No More Learning

26, 1818; died at Dorset, Vt. , Aug. 13,
1878. Her most popular work was “Stepping
Heavenward (1869), which was translated into
several languages. She also published: (Little
Susy's Six Birthdays) (1853); (Fred and Maria
and Me) (1867); (Aunt Jane's Hero) (1871);
(Pemaquid) (1877); "Gentleman Jim (1878).
Preradović, Peter (prer-a-do'vich). The
most eminent of modern Croatian lyric poets;
born at Grabonitza, March 19, 1818; died Aug.
18, 1872. He wrote : Firstlings,' a collection of
short poems (1846); New Songs) (1851); "The
First Men) and (The Slavic Dioscuri, epics.
Prescott, William Hickling. An eminent
American historian; born at Salem, Mass. ,
May 4, 1796; died at New York, Jan. 28, 1859.
His works are: (History of Ferdinand and Is-
abella) (3 vols. , 1838); (History of the Conquest
of Mexico) (3 vols. , 1843); History of the
Conquest of Peru) (3 vols. , 1847); (History of
the Reign of Philip II. of Spain' (3 vols. , 1855-
58); Biographical and Critical Miscellanies)
(1843); “Critical Essays) (1852). *
Pressensé, Edmond Déhoult de (prā-son-
sā'). An eminent French theologian and his-
torian; born at Paris, Jan. 7, 1824; died there,
April 8, 1891. Among his numerous writings
are : (The Church and the French Revolution)
(1864); Jesus Christ, his Life and his Work)
(1866; 7th ed. 1884), written in opposition to
Renan's Life of Jesus); (History of the First
Three Centuries of the Christian Church' (6
vols. , 1858–77); (The Council of the Vatican)
(1872); Origins : The Problem of Cognition,
the Cosmologic Problem,' etc. (1883); Moral
and Political Miscellanies) (1885); (Alexander
Vinet and his Unpublished Correspondence
with H. Lutteroth) (1890).
Preston, Harriet Waters. An American
scholar, translator, and writer ; born in Danvers,
Mass. , about 1843; now resident at Leland Stan-
ford University, California. At an early age she
became noted as a linguist, and now has achieved
a brilliant reputation as a translator from the
Latin and Provençal languages, and as an essay-
ist. Besides her translations of Mistral's (Mi-
rèio (1873), Virgil's (Georgics) (1881), and sev-
eral others, she has published of her own ori-
ginal work : (Aspendale) (1881); «Troubadours
and Trouvères) (1876); (A Year in Eden,
with Louise Dodge (1886); 'Private Life of the
Romans) (1893); and "Love in the Nineteenth
Century.
Preston, Mrs. Margaret (Junkin). An
American poet and miscellaneous writer; born
in Philadelphia about 1825; died 1897. She
was a resident of Lexington, Va. , and later of
Baltimore, Md. Her writings deal chiefly with
the period of the Civil War, the best known
being : (Silverwood (1856), a novel; (Beechen-
brook, a Rhyme of the War) (1866); (Cartoons)
(1875); “Colonial Ballads) (1887); Aunt Dor-
othy) (1890).
Prévost, Eugène Marcel (prā-võ'). A French
novelist; born at Paris, May 1, 1862. His first
story, 'The Scorpion (1887), the tragic history
of a clerical tutor in a Jesuit school, made a
deep impression because of the fine psycho-
logical insight and intimate knowledge of the
priestly life it displayed. It was followed by
(Our Helpmate: Provincials and Parisiennes)
(1885); (Chonchette) (1888); (Mlle. Jaufre)
(1889), perhaps his best work; (Cousin Laura:
Stage Morality) (1890); (A Lover's Confession
(1891); “Women's Letters) (1892); “A Woman's
Autumn) ( 1893 ); (The Mill at Nazareth
(1894); (The Demi-Virgins) (1894); More of
the Women's Letters) (1894).
Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine François (prā-vo-
deg-zēl'), commonly called Abbé Prévost. A
notable French novelist; born at Hesdin in
Artois, April 1, 1697; died near Chantilly, Nov.
