No More Learning

Truth. -“ Amazingly clever book. "
think that in Shakespeare's plays only
star parts count with critics and the To commemorate the centenary of the
LOVE IN MANITOBA.
public, and that to play the smaller ones, Centenary Committee announce a dramatic
birth of Robert Browning the Special
By A. WHARTON GILL.
however efficiently, is to do something matinée (under royal and distinguished
[Second Edition.
derogatory to his status as an actor. We patronage) to be given on next Friday, Sheffield Telegraph. —“The author is a real student of
hope, however, that public opinion on at the Court Theatre. The matinée will be
Canadian life. "
Daily Telegraph. -"Admirably. told . . . . An excellent
this matter is changing in this country, devoted to Browning's works, and will presentation of farm life in Manitoba. "
and that playgoers no longer wish to go include the presentation as monologues of
to the theatre to see “stars” in Shake- several of the Dramatic Lyrics and the AN EXCELLENT MYSTERY.
speare, but to see Shakespeare without production of 'In a Balcony.
By COUNTESS RUSSELL.
stars.
THERE has of late been much talk of
Morning Leader. -"Undoubted vividness. "
national and other theatres-not only the
London Shakespeare Mernorial scheme, but LADY ERMYNTRUDE AND
also a proposal for Wagner festival perform-
ances of
Parsifal' have been in the air,
THE PLUMBER.
to be abandoned temporarily. A
Dramatic Gossip.
prehensive plan for a Festival Theatre of
By PERCY FENDALL.
all the arts appears in a book called The Yorkshire Post. --" Mr. Fendall has set out to amuse
and he does it in rollicking fashion. "
It is a pleasurable thing in these days to Shakespeare Revival,' published through
be able to recommend a whole evening's Messrs. G. Allen & Co. This idea, which is
BELLES LETTRES.
entertainment. Two pieces provided at explained at length, has the sanction of the
the Playhouse ensure this. Miss K. G.
Governors of the Memorial Theatre, Strat- THE EPISODES OF VATHEK.
Sowerby's “Before Breakfast' gives us
ford-upon-Avon, and Mr. F. R. Benson
By WILLIAM BECKFORD. Translated by the late
The plan is neither Sir FRANK T. MARZIALS, with an Introduction by
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not,
her
trusted, be confined
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day night. Its world-old and now fossilized
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theme is the exposure of the pseudo-heroics
fervour which is often simulated by others. "-Athenaeuin.
of Le Cardunois. The play would have
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
been more pointed to an audience of fifty
A NIGHT IN THE LUXEMBOURG.
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of his victims, and the final disillusion, led BOOKBINDING
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IRISH HOME RULE: THE LAST
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## p. 523 (#393) ############################################

No. 4411, May 11, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
523
CHORTOX COLLINS'S POSTHUMOUS ESSAYS
THE OXFORD DICTIONARY
PAGE
523
524
525
the Dawn)
526-527
527
-.
528–529
536
GOSSIP
537-539
539-541
542-543
544
from nobility of character. This is a pe
one who had read widely and carefully, One might hold, on the contrary, that the
SATURDAY, MAY 11, 1912.
who was possessed of an astonishing defect of ‘Paradise Lost' is not that angels
memory, and had the knack of stimulating and Deity are conceived with ignoble
CONTENTS.
popular audiences to his own enthusiasms. anthropomorphism, but that they are not
He was by profession a teacher of litera- anthropomorphic enough. Satan, humanly
ture, and, so far as acquaintance with portrayed, is alone sufficient to ensure the
THE EGO AND HIS OWN
books and knowledge of the facts of litera- immortality of the epic, the interest of
Two POETS OF TO-DAY (The Clouds; The Heralds of ture are concerned, few, if any, popular which would have been enhanced if the
lecturers were better qualified than he. Deity had been endowed with a similar
GLADSTONE AND IRELAND
THREE COUNTIES (Life in a Yorkshire Village ; Shrop-
But we cannot fail to observe that he human-heroic spirit.
shire; Rambles in Somerset ; A Somerset Sketch. always approaches literature with a strong In like manner Wordsworth is con-
Book) . .
ethical bias. He does not ask “ What is sidered, not really as a poet, not as a
NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS
580 this book ? ” but “What is the teaching visionary, a seer, a man who perceived,
FORTHCOMING BOOKS . .
