed many evil acts. From the right and left sides of Yama appear two people who are personifications of karma. One is white, the other black. The white figure speaks on behalf of the defendant, recalling all the vir- tuous things he or she has done: Dharma practice, and so forth. The black figure speaks to accuse the defendant of evil actions. The two argue like lawyers before a judge in a courtroom.
Meanwhile, Yama and the jury are scrutinizing a mirror which shows the actual truth of what the defendant has done in the past; they read a record of all previous deeds. They weigh these on a scale to determine which is heavier, virtue or evil.
Since the jury has authoritative records ? and can judge clearly, it's not possible to lie or to cover up the defenda:iif! > faults. And so the jury decides that this person has committed grave? misdeeds and will now have to go to the deepest hell.
Next a second defendant, a good person, is brought before Yama. Again the evidence is presented: the jury looks into the mir- ror, reads the records, weighs all the deeds; and again, there is no ly- ing or concealing. In this case, when all the evidence has been con-
sidered, even though there has been arguing on both sides, it seems clear that this person who has done virtuous actions is going to be reborn in the higher realms.
If one has a record of virtuous actions, a peaceful disposition, and accomplishment in developing the mind, no accuser can prove the person to be evil. Such a person cannot suffer the ill effects or obscurations that result from wrong deeds. All these appearances in the bardo are only manifestations of previous activity.
Meditate on these two scenes and apply them to yourself. How would you fare in such a situation? Contemplate the results of vir- tuous and evil deeds. Consider the fact that in this situation there is no posssibility of lying about any evil actions you have ever done. There is no one you can ask to help you at this point. Meditate on the certainty of the ripening of your karmic seeds and the inevitable appearance of their fruits. Resolve that when you meet the Dharma King, you won't be in the position of having to be ashamed of previous evil actions. If your activity in this life is virtuous, at the time of death there won't be any need to be ashamed or afraid, because you won't have any feeling of guilt.
This is a meditation from Shawaripa on the events that will oc- cur during the bardo of Becoming.
In Tibet, knowing about this was easy. Among us there were certain unusual people, such as one woman who was famous in my country. After being dead for about seven days, such people could, if nothing had been done to the corpse, come back to life. During those seven days these individuals might see the states of existence, the pure realms, and also the bardo, where they might witness the fates of many people. When they return to life they are able to relate what they have seen. These people are not like Western psychics; this is a somewhat different phenomenon-it's actual experience. Such people have related their experiences to great Lamas such as the Gyalwa Karmapa or Dudjom Rinpoche, and these Lamas have confirmed that their stories were authentic.
I have met one of them, and I can tell the difference between some foolish people I've met in America who claim all sorts of things, and someone who has actually had this kind of experience. You must practice much virtuous activity to be this sort of in- dividual. The person I knew was the mother of Tarjay Gyamtso, my
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root Lama. When my teacher was young, he knew a man who wasn't really much of a practitioner but had posed as a great Lama. My teacher asked his mother how this man had fared after death, in the bardo. My teacher's mother answered, "Oh, him? He wasn't a real Lama, was he? He wasn't a real monk, nor was he even an ethical and virtuous person. Right now, he's trying to communicate with his relatives, telling them that they should do good deeds so that they can avoid the trouble he is having. " In another case she told my teacher about a great Lama of that region, truly a great monk and practitioner, who died and had reached the Pure Realm of Sangdok Palri [zangs mdog dpal ri]. Both of these people in life had seemed to be Dharma people, but when they died the truth was known. When my teacher's mother herself died, her teacher, a great Lama named Garchen Tulku, performed the ritual of transference for her. Through the excellence of her intention and the power of this Lama, she was reborn in the eastern part of the country as a young boy who later became a monk.
In general, the result of practicing the Dharma is that one's future lives do not become worse, but naturally improve in accord- ance with one's practice.
Formation: The Fourth Skandha Continued
Now we return to the fifty-one formations constituting the fourth skandha. We have discussed the five omnipresent ones, the five that determine the object, the eleven virtuous ones, the six root emotional afflictions, and the twenty subsidiary emotional afflic- tions: altogether, forty-seven have been considered.
The remaining four are the four variable states, which can be virtuous or unvirtuous. First is sleep, classified as stupidity, where all the sense fields are drawn inside. Whether it is meritorious or non- meritorious is determined by your state of mind as you are falling asleep. This can affect the dreams that follow. If one has trained well in virtue, then these tendencies will appear in the dream state. Similarly, if one mostly indulges in the emotional afflictions, one's dreams will reflect this.
