first
acquired
ac
of his father.
of his father.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
820—829) and of his son 'Theophilus (A.
D.
The work which Anaximenes published under 829—842). He wrote the life of his master
the name of Theopompus, in order to injure his Nicetas the Confessor, which is published by Su-
rival, is spoken of in the life of the former. (Vol. I. rius, vol. ii. d. 3. April. (Vossius, dc Hist. Graec.
p. 166, b. )
p. 343, ed. Westermann ; Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol.
Theopompus is praised by Dionysius of Hali- xi. p. 719. )
carnassus (l. c. ) as well as by other ancient writers THEOTI'MUS (Oedriuos), a Greek writer of
for his diligence and accuracy ; but he is at the unknown date, wrote upon Italy (Plut. Parall.
same time blamed by most writers for the extrava- min. c. 8), Cyrene (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 61,
gance of his praises and censures. He is said, v. 33), and the Nile (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. vii.
however, to have taken more pleasure in blaming 33). Athenaeus (xiii. p. 611, b. ) speaks of a
than in commending ; and many of his judgments stoic philosopher of the name of Theotiinus, but in
respecting events and characters were expressed that passage Diotimus ought probably to be sub-
with such acrimony and severity that several of stituted. [Diotimus, No. 5. ) (Comp. Vossius,
the ancient writers speak of his malignity, and call c Hist. Graec. p. 505, ed. Westermann. )
him a reviler (Corn. Nep. Alcib. c. ll; Clem. Alex. THEOTYCHUS. [THEODOT US. ]
i. p. 316; Lucian, Quomodo Histor. conscrib. c. 59; THEOʻXENA (Ocoteva). 1. The last wife of
Plut. Lysand. c. 30; Polyb. viii. 12). It would Agathocles, king of Syracuse, to whom she bore
seem that the vehemence of the temper of Theo two children. She is called by Justin an Egyptian
pompus frequently overcame his judgment, and princess, but her parentage is unknown. Droysen,
prevented him from expressing himself with the however, conjectures that she was a daughter of
calmness and impartiality of an historian. The Berenice by her first husband. According to
ancients also blame Theopompus for introducing Justin, Agathocles, when he felt his death ap-
innumerable fables into his history (Cic. de Leg. i. proaching, sent away Theoxena and her two
1; Aelian, V. H. ii. 18).
children to Egypt, but the whole of his narrative
The style of Theopompus was formed on the is subject to grave difficulties. (Justin. xxiii. 2
model of Isocrates, and possessed the charac- Droysen, Hellenisn. vol. i. pp. 560, 602. )
teristic merits and defects of his master.
2. A daughter of Herodicus, a noble Thessalian,
pure, clear, and elegant, but deficient in vigour, who had been put to death by Philip V. king of
loaded with ornament, and in general too artificial. Macedonia. Many years afterwards, the increasing
It is praised in high terms by Dionysius of Hali- suspicions and cruelty of that monarch having led
carnassus (l. c. ), but is spoken of in very different him to contemplate the destruction of the children
language by other critics. (Longin. de Subl. c. 43; of all those whom he had previously executed,
Demetr. Phal. Tepi épunu. $ 75; Plut. Praec. ger. Theoxena sought to make her escape by sea with
Reip. c. 6, p. 803, b. )
her husband Poris and her two nephews, whom
The fragments of Theopompus have been pub- she had adopted ; but the ship being driven back,
lished by Wichers, under the title of Theopompi in order to avoid falling into the hands of the
Chii Fragmenta, collegit, disposuit et erplicavit, &c. king's emissaries, she slew her nephews with her
R. H. Eyssonius Wichers, Lugd. Bat. 18:29, and own hand, and then threw herself with her hus-
by C. and Theod. Müller in the Fragmenta Histo- band into the sea. (Liv. xl. 4. ) (E. H. B. )
ricorum Graecorum, Paris, 1841. (The life of THEOXE'NIUS (Ocofévios), a surname of
Theopompus prefixed to the collections of Fragments Apollo and Hermes. (Paus. vii. 27. & 2 ; Schol.
by Wichers and Müller ; Aschbach, Dissert. dc ad Pind. Ol. ix. 146, Nem. 2. 32. ) Respecting
Theopomp. Francof. 1823; PAugk, De Theopomp. the festival of the Theoxenia, see Dict. of Antiq.
Vita et Scriptis, Berol. 1827; Vossius, De Historicis s. v.