LITERARY GOSSIP
of this book ? ' He is not interested in but as å teacher. " The author has an
SCIENCE - PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA; NOTICES OF the mere fact that in this author and in extraordinary habit of dwelling upon
NEW BOOKS; SOCIETIES; MEETINGS NEXT WEEK ;
that we have a unique expression of indi- accidental and unreal resemblances. There
FINE ARTS-AN ARCHITECTURAL ACCOUNT OF SHROP.
viduality; he is mainly interested to is some point in speaking of the Platonism
SHIRE CHURCH ES; NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS;
THE ROYAL ACADEMY; THE AUDLEY HARVEY
discover that an author's work favours of Wordsworth ; he bears only a super-
PICTURES; SALES ; GOSSIP
MUSIC-BROWNING AS THE POET OF MUSIC; GOSSIP;
the more generous virtues and springs ficial resemblance to the Stoics. His
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK
Pantheism has little in common with
DRAMA-GOSSIP . .
543 perfectly legitimate and not unprofitable the materialistic Pantheism of the Stoics.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
way of approaching literature ; but it is And to live according to Nature, as
also a limited one. It is that of the Wordsworth understood it, was wholly
cultured curate who finds in Tennyson different from the ascetic Stoic virtue
and Browning suitable thoughts for the (v karà púowv). The author makes
LITERATURE
weekday sermon. The advantage of a similar barren comparison between
this method of criticism is that it serves
Robert Browning and Bishop Butler. So
to propagate the common virtues ; the far as the formal articles of faith are
disadvantage of it is that it ignores concerned, they belong broadly to the
The Posthumous Essays of John Churton nearly all that is individual, unique, and same theological school; they both believe
Collins. Edited by L. C. Collins. (Dent characteristic in the great authors, con- in the existence of the soul after death,
& Sons. )
centrating attention on those qualities in life as a period of probation, and the
which they shared with their equally progressive development of the soul before
“What is at present the bane of criticism virtuous, but less distinguished fellow- death and after. But whilst Butler is
in this country? It is that practical con-
mortals.
siderations cling to it and stifle it. It
engaged upon the cold, logical analysis
subserves interests not its own. ”
“ It is a provoking and perplexing truth of theological doctrines, Browning, on
When Matthew Arnold wrote these words in relation to criticism [says Prof.
Collins] the other hand, is mainly interested in the
he was thinking mainly, perhaps, of that none but an enthusiast can understand passion with which men perceive truths
political and religious considerations ; is the worst,"
an enthusiast, and of all critics an enthusiast and strive after them; and it is just
because he is interested in this passionate
but he would have equally included
human process
that he is a great poet
ethical considerations. Politics and re- This is no more than a half-truth, for
before he is a theologian.
ligion dominated the criticism of the it is the quality of a just critic to be an
Prof. Collins was a whole-hearted ad-
middle - Victorian era ; religion and enthusiast in respect of that which is
morality dominated that of the later worthy of enthusiasm, and to suppress mirer of Tennyson; and at a time when it
Victorian era ; and even to this day the enthusiasm for that which is falsely has become fashionable to give Tennyson
primarily ethical standard—whether it be praised. Prof. Collins was an enthusiast less than his due as a poet, it is pleasant
based on morality or not — is apt to for authors in so far as they were virtuous, to find a critic feeling for the great Vic-
assert itself in estimates of authors. We and for the most part indifferent to them torian the naive enthusiasm which he drew
might, perhaps, take the late Canon so far as they were concerned with non- from his contemporaries. At the same
Ainger as a type of the critic who in the moral interests. He admires Dr. Johnson time, it is following narrow issues to seek
later nineteenth century applied the because he was a “noble example of self- in poetry merely stay and a solace";
ethical test with severity to literature. subjugation, of heroic endurance, of duties to say of Tennyson that he was " a noble
We might notice that even so sound faithfully fulfilled, of honesty, sincerity, teacher,” that he was “as patriotic as
and discriminating a critic in the realm humanity. ” He grudgingly admits that Shakespeare,” that he was “a loyal and
of history as Lord Morley is prone to he was far indeed from being able to devoted son of England. ” This is an
give an emphasis to moral issues which supply us with everything we require in appeal to the gallery which should have
is opposed to the critical disinterestedness the way of guidance and admonition. " no place in a serious work of criticism.
