1), and by the respect which the Pyr-
Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l.
Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
We have already noticed the Athenian
sculptor, who executed the bas-reliefs on the frieze
where the great majority of the MSS. have Par of the temple of Athena Polias, about OL 91, B. C.
Thasius, a reading which would easily be inserted 415, and the true form of whose name was Phy-
by a transcriber ignorant of the less known name romachus
. [PHSROMACH US. ] This artist is evi-
of Pyreicus. In connection with Pyreicus the dently the same whom Pliny mentions, in his list
phrase parva arte has a clear meaning; whereas it of statuaries, as the maker of a group representing
There is a line
rity of two MSS. ,-
names.
!
## p. 608 (#624) ############################################
608
PYROMACHUS.
PYRRHON.
n.
1
1
Alcibiades driving a four-horse chariot (Pyror example, that in the Florentine Gallery, No. 27.
machi quudriga regitur ab Alcibiade, Plin. H. N. (Müller, Arch d. Kunst, $$ 157", 394º. )
xxxiv. 8. s. 19. & 20: the reading of all the MSS. is The other of the two statues referred to is a
Pyromachi, a fact easily accounted for by a natural kneeling Priapus, described in an epigram of
confusion between this artist and the other Pyro Apollonidas of Smyrna, where the old reading
machus, who is mentioned twice in the same Duabuaxos is altered by Brunck to supóna xos.
section). Hence we see that this Phyromachus (No. 9, Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 134, Anth.
was an Athenian artist of the age immediately Planud. iv. 239, Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal.
succeeding that of Pheiding, and that he was highly vol. ii. p. 698. ) Here again, R. Rochette (p. 388,
distinguished both as a sculptor in urble, and as attacks We ing and Brunck (ad loc. ) for
a statuary in bronze.
identifying the maker of this statue with the Phy-
2. Another artist, necessarily different from the romachus of Diodorus ; but he gives no reason for
former, is placed in Pliny's list, among the sta- his own identification of him with Phyromachus I.
tuaries who flourished in Ol. 121, B. c. 295. (Plin. lIis reason is probably the assumption that Anaxa-
II. V. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). A little further on ($ 24), goras, who is mentioned in the epigram as dedicating
Pliny mentions him as one of those statuaries who the statue, is the great philosopher ; which is allo-
represented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes gether uncertnin. On the other hand, the work
against the Gauls. Of these battles the most cele- itself, as described in the epigram, secms to belong
brated was that which obtained for Attalus I. the to a late period of the art. We think it doubtful,
title of king, about B. c. 241 (Polyb. xviii. 24 ; in this case, to which of the two artists the work
Liv. xxxiii. 21; Strab. xiii. p. 624 ; Clinton, should be referred.
(P. S. )
F. H. vol. iii. pp. 401, 402). The artist, there- PYRRHA. (DEUCALION. ]
fore, flourished at least as late as Ol. 135, B. C. PYRRHIAS (IIuppias), an Aetolian, who was
210. Perhaps Pliny has placed him a little too sent by his countrymen during the Social War
early, in order to include him in the epoch pre- (B. C. 218), to take the command in Elis. Here
ceding the decline of the art. The painter Mydon he took advantage of the absence of Philip, and
of Soli was his disciple, whence we may infer that the incapacity of Eperatus the Achaean praetor, to
Pyromachus was also a painter. [Mydon). make frequent incursions into the Achaean ter-
It is supposed by the best writers on ancient ritories, and having established a fortified post on
art that the celebrated statue of a dying combatant, Mount Panachaïcum, laid waste the whole country
popularly called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy as far as Rhium and Aegium. The next year
from one of the bronze statues in the works men- (B. C. 217) he concerted a plan with Lycurgus
tioned by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a king of Sparta for the invasion of Messenia, but
Celt.
failed in the execution of his part of the scheme,
There are two other statues mentioned by being repulsed by the Cyparissians before he could
various writers, which must be referred to one or effect a junction with Lycurgus. He in con-
other of these two artists.