(L. S. )
Graecis, p. 59, foll. , ed. Westermann ; Clinton, THEO'XENUS (Ocotevos), commanded the
Fusti Hellenici, vol. ii. p. 374, foll. 2nd ed. ) Achaean troops, who assisted the Rhodians in
THEOPOMPUS, artist. [THEOPROPUS. ) B. C. 197. (Liv. xxxiii. 18. )
THEO'PROPUS (COT POTTOS), a statuary of THEO'XOTUS, the maker of a very beautiful
Aegina, who made a bronze bull, which was dedi- painted vase, found at Vulci, and now in the col.
cated by the Corcyreans at Delphi, as a tithe of lection of M. Durand. It is painted black, with
their profits from a shoal of fish, which they dis- decorations in white and violet, and bears the in-
covered by means of a bull, according to the story scription OEOEOTOS MENOESE, that is, oeótorós
related by Pausanias (x. 9. & 2. s. 3, 4). The ue étolnoe, according to the interpretation of De
reading of the name is doubtful: the common text Witte (Cab. Durand. No. 884), and Raoul-Rochette
has compónov, but other MSS. give Ocompenolls | (Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 60, 2d ed. ); but Panofka
and OCOTÓutou, the latter of which readings is prefers to read the name ococóros, or its equi-
approved by Schubart and Walz, and adopted by valent Debo dotos, comparing the form with the
Thiersch. (Epochen, p. 197. )
[P. S. ] kindred name Θεοσδoτίδης, which occurs in Plato
THEOSE'BIA (€00ebla), the writer of an and Demosthenes. (Rhein. Mus. 1846, vol. iv.
THERAMENES
cambor 139, was sent
Asrochas (ite Spa
Asa a reintorceae
pardesians and the
meat by its opportun
the Athen ans were
ther assisted Tissa
lase, and the captu
returned to Miletu
Taseperties about
was to furtish, The
wens to hare been
treats, however,
Tas rade with the
desvered up the
aray in a small ve
epuides seems to
the voyage (Thr
Amo. d, ad Titic.
it. p. 22, note 1.
2. An Atheni
demus of Sieiria
ing, horever, to
of Cos, and Hag
2; Schol ad A
Attósb. It is
in question was
of Amphipolis ;
rate a man of
tioned (Xen.
first acquired ac
of his father.
as an oligarchica
1
It was
ber of the nex
68; Xen. Het
not appear to h
as be bad bope
declaration of
against the olig
is days were
aristocrates a
Le boped fo
Cemocracy, b
aristocrats and
feasing bower
Existing const
demanding t
of the 5000
Taity. Of
was the life.
tion by the
the south or
for admitting
confirmation
fact that the
went to nego
without har
te openly
Resan feel
hier in the
kp Euboed
ras denoun
the mating
the works
this by his
denied in a
the tanulta
Ertance to
## p. 1095 (#1111) ##########################################
THERAMENES.
1095
THERAMENES.
pp. 135, 136 ; Pape, Wörterbuch d. Griech. Eigen- tineers ; but when they called upon him to declare
namen. )
[P. S. ) whether he considered the fortification to be for
THERA'MENES (Onpauévms). 1. A Lace- the public good, he consented to its destruction.
daemonian, was sent in B. C. 412 to conduct to In the subsequent deposition of the 400, Thera.
Astyochus (the Spartan adniral on the coast of menes of course took a prominent part, and in
Asia) a reinforcement of 55 ships from the Pelo- particular came forward as the accuser of Antiphon
ponnesians and the Sicilian Greeks. This arma- and Archeptolemus, who had been his intimate
ment by its opportune arrival saved Miletus, which friends, but whose death he was now the mean
the Athenians were preparing to besiege ; and it and cowardly instrument in procuring (Thuc. viii.
then assisted Tissaphernes in the reduction of 89—98; Lys. c. Erat. p. 1:26 ; Diod. xiii. 38).
lasus, and the capture of Amorges. After this it In B. c. 410, Theramenes was sent with 30 ships
returned to Miletus, where, in the disputes with to prevent the construction of the moles and the
Tissaphernes about the amount of pay which he bridge, which the Euboeans and Boeotians were
was to furnish, Theramenes, as not being admiral, building over the Euripus, to connect Euboen with
seems to have been far too compliant. A second the mainland, and so to render it more defensible
treaty, however, more stringent than the former, against the Athenians. He was unable, however,
was made with the satrap, after which Theramenes to interrupt this work ; and he then proceeded to
delivered up the fleet to Astyochus, and sailed cruise among the islands, where he exacted contri-
away in a small vessel ; and the language of Thu-butions, strengthened the democratic factions, and
cydides seems to mean that he was drowned on overthrew the oligarchical government at Paros
the voyage. (Thuc. viii. 26—29, 31, 36, 38, 43; (Diod. xiii. 47 ; comp. Strab. ix. pp. 400, 403, x.