of which Arnold speaks ; it is evident in
He was excellent in all the relations of It is open to any minor bard to be as
his book on Rousseau, still more in his life. He was an affectionate and dutiful patriotic as Shakespeare, and you can be
short Life' of Walpole.
son, a faithful and tender husband. ” Not a devoted son of England without learning
with eulogythe to
the narrow confines allotted to it by domestic virtue : "What he would have bourgeois view of poetry when, having
Matthew Arnold. For the moment we
are concerned with the fact that Prof. been as a father we may judge by his admitted that one of its functions is to
conduct to the children of others. "
please, he declares that its other function
Churton Collins belonged pre-eminently to
is to
the school condemned by the great critic.
This same criterion the Professor brings
“ teach us to solve the three great problems
He is one of those whose dicta lead us to to every author discussed in this volume :
of existence. What do we know-what
imagine that “practical (or moral] ends What will become more and more
must we do—for what may we hope ? "
are the first thing, and the play of mind detractive from Milton's influence as time
the second. " The accounts of his life goes on and the world sweeps more and We submit that this is not the true func-
which have been given since his unhappy
more into the broader day will be the hideous tion of a poet, and that, if he“ teaches
death show him to have been a man of and revolting anthropomorphism of much anything of the
kind, it is in his capacity
amiable and charming disposition, a
like that of the Greeks, sanely, soundly, as teacher, not in his capacity as poet.
stirring lecturer, a generous friend, and nobly symbolic, but often and more than There is nothing, indeed, in life which
a devoted student of literature. He was accidentally un-sane, unsound, not noble. ” may not be the proper subject matter of
>


## p. 524 (#394) ############################################

524
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4411, May 11, 1912
reason
“ the
66
as a
poetry, and moral issues must always occupants, acknowledged as aliens, are all looks the better for his holiday. . . . The
have a large and even dominant place in Eastern, viz. , “ thakur," Hindi ; "thamin” more, the merrier. ”
the poet's interests. Nevertheless a poet and thitsi,” Burmese ; Thammuz
Some of the subsections specify and illus--
is concerned primarily with perception, and “Thummim,” Hebrew; thar,
trate three or four groups of nouns which
not with conduct; it is his business to Nepalese ; and the obsolete thoral,'
illuminate life rather than to prescribe from Latin torus. Nobody is very likely certain conditions, or exceptionally. We
are preceded by “the” regularly, under
for it ; to reveal the finer issues, which are to question the propriety of classing these read of its use with names of rivers
unconnected with rules ; in other words, seven vocables as aliens, but we suspect . . . . of mountains, groups of islands, or
to endow life, through the medium of a that many are puzzled by the specimens regions, in the plural ;. . . . of places or
poetic form, with that quality which, for of “naturalized” words given above mountains in the singular, now only when
want of a better word, we call beauty. being classed with familiar modern English felt to be descriptive, as the Land's End
“ As patriotic as Shakespeare"! What words like terminus,' terminal,” and. . . . the Oxford Road, the Jungfrau,. .
a degradation of the poet's excellence! “ tobacco. ”
or when the has come down traditionally,
“ Precious indeed is his [Tennyson's]
Our
political teaching”! Tennyson's political to the few vocables of Oriental origin in the Tyrol. Formerly often used more
for drawing attention as the Lennox, the Merse; excoptionally
is ,
of serious study. It is his poetry that is that there is in this issue an un- widely. " We are not told why
usually large proportion of technical (river) Shannon,” “ the (river) Tay,”
we care about.