sequence returned to Elis, but the Eleans being
One of these was a very celebrated statue of dissatisfied with his conduct, he was shortly after
Asclepius, at Pergamus, whence it was carried off recalled by the Aetolians, and succeeded by Eu-
by Prusias ; as is related by Polybius (Excerpt. ripidas. (Polyb. v. 30, 91, 92, 94. ) At a later
Vales. xxxii. 25), and Diodorus (Frag. xxxi. 35 ; period he obtained the office of praetor, or chief
Eucerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588, ed. Wess. ); of magistrate of the Aetolians, in the same year that
whom the former gives the artist's name as Ply the honorary title of that office was bestowed upon
lornachus, the latter as Phyromachus, while Suidas Attalus, king of Pergamus, B. C. 208. In the
converts it into Philomachus (s. v. Ilpovoias). For spring of that year he advanced with an army to
whatever reasou Raoul-Rochette has ascribed this Lamia to oppose the passage of Philip towards the
work to the elder Phyromachus, and on what Peloponnese, but though supported with an aux-
ground he asserts that its execution must be iliary force both by Attalus and the Roman praetor
placed between 01. 88 and 98 (Lettre à M. Schorn, Sulpicius, he was defeated by Philip in two suc-
p. 387, 2nd ed. ) we are at a loss to conjecture, cessive battles, and forced to retire within the
unless it be that he has not examined attentively walls of Lamia (Liv. xxvii. 30. ) It is not im-
enough all three of the passages of Pliny (comp: probable that Siryrrhicas, who appears in Liry
l. c. p. 388, n. 4). Wesseling already referred | (xxxi. 46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation,
the work to Phýromachus II. (ad Diod. I. c. , which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false
a note to which R. Rochette refers); and the reading for Pyrrhias. (Brandstäter, Gesch. des
statements of Pliny, instead of opposing this view, Aetolischen Bundes, p. 412. ) (E. H. B. ]
rather confirm it; for, as we have seen that his PYRRHON (Núpsww), a celebrated Greek phi-
Pyromachus, in one of the three passages, repre- losopher, a native of Elis. He was the son of
sents the Greek pupómaxos, there is nothing Pleistarchus (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61), or Pistocrates
strange in its representing the same form in the (Paus, vi. 24, $ 5), and is said to have been poor,
other two. We infer, therefore, that the true and to have followed, at first, the profession of a
name of this younger artist was Phyromachus, and painter. His contemporary and biographer, Anti-
that he flourished under Eumenes I. and Attalus gonus of Carystus (Aristocles, ap. Euseb. Praep.
I. , or Attalus I. and Eumenes II. , at Pergamus, | Ev. xiv. 18, p. 763), mentioned some torch-bearers,
where he made the statue of Aesculapius now tolerably well executed, painted by him in the
referred to, and (in conjunction with other artists) gymnasium of his native town (Diog. Laërt. ix.
the battle groups mentioned by Pliny.
62, comp. 61 ; Aristocl. hc. ; Lucian, bis Acus.
The statue of Asclepius appears to have been 25). He is then said to have been attracted to
one of the chief types of the god. The type is philosophy by the books of Democritus (Aristocl.
probably that which is seen on the coins of Per-i. c. ; comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 69), to have attended
gamus, and in several existing statues, as for the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to
.
## p. 609 (#625) ############################################
PYRRHON.
609
PYRRHUS.
have attached himself closely to Anaxarchus, a tosthenes, comp. c. 64) and expressions (ib. 64),
disciple of the Democritean Metrodorus, and with but also by the way in which Timon expressed
him to have joined the expedition of Alexander himself with respect to the moral (Sext. Emp. aur.
the Great (Diog. Laërt. U. cc. ix. 63; Suid. s. v. Math. x.
1), and by the respect which the Pyr-
Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l. c. ), rhonians cherished for Socrates (ib. 2 ; comp. Cic.
and on the expedition to have become acquainted de Orat. iii. 17). The conjecture is not improbable
with the Magians and the Indian gymnosophists. that Pyrrhon regarded the great Athenians as his
That his sceptical theories originated in his inter- pattern. The statement that the Athenians con-
course with them was asserted by Ascanius of ferred upon Pyrrhon the rights of citizenship sounds
Abdera (a writer with whom we are otherwise un- suspicious on account of the reason which is ap-
acquainted), probably without any reason (Diog. pended, for according to the unanimous testimony
Laërt. ix. 61). It is more likely that he derived of the ancients, Python, the disciple of Plato, had
from them his endeavours after ini perturbable equa- slain the Thracian Cotus (Diog. Inërt. ix. 65, ib.