23, 1763. He gained great celebrity through his
remarkable novels : Memoirs of a Man of
Quality) (1728); (Cleveland); Manon Lescaut,'
his greatest work (1731); (Story of a Modern
Greek Woman' (1741). He also wrote some
historical works and moral essays, and trans-
lated Richardson's (Pamela' and (Clarissa. ' *
Prévost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole (prā-võ'
pä-rä-dol'). A distinguished French journalist;
born at Paris, Aug. 8, 1829; died by suicide at
Washington, D. C. , July 20, 1870, while he was
French envoy to the United States. He wrote:
Essay on Universal History) (2 vols. , 1854);
(Rôle of the Family in Education (1857);
(Essays on Politics and Literature) (3 vols. ,
1859–63); (Pages of Contemporary History) (4
vols. , 1862–64); (Studies on the French Moral-
ists) (1865); (The New France) (1868).
Price, Eleanor C. An English novelist; born
18–. Her books are: (One Only) (1874);
(Constantia) (1875); (A French Heiress in her
Own Château) (1878); (Mrs. Lancaster's Rival
(1879);(Valentina : A Sketch' (1882); (The For-
eigners) (1883); (High Aims) (1884); "Gerald'
(1885); (Alexia) (1887); (Red Towers) (1888).
Price, Richard. A notable English philoso-
pher and man of science; born at Tynton in
Glamorganshire, Feb. 22, 1723; died April 19,
1791. He was a Dissenting minister, and was
pastor of a congregation at Hackney. He was
the friend of Benjamin Franklin, and sympa-
thized warmly with the American colonists.
His tables of vital statistics and calculations
of expectancy of life were the basis of modern
annuities and life insurance ; his economic and
financial writings were of a high order, and
the younger Pitt consulted him on finance.
His principal writings are : An Appeal to the
Public on the Subject of the National Debt'
(1771); (Civil Liberty and the Justice and
Policy of the War with America) (1776); (Re-
view of the Principal Questions in Morals) (3d
ed. 1787); (The American Revolution and the
Means of Rendering It a Benefit to the World
(1784).
Prideaux, Humphrey. An English theolo-
gian and historical writer; born at Place in
:


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PRIEST -- PROCOPIUS
441
>
Cornwall, May 2, 1648; died at Norwich, Nov.
1, 1724. He was a minister of the established
Church, and became dean of Norwich in 1702.
His chief writings are : (Validity of the Orders
of the Church of England) (1088); (The Case
of Clandestine Marriages Stated’ (1691); Life
of Mahomet! ( 1697 ); (The Old and New
Testament Connected in the History of the
Jews,' a work of great research and learning
(1716).
Priest, Josiah. An American writer ; born
in New York, about 1790; died about 1850.
He was an unschooled man, a harness-maker
by trade; but published several books, some of
which became very popular. Among them
were : (Wonders of Nature) (1826); «View of
the Millennium) (1828); "Stories of the Revo-
lution (1836); (American Antiquities) (1838);
and "Slavery in the Light of History and
Scripture) (1843).
Priestley, Joseph. A celebrated English
philosopher, theologian, physicist, and chemist;
born at Fieldhead near Leeds, March 13, 1733;
died near Philadelphia, Feb. 6, 1804. He was
a Dissenting minister of Unitarian or Socinian
principles, and served as such in various towns,
the last being Hackney, a London suburb.
Among his writings are: Institutes of Natural
and Revealed Religion (1754); History of
Electricity) (1767); Disquisitions on Matter
and Spirit,' his most noteworthy philosophical
treatise (1777); “History of the Corruptions of
Christianity) (1782); «Observations on Differ-
ent kinds of Air) (3 vols. , 1774-77); (The
Doctrine of Phlogiston Established) (1800).
Prime, Samuel Irenæus. An American
clergyman, editor, and author; born at Balls-
ton, N. Y. , Nov. 4, 1812; died at Manchester,
Vt. , July 18, 1885. He was first a minister in
the Presbyterian Church. About 1840 he be-
came editor of the New York Observer, and
remained in charge until his death. He is the
author of over forty volumes, the best known
being : (Travels in Europe and the East)
(1855); "Letters from Switzerland) (1860); (The
Alhambra and the Kremlin (1873); Life of
Samuel F. B. Morse) (1874).