Second is remorse. This is unhappiness about what you've done before. Because it breaks your concentration, it is an obstacle to
resting the mind. However, remorse is an element of confession. In order for confession to be an effective means of purifying unvirtuous activity, there must be remorse for previous actions. Here it func-
tions as a virtuous tendency.
Third is investigation. Relying on intention and wisdom, it is
the mind's descriptive process as it seeks an object. When form is dis- tant in the range of the senses, you are able to determine the identity of it roughly. Seeing a sentient being at a great distance you speculate, "It's a cow," "It's a horse," but you can't distinguish.
Finally, there is examination. Depending on intention and wisdom, you are able to discriminate the differences in a particular object. It is a fine mental analysis. For example you would not only understand an object to be a vase, but also that it was new, without cracks, etc.
Because these four are dependent upon whether the specific thoughts or conceptions involved are themselves virtuous, unvir- tuous or neutral, they are called the Four Variables.
This completes our discussion of the fifty-one mental states of the fourth skandha.
Consciousness (nam shay [mam shes])
The fifth skandha, consciousness, has as its characteristics clari- ty and knowing. Consciousness is divided into six types correspon- ding to the six sense faculties. Thus there is eye consciousness, nose consciousness, ear consciousness, tongue consciousness, body con- sciousness, and mind consciousness. Here we conceive of the mind as a sense faculty because it can recall past events and perceive various mental objects. Through all six types of consciousness, one can know distinctly the nature and characteristics of phenomena.
With the support of the sense faculty, the corresponding in- telligence arises. In the first instant of contact the faculty ap- prehends the object, yet the faculty itself is not capable of knowing its object. That is the function of consciousness: to hold onto the object in the second instant of contact that occurs. Without the faculty there can be no consciousness. But it is consciousness that does the actual work. That is why it is called, for example, "eye- consciousness. " By eye-consciousness we mean that basic intelligence
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which knows an object perceived by the eye. Each consciousness responds only to the corresponding faculty and object. It is not an unimpeded process. For example, when eye-consciousness knows its object in that second instant, ear consciousness is blocked, and so on. After the first moment of contact between a sound and the ear, the ear-consciousness knows about the perceptions of the sound, whether it is good or bad, whatever, in the second moment. When by means of the nose, contact takes place with an odor, basic in- telligence takes hold of the object and knows it in the second mo? ment; that is olfactory consciousness. Similarly, after contact be- tween the tongue and a tasteable object, consciousness in the next moment will hold and know the event. So also with the body: after there is contact with the body, consciousness can know in the second moment whether the sensation was pleasant or unpleasant, and so on. Finally, after the mind faculty perceives a mental phenomenon, basic intelligence is able to take hold and understand it. It can know any situation in the mind-happiness, suffering, and so on.
In the Hinayana tradition, just these six consciousnesses are counted. According to the sutras and commentaries of the Mind? Only school of the Mahayana, there are eight types of consciousness. Supported by Basic Consciousness, confused mind posits the View of a Self, Pride (thinking "1"), Attachent to a Self, and Ignorance. The mind with these four emotional afflictions is known as the "Emotionally afflicted mind" and is the seventh con- sciousness. Except for those who have actualized the stages of a Bodhisattva or the Truth of Cessation or the Path of No More Lear? ning, all beings have this kind of consciousness.
Finally, the eighth consciousness is the Basic Consciousness (kun shi nam she [kun gzhi rnam shes]). It is called this because it is the basis, the ground that holds the seeds-the skandhas, ayatanas, dhatus, and so forth. In clear awareness, the basis of the mind, oc- cur all the places in the six realms, external objects, the bodies we inhabit in each. All the karmic seeds for taking birth in these realms are held by Basic Consciousness and so it is called the "taking con? sciousness. " All these different places, bodies, and objects are like appearances in a dream, or images in a mirror. Although they are "mere appearance," without any ultimate reality, they are planted through habit and sustained by Basic Consciousness. Thus it is also called the "ripening consciousness. "
By and large, the different terms sem [sems], yi [yid] and nam she [rnam shes] have the same referent. But more specifically, sem connotes the basic consciousness and yi the emotionally afflicted consciousness, while nam she refers to the collection of the six con- sciousnesses.