nimity, and entire independence of all external Menage) ; it probably rests upon some gloss.
circumstances, and the resistance of that mobility No books written by Pyrrhon are quoted (comp.
which is said to have been natural to him (ib. 62, Aristocl. 1. c. p. 763, c. ), except a poem addressed
63, comp. 66, 68 ; Timon, ibid. c. 65). It is mani- to Alexander, which was rewarded by the latter in
fest, however, that his biographer Antigonus had so royal a manner (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 282 ;
already invented fables about him. (Diog. Laërt. Pluto de Alex. Fortuna, i. 10), that the statements
1. c. ; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. p. 763 ; Plut. de Prof. respecting the poverty of the philosopher's mode of
in Virt. c. 9. ) A balf insane man, such as he de life are not easily reconcilable with it. We have
picts him, the Eleans assuredly would never have no mention of the year either of the birth or of the
chosen as high priest (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64; comp. death of Pyrrhon, but only that he reached the age
llesych. Miles. p. 50, ed. Orell. ); and Aeneside of 90 years (Diog. Laërt. ix. 62); nor do we learn
mus, to confute such stories, had already maintained how old he was when he took part in Alexander's
that Pyrrhon had indeed in philosophising refrained expedition. But Arcesilas, who in his turn was late
from decision, but that in action he by no means enough to be quoted by Timon, is said to have
blindly abandoned himself to be the sport of cir- been one of his associates (winnkads núppwvi.
cumstances. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64. ) The young Numen. in Euseb. Praep. Evang. xii. 6). Among
Nausiphanes (probably a later contemporary of the disciples of Pyrrhon, besides those already men-
Epicurus) Pyrrhon won over, not indeed to his tioned, were also Eurylochus, Phiro the Athenian,
doctrine, but to his disposition (Olágeois), to which and Hecataeus of Abdera. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 68,
Epicurus also could not refuse a lively recognition. 69 ; comp. Lucian, Vib. Auct. 27. ) The Eleans
(Diog. Laërt. ix. 64. ) Pyrrhon's disciple Timon, honoured the memory of their philosophical coun.
who, in his Pythor, had detailed long conversations tryman even after his death. Pausanins saw his
which he had with Pyrrhon (Aristocl. 1. c. p. 761 ; likeness (a bust or statue) in a stoa by the agora of
comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 67), extolled with admira- Elis, and a monument dedicated to him outside the
tion his divine repose of soul, his independence of city (vi. 24, $ 5).
(Ch. A. B. ]
all the shackles of external relations, and of all de PYRRHON, artists. Besides the celebrated
ception and sophistical obscurity. He compared philosopher of Elis, who was also distinguished as a
him to the imperturbable sun-god, who hangs aloft painter, there was an Ephesian sculptor, the son of
over the earth" (ib. 65, comp. 67 ; Sext. Emp. adv. Hecatoleos, whose name occurs on an inscription
Math. i. 305; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. l. c. p. 761, as the maker of a statue of honour, of the Roman
&c. ). What progress he had made in laying a age. (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. , No. 2987 ; R. Rochette,
scientific foundation for his scepsis cannot be de- Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 395, 2d edit. ) [P. S. ]
termined with accuracy, but it is probable that PYRRHUS, mythological. (NEOPTOLEMUS. ]
Timon, who, as it appears, was more a poet than a PYRRHUS, artists. 1. An architect, of un-
philosopher (TIMON), was indebted to him for the known age, who, with his sons Lacrates and Her-
essential features of the reasons for doubt which mon, built the treasury of the Epidamnians at
were developed by him. Just as later sceptice saw Olympia. (Paus. vi. 19. § 5. 8. 8. ).
