The greatest among the
Egyptian
repre-
the following works and treatises :-).
the following works and treatises :-).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
I.
c.
5, diálogou twv hep Tahu apayuatelar of the universe were to be set down, indeed, as
ομοίων α'-', Διαιρέσεις και προς τα όμοια υποθέ- causes of the good and perfect, but were not the good
Qerscomp. Athenaeus, vii. passim), and to the and perfect itself, which must rather be regarded
derivation therefrom, and laying down, of the ideas as the result of generated existence, or development,
of genera and species (Περί γενών και ειδών παρα- just as the seeds of plants and animals are not the
deiyuátwv [? ]): for in the sciences he had di- fully formed plants or animals themselves (Arist.
rected his attention especially to what they had in Met. xiv. 4, 5, xiii. 7, xii. 10, Eth. Nic. i. 4 ; Cic.
common, and to the mode in which they might be de Nat. Deor. i. 13; Stob. Ecl. i. p. 862 ; Theo.
connected (Diodorus, ap. Diog. Laërt. , l. c. 2; phrast. Met. 9). The ultimate primordium he de-
Casaubon is hardly correct in restricting the word signated, like Plato, as the absolutely one, but would
madhuata to the mathematical sciences). Thus he not have it to be regarded as an existing entity,
seems to have endeavoured to carry out still further since all definitude can only be the result of de-
the threefold division of philosophy into Dialectics, velopment (ib. xii. 7, ix. 8, xiv. 5; comp. Ra-
Ethics, and Physics, for which Plato had laid the vaisson, l. c. p. 11, &c. ). When, however, with
foundation, without, however, losing sight of the the Pythagoreans, he reckoned the One in the
mutual connection of those branches of philosophy. series of good things (Arist. Eth. Nic. i 4), he
For he maintained that no one could arrive at a probably conceived it only in its opposi
complete definition, who did not know all the dif- manifold, and wished to indicate that it was from
ferences by which that which was to be defined the One and not from the Manifold, that the good
was separated from the rest (Themist. in Arist. and perfect is to be derived (comp. Arist
. Me. xiv.
Anal. Post. vid. Schol. in Aristot. ed. Brandis, p. 4, xii. 10 ; Ravaisson, l. c. p. 15, &c. ). Never-
248, a. ). With Plato, moreover, he distinguished theless Speusippus seems to have attributed vital
between that which is the object of thought, and I activity to the primordial unity, as inseparably be-
that which is the object of sensuous perception, | longing to it (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i 13; comp.
to the
## p. 895 (#911) ############################################
SPHETTUS.
895
SPHINX.
Minuc. Felix Octav. 19; Arist. Metaph. xii. 7 ;| from Troezene to Attica, where two demi wero
Ravaisson, pp. 22,&c. ), probably in order to explain named after him. (Paus. ii. 30. $ 8; Steph: Byz.
how it could grow, by a process of self-develop- s. v. )
[L. S. )-
ment, into the good, spirit, &c. ; for spirit also he SPHINX (Eolyt), a monstrous being of Greek
distinguished from the one, as well as from the mythology, is said to have been a daughter of
good, and the latter again from pleasure and pain Orthus and Chimaera, born in the country of the
(Stob. Ed. Phys. i. ) ; comp. Arist. Metaph. xiv. Arimi (Hes. Theog. 326), or of Typhon and Echidna
4, El. Nic. vii
, 14; Ravaisson, p. 20). Less (Apollod. iii. 5. & 8 ; Schol. ad Eurip. l'hoen. 46),
worth notice is the attempt of Speusippus to find a or lastly of Typhon and Chimnera (Schol. ad Iles.