Arnold, cul Thuc. viii. 38 ; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. p. 407). In the same year he went with a
iv. p. 22, note 1. )
squadron to aid Archelaus, king of Macedonia, in
2. An Athenian, son of Hagnon, and of the the reduction of Pydna (ARCHELAUS] ; but, the
demus of Steiria in the tribe Pandionis. Accord siege lasting a long time, he sailed away to Thrace
ing, however, to other statements, he was a native to join the fleet under Thrasybulus, and they then
of Cos, and Hagnon only adopted him (Plut. Nic. cruised about and levied money until they were
2; Schol. ad Arist. Ran. 541, 968; Suid. s. v. called away by a despatch from the Athenian navy
Actros). It is doubtful also whether the Hagnon at Cardia. The great battle of Cyzicus followed, in
in question was the same as the Athenian founder which Theramenes commanded one of the three
of Amphipolis ; but he must have been at any divisions of the Athenian force, the other two being
rate a man of high repute, since we find it men- under Alcibiades and Thrasybulus respectively
tioned (Xen. Heli
. ii. 3. § 30), that Theramenes (Xen. Hell. i. 1. $$ 12, &c. ; Diod. xiii. 49—51).
first acquired notice and respect from the character Theramenes also shared in the further successes of
of his father. In B. c. 111, he became prominent Alcibiades, and early in B. C. 408, in particular, he
as an oligarchical revolutionist, and a leading mem- took a main part in the siege of Chalcedon, and the
ber of the new government of the 400 (Thuc. viii. reduction of Byzantium. (Xen. Hell. i. 3. $$ 2,
68 ; Xen, Hel. 1. c. ). In this, however, he does &c. ; Diod. xiii. 64, 66, 67. )
not appear to have occupied as eminent a station At the battle of Arginusae, in B. C. 406, Thera-
as he had hoped to fill, while at the same time the menes held a subordinate command in the right
declaration of Alcibiades and of the army at Samos wing of the Athenian fleet, and he was one of
against the oligarchy made it evident to him that those who, after the victory, were commissioned
its days were numbered. Acting accordingly with by the generals to repair to the scene of action and
Aristocrates and others, each of whom, like him- save as many as possible of the disabled galleys
self, hoped for the foremost place in a restored and their crews. A storm, it is said, rendered the
democracy, he withdrew from the more violent execution of the order impracticable ; yet, instead
aristocrats and began to cabal against them ; pro- of trusting to this as his ground of defence, Thera-
fessing however to desire, not the overthrow of the menes thought it safer to divert the popular anger
existing constitution, but its full establishment, and from himself to others, and accordingly came pro-
demanding therefore that the promised assembly minently forward to accuse the generals of the
of the 5000 should be no longer a name, but a neglect by which so many lives had been lost ; and
reality. Of this opposition, in fact, Theramenes it appears to have been chiefly through his ma-
was the life. He exclaimed against the fortifica-chinations that those of their number who had
tion by the oligarchs of Eetioneia (the mole at returned to Athens, were condemned to death. In
the mouth of the Peiraeeus), as part of a design his notice of this transaction, Diodorus tells us
for admitting the enemy into the harbour ; for a that the victorious generals endeavoured in the
confirmation of his suspicions he pointed to the first instance to fix the blame on Theramenes, and
fact that the oligarchical ambassadors who had been thus incurred his enmity; and Theramenes him-
sent to negotiate peace with Sparta, had returned self, when taxed afterwards by Critias with his
without having come to any agreement that could base treachery in the matter, is reported by Xeno-
be openly avowed ; and he insisted that a Pelopon- phon to have excused his conduct by a similar
nesian fleet, which made its appearance not long allegation. A truly wretched apology at the best ;
after in the Saronic gulf, professedly on its way to but even the statement on which it rests is contra-
help Euboea, was connected with the plot that he dicted by Xenophon's narrative, and it seems quite
was denouncing. He seems also to have instigated possible (according to bishop Thirlwall's suggestion)
the mutiny of the soldiers, who were employed on that, over and above the cowardly motive of self-
the works at Eetioneia, and when charged with preservation, Theramenes may have been, through-
this by his colleagues in the council, he stoutly out the whole affair, the agent of an oligarchical con-
denied it, and offered to go down himself and quell spiracy to get rid of some of the most eminent and
the tumult. On his arrival at the scene of dis- formidable opponents of that faction. (Xen. Hell.
turbance he affected at first to rebuke the mu- | i. 6. § 35, 7. &S 4, &c. ii. 3. $S 32, 35; Diod.