the beginnings of their doctrines in the expressions 2. A statuary, who is mentioned in the list of
of the poets and most ancient philosophers on the Pliny as the maker of bronze statues of Hygia
insufficiency of human knowledge and the uncer- and Minerva. (H. N. xxxiv. 8. 8. 19. $ 20. ) Pliny
tainty of life, so Pyrrhon also interpreted lines of tells us nothing more of the artist ; but, in the
his favourite poet Homer in the sceptical sense. year 1840, a base was found in the Acropolis at
(Diog. Laërt, ix. 67 ; comp. Sext. Emp. adv. Math Athens, bearing the following inscription –
i. 272, 281. ) That dogmatic convictions lay at the
AOENAIOITEIA O ENA IAITEITSIEIAI
foundation of the scepticism of Pyrrhon, was main-
ΠΥΡΡΟΣΕΠΟΙΗΣΕΝΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΣ,
tained only by Numenius. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 68. )
Still more groundless, without doubt, is the state and near it were the remains of another base. It
ment of the Abderite Ascanius, that Pyrrhon can scarcely be doubted that these bases belonged
would recognise neither Beautiful nor Ugly, Right to the statues of Hygieia, the daughter of Ascle-
nor Wrong, and maintained that as nothing is ac- pius, and of Athena surnamed Hygieia, which
cording to truth, so the actions of men are deter- Pausanias mentions (i. 24. § 4. s. 5) as among the
mined only by law and custom. (Diog. Laërt. ix. most remarkable works of art in the Acropolis, and
61; comp. Aristocl. ap. Euseb. I. c. p. 761. ) That, as standing in the very place where these bases
on the contrary, he left the validity of moral re- were found ; and further, that the statues are the
quirements unassailed, and directed his endeavours same as those referred to by Pliny ; and that his
to the production of a moral state of disposition, is Pyrrhus is the same as Pyrrhus the Athenian, who
attested not only by individual, well-authenticated is mentioned in the above inscription as the maker
traits of character (Diog. Laërt. ix. 66, aſter Era- 1 of the statue of Athena Hygieia, which was de
!
1
VOL. III.
RR
## p. 610 (#626) ############################################
610
PYRRHUS.
PYRRHUS.
:
dicated by the Athenians. The letters of the in- still only seventeen years of age, joined Demetrius,
scription evidently belong to about the period of who had married his sister Deïdameia, accompanied
the Peloponnesian war. (Ross, in the Kunstblatt, i him to Asia, and was present at the battle of Ipsus,
1840, No. 37 ; Schöll, Archäol. Mittheil, aus B. C. 301, in which he gained great renown for his
Griechenland, p.
sculptor, who executed the bas-reliefs on the frieze
where the great majority of the MSS. have Par of the temple of Athena Polias, about OL 91, B. C.
Thasius, a reading which would easily be inserted 415, and the true form of whose name was Phy-
by a transcriber ignorant of the less known name romachus
. [PHSROMACH US. ] This artist is evi-
of Pyreicus. In connection with Pyreicus the dently the same whom Pliny mentions, in his list
phrase parva arte has a clear meaning; whereas it of statuaries, as the maker of a group representing
There is a line
rity of two MSS. ,-
names.
!
## p. 608 (#624) ############################################
608
PYROMACHUS.
PYRRHON.
n.
1
1
Alcibiades driving a four-horse chariot (Pyror example, that in the Florentine Gallery, No. 27.
machi quudriga regitur ab Alcibiade, Plin. H. N. (Müller, Arch d. Kunst, $$ 157", 394º. )
xxxiv. 8. s. 19. & 20: the reading of all the MSS. is The other of the two statues referred to is a
Pyromachi, a fact easily accounted for by a natural kneeling Priapus, described in an epigram of
confusion between this artist and the other Pyro Apollonidas of Smyrna, where the old reading
machus, who is mentioned twice in the same Duabuaxos is altered by Brunck to supóna xos.
section). Hence we see that this Phyromachus (No. 9, Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 134, Anth.
was an Athenian artist of the age immediately Planud. iv. 239, Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal.
succeeding that of Pheiding, and that he was highly vol. ii. p. 698. ) Here again, R. Rochette (p. 388,
distinguished both as a sculptor in urble, and as attacks We ing and Brunck (ad loc. ) for
a statuary in bronze.
identifying the maker of this statue with the Phy-
2. Another artist, necessarily different from the romachus of Diodorus ; but he gives no reason for
former, is placed in Pliny's list, among the sta- his own identification of him with Phyromachus I.
tuaries who flourished in Ol. 121, B. c. 295. (Plin. lIis reason is probably the assumption that Anaxa-
II. V. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). A little further on ($ 24), goras, who is mentioned in the epigram as dedicating
Pliny mentions him as one of those statuaries who the statue, is the great philosopher ; which is allo-
represented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes gether uncertnin. On the other hand, the work
against the Gauls. Of these battles the most cele- itself, as described in the epigram, secms to belong
brated was that which obtained for Attalus I. the to a late period of the art. We think it doubtful,
title of king, about B. c. 241 (Polyb. xviii. 24 ; in this case, to which of the two artists the work
Liv. xxxiii. 21; Strab. xiii. p. 624 ; Clinton, should be referred.