more suitable expression for the material princi- and Eurip. l. c. ). Some call her a natural daugliter
pium, the indefinite duality of Plato (Metuph. xiv. of Laius (Paus. ix. 26. & 2). Respecting her stay
4, 5, comp. 2, 1, xiii. 9), and to connect the ideal at Thebes and her connection with the fate of the
numbers of Plato with mathematical numbers house of Laius, see OEDIPUS. The riddle which
(comp. Ravaisson, pp. 29, &c. , 35, 38, &c. , 44). she there proposed, she is said to bave learnt froni
With his Pythagorizing mode of trenting the the Muses ( Apollod. iii. 5. § 8), or Laius himself
doctrine of numbers we gain some acquaintance by tnught her the mysterious orncles which Cadmus
means of the extracts of his treatise on the Py: had received at Delphi (Paus. ix. 26. & 2). Ac-
thagorean numbers. (Thcologumena Arithmetica, cording to some she had been sent into Boeotia by
ed. Paris, p. 61. )
(Ch. A. B. ] Hera, who was angry with the Thebans for not
SPHAERUS (Spaipos), the charioteer of Pe- having punished Laius, who had carried off Chry-
lops, of whom there was a monument in the island sippus from Pisa. She is said to have come from
of Sphaeria or Hiera, near Troezene. (Paus. ii. the most distant part of Ethiopia (Apollod. I. c. ;
33. § 1, v. 10. § 2. )
(L. S. ] Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 1760); according to others
SPHAERUS (Epaipos), called, apparently from she was sent by Ares, who wanted to take revenge
the country of his birth, Boonoplavós by Diogenes because Cadınus had slain his son, the dragon
Laertius (vii
. 177), and Bopvo bevions by Plutarch (Argum. ad Eurip. Phoen. ), or by Dionysus
(Cleom. c. 2), was a philosopher of the Stoic school. (Schol. ad Hes. Theog. 326), or by Hades (Eurip.
He studied first under Zeno of Citium, and after- Phoen. 810), and some lastly say that she was one
wards under Cleanthes. He lived. at Alexandria of the women who, together with the daughters of
during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, having Cadmus, were thrown into madness, and was me-
gone there apparently at the invitation of Ptolemy tamorphosed into the monstrous figure. (Schol. ad
Philadelphus. He also taught at Lacedaemon, Eurip. Phoen. 45. )
and was believed to have had considerable influence The legend itself clearly indicates from what
in moulding the character of Cleomenes. (Plut. l. c. ) quarter this being was believed to have been intro-
He was in considerable repute among the Stoics duced into Greek mythology. The figure which she
for the accuracy of his definitions (Cic. Tusc. iv. 24. was conceived to have had is originally Egyptian
$ 53). Diogenes Laertius (l. c. ) and Athenaeus or Ethiopian ; but after her incorporation with
(viii. p. 331. e. ) tell a story of the dexterous Grecian story, her figure was variously modified.
manner in which, on one occasion, by the help of The Egyptian Sphinx is the figure of an unwinged
his subtle distinctions, he saved himself from the lion in a lying attitude, but the upper part of the
necessity of admitting that he had been deceived body is human. They appear in Egypt to have
by a trick played upon him by king Ptolemy. He been set up in avenues forming the approaches to
was, according to Diogenes Laertius, the author of temples.
The greatest among the Egyptian repre-
the following works and treatises :-). Slepi kóquou. sentations of Sphinxes is that of Ghizeh, which,
2. Περί στοιχείων σπέρματος. 3. Tepl tuxns. with the exception of the paws, is of one block of
4. ſlepl daaxlotwr (on the atomic theory). 5. stone. The Egyptian Sphinxes are often called
Προς τας ατόμους και τα είδωλα. 6. Περί αισθητη- ανδρόσφιγγες (Herod. ii. 175; Menandr. Fragm.
ρίων. 7. Περί Ηρακλείτου έ δίατρίβων. 8. Περί | p. 411, ed. Meineke), not describing them as male
añs nouxñis diarážews. 9. Tepl kadńkovtos. 10. beings, but as lions with the upper part human, to
Περί ορμής. 11. Περί παθών, in two books. 12. distinguish them froni those Sphinxes whose upper
Διατριβαι. 13. Περί βασιλείας. 14. Περί Λακω- part was that of a sheep or ram. The common idea
vinîs Toditelas. Athenaeus (iv. p. 141 b. ) quotes of a Greek Sphinx, on the other hand, is that of a
from the third book of this work. 15. Dep. Au winged body of a lion, having the breast and upper
koúpyou Kal Ewkpátous, in three books. It does part of a woman (Aelian, H. A. xii. 7 ; Auson.
not appear whether it is this work or the preceding Griph. 40; A pollod. iii. 5. § 8 ; Schol. ad Eurip.