It is just this narrow,
and dialectal items, which at the first Lough Ree,”
. ” “Loch Lomond,” are now
“ practical criterion of literature which
makes the Professor select the following glance appear to be in general currency, correct parallels, perhaps because only
some not being clearly distinguishable conjectural reasons for the discrimination
striking and beautiful passage":
from common words until the quotations can be offered; but the mere notice of
Man for the field, and woman for the hearth: have been inspected, e. g. , "thigging ”= such various development of usage is of
Man for the sword, and for the needle she:
begging; "thing,” verb = to plead a interest.
Man with the head, and woman with the heart :
Man to command, and woman to obey;
cause, &c. ; thirling”=a bringing into Whether“ thing," sb. , in its passage from
All else confusion.
subjection; “ thirling "=piercing ; thol- its earliest meanings, “A meeting, as.
We cannot find that this passage is ing"=suffering, enduring. The multi- sembly, esp. a deliberative or judicial
tude of words ultimately or directly assembly, à court, a council,” to that
either striking or beautiful,
is conventional and debatable; as poetry
from Greek, numbering 5 922 in all,'
of " An entity of any kind," has suffered in
it is lacking in charm.
It is scarcely
ensure a superfluity of technical terms, respect of dignity, may be left to the
superior to the worst of the so-called tea- of which fewer than a hundred are current judgment of our readers
, as it is more
in a strict sense. But so long as literary our proper function to observe that this
pot poet. "
But if Churton Collins, as thinker and words, technicalities, and local idioms between the ends of the seventh and
entertainers of the public use foreign change is shown to have been wrought
critic, has little to tell us, we cannot in ever-increasing profusion, lexicographers ninth centuries, the intervening steps
but admire the breadth of his erudition seem only prudent in leaving readers to being “A matter brought before a court.
and the large field of learning through decide from time to time for themselves of law,” &c. ,
which he ranged. His essay on Burke is whether or no any particular word is sake. . . . an affair,
cause, reason, account ;
well worth reading, for such a subject as yet entitled to the designation “ English. ” matter, subject. ” Four of the “entity
affair, business, concern,
this lends itself to his method. His essay
on Shakespearean Theatres is informing, Another salient feature of our th- words sections contain quotations dated before
or about 1000. This article is admirable-
and that on Popular Proverbs is agree is the large number that pertain to
able. From whatever point of view this accidence-article, pronouns, conjunctions, in its fullness, and the novelty and
book may be regarded, it will be found numerals, &c. , with their derivatives, the correctness of its arrangement, which
to contain much information condensed admirable treatment of which might is suggested but not rigidly dominated,
into a small space. It has, too, a useful furnish a substantial contingent to a by, the chronology of sense-development.
index.
bulky philological English grammar. The Sundry errors found in earlier diction-
thoroughness of treatment may be shown aries are exposed, e. g. , “thitling,” given
without plunging into depths of what in some American editions, is a
A New English Dictionary. -Th-Thyzle. illustration of the use of “ three"
our youths call *
shop” by quoting an print for Tithing, cited by Richardson
with from an edition of Milton's Prose Works”;
(Vol. IX. ) By Sir James A. H. Murray. ellipsis of substantive," namely, “ thrimsa," used by Selden (1614), Hume,
(Oxford, Clarendon Press. )
and eleven three=1s. 11fd.