(P. S. )
F. H. vol. iii. pp. 401, 402). The artist, there- PYRRHA. (DEUCALION. ]
fore, flourished at least as late as Ol. 135, B. C. PYRRHIAS (IIuppias), an Aetolian, who was
210. Perhaps Pliny has placed him a little too sent by his countrymen during the Social War
early, in order to include him in the epoch pre- (B. C. 218), to take the command in Elis. Here
ceding the decline of the art. The painter Mydon he took advantage of the absence of Philip, and
of Soli was his disciple, whence we may infer that the incapacity of Eperatus the Achaean praetor, to
Pyromachus was also a painter. [Mydon). make frequent incursions into the Achaean ter-
It is supposed by the best writers on ancient ritories, and having established a fortified post on
art that the celebrated statue of a dying combatant, Mount Panachaïcum, laid waste the whole country
popularly called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy as far as Rhium and Aegium. The next year
from one of the bronze statues in the works men- (B. C. 217) he concerted a plan with Lycurgus
tioned by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a king of Sparta for the invasion of Messenia, but
Celt.
failed in the execution of his part of the scheme,
There are two other statues mentioned by being repulsed by the Cyparissians before he could
various writers, which must be referred to one or effect a junction with Lycurgus. He in con-
other of these two artists.
sequence returned to Elis, but the Eleans being
One of these was a very celebrated statue of dissatisfied with his conduct, he was shortly after
Asclepius, at Pergamus, whence it was carried off recalled by the Aetolians, and succeeded by Eu-
by Prusias ; as is related by Polybius (Excerpt. ripidas. (Polyb. v. 30, 91, 92, 94. ) At a later
Vales. xxxii. 25), and Diodorus (Frag. xxxi. 35 ; period he obtained the office of praetor, or chief
Eucerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588, ed. Wess. ); of magistrate of the Aetolians, in the same year that
whom the former gives the artist's name as Ply the honorary title of that office was bestowed upon
lornachus, the latter as Phyromachus, while Suidas Attalus, king of Pergamus, B. C. 208. In the
converts it into Philomachus (s. v. Ilpovoias). For spring of that year he advanced with an army to
whatever reasou Raoul-Rochette has ascribed this Lamia to oppose the passage of Philip towards the
work to the elder Phyromachus, and on what Peloponnese, but though supported with an aux-
ground he asserts that its execution must be iliary force both by Attalus and the Roman praetor
placed between 01. 88 and 98 (Lettre à M. Schorn, Sulpicius, he was defeated by Philip in two suc-
p. 387, 2nd ed. ) we are at a loss to conjecture, cessive battles, and forced to retire within the
unless it be that he has not examined attentively walls of Lamia (Liv. xxvii. 30. ) It is not im-
enough all three of the passages of Pliny (comp: probable that Siryrrhicas, who appears in Liry
l. c. p. 388, n. 4). Wesseling already referred | (xxxi. 46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation,
the work to Phýromachus II. (ad Diod. I. c. , which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false
a note to which R. Rochette refers); and the reading for Pyrrhias. (Brandstäter, Gesch. des
statements of Pliny, instead of opposing this view, Aetolischen Bundes, p. 412. ) (E. H. B. ]
rather confirm it; for, as we have seen that his PYRRHON (Núpsww), a celebrated Greek phi-
Pyromachus, in one of the three passages, repre- losopher, a native of Elis. He was the son of
sents the Greek pupómaxos, there is nothing Pleistarchus (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61), or Pistocrates
strange in its representing the same form in the (Paus, vi. 24, $ 5), and is said to have been poor,
other two. We infer, therefore, that the true and to have followed, at first, the profession of a
name of this younger artist was Phyromachus, and painter. His contemporary and biographer, Anti-
that he flourished under Eumenes I. and Attalus gonus of Carystus (Aristocles, ap. Euseb. Praep.
