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120; Caes. B. C. ii. 42, iii. 36, &c.
Caesar's party, and commanding the cavalry under 78, &c. , 89, Bell. Alex. 34, &c. , 86, 93 ; Liv. Epit
.
Curio in Africa. After the unfortunate battle on 112; Vell. Pat. ii. 78; Suet. Caes. 35, &c. ; Fast.
the Bagradas, he advised Curio to take to flight Cap. ; Eckhel, v. p. 183. )
(L. S. )
and promised not to forsake him. In the year CALVI'NUS, L. SE'XTIUS. 1. Consul in
following, Caesar sent Calvinus with two legions B. c. 124. In the year following, he had the ad-
from Illyricum to Macedonia, where he met Metel ministration of Gaul, and carried on a war against
lus Scipio, without however any decisive engage the Salluvii. After having conquered them, he
ment taking place between them. But, according founded the colony of Aquae Sextiae. (Liv. Epit.
to Dion Cassius (xli. 51), he was driven by Faus- 61; Strab. iv. p. 180; Vell. Pat. i. 15. )
tus from Macedonia, and penetrated into Thessaly, 2. Is mentioned only by Cicero as an elegant
where he gained a victory over Metellus Scipio, orator, but of a sickly constitution, so that persons
and took several towns. When Caesar broke up might have his advice whenever they pleased, but
from Dyrrhachium to unite his forces with those of could employ him as their pleader in the courts
Calvinus, the latter was in the north of Macedonia, only when his health permitted it. (Cic. Brut. 34. )
and bad nearly fallen into the hands of Pompey, He seems to be the same as the C. Sextius who
but succeeded in effecting his union with Caesar was a friend of C. Caesar Strabo, and is described
on the frontier of Thessaly. In the battle of Phar- as one eyed. (Cic. De Orat. ii. 60, 61. ) Pighius
salia Calvinus commanded the centre, and was thinks him to be also the same as the C. Sextius
faced by Metellus Scipio.
who was praetor in B. C. 99, and afterwards ob-
After the close of the war in Thessaly, when tained Macedonia as his province. But in the pas-
Caesar went to Egypt, he entrusted to Calvinus sage of Cicero in which he is mentioned (c. Pison.
y to this victory that Calvious
of Maximus, and in B. c. 280
aoured by being made dictator.
his office in the same rear, be
- the first instance of a plebeian
t office. (Plin. H. N. xxxiL );
Liv. Epit. 13; Appian. Susisite
. 13; Eutrop. ii
. 10; Dion Cass.
3, ed. Sturz; Fast. Cap. )
I VINCS, probably a son of Vo.
Etruscan town of Luna, which
e Illyrians. He seems to have
be made the conquest. The
longs is unknown, though it is
t must hare occurred after the
zt is, after B. C 240. (Frontin.
Liv. Epit. 20; Zonar. TüL 19,
5 M. F. M. N. CALVINTS, ap
s legate of L. Valerius Flaccus
:59 as tribune of the people, in
upported the consul M. Bibujos
nsul, C. Julius Caesar, and the


## p. 586 (#606) ############################################

886
CALVUS.
CALVUS.
.
34) the better MSS. read Sentius instead of Sex- | elected to this office, but declined it on account of
tius.
(L. S. ] his advanced age. (Liv. v. 18. )
CALVI'NUS, T. VETU'RIUS, was twice con- 3. C. Licinius CALVUK, a son of No. 2, was
sul, in B. c. 334 and 321. In his second consul- consular tribune in B. c. 377, and magister equitum
ship he and his colleague Sp. Postumius Albinus to the dictator P. Manlius in B. c. 368,-an office
commanded the Roman army at Caudium against which was then conferred upon a plebeian for the
the Samnites, where the Romans suffered the well- first time. (Liv. vi. 31, 39; Diod. xv. 57. ) Plu-
known defeat, and passed under the yoke. The larch (Camill. 39) considers this magister equitum
consuls concluded a treaty with the Samnites; but to be the same as the filmous law-giver C. Licinius
as this treaty was not approved of by the Romans, Calvus Stolo, who was then tribune of the people ;
the consuls who had concluded it, and several other but it is inconceivable that a tribune should have
officers, were delivered up to the Samnites. (Liv. held the office of magister equitum. Dion Cassius
viii. 16, ix. 1, 6, 10; Appian, Samnit. 6; Cic. De (Fragm. 33) likewise calls the magister equitum
Senec. 12, De Off. iii. 30; comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of erroneously Licinius Stolo. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist.
