The sword
samyojana
means "bond" (bsi-fu ?
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115. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 394bl9: "When future conditioned (samskrta) things arise, should
? one say that they arise having already arisen, or that they arise not yet having arisen? What harm is there in admitting either of these hypotheses? Both of them are bad . . .
"Answer: One should say that the dbarma, already arisen, arises by reason of causes and conditions (hetupratyaya): this means that all dharmas already possess their self natures, each one of them remains in its nature and, already possessing this nature, one says that it has arisen. But it has not arisen from causes and conditions: even though its nature is already arisen, one says that it arises because it is produced by a complex of causes and conditions. On the other hand, an unarisen dharma arises by reason of cause and conditions: that is, a future dharma is qualified as non-arisen because it presently arises from causes and conditions. . . "
116. Above note 112 and page 821; the Japanese editor glosses vastu as "having the nature of anuiaya, etc. "
117. The Vydkhyd defines tadvisayaih as prahinaprakdravisayaih. 118. Vastu glossed as above; the defilements, v. 4.
119- According to the gloss of the Japanese editor: he continues to be bound to the Truth of Suffering (that is to say to the five updddnaskandhas considered as suffering).
120. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 449a25.
121. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 457 and following.
122. Anaya disa = anaya vartanyd.
123. See v. 3,17-18, 39.
124. Quoted in Vydkhyd (Petrograd) p. 14 line 19. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 112al3.
125. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 313bl5. See above note 21 and vi. 58b.
126. For the calculation of the dravyas, "distinct things," see v. 4-5a, 5b-c. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 243c20, p. 247b29.
127. See Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 248bll.
128. They are independent because they are associated with rdga, etc. (Vydkhyd). Hsiian-tsang: "They are not mentioned because they are very few (being two in number) and are not independent (that is, not arisng through their own force). "
129. See Atthasdlini, 369, trans. 475. Avidyd is the root of other dsravas and of samsdra. lt is said: avidyd hetuh samrdgdya . . . and yah kdscana durgatayo. . . (Itivuttaka, Para. 40); see vi. 3.
130. According to the author: vineyajanavaidd dfspiyogah prthag uktah.
131. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 248a22: This name is not justified either by the aspect (dkdra) or by the object (dlambana) of this updddna. . . Whereas the defilements of Kamadhatu take place (pravartate) by reason of the pleasure of lust, by reason of external objects, by reason of enjoyment (bhoga), and by reason of another, and are consequently called kdmopdddna, the defilements of the two higher spheres are of opposite character and are produced internally: thus they are called dtmavddopdddna.
132. Anaianddibhih: by means of starvation, by throwing oneself into water or fire (jaldgniprapatana), by silence (mauna), or by wearing rags (csrdddna).
133. Isfavisayaparivarjanena: all types of ascetic practices: rasapariytdga, bhUmifayya, malapankadhdrana, nagnacaryd, kefottuficana, etc. On the other ascetic practices, etc. , see iv. 64, 86 and v. 7, 8.
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134. The Vibhdsd (TD 27', p. 248a4) contains an interesting text by Ghosaka.
135. The etymology of upadana is bhavam upddaddti "who grasps bhava" (see above note 3). Now avidyd does not "grasp" (see above note 3). The Vibhdsd, (TD 27, p. 247c7) gives several explanations.
136. The author, according to the Vydkhayd. According to Hui-hui, the Sautrantika says: "The updddnas have rdga for their nature: rdga with respect to the five enjoyments is kdmopdddna; with respect to the sixty-two drstis, it is drstyupdddna; with respect to the iilavratas, it is itlavratopdddna; and with respect to the dtmavdda of the three Dhatus, it is atmavadopadana.
137. Our Sutra gives ten synonyms. The first three are mentioned in the Vydkhyd. The list of Anguttara, ii. 10, has eight terms: kdmardga, nandi, sneha, mucchd, pipdsd, parildha, jjhosana, and tanhd (see also Samyutta, iv. 188, Vibhanga, 374). The version of Hsiian-tsang has twelve terms.
138. Compare Samyutta, iii. 101: api cayo tattha (pancupdddnakkhandhesu) chandardgo tarn tattha updddnam ti (see also iii. 167, iv. 89).