I. , or Attalus I. and Eumenes II. , at Pergamus, | Ev. xiv. 18, p. 763), mentioned some torch-bearers,
where he made the statue of Aesculapius now tolerably well executed, painted by him in the
referred to, and (in conjunction with other artists) gymnasium of his native town (Diog. Laërt. ix.
the battle groups mentioned by Pliny.
62, comp. 61 ; Aristocl. hc. ; Lucian, bis Acus.
The statue of Asclepius appears to have been 25). He is then said to have been attracted to
one of the chief types of the god. The type is philosophy by the books of Democritus (Aristocl.
probably that which is seen on the coins of Per-i. c. ; comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 69), to have attended
gamus, and in several existing statues, as for the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to
.
## p. 609 (#625) ############################################
PYRRHON.
609
PYRRHUS.
have attached himself closely to Anaxarchus, a tosthenes, comp. c. 64) and expressions (ib. 64),
disciple of the Democritean Metrodorus, and with but also by the way in which Timon expressed
him to have joined the expedition of Alexander himself with respect to the moral (Sext. Emp. aur.
the Great (Diog. Laërt. U. cc. ix. 63; Suid. s. v. Math. x.
1), and by the respect which the Pyr-
Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l. c. ), rhonians cherished for Socrates (ib. 2 ; comp. Cic.
and on the expedition to have become acquainted de Orat. iii. 17). The conjecture is not improbable
with the Magians and the Indian gymnosophists. that Pyrrhon regarded the great Athenians as his
That his sceptical theories originated in his inter- pattern. The statement that the Athenians con-
course with them was asserted by Ascanius of ferred upon Pyrrhon the rights of citizenship sounds
Abdera (a writer with whom we are otherwise un- suspicious on account of the reason which is ap-
acquainted), probably without any reason (Diog. pended, for according to the unanimous testimony
Laërt. ix. 61). It is more likely that he derived of the ancients, Python, the disciple of Plato, had
from them his endeavours after ini perturbable equa- slain the Thracian Cotus (Diog. Inërt. ix. 65, ib.
nimity, and entire independence of all external Menage) ; it probably rests upon some gloss.
circumstances, and the resistance of that mobility No books written by Pyrrhon are quoted (comp.
which is said to have been natural to him (ib. 62, Aristocl. 1. c. p. 763, c. ), except a poem addressed
63, comp. 66, 68 ; Timon, ibid. c. 65). It is mani- to Alexander, which was rewarded by the latter in
fest, however, that his biographer Antigonus had so royal a manner (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 282 ;
already invented fables about him. (Diog. Laërt. Pluto de Alex. Fortuna, i. 10), that the statements
1. c. ; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. p. 763 ; Plut. de Prof. respecting the poverty of the philosopher's mode of
in Virt. c. 9. ) A balf insane man, such as he de life are not easily reconcilable with it. We have
picts him, the Eleans assuredly would never have no mention of the year either of the birth or of the
chosen as high priest (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64; comp. death of Pyrrhon, but only that he reached the age
llesych. Miles. p. 50, ed. Orell. ); and Aeneside of 90 years (Diog. Laërt. ix. 62); nor do we learn
mus, to confute such stories, had already maintained how old he was when he took part in Alexander's
that Pyrrhon had indeed in philosophising refrained expedition. But Arcesilas, who in his turn was late
from decision, but that in action he by no means enough to be quoted by Timon, is said to have
blindly abandoned himself to be the sport of cir- been one of his associates (winnkads núppwvi.
cumstances. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64. ) The young Numen. in Euseb. Praep. Evang. xii. 6). Among
Nausiphanes (probably a later contemporary of the disciples of Pyrrhon, besides those already men-
Epicurus) Pyrrhon won over, not indeed to his tioned, were also Eurylochus, Phiro the Athenian,
doctrine, but to his disposition (Olágeois), to which and Hecataeus of Abdera. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 68,
Epicurus also could not refuse a lively recognition. 69 ; comp. Lucian, Vib. Auct. 27. ) The Eleans
(Diog. Laërt. ix. 64. ) Pyrrhon's disciple Timon, honoured the memory of their philosophical coun.
who, in his Pythor, had detailed long conversations tryman even after his death. Pausanins saw his
which he had with Pyrrhon (Aristocl. 1. c. p. 761 ; likeness (a bust or statue) in a stoa by the agora of
comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 67), extolled with admira- Elis, and a monument dedicated to him outside the
tion his divine repose of soul, his independence of city (vi. 24, $ 5).