ܪ
4 A 4
## p. 1096 (#1112) ##########################################
1096
THERAMENES.
THERICLES.
:
pieans.
xiii. 98, 101; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. p. 138. ) | therefore accused by Critias before the council as a
From this timne certainly up to the establishment of traitor, and an enemy of the oligarchy, and when
the thirty tyrants, we find him the unscrupulous his nominal judges, favourably impressed by his
confederate of the oligarchs, and from Lysias (c. able defence, exhibited an evident disposition to
Igor. p. 130), we learn that the people on one oco acquit him, Critias introduced into the chamber a
casion rejected him from the office of general on number of men armed with daggers, and declared
the ground of his being no friend to the democratic | that, as all who were not included in the privileged
government. This would probably be early in B. C. | Three Thousand might be put to death by the sole
405, when three new commanders were appointed authority of the Thirty, he struck the name of
(Xen. Hcll. ij. 1. § 16) as colleagues to Conon, Theramenes out of that list, and condemned him
Adeimantus, and Philocles. But during the siege of with the consent of all his colleagues. Theramenes
Athens by Lysander in the same year, and after then rushed to the altar, which stood in the council-
the failure of the Athenian embassy, which had chamber, but was drauged from it and carried off
proposed to capitulate on condition of keeping their to execution. When he had drunk the hemlock,
walls and the Peiraeeus, Theramenes offered to he dashed out the last drops from the cup as if he
go himself to Lysander and learn the real in- were playing the game of the Kóttabos, exclaim-
tentions of the Lacedaemonians, promising at the ing, “This to the health of the lovely Critias ! ”
same time to obtain peace without the necessity of Diodorus tells us that Theramencs was a disciple
giving hostages, or demolishing the fortifications, of Socrates, and that the latter strove to prevent
or surrendering the ships ; while he held out vague the eleven from dragging him away to death,
and mysterious hopes besides of some further which seems to be merely a different version of the
favour to be obtained from the enemy by his story in the Pseudo-Plutarch (Vit. X. Or. Isocr. add
His offer, after some considerable oppo- init. ), that Isocrates, who was a pupil of Thera-
sition, was accepted, and he set forth on his mis- menes in rhetoric, was the only person who stood
sion, determined not to return till his countrymen up to help him in his extremity, and desisted only
should be so weakened by famine as to be ready on Theramenes saying that it would increase bis
to assent to any terms that might be imposed on distress, should any of his friends involve thein-
them. After an absence accordingly of three selves in his calamity. Both Xenophon and Cicero
months in the Lacedaemonian camp, he again pre- express their admiration of the equanimity which
sented himself in Athens, and declared that Ly: he displayed in his last hour ; but surely such a
sander, having detained him so long, had at length feeling is sadly out of place when directed to such
desired him to go to Sparta with his proposals, as a man. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3 ; Diod. xiv. 4, 5 ; Cic.
he himself had no authority to settle any thing. Trosc. Quaest. i. 40; Arist. Run. 541, 965—968 ;
To Sparta therefore the traitor was sent, with nine Suid. s. v. Onpauévns ; Val. Max. iii. 2. Ext. 6;
colleagues, and the terms which they brought back Hinrichs, de Therum. Crit. et Thrasyb. rcbus et in-
with them, and which the Athenians had now genio. )
(E. E. )
no alternative but to accept, were such as to lay THERAPNE (Oepányn), a daughter of Lelex
their country prostrate at the feet of Lacedae- and Peridia, from which the town of Therapne in
mon (Xen. Hell. ii. 2. &$ 16, &c. ; Lys. c. Erat. Laconia derived its name. (Paus. iii. 19. $ 9;
p. 126, c. Agor. pp. 130, 131, Plut. Lys. 14). In Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 615. )
(L. S. ]
the following year, B. C. 404, Theramenes took the THERAS (Onpas), a son of Autesion, grand-
foremost part in obtaining the decree of the as- son of Tisamenus, who led Lacedaemonians and
sembly for the destruction of the old constitution Minyans of Lemnos (i.