Hook in 'Lives of Archbishops,' and
This instalment of our great Dictionary, We should not like to assert that more
Jevons, is an erroneous name for the
which is nearer to a triple than a double valuable accounts of these important Old English trimes or trims, a coin (or
section, brings us to the end of Vol. IX. elements of our language have not been money of account) representing the Roman
There are, however, still two gaps: one published before, but it is safe to say that trēmis,” being the Old English genitive
from
senatory. ” to the last sh- entry, their treatment in previous dictionaries plural; and writers on botanical matters are
to complete Vol
. VIII. ; and the other is not worth mentioning in comparison reproved for taking thrips. ” for plural,
sleep” to the end of the letters with the clear and full display of their and curtailing a single insect, even when
in the first half of Vol. IX. We may history given in this section, as also representing its genus, to. “ thrip. ” The
therefore expect in January, 1913, a might have been said in each case of their common verb
throw"
is not credited.
beginning of the tenth volume, which scattered kindred, such as “ he," " him,” with an early g or h sound, and so con-
will carry the work to the end of the “I,” “ mo,” one,” which have appeared nected with Latin torqueo, but traced to a
alphabet.
in earlier sections. The syllable the," Teutonic root þræ, pre-Teutonic trē-,
There are distinctive features about known to the English reader, when noticed meaning, turn, as originally (with
the portion of the English vocabulary at all, as “ the definite article,” takes up
' twist, curl") thraw meant in Old!
treated in the pages before us. Out of eleven columns which contain three sepa- English.
492 columns, we find not so much as two rate articles, as is correct. The first and Among the host of words and combina-
occupied by words which originated in longest is devoted to the demonstrative tions not hitherto registered in English
languages other than Greek and the Teu- adjective“ (def. article '),” with over dictionaries, the majority being obsolete
tonic group; while except four technical 20 sections comprehending over 40 or dialectal or technical (such as Grote's:
derivatives of modern Latin, thea ” separate sets of quotations, all concerned grecisms“ thalassocracy, thalassocrat,
tea, and the Hindi “ thug ” (with 5 deri- with varieties of current signification; the theors or sacred envoys,
” and James
vatives) and “thuggee,' occupant second, to the obsolete “ba," “ þe," a con- Hinton's
Hinton's "thingal ” for real ”), are
of the small fraction of space just men- / junction, adverb, and relative pronoun ; the new trade terms “thermos (flask) ”
tioned is “ fully naturalized. ” The other the last, to the current adverb seen in “he' and “picture theatre”; Mr. Kipling's.
" mis-
one
6
66
no


## p. 525 (#395) ############################################

No. 4411, May 11, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
525
66
on
as
>>
97
thutter ”=to sound a conch-shell wind of words in this section which are now of America and the Continent have
instrument; and Mr. W. J. C. Muir's only dialectic, it would have been well revived it, and after nearly seventy
needless revival of thewness," pro- to exclude certain dialects from the years we have a translation published
bably intended for a novelty, in " the “ English ” of the above statement; as in this country. This is satisfactory,
:sinewy force of moral thewness. ” The in parts of the South-West the initial though occasionally irritating, as in the
article on
theolepsy ” furnishes a word of the adjective “ thin,” for instance, is frequent use of dashes to mark the point
for the supplementary volume in the like that of the ordinary pronominal of a tapà a poodoklav, and the title is not
phrase neither th. , nor diabolepsy, nor adjective “thine. ” Tyndall's phrase "a particularly luminous, for we lose the
any other lepsy. ” After Chaucer, two thermo-electric pair, or couple" (1863), suggestion of uniqueness which is so
of the three instances of “Theban and Preece and Sivewright's 'Telegraphy' important. But many philosophers have
(Beotian) are from Francis's translation (1876) seem to be responsible for pair” been worse translated.
of Horace and Paley's edition of Æschylus's being mentioned in the first paragraph Certainly the task was worth doing,
* Seven against Thebes '; while the third of the article thermo-electric " rather for the value of the thought and for its
is valueless for lack of context, “ To curb than “couple," the term now in vogue, as anticipation of Nietzsche. Stirner, start-
thy spirit with a Theban chain. " Space in p. 14 of C. E. Foster's ‘Practical ing from similar premises, arrives by
would have been usefully economized Pyrometry'; while in the next page we similar methods at a different conclusion.