Prime, William Cowper. An American man
of letters; born at Cambridge, N. Y. . Oct. 31,
1825. He wrote : "Owl Creek Letters) (1848);
(The Old House by the River) (1853); Later
Years) (1854); (Boat Life in Egypt and Nubia)
(1857); (Tent Life in the Holy Land); “Coins,
Medals, and Seals) (1861); a work on the
hymn O Mother Dear, Jerusalem) (1865); (I
Go a-Fishing) (1873); (The Holy Cross) (1877);
(Pottery and Porcelain of all Times and Na-
tions) (1878). He edited (McClellan's Own
Story, with biography (1886). *
Prince, Mrs. Helen Choate (Pratt). An
American novelist, granddaughter of Rufus
Choate; born in Massachusetts in 1857. She
is at present residing in France. Her works
are: 'The Story of Christine Rochefort) (1895);
(A Transatlantic Châtelaine) (1897).
Prince, John Critchley. An English poet-
workingman; born in 1808; died in 1866; a
Lancashireman. He wrote: Hours with the
Muses) (1842); (Dreams and Realities); Poetic
Rosary' (1851); and Autumn Leaves) (1856).
Prince, Le Baron Bradford. An American
historical writer, descendant of William Brad-
ford of the Mayflower; born in Flushing, L. I. ,
July 3, 1840. He was a prominent jurist of
New Mexico. His works include : (E Pluribus
Unum; or, American Nationality) (1868); (A
Nation, or a League) (1880); History of New
Mexico) (1883); and (The American Church
and its Name) (1887).
Principe, Miguel Agustin (prēn'the-pā).
A Spanish writer; born at Caspa, 1811. He
was at one time professor of literature and his-
tory at the University of Saragossa, and after-
wards connected with the Royal Library of
Madrid. He has written a "History of the War
of Independence); “Verses, Serious and Gay);
the three dramas (Count Julian,' 'Cerdan,
Judge of Aragon,' and Mauregato, as well as
several comedies, among them (Periquito and
(The House of Pero Hernandez. )
Prior, Matthew. A distinguished English
poet; born at Wimborne in Dorsetshire, July
21, 1664; died at Wimpole in Cambridgeshire,
Sept. 18, 1721. With Charles Montagu, after-
ward Lord Halifax, he wrote (The City Mouse
and the Country Mouse) (1687), in ridicule of
Dryden's 'Hind and Panther. His other works
are : (Alma; or, The Progress of the Mind
(1718); (Solomon, his most ambitious poetic
Aight (1718); Poems on Several Occasions)
(1718). *
Privat d'Anglemont, Alexandre (pré-vä'.
dängl-môn'). A French man of letters; born
at St. Rose, W. I. , about 1820 ; died at Paris,
1859. He first became known through a small
volume, (The Prado) (1846); but all his days
he led the life of a bohemian, and finally died
in a hospital. He published (Anecdotes of
Paris) (1854); and one of his friends has col.
lected and published Privat's fugitive efforts
under the title "Unknown Paris) (1861).
Proclus (prōʻklus. ) A Greek Neo-Platonic
philosopher; born at Constantinople, 412; died
there, 485. He wrote hymns and epigrams,
some of which have come down to us. He
wrote also works on astronomy and mathe-
matics, among them a Commentary on Euclid,
which is extant; and a commentary on Plato's
Dialogues, of which the commentary on 'The
Republic) has come down to our time.
Procopius (pro-ko'pē-us). An eminent Greek
historian of the sixth century, the leading au-
thority for Justinian's reign; born at Cæsarea
in Palestine. He was private secretary to
Belisarius, then chief of his commissariat and
his navy, and prefect of Constantinople under
Justinian. Of his writings we have the (His-
tories,' or as the author styles them, (Books
about the Wars) of his time,- Persian, Van-
dal, and Gothic; a treatise (On Buildings);
a


## p. 442 (#458) ############################################

442
PROCTER - PRUDENTICS
((
(Anecdotes) (posthumous), a supplement to the
(Histories,' consisting of political and personal
matter he dared not publish in his lifetime.
Procter, Adelaide Anne. An English poet,
daughter of Bryan W. ; born at London, Oct.