The work which Anaximenes published under 829—842). He wrote the life of his master
the name of Theopompus, in order to injure his Nicetas the Confessor, which is published by Su-
rival, is spoken of in the life of the former. (Vol. I. rius, vol. ii. d. 3. April. (Vossius, dc Hist. Graec.
p. 166, b. )
p. 343, ed. Westermann ; Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol.
Theopompus is praised by Dionysius of Hali- xi. p. 719. )
carnassus (l. c. ) as well as by other ancient writers THEOTI'MUS (Oedriuos), a Greek writer of
for his diligence and accuracy ; but he is at the unknown date, wrote upon Italy (Plut. Parall.
same time blamed by most writers for the extrava- min. c. 8), Cyrene (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 61,
gance of his praises and censures. He is said, v. 33), and the Nile (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. vii.
however, to have taken more pleasure in blaming 33). Athenaeus (xiii. p. 611, b. ) speaks of a
than in commending ; and many of his judgments stoic philosopher of the name of Theotiinus, but in
respecting events and characters were expressed that passage Diotimus ought probably to be sub-
with such acrimony and severity that several of stituted. [Diotimus, No. 5. ) (Comp. Vossius,
the ancient writers speak of his malignity, and call c Hist. Graec. p. 505, ed. Westermann. )
him a reviler (Corn. Nep. Alcib. c. ll; Clem. Alex. THEOTYCHUS. [THEODOT US. ]
i. p. 316; Lucian, Quomodo Histor. conscrib. c. 59; THEOʻXENA (Ocoteva). 1. The last wife of
Plut. Lysand. c. 30; Polyb. viii. 12). It would Agathocles, king of Syracuse, to whom she bore
seem that the vehemence of the temper of Theo two children. She is called by Justin an Egyptian
pompus frequently overcame his judgment, and princess, but her parentage is unknown. Droysen,
prevented him from expressing himself with the however, conjectures that she was a daughter of
calmness and impartiality of an historian. The Berenice by her first husband. According to
ancients also blame Theopompus for introducing Justin, Agathocles, when he felt his death ap-
innumerable fables into his history (Cic. de Leg. i. proaching, sent away Theoxena and her two
1; Aelian, V. H. ii. 18).
children to Egypt, but the whole of his narrative
The style of Theopompus was formed on the is subject to grave difficulties. (Justin. xxiii. 2
model of Isocrates, and possessed the charac- Droysen, Hellenisn. vol. i. pp. 560, 602. )
teristic merits and defects of his master.
2. A daughter of Herodicus, a noble Thessalian,
pure, clear, and elegant, but deficient in vigour, who had been put to death by Philip V. king of
loaded with ornament, and in general too artificial. Macedonia. Many years afterwards, the increasing
It is praised in high terms by Dionysius of Hali- suspicions and cruelty of that monarch having led
carnassus (l. c. ), but is spoken of in very different him to contemplate the destruction of the children
language by other critics. (Longin. de Subl. c. 43; of all those whom he had previously executed,
Demetr. Phal. Tepi épunu. $ 75; Plut. Praec. ger. Theoxena sought to make her escape by sea with
Reip. c. 6, p. 803, b. )
her husband Poris and her two nephews, whom
The fragments of Theopompus have been pub- she had adopted ; but the ship being driven back,
lished by Wichers, under the title of Theopompi in order to avoid falling into the hands of the
Chii Fragmenta, collegit, disposuit et erplicavit, &c. king's emissaries, she slew her nephews with her
R. H. Eyssonius Wichers, Lugd. Bat. 18:29, and own hand, and then threw herself with her hus-
by C. and Theod. Müller in the Fragmenta Histo- band into the sea. (Liv. xl. 4. ) (E. H. B. )
ricorum Graecorum, Paris, 1841. (The life of THEOXE'NIUS (Ocofévios), a surname of
Theopompus prefixed to the collections of Fragments Apollo and Hermes. (Paus. vii. 27. & 2 ; Schol.
by Wichers and Müller ; Aschbach, Dissert. dc ad Pind. Ol. ix. 146, Nem. 2. 32. ) Respecting
Theopomp. Francof. 1823; PAugk, De Theopomp. the festival of the Theoxenia, see Dict. of Antiq.
Vita et Scriptis, Berol. 1827; Vossius, De Historicis s. v.