by a reference to "pinion,” where—to find the common term thermo-electric Both are agreed that God is the devil,
illustrate “the” used emphatically-the pyrometer,” omitted in the ‘N. E. D. ' might is right, and morality is the weapon
quotation for “ Theban "is given, namely, The interest attaching to the develop- of tyrants and the fetter of fools; but
Gray's reference to Pindar “the ment of meaning of the Greek Deodoyía is Stirner refuses to posit a tyrant or super-
Theban eagle” in his Progress of Poesy. ' displayed in an excellent note at the end man to resolve the “dissolute condition
The earliest instance cited of “ throw of the article“ theology,” which is un- of masterless men. ' Nietzsche must
off,” in the sense “cast off, put off ener- fortunately too long to quote and too surely have read his predecessor, and
getically (something put on or assumed, compact to abbreviate. The words certainly one possible parallel of phrasing
as a garment),” is from Dryden (1681); thud,” sb. and vb. , were, it appears, suggests itself : after certain ways of
though an index leads us to Milton originally Scotch and North dialects, thought have been labelled Negroid and
(1667), 'P. L. ,' ü. 362, “ garlands thick meaning primarily “a blast of wind,” Mongoloid quite in the manner of Nietzsche,
thrown off," which comprises a fine ex- to come with a blast or gust,” Douglas, Stirner asks, When will men at last
ample of the adverb "thick”; while, ' Æneis' (1513). For the meaning " dull become “truly Caucasians"? In the light
ib. 391,“ threw down Th’aspiring domina- heavy sound ‘Adam Bede' (1859) of the “good Europeans," this is interest-
tions,' seems to be a unique blend of furnishes the earliest literary quotation. ing. There are, of course, obvious differ-
literal and figurative significations worthy One of the very few words in th- derived ences between the later and the earlier
of note. To the combinations of “ thick from French-of which “ throne,” from writer. The one is explosive and aphor-
(adverb) we should have added “thick-Old French “trone,” is an example istic, the other consecutive. The one is
rammed ” (P. L. ,' vi. 485) to his “ thick- " thyrse" to wit, was apparently only a poet in whom thought sometimes takes
warbled:. . . thick-woven ”; and quotations used after the seventeenth century by fire from its own intensity, and the
for several other expressions, e. g. , "deep-botanists and Longfellow in lieu of the pamphlet becomes a hymn; the other is
throated” (P. L. ,' vi. 586," a flame. . . . commoner thyrsus. " This poet, O. W. strictly pedestrian, despite an occasional
From those deep-throated engines Holmes, and Mr. W. D. Howells are cited spark. So Nietzsche often writes as a
belch'd ”), as the combination is mentioned for the quaint term “thank-you-ma'am" = frenzied prophet; Stirner almost always
under “ throated,” and only Mrs. Brown- A hollow or ridge in a road, which causes as a bourgeois, irritated by a narrow life
ing's “hoarse deep-throated ages" quoted persons passing over it in a vehicle to and dull companions, cherishing a secret
under“ deep. "
bow the head involuntarily, as if in grudge against them, and at length rising
With regard to the verb “throb,” it is acknowledgment of a favour. ” Among up and crying out, “ All things are
not safe to say there is no cognate words derived from
proper
we nothing to me.
word in Teutonic or Romanic. ” Prof. note Thalian,' Thersitean, “ Thes- “ The divine is God's concern, the
Skeat's connexion of the word with Latin pian,' “Thrasonic,” and “Thyestean ” human, man’s ; my concern is solely what
trepidus may not be indisputable, but earliest quotation, Milton, “P. L. ,' x. is mine, unique as I am unique. But
is as far, or farther, from being disproved. 688).
everywhere our author sees his fellow-men
As to the sense relation to sounds mean- A further portion of S by Dr. Craigie is always“ possessed," under the tyranny of
ing“ turn," surely violent pulsation often announced for July 1st.
fixed idea ”—God, social duty, and
accompanies what is vulgarly described
the like. What we do for ourselves we
such turn. ” The explanation
are ashamed of.