Rome, iii. p. 211, &c. )
[L. S. ] of Rome, iïi. p. 27, n. 35. )
CALVI'SIUS, a client of Junia Silana. This 4 C. LICINIUS Calvus, surnamed STOLO, which
lady had been grievously injured by Agrippina, he derived, it is said, from the care with which he
and now resolved to take vengeance. She there- dug up the shoots that sprung up from the roots of
fore sent Calvisius and a fellow-client to bring his vines. He brought the contest between the
against Agrippina the charge of endeavouring to patricians and plebeians to a crisis and a happy
place Rubellius Plautus on the throne instead of termination, and thus became the founder of Rome's
Nero. It was 80 contrived that the charge came greatness. He was tribune of the people from B. C.
to the emperor's ears in a round-about way, and 376 to 367, and was faithfully supported in his
did not appear an intentional denunciation. Here exertions by his colleague L. Sextius. The laws
upon, Nero resolved to put Agrippina to death; which he proposed were : 1. That in future no
but the monstrous deed was yet deferred for a few more consular tribunes should be appointed, but
years, and Junia Silana and her two clients were that consuls should be elected as in former times,
sent into exile ; but after the murder of Agrippina one of whom should always be a plebeian. 2. That
they were all recalled. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 19, 21, 22, no one should possess more than 500 jugers of the
xiv, 12. )
[L. S. ) public land, or keep upon it more than 100 head of
CALVI'SIUS. A person of this name was en- large and 500 of small cattle. 3. A law regulating
trusted by Pliny the Younger with the task of in the affairs between debtor and creditor, which
forming the decuriones of Comum that Pliny was ordained that the interest already paid for borrowed
willing, as a matter of bounty, not of right, to money should be deducted from the capital, and
effectuate the intention of one Saturninus, who, that the remainder of the latter should be paid
after leaving 400,000 sesterces to the respublica back in three yearly instalments. 4. That the
Comensium (a legacy which was legally void), gave Sibylline books should be entrusted to a college of •
the residue of his property to Pliny. (Ep. v. 7. ) ten men (decemviri), half of whom should be ple
Hence Guil. Grotius (Vitae JCtorum, ii. 5. § 16) beians, that no falsifications might be introduced
has classed Calvisius among the jurists, although in favour of the patricians. These rogations were
his duties might hare been undertaken by any one passed after a most vehement opposition on the
of moderate discretion and delicacy of feeling. part of the patricians, and L. Sextius was the first
Upon the same slight ground, Guil. Grotius builds plebeian who, in accordance with the first of them,
the supposition, that the Calvisius mentioned by obtained the consulship for the year B. C. 366.
Pliny was the author of the Actio Calvisiana.
This Licinius himself too received marks of the people's
action was introduced, probably in the time of the gratitude and confidence, by being elected twice to
republic, by some praetor of the name Calvisius the consulship, in B. C. 364 and 361; but some
(Hugo, R. R. G. p. 335), to protect the patron's years later he was accused by M. Popilius Laenas
rights of succession to a portion of his freedman's of having transgressed his own law respecting the
property against fraudulent alienations made in the amount of public land which a person might possess.
lifetime of the freedman. (Dig, 38, tit. 5, s. 3. $ 3; Avarice had tempted him to violate his own salu-
Heineccius, Hist. Jur. Rom. & 264. ) [J. T. G. ] tary regulations, and in B. C. 357 he was sentenced
CALVI'SIUS, FLAVIUS, the governor of to pay a heavy fine. (Plin. H. N. xvii. 1, xviii. 4 ;
Egypt under M. Aurelius, took part in the revolt Varro, De Re Rust. i. 2; Liv. vi. 35, 42, vii. 1, 2,
of Avidius Cassius, but was treated by the emperor 9, 16; Florus, i. 26; Aur. Vict. De Vir. Illustr. 20;
with great leniency, and only banished to an is- Plut. Camill. 39; Diod. xv. 82, 95; Zonar. vii. 24;
land. (Dion Cass. lxxi. 28. )
Val. Max. viii. 6. § 3; comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of
CALVI'SIUS NEPOS. (Nepos. )
Rome, iii. p. 1, &c. )
(L. S. ]
CALVI'SIUS SABI'NUS. (SABINUS. ) CALVUS, C. LICI'NIUS MACER, who, as
CALUSI'DIUS, a soldier who distinguished a forensic speaker, was considered by his country-
himself by his insolence to Germanicus, when the men generally as not unworthy of being ranked
legions in Germany revolted on the death of with Caesar, Brutus, Pollio, and Messalla, while by
Augustus in A. D. 14. (Tac. Ann. i. 35, 43. ) some he was thought to rival even Cicero himself,
CALVUS, the “ bald-head," the name of a fa- and who as a poet is commonly placed side by side
mily of the Licinia gens.
with Catullus, was born on the 28th of May, B. C.