(L. S. )
Graecis, p. 59, foll. , ed. Westermann ; Clinton, THEO'XENUS (Ocotevos), commanded the
Fusti Hellenici, vol. ii. p. 374, foll. 2nd ed. ) Achaean troops, who assisted the Rhodians in
THEOPOMPUS, artist. [THEOPROPUS. ) B. C. 197. (Liv. xxxiii. 18. )
THEO'PROPUS (COT POTTOS), a statuary of THEO'XOTUS, the maker of a very beautiful
Aegina, who made a bronze bull, which was dedi- painted vase, found at Vulci, and now in the col.
cated by the Corcyreans at Delphi, as a tithe of lection of M. Durand. It is painted black, with
their profits from a shoal of fish, which they dis- decorations in white and violet, and bears the in-
covered by means of a bull, according to the story scription OEOEOTOS MENOESE, that is, oeótorós
related by Pausanias (x. 9. & 2. s. 3, 4). The ue étolnoe, according to the interpretation of De
reading of the name is doubtful: the common text Witte (Cab. Durand. No. 884), and Raoul-Rochette
has compónov, but other MSS. give Ocompenolls | (Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 60, 2d ed. ); but Panofka
and OCOTÓutou, the latter of which readings is prefers to read the name ococóros, or its equi-
approved by Schubart and Walz, and adopted by valent Debo dotos, comparing the form with the
Thiersch. (Epochen, p. 197. )
[P. S. ] kindred name Θεοσδoτίδης, which occurs in Plato
THEOSE'BIA (€00ebla), the writer of an and Demosthenes. (Rhein. Mus. 1846, vol. iv.
THERAMENES
cambor 139, was sent
Asrochas (ite Spa
Asa a reintorceae
pardesians and the
meat by its opportun
the Athen ans were
ther assisted Tissa
lase, and the captu
returned to Miletu
Taseperties about
was to furtish, The
wens to hare been
treats, however,
Tas rade with the
desvered up the
aray in a small ve
epuides seems to
the voyage (Thr
Amo. d, ad Titic.
it. p. 22, note 1.
2. An Atheni
demus of Sieiria
ing, horever, to
of Cos, and Hag
2; Schol ad A
Attósb. It is
in question was
of Amphipolis ;
rate a man of
tioned (Xen.
first acquired ac
of his father.
as an oligarchica
1
It was
ber of the nex
68; Xen. Het
not appear to h
as be bad bope
declaration of
against the olig
is days were
aristocrates a
Le boped fo
Cemocracy, b
aristocrats and
feasing bower
Existing const
demanding t
of the 5000
Taity. Of
was the life.
tion by the
the south or
for admitting
confirmation
fact that the
went to nego
without har
te openly
Resan feel
hier in the
kp Euboed
ras denoun
the mating
the works
this by his
denied in a
the tanulta
Ertance to
## p. 1095 (#1111) ##########################################
THERAMENES.
1095
THERAMENES.
pp. 135, 136 ; Pape, Wörterbuch d. Griech. Eigen- tineers ; but when they called upon him to declare
namen. )
[P. S. ) whether he considered the fortification to be for
THERA'MENES (Onpauévms). 1. A Lace- the public good, he consented to its destruction.
daemonian, was sent in B. C. 412 to conduct to In the subsequent deposition of the 400, Thera.
Astyochus (the Spartan adniral on the coast of menes of course took a prominent part, and in
Asia) a reinforcement of 55 ships from the Pelo- particular came forward as the accuser of Antiphon
ponnesians and the Sicilian Greeks. This arma- and Archeptolemus, who had been his intimate
ment by its opportune arrival saved Miletus, which friends, but whose death he was now the mean
the Athenians were preparing to besiege ; and it and cowardly instrument in procuring (Thuc. viii.
then assisted Tissaphernes in the reduction of 89—98; Lys. c. Erat. p. 1:26 ; Diod. xiii. 38).
lasus, and the capture of Amorges. After this it In B. c. 410, Theramenes was sent with 30 ships
returned to Miletus, where, in the disputes with to prevent the construction of the moles and the
Tissaphernes about the amount of pay which he bridge, which the Euboeans and Boeotians were
was to furnish, Theramenes, as not being admiral, building over the Euripus, to connect Euboen with
seems to have been far too compliant. A second the mainland, and so to render it more defensible
treaty, however, more stringent than the former, against the Athenians. He was unable, however,
was made with the satrap, after which Theramenes to interrupt this work ; and he then proceeded to
delivered up the fleet to Astyochus, and sailed cruise among the islands, where he exacted contri-
away in a small vessel ; and the language of Thu-butions, strengthened the democratic factions, and
cydides seems to mean that he was drowned on overthrew the oligarchical government at Paros
the voyage. (Thuc. viii. 26—29, 31, 36, 38, 43; (Diod. xiii. 47 ; comp. Strab. ix. pp. 400, 403, x.