139. In other words, it is only rdga which is yoga or updddna.
140. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 257a23, gives only three explanations: 1. they are atomic; 2. they constitute anusayana (sui-tseng $ 8 ^ )'>> 3. sui-fu ' $fi$JL which corres- ponds to rjes su 'bran ba - anubandh. Vasubandhu adds sui-chu ISJM which corresponds to rjes 'brel - anusaj.
P'u-kuang believes that "atomic" explains -iaya, and that the other terms explain rf<<#-(and this appears to be the thought of Vasubandhu); for Hui-k'ai, the four terms explain anusaya (and this is the thesis of Samghabhadra).
i. Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 64lcl0:
1) Before the defilements (klesa) are manifested, their mode of existence (pracdra, pravrtti) isdifficulttoknow. Theyarethussubtle(anu). ThisiswhyAnandasays:"Idonot know if I produce or if I do not produce a thought of pride (mdna) with respect to my companions. " He does not say that he does not produce a thought of pride because the mode of existence of the anusaya of pride is difficult to know. If Ananda does not know of the existence or the non-existence of a prideful thought, how much less so prthagjanas. Such is also the case for the other anufayas.
According to another opinion, the anusayas are subtle, because they accomplish their anusayana in a very short (anu) period of time (ksana).
2) They accomplish their anusayana (they become active or nourish themselves) in two ways: from the fact of their object (dlambanatas), and from the fact of their samprayuktas (samprayOgatas). How is this? As we have explained, either (a) as an enemy (fatruvat) searching out a weak point (chidrdnvesin) or as a serpent who poisons by his glance (drstivisavat); (b) as a ball of hot iron heats up water or as the serpent who poisons through contact (sparsavisavat).
These two, the dlambana and the samprayuktas, are similar to the nourishment that anusayana creates for an infant: it causes the infant to grow and causes his talents to accumulate (upacaya) little by little; in the same way the dlambana and the samprayuktas make the series of the klesa grow and accumulate.
3) They adhere: they produce the adhesion of the prdptis in a beginningless series.
4) They bind: for they are very difficult to put down, like quartan fever (Huber, Sutrdlamkdra, p. 177) or rat poison. According to another opinion, they bind, that is, their prdptis always follow after (anu): like the water of the ocean . . .
For these reasons these two types of klesa receive the name of anusaya.
ii. The Tibetan translates (a) phra-rgyas - "atomic-extended," because, says Candra Das, the anusaya "first comes into insignificant form and then assumes more important dimensions;" (b) bag-la-nal; nal = "to lie down, sleep;" perhaps bag la signifies: "with
? respect to;" the varient of Jaschke, bag-med-pa = "in the absence of fear" is probabaly not relevant here.
=
Chinese equivalents: sui-mien |? jj|E
"darkness-sleep. " iii. Non-technical use of anuseti, anusayHum, references of Morris, JPTS. 1886, p. 123: "to adhere closely to," "to continue, to endure. " Samyutta, ii. 65, anuseti - ceteti, pakappeti, "to will, imagine, consider. "
r
141. Anusanga = ryes su brel, Mabdvyutpatti, 281. 122. Vydkhyd: dlambandt samprayukteb-
hyo vd svdrh samtatim vardhayantafy prdptibhir upacinvanti: increasing their series, either by reason of their object, or by reason of their associated dbarmas, they fix it by means of the prdptis. Anubadhnanttty anukrdntef cdturthakajvaravan musikdvisavac ca: they bind, because they "follow" like the quartan fever or like the poison of a rat (Bodbicarydvatdra, ix. 24).
142. Suklavidarsana: klesakunapam akusalamulam asravantity avidydbhavadrstikdmasravds catvdrah.
On dsrava - dsrava - dsrava - asava -dsaya, see Senart, Melanges Harlez, p. 292-3; Keith, Buddhist Philosophy, p. 128 note; Atthasalini, p. 48. Among the Jainas, Sarvadarsana, trans, p. 53-54.
143- According to Hsuan-tsang: The anusayas remove good (kusala).
144. According to Hsiian-tsang: The anusayas bind beings. The Vydkhyd has a lacuna here. It gives klesayanti--which corresponds to 'byor byed--which appears to be a copyist's error for slesayanti.