(Ch. A. B. ]
all the shackles of external relations, and of all de PYRRHON, artists. Besides the celebrated
ception and sophistical obscurity. He compared philosopher of Elis, who was also distinguished as a
him to the imperturbable sun-god, who hangs aloft painter, there was an Ephesian sculptor, the son of
over the earth" (ib. 65, comp. 67 ; Sext. Emp. adv. Hecatoleos, whose name occurs on an inscription
Math. i. 305; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. l. c. p. 761, as the maker of a statue of honour, of the Roman
&c. ). What progress he had made in laying a age. (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. , No. 2987 ; R. Rochette,
scientific foundation for his scepsis cannot be de- Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 395, 2d edit. ) [P. S. ]
termined with accuracy, but it is probable that PYRRHUS, mythological. (NEOPTOLEMUS. ]
Timon, who, as it appears, was more a poet than a PYRRHUS, artists. 1. An architect, of un-
philosopher (TIMON), was indebted to him for the known age, who, with his sons Lacrates and Her-
essential features of the reasons for doubt which mon, built the treasury of the Epidamnians at
were developed by him. Just as later sceptice saw Olympia. (Paus. vi. 19. § 5. 8. 8. ).
the beginnings of their doctrines in the expressions 2. A statuary, who is mentioned in the list of
of the poets and most ancient philosophers on the Pliny as the maker of bronze statues of Hygia
insufficiency of human knowledge and the uncer- and Minerva. (H. N. xxxiv. 8. 8. 19. $ 20. ) Pliny
tainty of life, so Pyrrhon also interpreted lines of tells us nothing more of the artist ; but, in the
his favourite poet Homer in the sceptical sense. year 1840, a base was found in the Acropolis at
(Diog. Laërt, ix. 67 ; comp. Sext. Emp. adv. Math Athens, bearing the following inscription –
i. 272, 281. ) That dogmatic convictions lay at the
AOENAIOITEIA O ENA IAITEITSIEIAI
foundation of the scepticism of Pyrrhon, was main-
ΠΥΡΡΟΣΕΠΟΙΗΣΕΝΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΣ,
tained only by Numenius. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 68. )
Still more groundless, without doubt, is the state and near it were the remains of another base. It
ment of the Abderite Ascanius, that Pyrrhon can scarcely be doubted that these bases belonged
would recognise neither Beautiful nor Ugly, Right to the statues of Hygieia, the daughter of Ascle-
nor Wrong, and maintained that as nothing is ac- pius, and of Athena surnamed Hygieia, which
cording to truth, so the actions of men are deter- Pausanias mentions (i. 24. § 4. s. 5) as among the
mined only by law and custom. (Diog. Laërt. ix. most remarkable works of art in the Acropolis, and
61; comp. Aristocl. ap. Euseb. I. c. p. 761. ) That, as standing in the very place where these bases
on the contrary, he left the validity of moral re- were found ; and further, that the statues are the
quirements unassailed, and directed his endeavours same as those referred to by Pliny ; and that his
to the production of a moral state of disposition, is Pyrrhus is the same as Pyrrhus the Athenian, who
attested not only by individual, well-authenticated is mentioned in the above inscription as the maker
traits of character (Diog. Laërt. ix. 66, aſter Era- 1 of the statue of Athena Hygieia, which was de
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610
PYRRHUS.
PYRRHUS.
:
dicated by the Athenians. The letters of the in- still only seventeen years of age, joined Demetrius,
scription evidently belong to about the period of who had married his sister Deïdameia, accompanied
the Peloponnesian war. (Ross, in the Kunstblatt, i him to Asia, and was present at the battle of Ipsus,
1840, No. 37 ; Schöll, Archäol. Mittheil, aus B. C. 301, in which he gained great renown for his
Griechenland, p.