Arnold, cul Thuc. viii. 38 ; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. p. 407). In the same year he went with a
iv. p. 22, note 1. )
squadron to aid Archelaus, king of Macedonia, in
2. An Athenian, son of Hagnon, and of the the reduction of Pydna (ARCHELAUS] ; but, the
demus of Steiria in the tribe Pandionis. Accord siege lasting a long time, he sailed away to Thrace
ing, however, to other statements, he was a native to join the fleet under Thrasybulus, and they then
of Cos, and Hagnon only adopted him (Plut. Nic. cruised about and levied money until they were
2; Schol. ad Arist. Ran. 541, 968; Suid. s. v. called away by a despatch from the Athenian navy
Actros). It is doubtful also whether the Hagnon at Cardia. The great battle of Cyzicus followed, in
in question was the same as the Athenian founder which Theramenes commanded one of the three
of Amphipolis ; but he must have been at any divisions of the Athenian force, the other two being
rate a man of high repute, since we find it men- under Alcibiades and Thrasybulus respectively
tioned (Xen. Heli
. ii. 3. § 30), that Theramenes (Xen. Hell. i. 1. $$ 12, &c. ; Diod. xiii. 49—51).
first acquired notice and respect from the character Theramenes also shared in the further successes of
of his father. In B. c. 111, he became prominent Alcibiades, and early in B. C. 408, in particular, he
as an oligarchical revolutionist, and a leading mem- took a main part in the siege of Chalcedon, and the
ber of the new government of the 400 (Thuc. viii. reduction of Byzantium. (Xen. Hell. i. 3. $$ 2,
68 ; Xen, Hel. 1. c. ). In this, however, he does &c. ; Diod. xiii. 64, 66, 67. )
not appear to have occupied as eminent a station At the battle of Arginusae, in B. C. 406, Thera-
as he had hoped to fill, while at the same time the menes held a subordinate command in the right
declaration of Alcibiades and of the army at Samos wing of the Athenian fleet, and he was one of
against the oligarchy made it evident to him that those who, after the victory, were commissioned
its days were numbered. Acting accordingly with by the generals to repair to the scene of action and
Aristocrates and others, each of whom, like him- save as many as possible of the disabled galleys
self, hoped for the foremost place in a restored and their crews. A storm, it is said, rendered the
democracy, he withdrew from the more violent execution of the order impracticable ; yet, instead
aristocrats and began to cabal against them ; pro- of trusting to this as his ground of defence, Thera-
fessing however to desire, not the overthrow of the menes thought it safer to divert the popular anger
existing constitution, but its full establishment, and from himself to others, and accordingly came pro-
demanding therefore that the promised assembly minently forward to accuse the generals of the
of the 5000 should be no longer a name, but a neglect by which so many lives had been lost ; and
reality. Of this opposition, in fact, Theramenes it appears to have been chiefly through his ma-
was the life. He exclaimed against the fortifica-chinations that those of their number who had
tion by the oligarchs of Eetioneia (the mole at returned to Athens, were condemned to death. In
the mouth of the Peiraeeus), as part of a design his notice of this transaction, Diodorus tells us
for admitting the enemy into the harbour ; for a that the victorious generals endeavoured in the
confirmation of his suspicions he pointed to the first instance to fix the blame on Theramenes, and
fact that the oligarchical ambassadors who had been thus incurred his enmity; and Theramenes him-
sent to negotiate peace with Sparta, had returned self, when taxed afterwards by Critias with his
without having come to any agreement that could base treachery in the matter, is reported by Xeno-
be openly avowed ; and he insisted that a Pelopon- phon to have excused his conduct by a similar
nesian fleet, which made its appearance not long allegation. A truly wretched apology at the best ;
after in the Saronic gulf, professedly on its way to but even the statement on which it rests is contra-
help Euboea, was connected with the plot that he dicted by Xenophon's narrative, and it seems quite
was denouncing. He seems also to have instigated possible (according to bishop Thirlwall's suggestion)
the mutiny of the soldiers, who were employed on that, over and above the cowardly motive of self-
the works at Eetioneia, and when charged with preservation, Theramenes may have been, through-
this by his colleagues in the council, he stoutly out the whole affair, the agent of an oligarchical con-
denied it, and offered to go down himself and quell spiracy to get rid of some of the most eminent and
the tumult. On his arrival at the scene of dis- formidable opponents of that faction. (Xen. Hell.
turbance he affected at first to rebuke the mu- | i. 6. § 35, 7. &S 4, &c. ii. 3. $S 32, 35; Diod.