30, 1825; died Feb. 3, 1864. She wrote (Legends
and Lyrics) (1858), which went through nine
editions in seven years; and a second series
(1860), which had a like success. *
Procter, Bryan Waller. [“Barry Cornwall. ]
An English poet and man of letters; born in
Wiltshire, Nov. 21, 1787 ; died at London, Oct.
4, 1874. He wrote: (Dramatic Scenes and
Other Poems) (1819); (A Sicilian Story) (1820);
(Mirandola, a tragedy (1821); (The Flood of
Thessaly) (1823); (English Songs) (1832). His
chief prose writings are: Life of Edmund
Kean) ( 1835 ); Essays and Tales) (1851);
Charles Lamb: a Memoir) (1866). *
Proctor, Edna Dean. An American poet;
born at Henniker, N. H. , Oct. 10, 1838. She
is a resident of South Framingham, Mass. , but
was formerly of Brooklyn, N. Y. Her works
are: Poems) ( 1866 ); (A Russian Journey)
( 1872 ); (The Song of the Ancient People )
(1892).
Proctor, Richard Anthony. A distinguished
English astronomer and writer on scientific sub-
jects; born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; died at
New York, Sept. 12, 1888. He wrote a great
many popular expositions of science; his great-
est work, 'Old and New Astronomy,' not quite
completed at his death, was carried to com-
pletion by another hand and published in
parts.
Propertius, Sextus (prō-per's hius). The
great Roman elegiac poet; born at Assisium,
about 50 B. C. ; died about 15 B. C. His poems
consist of four books)); the subjects are either
amatory, or political and social, or historical
and antiquarian. *
Prosper of Aquitaine. A Gallic poet of the
first half of the fifth century. He wrote a hex-
ameter poem of about a thousand lines against
the Pelagian heresy, Against the Ungrateful. ?
He was a correspondent of St. Augustine, and
after that Father's death wrote (Responsions
for Augustine.
Proth, Mario (prot). A French writer;
born at Sin, 1832. After having finished his
studies at Metz, he went to Paris, where he
always showed himself a stanch Republican
and violent opponent of the Empire. After
the revolution of 1870, he was selected to put
in order and publish the curious Papers and
Correspondence of the Imperial Family) found
in the Tuileries. Among his own works are :
(To Young People : How to do Battle) (1861);
(Love Letters of Mirabeau, Preceded by a
Study of Mirabeau) (1863); (A Silhouette of the
Revolution (1864); (The Vagabonds) (1864).
Proudfit, David Law. ["Peleg Arkwright. ”]
An American verse-writer; born in Newburg,
N. Y. , Oct. 27, 1842; died in 1897. His writings
have received popular favor. In book-form they
are : Love among the Gamins,' poems (1877);
and Mask and Domino (1888).
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (prö-dôn'). A
French social economist; born at Besançon,
July 15, 1809; died at Passy, Jan. 19, 1865.
In
his early years he was a compositor and after-
ward proof-reader in a printing-office; and in
that situation acquired a knowledge of Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, also of Catholic and patris.
tic theology. He wrote: (An Essay toward
a General Grammar) (1837); (What Is Prop-
erty ? ) (1840), answering the question in the
words already used by Brissot, Property is
robbery”; (System of Economic Contradictions,
or Philosophy of Misery) (2 vols. , 1846), to
which Karl Marx replied with «The Misery
of Philosophy); Justice in the Revolution and
in the Church,' a violent attack on all existing
institutions of Church and State (1858).
Prout, Father. See O'Mahony, Francis.
Provancher, Léon (pro-van-shā'). A Cana-
dian priest and naturalist; born in Becancour,
P. Q. , March 10, 1820. In 1869 he retired from
the ministry, and devoted himself to literary
work and the study of natural history. He
established Le Naturalist Canadien in 1868,
and received the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. His
publications include: (Elementary Treatise on
Botany) (1858); Canadian Plant Life) (1865);
(From Quebec to Jerusalem (1882); and 'Short
History of Canada) (1887).
Proyart, Liévain Bonaventure (Abbé)
(prwä. yär'). A French religious writer and
historian; born at Artois, 1748; died at Arras,
1808. He took orders, and emigrated at the
period of the Revolution, against which some
of his writings were directed. Among his
works are: (The Virtuous Pupil, a small book
which has become a classic (1772); a Life of
the Dauphin, Father of Louis XV? (1778); (His-
tory of Stanislaus I. , King of Poland” (1782);
(The Life and Crimes of Robespierre, Sur-
named the Tyrant' (1795); and various others
on historical themes.