This concludes our discussion of the five skandhas, under which are subsumed all composite phenomena. The reason for studying the five skandhas is to destroy our powerful attachment to a self in these skandhas. We tend to identify one or another of the five skan- dhas as what we are-"my physical form," "my sensations," and so on. To help eradicate this, all the constituents of the skandhas are enumerated. In the Mahayana path of training one works to eliminate clinging to the body, speech and mind. Although we think, "This is my body, my speech, my mind," it is not so: such thoughts are only obscurations. Understanding this, one examines also the emotional afflictions and the workings of all fifty-one men- tal occurrences. Here one actually observes the mind to see what sort of virtuous thoughts and what sort of unvirtuous thoughts occur. Because an understanding of the workings of consciousness is crucial for the practice of meditation, it is imponant to learn the ter- minology of the skandhas.
In the Vajrayana, the path of method, there is a funher development of the concept of the five skandhas, namely, their transformation. Here, once you have understood the skandhas, you can begin to consider how those factors can appear in either impure form or pure form. Since this is the path of method, one's concern is how to transform them. If you can recognize the five skandhas, it makes transformation easier. The impure skandhas become equivalent in their pure aspect to the Buddhas of the Five Families. But it is imponant to understand what the five skandhas are and how they really work, in order to see how they can manifest as the Five Buddhas. For example, some of the ornaments worn by the deities correspond to the fifty-one formations. If you don't know what these formations are, you cannot understand what the pure symbols adorning yidams and Buddhas represent. Thus by in- vestigating the five skandhas, one's understanding of Dharma, epecially the Secret Mantrayana, will gradually improve.
Q. . You said that one of the values of the teaching on the skandhas is to eliminate the view that there is a self. It seems to me that the
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Mind Only view which posits an eighth consciousness as the basis of all the different aspects of mind, karma and its effects, is moving back towards an affirmation of some kind of concrete individual.
A. What we have been talking about is the functioning of the mind of a sentient being. When the person becomes enlightened and becomes a Buddha, the distinction between the Mind only school and the Madhyamaka school dissolves, since the Basic Consciousness (the eight consciousness) is transformed into the Dhannakaya. With regard to unliberated consciousness, there seems to be a slight dif- ference between the schools. With regard to liberated mind, there is no distinction.
There are many different philosophical positions, and it's not necessarily the case that one is right and one is wrong. What is im- portant is that a teaching further your understanding and benefit your mind. There are many ways of explaining reality at different levels of understanding.
Q. . How can we use the description of the skandhas to look into our minds? Is it just a system of classification, or can we actually use it as a tool so that it will help us on the Vajrayana path?
A. There are many ways to use this teaching. The five skandhas are taught in a general sense to eliminate ignorance. The more you understand, the less ignorance you have. There are different meditative methods by which you can observe each of the skandhas. Kalu Rinpoche has also taught a special Vajrayana method of meditation on the five skandhas.
Q. . Are the five skandhas related to the concept of mandala?
A. There is a very close relationship. The skandhas represent the im? pure aspects of things. When the skandhas are purified they manifest as a mandala, which is based on the five Buddhas and the five wisdoms. A famous teaching by Milarepa says that in its impure aspect, the world is the five skandhas; in its pure aspect, it's the five Buddhas; in its impure aspect, it's the five emotional afflictions; in its pure aspect, it's the five wisdoms.
Important to the Secret Mantra Vajrayana are the elements of symbol and meaning. Symbol is example-like mandalas and tanka
[thang ka] paintings. Meaning is what is actually experienced in one's
practice. The attainment of the stage of Buddhahood really has to do with one's own stream of being when it is purified, not when it is impure. Following the example of symbolic transformation, one brings about liberation through the meaning of one's practice.
Principally, the teaching of the five skandhas destroys ego? clinging, which is synonymous with the emotionally afflicted con? sciousness. All Dharma is taught as a remedy to ego-clinging. As at? tachment to the self becomes stronger and stronger, it becomes the? main cause of our immeasurable suffering and unhappiness. On the other hand, you experience peace and happiness to the extent to which your clinging has lessened.
Tilopa* was not a man of many words. He would say very little to his student Naropa. But he did tell him that appearances are not the cause of our bondage to samsara. What binds us to samsara is our attachment to those things, and it is . that which we must cut. At? tachment to external sense impressions and an internal ego only binds one more and more to existence, and especially to the lower realms. To the degree that we can reduce our attachment, life im- proves: we are able to meditate and practice the Dharma more easi?