which is quoted by Plutarch (Lyc. 5. ) 16. Tepl | Phoen. 806). Greek Sphinxes, moreover, are not
νόμου. 17. Περί μαντικής. 18. Διάλογοι έρωτί- | always represented in a lying attitude, but appear
κοί. 19. Περί των 'Ερετριακών φιλοσόφων. 20. in diferent positions, as it might suit the fancy of
Περί ομοίων. 21. Περί όρων. 22. Περί έξεως. the sculptor or poet. Thus they appear with the
23. Nepi Tūv dvTieyouévwv. 24. ſep. nóyou. face of a maiden, the breast, feet, and claws of a
25. Περί πλούτου. 26. Περί δόξης. 27. Περί lion, the tail of a serpent, and the wings of a bird
davátov. 28. Téxun dialektiKÝ, in two books. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1287 ; Soph. Oed. Tyr.
29. Mepl katnyopnuátw. 30. Tepl dupıboneậv. 391 ; Athen. vi. p. 253 ; Palaephat. 7); or the
31. Epistles. None of these are now extant. fore part of the body is that of a lion, and the
Diogenes Laertius (vii. 178), mentions a treatise lower part that of a man, with the claws of a vul-
by Chrysippus against some of the views enter- ture and the wings of an eagle (Tzetz. ad Lycoph.
tained by Sphaerus. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. 7). Sphinxes were frequently introduced by Greek
p. 576 ; Vossius, de Hist. Gruec. p. 140 ; Schöll
Gesch. der Griech. Litt. vol. ii. p. 216. ) (C. P. M. ]
. In the Boeotian dialect the name was dit
SPHETTUS (Sønttós), a son of Troezen, (Hes. Theog. 326), whence the name of the Boeo-
who, with his brother Anaphly'stus, emigrated tian mountain, píklov špos. (Hes. Scut. Horc. 33. )
## p. 896 (#912) ############################################
896
SPINTHARUS.
SPONSIANUS.
raeeus.
artiets, ng ornaments of architectural and other | 1034 ; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichlkunst, vol. iii.
works. (Paus. iii. 18. § 8, v. 11. & 2; Eurip. pt. 1, pp. 48, 562. ) Respecting some other in.
Elect. 471. )
(L. S. ] significant writers of this name, see Menag. ad
SPHOʻDRIAS (Spodplas), a Spartan, whom Diog. Laërt. ii. 20.
(P. S. )
Cleombrotus, on his return from the invasion of SPI'NTHARUS (Eniveapos), a Corinthian
the Theban territory, in B. C. 378, left behind him architect, who commenced the rebuilding of the
as harmost at Thespiae, placing the third part of great temple at Delphi, after its destruction by fire
the allies (their regular contingent) under his in Ol. 58. 1, B. c. 548. (Paus. x. 5. & 5. ) The
command, and entrusting him with all the money temple was not, however, finished till 01. 75, B. C.
he had brought from home, with which he desired | 480 ; so that the architect could scarcely have
him to hire mercenaries. Not long after this, and lived to see the completion of the work. [P. S. )
at a time when his country was at peace with SPINTHER, an agnomen of P. Cornelius
Athens, Sphodrias was induced to take the foolish | Lentulus, consul B. C. 57, and of his son. [LEN-
and unjustifiable step of invading the Athenian TULUS, Nos. 20 and 21. ]
territory. According to Diodorus, he was instigated SPITHRIDA'TES (2ndOpidárns. ) 1. A Per-
to it by private orders from Cleombrotus, acting sian, was one of the commanders sent by Phama-
without the authority of the Ephors; while from bazus to oppose the passage of the Cyrean Greeks
Xenophon and Plutarch we gather that he was through Bithynin, B. C. 400. [RHATHINES. ) In
tampered with by Pelopidas and Gorgidas, who B. c. 396 Spithridates, offended with Pharnabazus,
wished to embroil Athens with Sparta, and whose who wished to take his daughter as a concubine,
mingled bribes and flattery Sphodrias, venal at was induced by Lysander to revolt from the satrap,
once and vain and weak, was unable to resist. He bringing with him his children, bis treasures, and
accordingly led forth his troops from Thespiae, 200 horse. His defection was must acceptable to
with the professed intention of surprising the ei.