Prudden, Theophile Mitchell. An Ameri-
can physician and bacteriologist; born at Mid-
dlebury, Conn. , July 7, 1849. He is professor
of pathology in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York. His works include:
(Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and His-
tology) (1885), with F. Delafield ; (Story of the
Bacteria) (1889); Dust and its Dangers !
(1891); “Water and Ice) (1891).
Prudentius, Aurelius Publius Clemens
(prö-den'shi-us). A Christian poet; born in
Spain, about 350 A. D. ; died about 410. He
wrote: (Hymns for Days and Seasons); (Apo-
theosis,' 1085 hexameter verses on the divinity
of Jesus Christ; (Hamartigenia,' the origin of
sin ; (Psychomachia,' virtue and vice contend-
ing for man's soul; Against Symmachus);
(The Martyrs' Crowns); (Diptychs,' comprising
forty-nine hexameter tetrastichs on Scriptural
events and personages.


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PRUDHOMME – PÜCKLER-MUSKAU
443
>
Prudhomme, René François Armand Sully.
See Sully-Prudhomme.
Pruszakowa, Séverine Zochowska (prö-sä-
kõ'vä). A Polish woman of letters; born
about 1830. She received an excellent educa-
tion, and has acquired a style of almost classic
purity. She has published both historical and
poetical works, among them: (Tales of Our
Times) (1853); Poetic Tales) (1855); “Eliza-
beth Druzbacka, a poem (1855); a “History of
Hungary) (1863); (Sebastian Klouswieg,' one
of her finest poetical compositions; and a
(View of the Literature of the Peoples of the
Middle Ages, Particularly the Slavs and Ger-
mans) (1856).
Prutz, Hans (pröts). A German historical
writer, son of Robert Eduard; born at Jena,
May 20, 1843. He became professor of history
in the University of Königsberg in 1870. He
wrote: Henry the Lion (1865); (Kaiser Fred-
erick I. (3 vols. , 1871-74); Phænicia : Geo-
graphical Sketches and Historical Studies)
(1876); “The Possessions of the German Order
in the Holy Land? (1877); "Secret Teaching
and Secret Laws of the Templars) (1879);
(Culture-History of the Crusades) (1883); De-
velopment and Fall of the Order of Knights
Templar(1888).
Prutz, Robert Eduard.
A German poet
and historian of literature; born at Stettin,
May 30, 1816; died there, June 21, 1872. His
principal works are: (The Rhine) (1840);
i Poems, a collection of his lyrics, in great
part erotic (1841); a comedy, (The Political
Lying-in Chamber) (1843); several historical
dramas, as Charles of Bourbon, (Maurice of
Saxe, Eric, the Peasants' King); "Lectures
on the History of the German Theatre) (1847);
"Contemporary German Literature (1847);
(Men and Books: Biographical Contributions
to the History of German Literature in the
18th Century) (1862).
Przezdziecki, Alexander (pzhes-jēts’kē). A
Polish miscellaneous writer and historian; born
in Podolia, 1814; died in Cracow, 1871. He
studied in Berlin; and possessing a large for
tune, traveled in all parts of Europe for mate-
rial relating to the history of his country. He
wrote French as easily as his mother tongue.
Among his works are: (Halzka d’Ostrog, a
historical drama (1841); (The Capitalist,' a com-
edy (1841); "Hedwig,' a historical drama (1844);
(Sources for the History of Poland) (1843-44);
Monuments of the Art of the Middle Ages at
the Time of the Renaissance of Poland (1853-
62); “Dom Sebastian of Portugal,' a comedy.
Psalmanazar, George (säl-män-ä-tsär). A
noted impostor; born probably in Languedoc,
about 1679; died at London, May 3, 1763. He
pretended to be a native of Formosa, and in
that character traveled through Germany and
the Low Countries. At Sluys he made the ac-
quaintance of a Scotch parson, who brought
to England and introduced hir to the
bishop of London. He published a fictitious
(Historical and Geographical Description of
Formosa) (1704), inventing an alphabet and
a lingo professing to represent the Formosan
tongue; Dialogue between a Japanese and a
Formosan (1707); An Inquiry into the Objec-
tions against George Psalmanazar of Formosa,
with George Psalmanazar's Answer, both in-
quiry and answer doubtless written by the im-
postor; (Essays on Scriptural Subjects) (1753).