ܪ
4 A 4
## p. 1096 (#1112) ##########################################
1096
THERAMENES.
THERICLES.
:
pieans.
xiii. 98, 101; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. p. 138. ) | therefore accused by Critias before the council as a
From this timne certainly up to the establishment of traitor, and an enemy of the oligarchy, and when
the thirty tyrants, we find him the unscrupulous his nominal judges, favourably impressed by his
confederate of the oligarchs, and from Lysias (c. able defence, exhibited an evident disposition to
Igor. p. 130), we learn that the people on one oco acquit him, Critias introduced into the chamber a
casion rejected him from the office of general on number of men armed with daggers, and declared
the ground of his being no friend to the democratic | that, as all who were not included in the privileged
government. This would probably be early in B. C. | Three Thousand might be put to death by the sole
405, when three new commanders were appointed authority of the Thirty, he struck the name of
(Xen. Hcll. ij. 1. § 16) as colleagues to Conon, Theramenes out of that list, and condemned him
Adeimantus, and Philocles. But during the siege of with the consent of all his colleagues. Theramenes
Athens by Lysander in the same year, and after then rushed to the altar, which stood in the council-
the failure of the Athenian embassy, which had chamber, but was drauged from it and carried off
proposed to capitulate on condition of keeping their to execution. When he had drunk the hemlock,
walls and the Peiraeeus, Theramenes offered to he dashed out the last drops from the cup as if he
go himself to Lysander and learn the real in- were playing the game of the Kóttabos, exclaim-
tentions of the Lacedaemonians, promising at the ing, “This to the health of the lovely Critias ! ”
same time to obtain peace without the necessity of Diodorus tells us that Theramencs was a disciple
giving hostages, or demolishing the fortifications, of Socrates, and that the latter strove to prevent
or surrendering the ships ; while he held out vague the eleven from dragging him away to death,
and mysterious hopes besides of some further which seems to be merely a different version of the
favour to be obtained from the enemy by his story in the Pseudo-Plutarch (Vit. X. Or. Isocr. add
His offer, after some considerable oppo- init. ), that Isocrates, who was a pupil of Thera-
sition, was accepted, and he set forth on his mis- menes in rhetoric, was the only person who stood
sion, determined not to return till his countrymen up to help him in his extremity, and desisted only
should be so weakened by famine as to be ready on Theramenes saying that it would increase bis
to assent to any terms that might be imposed on distress, should any of his friends involve thein-
them. After an absence accordingly of three selves in his calamity. Both Xenophon and Cicero
months in the Lacedaemonian camp, he again pre- express their admiration of the equanimity which
sented himself in Athens, and declared that Ly: he displayed in his last hour ; but surely such a
sander, having detained him so long, had at length feeling is sadly out of place when directed to such
desired him to go to Sparta with his proposals, as a man. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3 ; Diod. xiv. 4, 5 ; Cic.
he himself had no authority to settle any thing. Trosc. Quaest. i. 40; Arist. Run. 541, 965—968 ;
To Sparta therefore the traitor was sent, with nine Suid. s. v. Onpauévns ; Val. Max. iii. 2. Ext. 6;
colleagues, and the terms which they brought back Hinrichs, de Therum. Crit. et Thrasyb. rcbus et in-
with them, and which the Athenians had now genio. )
(E. E. )
no alternative but to accept, were such as to lay THERAPNE (Oepányn), a daughter of Lelex
their country prostrate at the feet of Lacedae- and Peridia, from which the town of Therapne in
mon (Xen. Hell. ii. 2. &$ 16, &c. ; Lys. c. Erat. Laconia derived its name. (Paus. iii. 19. $ 9;
p. 126, c. Agor. pp. 130, 131, Plut. Lys. 14). In Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 615. )
(L. S. ]
the following year, B. C. 404, Theramenes took the THERAS (Onpas), a son of Autesion, grand-
foremost part in obtaining the decree of the as- son of Tisamenus, who led Lacedaemonians and
sembly for the destruction of the old constitution Minyans of Lemnos (i.