ομοίων α'-', Διαιρέσεις και προς τα όμοια υποθέ- causes of the good and perfect, but were not the good
Qerscomp. Athenaeus, vii. passim), and to the and perfect itself, which must rather be regarded
derivation therefrom, and laying down, of the ideas as the result of generated existence, or development,
of genera and species (Περί γενών και ειδών παρα- just as the seeds of plants and animals are not the
deiyuátwv [? ]): for in the sciences he had di- fully formed plants or animals themselves (Arist.
rected his attention especially to what they had in Met. xiv. 4, 5, xiii. 7, xii. 10, Eth. Nic. i. 4 ; Cic.
common, and to the mode in which they might be de Nat. Deor. i. 13; Stob. Ecl. i. p. 862 ; Theo.
connected (Diodorus, ap. Diog. Laërt. , l. c. 2; phrast. Met. 9). The ultimate primordium he de-
Casaubon is hardly correct in restricting the word signated, like Plato, as the absolutely one, but would
madhuata to the mathematical sciences). Thus he not have it to be regarded as an existing entity,
seems to have endeavoured to carry out still further since all definitude can only be the result of de-
the threefold division of philosophy into Dialectics, velopment (ib. xii. 7, ix. 8, xiv. 5; comp. Ra-
Ethics, and Physics, for which Plato had laid the vaisson, l. c. p. 11, &c. ). When, however, with
foundation, without, however, losing sight of the the Pythagoreans, he reckoned the One in the
mutual connection of those branches of philosophy. series of good things (Arist. Eth. Nic. i 4), he
For he maintained that no one could arrive at a probably conceived it only in its opposi
complete definition, who did not know all the dif- manifold, and wished to indicate that it was from
ferences by which that which was to be defined the One and not from the Manifold, that the good
was separated from the rest (Themist. in Arist. and perfect is to be derived (comp. Arist
. Me. xiv.
Anal. Post. vid. Schol. in Aristot. ed. Brandis, p. 4, xii. 10 ; Ravaisson, l. c. p. 15, &c. ). Never-
248, a. ). With Plato, moreover, he distinguished theless Speusippus seems to have attributed vital
between that which is the object of thought, and I activity to the primordial unity, as inseparably be-
that which is the object of sensuous perception, | longing to it (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i 13; comp.
to the
## p. 895 (#911) ############################################
SPHETTUS.
895
SPHINX.
Minuc. Felix Octav. 19; Arist. Metaph. xii. 7 ;| from Troezene to Attica, where two demi wero
Ravaisson, pp. 22,&c. ), probably in order to explain named after him. (Paus. ii. 30. $ 8; Steph: Byz.
how it could grow, by a process of self-develop- s. v. )
[L. S. )-
ment, into the good, spirit, &c. ; for spirit also he SPHINX (Eolyt), a monstrous being of Greek
distinguished from the one, as well as from the mythology, is said to have been a daughter of
good, and the latter again from pleasure and pain Orthus and Chimaera, born in the country of the
(Stob. Ed. Phys. i. ) ; comp. Arist. Metaph. xiv. Arimi (Hes. Theog. 326), or of Typhon and Echidna
4, El. Nic. vii
, 14; Ravaisson, p. 20). Less (Apollod. iii. 5. & 8 ; Schol. ad Eurip. l'hoen. 46),
worth notice is the attempt of Speusippus to find a or lastly of Typhon and Chimnera (Schol. ad Iles.