Psellus, Michael Constantine (sellus). A
Byzantine writer on miscellaneous subjects;
born at Constantinople, 1020; died about 1110.
He wore the title "prince of philosophers,”
conferred on him by the emperors. Among his
writings are : (Paraphrase of Aristotle on Inter-
pretation) (1503); (A Work Distributed to the
Four Mathematical Sciences, Arithmetic, Mu-
sic, Geometry, and Astronomy) (printed 1532);
(Synopsis of the Laws, in iambic verse (1544);
(Dialogue about the Action of Demons); Of
the Virtues of [precious] Stones.
Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemæus of Alex-
andria. The most celebrated of ancient as-
tronomers, believed to have been a native of
Ptolemais in the Thebaid; he lived in the first
half of the second century of our era. His
great astronomical treatise was entitled (Mathe.
matical Arrangement, and by the Arabian phi-
losophers (Almagest) (al magiste, “the great-
est”); it gives an exposition of the system of
the universe, the interrelations and revolutions
of the heavenly bodies, as understood in
Ptolemy's time. He also wrote treatises on
(Geography, (Trigonometry, (Chronology,
(Optics, and other subjects pertaining to mathe-
matical and physical science. The Ptolemaic
System” was the accepted and ruling astro-
nomical authority down to Copernicus's time,
and his work on geography was the chief au-
thority up to the time of the great discoveries
of the 15th century. His system of map ori-
entation (north at the top and east at the right)
is still the universal one.
Publilius Syrus (pub-lil-yus si'rus). A Latin
writer of farces; first century B. C. He was
a native of Syria (“Syrus," the Syrian), and
was brought to Rome a slave. He made tours
of the provincial cities of Italy, acting in his
own farces, and everywhere received with great
popular favor. All that remains of his works
is a collection of (Sentences,' maxims in iam-
bic and trochaic verse : of these verses about
700 have come down to us.
Pucitelli, Virgile (pö-ché-tel'ē). An Italian
poet, who died in Warsaw, 1669. He left his
country to attach himself to the court of
Wadislas IV. , King of Poland, who made him
his secretary, and sent him on various diplo-
matic missions. He received the title of Poet
for the King, and composed for him several
plays, among them : Andromeda! (1634); (St.
Cecilia,' a musical drama; (The Rape of
Helen' (1648); etc.
Pückler-Muskau, Hermann Ludwig Hein-
rich, Fürst von (pük'ler-mös'kou). A German
a


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PUDLOWSKI - PURCHAS
444
writer of books of travel; born at Muskau,
Silesia, Oct. 30, 1785; died near Kottbus, Feb.
4, 1871. He wrote: Letters of a Dead Man)
(4 vols. , 1830–31), containing outspoken judg.
ments on England and other countries visited
by him; (Hintson Landscape Gardening
(1834); «Tutti Frutti: From the Papers of the
Deceased' (5 vols. , 1834); “Semilasso's Penulti.
mate Tour of the World: Europe) (3 vols. ,
1835); (Semilasso in Africa) (5 vols. , 1836);
(The Precursor) (1838); (From Mehemed Ali's
Realm? (3 vols. , 1844); "The Return Journey)
(3 vols. , 1846-48).
Pudlowski, Melchior (pöd-lov'ske). A Polish
poet, who died about 1588. He studied at the
University of Cracow, and afterwards became
secretary of King Sigismund Augustus, being
noted as a defender of the Catholic religion
against the Protestants. His most noted writ-
ings are: Lamentation and Admonition of
the Polish Republic) (1561); (Dido to Æneas);
An Oration for the Republic and for Religion
to the Magistrates of Poland' (1562); and (A
Book of Trifles; That Is, Comic Poems) (1586).