1. P. Licinius CALVus, consular tribune in B. C. 82, on the same day with M. Coelius Rufus. (Plin.
400, and the first plebeian who was elected to that H. N. vii. 50. ) He was the son of C. Licinius
magistracy. (Liv. v. 12. )
Macer, a man of praetorian dignity, who, when
2. P. Licinius Calvus, a son of No. 1, was impeached (B. C. 6G) of extortion by Cicero, finding
made consular tribune in B. C. 396, in the place that the verdict was against him, forth with com-
and on the proposal of his father, who had been mitted suicide before the formalities of the trial


## p. 587 (#607) ############################################

CALVUS.
587
CALVUS.
CALYDONIUS.
e, but declined it on account of
(Liv. v. 18. )
Calvus, a son of No. 2, was
B. C. 377, and magister equitum
Vanlius in B. C. 368,-an otice
-nferred upon a plebeian for the
. 31, 39; Diod. xv. 57. ) Plo-
considers this magister equitum
Fje famous law-giver C. Licinius
was then tribune of the people ;
ble that a tribune should have
zgister equitu. . Dion Cassius
ise calls the magister equitum
s Stolo. (Comp. Niebuhr, His.
n. 35. )
ALVUS, surnamed STOLO, which
d, from the care with which he
hat sprung up from the roots of
-ught the contest between the
weians to a crisis and a happy
is became the founder of Rome's
tribune of the people from RC
as faithfully supported in bis
lleague L. Sextius. The laws
were : 1. That in future no
unes should be appointed, but
be elected as in former times,
always be a plebeian. 2. That
ess more than 500 jugers of the
all cattle. 3. A law regulating
- upon it more than 100 head of
n debtor and creditor, which
terest already paid for borrowed
deducted from the capital, and
: of the latter should be paid
rly instalments 4. Thai the
uld be entrusted to a college of
), half of whom should be ple
sifications might be introduced
ricians. These rogations were
st vehement opposition on the
as, and L. Sextius was the first
cordance with the first of them,
Iship for the year B. c. 366.
> received marks of the people's
lence, by being elected iwice to
B. C. 364 and 361; but some
accused by M. Popilius Laer:28
sed his own law respecting the
id which a person might possess
ed him to violate his own sala-
d in B. c. 357 he was sentenced
. (Plin. H. N. xvii. 1, xviii. 4;
i. 2; Liv, vi. 35, 42, vii 1, 2,
; Aur. Vict. De Vir, Illust, 20;
liod. xv. 82, 95; Zonar, riž. 24;
(L. S. )
ICI'NIUS MACER, who, as
was considered by his countr-
were fully completed, and thus averted the disho- | theless marked by a certain harshness of expression
nour and ruin which would have been entailed up and versification which offended the fastidious ears
on his family by a public condemnation and by the of those habituated to the unbroken smoothness of
confiscation of property which it involved. (Val. the poets of the Augustan court. They were un-
Max. ix. 12. $ 7; Plut. Cic. 9; Cic. ad Att. i. 4. ) doubtedly much read, so that even Horace, whose
This Licinius Macer was very probably the same contemptuous sneer (Sat. i. 10. 16) was probably
person with the annalist of that name so frequently in some degree prompted by jealousy, cannot avoid
quoted by Livy and others, and with the orator indirectly acknowledging and paying tribute to
mentioned in the Brutus (cc. 64, 67, comp. de Leg. their popularity. As to their real merits, we must
i. 2. & 3), although there is not sufficient evidence depend entirely upon the judgment of others, for
to justify us in pronouncing with confidence on the scraps transmitted to us are so few and trifling,
their identity. Young Calvus being thus at the none extending beyond two lines, that they do not
age of sixteen bereft of his father, devoted himself enable us to form any opinion for ourselves. We
to study with singular zeal, and submitted to ex- hear of an Epithalamium (Priscian, v. 8. p. 196,
traordinary discipline, in order that the whole of ed. Krehl); of an lo, in hexameter verse (Serv. ad
his bodily strength might be concentrated upon in- Virg. Ed. vi. 47, viii. 4); and of a Hipponacteum
tellectual pursuits. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 50. ) But praeconium, levelled against the notorious Hermo-
this excessive application seems to have enfeebled genes Tigellius (Schol. Cruq. ad Hor. Sat. i. 3. 3 ;
and exhausted his constitution, for he died in his Cic. ad Fam. vii.