more suitable expression for the material princi- and Eurip. l. c. ). Some call her a natural daugliter
pium, the indefinite duality of Plato (Metuph. xiv. of Laius (Paus. ix. 26. & 2). Respecting her stay
4, 5, comp. 2, 1, xiii. 9), and to connect the ideal at Thebes and her connection with the fate of the
numbers of Plato with mathematical numbers house of Laius, see OEDIPUS. The riddle which
(comp. Ravaisson, pp. 29, &c. , 35, 38, &c. , 44). she there proposed, she is said to bave learnt froni
With his Pythagorizing mode of trenting the the Muses ( Apollod. iii. 5. § 8), or Laius himself
doctrine of numbers we gain some acquaintance by tnught her the mysterious orncles which Cadmus
means of the extracts of his treatise on the Py: had received at Delphi (Paus. ix. 26. & 2). Ac-
thagorean numbers. (Thcologumena Arithmetica, cording to some she had been sent into Boeotia by
ed. Paris, p. 61. )
(Ch. A. B. ] Hera, who was angry with the Thebans for not
SPHAERUS (Spaipos), the charioteer of Pe- having punished Laius, who had carried off Chry-
lops, of whom there was a monument in the island sippus from Pisa. She is said to have come from
of Sphaeria or Hiera, near Troezene. (Paus. ii. the most distant part of Ethiopia (Apollod. I. c. ;
33. § 1, v. 10. § 2. )
(L. S. ] Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 1760); according to others
SPHAERUS (Epaipos), called, apparently from she was sent by Ares, who wanted to take revenge
the country of his birth, Boonoplavós by Diogenes because Cadınus had slain his son, the dragon
Laertius (vii
. 177), and Bopvo bevions by Plutarch (Argum. ad Eurip. Phoen. ), or by Dionysus
(Cleom. c. 2), was a philosopher of the Stoic school. (Schol. ad Hes. Theog. 326), or by Hades (Eurip.
He studied first under Zeno of Citium, and after- Phoen. 810), and some lastly say that she was one
wards under Cleanthes. He lived. at Alexandria of the women who, together with the daughters of
during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, having Cadmus, were thrown into madness, and was me-
gone there apparently at the invitation of Ptolemy tamorphosed into the monstrous figure. (Schol. ad
Philadelphus. He also taught at Lacedaemon, Eurip. Phoen. 45. )
and was believed to have had considerable influence The legend itself clearly indicates from what
in moulding the character of Cleomenes. (Plut. l. c. ) quarter this being was believed to have been intro-
He was in considerable repute among the Stoics duced into Greek mythology. The figure which she
for the accuracy of his definitions (Cic. Tusc. iv. 24. was conceived to have had is originally Egyptian
$ 53). Diogenes Laertius (l. c. ) and Athenaeus or Ethiopian ; but after her incorporation with
(viii. p. 331. e. ) tell a story of the dexterous Grecian story, her figure was variously modified.
manner in which, on one occasion, by the help of The Egyptian Sphinx is the figure of an unwinged
his subtle distinctions, he saved himself from the lion in a lying attitude, but the upper part of the
necessity of admitting that he had been deceived body is human. They appear in Egypt to have
by a trick played upon him by king Ptolemy. He been set up in avenues forming the approaches to
was, according to Diogenes Laertius, the author of temples.
The greatest among the Egyptian repre-
the following works and treatises :-). Slepi kóquou. sentations of Sphinxes is that of Ghizeh, which,
2. Περί στοιχείων σπέρματος. 3. Tepl tuxns. with the exception of the paws, is of one block of
4. ſlepl daaxlotwr (on the atomic theory). 5. stone. The Egyptian Sphinxes are often called
Προς τας ατόμους και τα είδωλα. 6. Περί αισθητη- ανδρόσφιγγες (Herod. ii. 175; Menandr. Fragm.
ρίων. 7. Περί Ηρακλείτου έ δίατρίβων. 8. Περί | p. 411, ed. Meineke), not describing them as male
añs nouxñis diarážews. 9. Tepl kadńkovtos. 10. beings, but as lions with the upper part human, to
Περί ορμής. 11. Περί παθών, in two books. 12. distinguish them froni those Sphinxes whose upper
Διατριβαι. 13. Περί βασιλείας. 14. Περί Λακω- part was that of a sheep or ram. The common idea
vinîs Toditelas. Athenaeus (iv. p. 141 b. ) quotes of a Greek Sphinx, on the other hand, is that of a
from the third book of this work. 15. Dep. Au winged body of a lion, having the breast and upper
koúpyou Kal Ewkpátous, in three books. It does part of a woman (Aelian, H. A. xii. 7 ; Auson.
not appear whether it is this work or the preceding Griph. 40; A pollod. iii. 5. § 8 ; Schol. ad Eurip.