Puech, Jean Louis Scipio (püch). A Pro-
vençal poet; born at Aix, 1624; died there,
1688. He took orders, and occupied success-
ively various positions in the Church. He
cultivated poetry with much success, showing
great talent for versification, a jovial spirit, and
a leaning towards satire, many of his verses
being full of ingenious and sometimes stinging
allusions to events of the times. The most re-
markable of his Provençal poems is one called
(The Bohemians'; and in French he published:
( The Burning Chamber); Madeline Dying
in the Desert); (Christ on the Cross); etc.
Pufendorf, Samuel von (pöf'en-dorf). An il-
lustrious German publicist; born near Chemnitz
in Saxony, Jan. 8, 1632; died at Berlin, Oct.
26, 1694. His tractate (Elements of Universal
Jurisprudence) (1660) won him the office of
professor of Roman law in Heidelberg Univer-
sity. Among his principal works are : "On the
State of the German Empire) (1667); (On
the Law of Nature and the Law of Nations)
(1672); «The Duty of the Man and the Citizen)
(1673); Relation of the Christian Religion to
Civil Life) (1687); History of Charles Gusta-
vus) (1688); “Divine Fecial Law) (1095), - i. e. ,
the divine basis of the laws of war and peace.
Pugh, Eliza Lofton. (“Arria. ”] An Amer-
ican novelist; born in Bayou Lafourche, La. ,
1841. She is the author of (Not a Hero) (1867),
and 'In a Crucible) (1871).
Puisieux, Madeleine d'Arsant (pwe-syė'). A
French woman of letters; born at Paris, 1720;
died in the same city, 1798. She had an easy
and agreeable style, but lacked warmth and
imagination. Her chief works are: Advice
to a Friend? (1749-50); "Characters! (1750–55);
(Zamor and Almanzine) (1755); (Alzarac; or,
The Necessity of Being Inconstant (1762); ( The
History of Mademoiselle de Terville) (1768);
etc.
Pujoulx, Jean Baptiste (pü-zhö'). A French
writer; born at St. Macaire, 1762; died at Paris,
1821. He composed many plays for the theatre,
but devoted the last years of his life to the
study of natural history and other sciences.
Among his works are the comedies (The Ca.
prices of Proserpine) (1784); 'The Family Sup-
per) (1788); “Amelia; or, the Convent' (1791).
He wrote also (The New-Rich' ( 1708); (Paris
at the End of the Eighteenth Century) (1800);
and several works on mineralogy, botany, etc.
Pulci, Luca (pöl'chē). An Italian poet,
brother of Luigi; born at Florence, 1431 ; died
1470. He wrote: (The Dryad of Love); (Ci.
riffo Calvaneo); (Stanzas for Lorenzo de' Med-
ici’s Tourney); and under the title (Epistles,'
an imitation of Ovid's Heroides.
Pulci, Luigi. An Italian poet, friend of
Lorenzo de' Medici; born at Florence, Dec. 3,
1432 ; died 1487 (? ). His greatest work is the
romantic epic Morgante Maggiore) (first
printed 1481). He wrote also some stories. *
Pulgar, Fernando de (pul’gär). A Spanish
prose-writer of the latter part of the 15th cen-
tury. He wrote a 'Chronicle of the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella; Notable Men of Cas-
tile); a commentary on the ancient Couplets
of Mingo Revulgo.
Pullè, Count Giulio. See Castelvecchio.
Pullè, Count Leopoldo. See Castelnovo.
Pulszky, Franz Aurel (pul'skē). A Hun-
garian miscellaneous writer; born at Eperies
(Sáros), Sept. 17, 1814. After completing his
academic studies, he traveled in Germany, It-
aly, France, and England. He wrote : Journal
of a Hungarian Traveler in Great Britain)
(1837); with his wife, White, Red, and Black)
(3 vols. , 1852), an account of Kossuth's tour
in the United States; also a historical novel,
(The Jacobins in Hungary) (2 vols. , 1851); (My
Time and my Life) (4 vols. , 1879-82); (The
Age of Copper in Hungary) (1884).
Pulszky, Therese. A Hungarian prose-
writer, wife of Franz Aurel; born at Vienna,
1815. She accompanied her husband on Kos-
suth's American tour; see his name for their
joint work. She wrote independently : (Me-
moirs of a Hungarian Lady' (2 vols. , 1850);
(Tales and Traditions of Hungary) (2 vols. ,
1851).