145. The Vydkhyd interprets these definitions: ogha comes from the root vah; haranti is thus the equivalent of vahanti. The anusayas are oghas because they transport the mental series into another existence, or from object to object (visaydntara). They are yogas because they bind this series to another existence, or to an object. They are updddnas because they grasp this series and put it into a new existence, or into sense objects (kdma).
146. Explanation of the Sautrantikas (Vydkhyd).
147. Samyukta TD 2, p. 128b29. Compare anusotagdmin and the patisotagdmin of
Anguttara, i. 5.
148. A summary of the Pali explanations in Compendium, p. 170, 227.
149- On these different categories, Mabdvyutpatti, 109. 52 and following: samyojana, bandhana, anusaya, paryutthdna, upaklesa, paryavasthdna, paryavanaddha, dsrava, ogha, yoga, updddna, grantha, nivarana. Paryutthdna = kun nas Idan ba; paryavasthdna (var. paryupasthdna) - kun nas dkris pa; paryavanaddha - yons su dkris pa. On the nivaranas,
Ko/a, iv. trans, p. 678, Digha, i. 246.
150. Vibbdsd, TD 27, p. 236bl9.
151. One distinguishes three samyojanas that the Srotaapanna abandons (Kosa, vi. 43c-d), discussed in Vibbdsd, TD 27, p. 236bl9; nine samyojanas (Vibbdsd, p. 258a3); five samyojanas, namely rdga, pratigha, mdna, irsyd, and mdtsarya (Vibbdsd, p. 252a21).
The sword samyojana means "bond" (bsi-fu ? | # i | ) , "connection with suffering," "nourishment mixed with poison. " The Aryans are disgusted with even the best rebirths and with impure (sdsrava) absorptions, such as the apramdnas, vimoksas, abhibhvdyatanas, and krtsndyatanas (see Ko/a, viii), as with a food mixed with poison.
Vasumitra explains why only five klesas are "bonds": "Only the defilements which embrace error (mi^) with respect to things (dravya) and which are svalaksanaklesas (v. 23) bind the mind. Three defilements are of this type,--rdga, pratigha, mdna,--and are thus "bonds. " The five views and doubt are sdmdnyakleias (v. 23) which include error of
"<*>>#-sleep;" yin-mien P? ? |JS =
footnotes 885
? 886 Chapter Five
reasoning- [and bear on non-existent things, such as the "self']. Avidyd includes these two errors, but, more frequently, only the second one; thus it is not cut off like a "bond" Among the paryavasthanas, jealousy and egoism {irsya, matsarya) are bonds: error with respect to things, they trouble the two categories of persons (monks and laity), they trouble humans and gods, and do evil to many. The other paryavasthanas do not do this. "
The Abhidhammasamgaha {Compendium, p. 172), numbers the samyojanas in the Suttas and Abhidhamma.
152. There exists a non-universal (asarvatraga) drsfisamyojana consisting of mithyddrsti, to be abandoned through the Truths of Nirodha and the Path; but its objects are the pure dharmas (v. 18); it does not bear on the dharmas associated with the pardmarfas.
153. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 258c21.
154. Vydkhyd: "The reason proposed does not raise any difficulty" (na bhavaty ayam parihdrah). What then is the reason given? On this point, Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 643bl6):'
"By reason of their intense activity, irsya and matsarya constitute separate samyojanas. . " The Vydkhyd reproduces the essentials of the text of Samghabhadra and gives some fragments of the Karika that this master adds to the Karikas of Vasubandhu in the Samayapradipikd (Taisho no. 1563). Hsiian-tsang attributes the said Karika to Vasubandhu (TD 29, p. 108b25) and here (p. 108cl8-24) places the following commentary in the Bhdsyam: "When one admits the existence of the ten paryavasthanas, one should say: irsya and mdtsargya constitute distinct samyojanas for four reasons: (1) by reason of their intense activity (abhiksnasamuddcdritvdt); (2) because they produce, in good realms of rebirth, lack of power and of goods (alpeidkhya, alpabhogakdranatvdt)--a just punishment for jealousy and greed; (3) because they indicate the totality of the klesas (sarvasUcandt), which are either sad (samtdpasahagata) or happy (dmodasahagata); (4) because they torment two categories of persons (dvipaksakleiamatvdc, ca; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 259a28): the laity and the clergy (jealousy over goods, jealousy over spiritual attainments), gods and Asuras, gods and humans, oneself and others. Thus they have been set aside (mdtsarayersye prthak krte). [The Blessed One said: "gods and humans, Oh Kau? ika, are bound by jealousy and greed": these are par excellence (ddhikyena) the kleias of the good realms of rebirth. ]
Paramartha also attributes the following karika to V asubandhu:. . . The reason proposed does not raise difficulties . . . The stanza says: "Because they are the causes of (rebirth in) a non-noble family and of poverty, because they involve all others, because they torment the two categories (of persons), jealousy and greed are separate samyojanas "The commentary says: "There are other masters who say that among the paryavasthanas, jealousy and greed present three defects. Through jealousy, one is reborn into a miserable family. "
155. Madhyama TD 1, p. 778cl5 (=Majjhima, i. 432; Malunkyaputra = man-t'ung-tze i t i ^ )> Dirgha, 8. 2, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 153a21; Digha, ii. 92, 252, iii. 234,
Anguttara, iv. 459, v. 17.
156. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 252b25: "Why are these five called avarabhdgiya? What is the meaning of this expression? These five samyojanas manifest themselves (samuddcdra) in the lower sphere, are abandoned in this same sphere, bind birth (i. e. , being about rebirth) and produce outflowing and retributive results in this same sphere. "
157. Apare, according to the Vydkhyd, refers to the Yogacarins. Theory presented in Vibhdsd, ibid.
158. Ekottara, TD 2, p. 630a8; Samyukta, TD 2, p. 264b24ff, p. 342b25. The Sutra, according to the Vydkhyd, begins: kiyata bhadanta srotadpanno bhavati / yatai ca Mahdndmann dryafrdvaka idam duhkham dryasatyam. . . iyam duhkhanirodhagdminipratipad dryasatyam iti yathdbhUtam prajdndti trini easya samyojandni prahindni bhavanti parijfidtdni tadyathd satkdyadrspih
? filavratapardmars'o vicikitsd ca / sa esdm traydndm samyojandndm prahdndt srotadpanno bbavati avinipdtadharmd sambodhipardyanah saptakfdbhavaparamah saptakftvo devdrhfca manusydmica samsrtya samdhavya duhkhasydntam karisyati. Compare Digha, iii. 107 = 132: avam puggalo yathdnusiffham tathdpapipajjamdno tinnam sarkyojandnarh parikkhayd sotadpanno bhavassati avinipdtadhammo niyato sambodhipardyano. Puggalapantiatti p. 12, definition of the prthagjana: yassa . . . tint samyojandni appahindni. . . See vi. 34a-b, where this Sutra is commented upon.
159. "According to the School, there are three types of kie/as. "This refers to darianaheya, v. 4. Hsiian-tsang: "The true explanation is that, whereas the Srotaapanna abandons six klefas, it is said that he abandons three, because these three comprise . . . "
160. Apare, according to the Vydkhyd, refers to the author.
161. Dirgha, TD 1, p. 51bl2; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 253c2:" . . . they cause one to rise, to turn
towards the heights, and the series to be reborn above . . . "
162. Ekottara, TD 2, p. 589c20, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 227all. Rdga is of three spheres as is moha {avidya): "all rdga" and "all moha" mean rdga and moha in whichever sphere and of whichever type (mode of expulsion, v. 5) they belong to. Dvesa (pratigha) exists only in Kamadhatu: "all dvesa" means dvesa of whichever type.
The bandhanas do not figure in the lists of the Sathgttisuttanta, etc. ; but see Samyutta, iv. 292.
163. See above note 5 and v. 55a-b.
164. Vydkhyd: There is rdga and dvefa on the occasion of the sensation of indifference, but not in the same way that there is moha; this latter, being dull (apatu), more easily develops in the sensation of indifference which is dull. Or rather, one should understand that the rule refers to rdga, dvesa, and moha relative to personal sensation. Others understand: Rdga and dvesa do not exist in the same manner; that is, dvesa enters into activity on the occasion of an agreeable sensation of an enemy taken as an object (dlambanatah); the same for rdga on the occasion of a disagreeable sensation of an enemy. Or rather, the rule extends to personal sensation: rdga in the agreeable sensation that one experiences oneself, because it is taken as an object through association; not in the agreeable sensation of an enemy. Compare Nettippakarana, p. 32; aduhkhamasukhdya hi vedandya avijjd anuseti. Compare YogasUtra, ii. 7-8: sukhdnu/ayt rdgah / duhkhanufayi dvesah. See the theory of the svalaksanaklesas above, v. 23.