which is quoted by Plutarch (Lyc. 5. ) 16. Tepl | Phoen. 806). Greek Sphinxes, moreover, are not
νόμου. 17. Περί μαντικής. 18. Διάλογοι έρωτί- | always represented in a lying attitude, but appear
κοί. 19. Περί των 'Ερετριακών φιλοσόφων. 20. in diferent positions, as it might suit the fancy of
Περί ομοίων. 21. Περί όρων. 22. Περί έξεως. the sculptor or poet. Thus they appear with the
23. Nepi Tūv dvTieyouévwv. 24. ſep. nóyou. face of a maiden, the breast, feet, and claws of a
25. Περί πλούτου. 26. Περί δόξης. 27. Περί lion, the tail of a serpent, and the wings of a bird
davátov. 28. Téxun dialektiKÝ, in two books. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1287 ; Soph. Oed. Tyr.
29. Mepl katnyopnuátw. 30. Tepl dupıboneậv. 391 ; Athen. vi. p. 253 ; Palaephat. 7); or the
31. Epistles. None of these are now extant. fore part of the body is that of a lion, and the
Diogenes Laertius (vii. 178), mentions a treatise lower part that of a man, with the claws of a vul-
by Chrysippus against some of the views enter- ture and the wings of an eagle (Tzetz. ad Lycoph.
tained by Sphaerus. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. 7). Sphinxes were frequently introduced by Greek
p. 576 ; Vossius, de Hist. Gruec. p. 140 ; Schöll
Gesch. der Griech. Litt. vol. ii. p. 216. ) (C. P. M. ]
. In the Boeotian dialect the name was dit
SPHETTUS (Sønttós), a son of Troezen, (Hes. Theog. 326), whence the name of the Boeo-
who, with his brother Anaphly'stus, emigrated tian mountain, píklov špos. (Hes. Scut. Horc. 33. )
## p. 896 (#912) ############################################
896
SPINTHARUS.
SPONSIANUS.
raeeus.
artiets, ng ornaments of architectural and other | 1034 ; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichlkunst, vol. iii.
works. (Paus. iii. 18. § 8, v. 11. & 2; Eurip. pt. 1, pp. 48, 562. ) Respecting some other in.
Elect. 471. )
(L. S. ] significant writers of this name, see Menag. ad
SPHOʻDRIAS (Spodplas), a Spartan, whom Diog. Laërt. ii. 20.
(P. S. )
Cleombrotus, on his return from the invasion of SPI'NTHARUS (Eniveapos), a Corinthian
the Theban territory, in B. C. 378, left behind him architect, who commenced the rebuilding of the
as harmost at Thespiae, placing the third part of great temple at Delphi, after its destruction by fire
the allies (their regular contingent) under his in Ol. 58. 1, B. c. 548. (Paus. x. 5. & 5. ) The
command, and entrusting him with all the money temple was not, however, finished till 01. 75, B. C.
he had brought from home, with which he desired | 480 ; so that the architect could scarcely have
him to hire mercenaries. Not long after this, and lived to see the completion of the work. [P. S. )
at a time when his country was at peace with SPINTHER, an agnomen of P. Cornelius
Athens, Sphodrias was induced to take the foolish | Lentulus, consul B. C. 57, and of his son. [LEN-
and unjustifiable step of invading the Athenian TULUS, Nos. 20 and 21. ]
territory. According to Diodorus, he was instigated SPITHRIDA'TES (2ndOpidárns. ) 1. A Per-
to it by private orders from Cleombrotus, acting sian, was one of the commanders sent by Phama-
without the authority of the Ephors; while from bazus to oppose the passage of the Cyrean Greeks
Xenophon and Plutarch we gather that he was through Bithynin, B. C. 400. [RHATHINES. ) In
tampered with by Pelopidas and Gorgidas, who B. c. 396 Spithridates, offended with Pharnabazus,
wished to embroil Athens with Sparta, and whose who wished to take his daughter as a concubine,
mingled bribes and flattery Sphodrias, venal at was induced by Lysander to revolt from the satrap,
once and vain and weak, was unable to resist. He bringing with him his children, bis treasures, and
accordingly led forth his troops from Thespiae, 200 horse. His defection was must acceptable to
with the professed intention of surprising the ei.