Pumpelly, Raphael (pum-pel'li). An emi-
nent American geologist and author; born at
Oswego, N. Y. , Sept. 8, 1837. In his early life
he conducted explorations for the governments
of Japan and China; was professor at Harvard
for several years; and from 1879 to 1892 geolo-
gist in charge of the Archæan division of the
United States Geological Survey. His chief
works are: (Geological Researches in China,
Mongolia, and Japan (1867); (Across America
and Asia) (1870); Mining Industries of the
United States) (1886).
Purchas, Samuel (per-chạs). An English
compiler of books of travel and exploration;


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PUSEY – PUTNAM
445
(
born at Thaxted, in Essex, 1577; died 1626 – in
poverty, and, it is believed, in a debtor's prison.
His works are: Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Re-
lations of the World and the Religions Observed
in all Ages) (1613; much enlarged in the 4th
ed. 1626); (Purchas his Pilgrim or Microcosmus,
or the Historie of Man: Relating the Wonders
of his Generation, Varieties in his Degeneration,
and Necessity of his Regeneration' (1619);
(Purchas his Pilgrimes: or Relation of the
World in Sea Voyages and Land Travels, by
Englishmen and Others) (4 vols. , 1625),--a
continuation of Hakluyt, and partly founded
on papers left by him.
Pusey, Caleb (pū-zy). An American Qua-
ker colonist; born in Berkshire, England, about
1650; died in Chester County, Pa. , Feb. 25, 1727.
He came with Penn's company to America in
1682, erected the first mills in the province,
held many high places in civil affairs, and was
a noted controversialist writer of his day. He
published a great number of pamphlets and
articles in defense of his creed, among them :
"A Serious and Seasonable Warning,' etc. (1675);
(A Modest Account from Pennsylvania of the
Principal Differences in Point of Doctrine be-
tween George Keith and those of the People
called Quakers) ( 1096 ); (Satan's Harbingers
Encountered,' etc. (1700).
Pusey, Edward Bouverie. An English theo.
logical writer, a leader of the Anglo-Catholic
(Tractarian) party in the Established Church ;
born near Oxford, 1800; died Sept. 16, 1882.
He was associated with Newman and others
in the British Critic, (Tracts for the Times,'
etc. ; and his conspicuousness from his social
position (nephew of one earl and grandson of
another, professor and canon of Christ Church),
wealth, and munificent charities, caused the
Oxford Movement to be known as Puseyism,”
though he was not its initiator and did not at
first sympathize with it. He published: (An
Historical Enquiry into the Probable Causes
of the Rational Character Lately Predominant
in the Theology of Germany) (1825); (The
Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent)
(1843), a sermon which resulted in his suspen-
sion for three years; two sermons on "The En-
tire Absolution of the Penitent) (1846), equally
revolutionary; other sermons on (The Rule of
Faith as Maintained by the Fathers,' etc. (1861),
and on (The Presence of Christ in the Holy
Eucharist) (1853). Of his larger works the
most important are : (The Doctrine of the
Real Presence) (1855); (The Real Presence of
the Body and Blood of Christ the Doctrine of
the English Church) (1857); (An Eirenicon.
Pushkin, Alexander Sergéevich (pushʼkin).
A great Russian poet and romancer; born at
Moscow, 1799; died 1837. Among his princi-
pal works are: “The Prisoner of the Cauca-
sus) (1821); (The Fountain of Bakhchisaraj'
(1822); (The Robber Brothers) (1822); (The
Gipsies) (1824); (Count Nulin, a comic epos;
(Poltava) (1829), an epic poem; Journey to
Erzerum during the Campaign of 1829' (1836);
(The Little House in Kolomna, a poetical
narrative ; the dramas (The Avaricious Knight,
(Mozart and Salieri,' and (The Stony Guest);
(The Banquet during the Plague); his mas-
terpiece (Evgeny Onyegin) (1833), a romance
in verse after the manner of Byron's (Don
Juan); and the historical novels (The Captain's
Daughter) (1831), Dubrovsky, History of
Pugachev's Revolt' (1834). *
Putlitz, Gustav Heinrich Gans, Edler Herr
von und zu (pöt'lits).