165. Hsiian-tsang makes 2. pad a out of this, with a short commentary: "What are the anufayas? The kdrikd says: "The anuiayas have been mentioned. " The Bhdsyam says: "The anuiayas are six, or seven, or ten, or ninety-eight, as has been explained. The anuiayas having been explained, one asks concerning the upakleias"
166. The Vydkhyd quotes the Sdstra: ye ydvat kle/d upakle/d api te syuh / upakleid na klesdb.
The upakkilesa of Anguttara, ii. 53, Atthasdlini, 380, have nothing in common with the defilements or klesas.
167. The author excludes cetand, etc. with the words "those which are enumerated in the Ksudravastuka. "The Vydkhyd quotes the list of the Ksudravastuka, with their unfortunately doubtful readings: arati, vijrmbhikd {Anguttara i. 3, Sanyutta v. 64, Vibhanga, 33) cetaso linatva, tandrt (= jadatd), bhakte'samatd (= bhattasammada) [see below v. 59b], ndndtvasamjfid, a[yoniio]manaskdra, kdyadausfhulya, ifngi {-singa, Vibhanga, 351; Anguttara, ii. 26; Morris, 1885, p. 53), tintilikd (? ), MS. bhittirikd, Vibhanga, 351, Anguttara, v. 149, tintina = nillajja), andrjavatd, amdrdavatd, asabhdgdnuvartand (anabhdgavutti), kdmavitarka (Mahdniddesa, p. 501), vydpddavitarka, vihimsdvitarka, jHdtivitarka,
janapadavitarka, amaravitarka (v. 59b)y apamanyandpratisamyukta vitarka (? ) (MS.
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? 888 Chapter Five 00
acaranyand ; Mahdniddesa, etc. : pardnuddayata ), kulodayatdpratisamyukta vitarka, fokaduhkhadaurmanasya-updydsdh. See ii. 27, English trans. 198; page 851.
Samghabhadra is content to indicate the number oiupakleias, twenty-one, which confirms our list. Nine vitakkas in the Mahdniddesa.
168. Klefo'pi hi paryavasthdnam kdmaragaparyavasthdnapratyayam duhkham pratisamve- dayata iti sutravacandtSee above p. 768.
169. There is "compression" of the mind in absorption (samdpatti); thus one adds: "which renders it incapable . . . " in order to be more precise.
170. Ami. . . sattvdh. . . vadhyantdm vd Hryantdm vdanayanavyasanam dpadyantdm itydkdrapravrtto vyap adah / sattvdkarsanasamtrdsatarjanddikarmapravrttd vihimsd / tdbhydm anyah sattvdsattvayor dghdtah krodhah / tadyathd iiksdkdmasya bhiksoi cittaprakopah kanpakddisu ca prakopa iti /. Vydpdda manifests itself through curses or maledictions: "May they perish, may they go at a bad hour! ;" vihimsd, through bad treatment, threats, etc. ; krodha differs from the preceeding: this is an irritation against persons and things, the discontent of a bhiksu who desires that one instruct him (? ) with respect to obstacles, etc.
171. See iv. 4, trans, note 28.
172. Jndtdjn"dndm. The Chinese understands: "Accordingly as this refers to persons who are ignorant or who know. " The Vydkhyd explains: rdjddibhir jndtdndm mraksavatdm pudgaldndm mraksas trsndnisyando md me Idbhasatkdro na bhavisyatiti / ajnatanam avidydnisyandah karmatyakatdm (? ? ) asraddadhdnas tadavadyam pracchddayati na parasydntike visuddyartharh desayati / One hides his faults, either because he fears some damage or some loss of esteem; or because he does not believe that he can "transcend his actions" (karmavyatikrama? ) and that he abstains from confessing in order to purify himself, as he should. Jridta = yasassi, Majjhima, iii. 38.
173. Not in Hsiian-tsang.
174. We have encountered the same expression iv. 8a, where Hsiian-tsang translates: "in order to avoid the inquiries of Asvajit. " Here he translates here: "Or to falsely deny . . . " According to P. Cordier, iv.
