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p. 82, c. ), and the Opso we have just described are not mentioned by all
nium Matianum, praised by Apicius (iv. 3). authorities in the same succession. According to
(Wernsdorf, Poët. Lat. Min. vol. iv. p. 568, Orosius (iii. 22 ; comp. Liv. Epit. 12), the murder
&c. ; Leutsch, in the Zeitschrift für Alterthums of the Roman ambassadors preceded the campaign
wissenschaft, 1834, p. 164, &c. )
of L. Caecilius; whereas, according to Appian, the
CALVE'NTIUS, an Insubrian Gaul, of the campaign of Dolabella followed immediately after
town of Placentia, and a merchant, whose daughter the murder, and the object of the embassy was to
married L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, the father remonstrate with the Senones for serving against
of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, consul in B. C. the Romans, their allies. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of
58. In his speech against the latter, Cicero up- | Rome, iii. p. 427, &c. ) In what manner Calvinus
braids him with the low origin of his mother, and was engaged during this time, is not known.
calls him Caesoninus Semiplacentinus Calventius When the Boians saw that the Senones were ex-
(in Pison, 6, 23 ; Ascon in Pison, p. 5, ed. Orelli ; pelled from their country, they began to dread the
comp. Cic. de prov. Cons. 4, pro Sext. 9); and in a same fate, joined the remaining Senones and the
letter to his brother Quintas (iii. 1. $ 4), Piso is Etruscans, and marched against Rome. But in cross-
also meant by the name of Calventius Marius. ing the Tiber they met a Roman army, and in the
CA'LVIA CRISPINILLA. (CRISPINILLA. ] ensuing battle most of the Etruscans were slain,
CALVI'NA, JU’LIA, the sister of L. Silanus, and only a few of the Gauls escaped. Our accounts
was at first married to a son of Vitellius, but after differ as to the Roman commanders in this battle;
wards, for the sake of doing a favour to Agrippina, for some represent Dolabella and others Calvinus
Vitellius accused her of incestuous intercourse with as the victorious general, whereas it is most proba-
her brother, L. Silanus. There was, however, ac- ble that both consuls gained laurels on that day.
cording to the concurrent testimony of the ancients, | It was undoubtedly to this victory that Calvinus
no ground whatever for that charge, except that owed the surname of Maximus, and in B. c. 280
Silanus was attached to his sister, and perhaps he was further honoured by being made dictator.
expressed his love for her in too unguarded a man- On laying down this office in the same year, he
ner, surrounded as he was by spies and enemies. was elected censor-the first instance of a plebeian
When Silanus had put an end to his own life, being raised to that office. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 1;
Calvina was expelled from Italy. (Tac. Ann. xii. Polyb. ii. 19, 20; Liv. Epit. 13; Appian, Samnit.
4,8; L. Silanus. ) It is highly probable that this 6, Gall. 11; Flor. j. 13; Eutrop. ii. 10; Dion Cass.
Calvina is the same as the Junia (Julia ? ) Calvina Excerpt. Vat. p. 163, ed. Sturz; Fast. Cap. )
mentioned by Suetonius (Vesp. 23) as still alive 3. DOMITIUS CALVINUS, probably a son of No.
towards the end of the reign of Vespasian, for it is 2, conquered the Etruscan town of Luna, which
stated there, that she belonged to the family of was occupied by the Illyrians. He seems to have
Augustus, and it is well known that the Silani been praetor when he made the conquest. The
were great-great-grandsons of Augustus. IL. Ş. ] rear to which it belongs is unknown, though it is
CALVINUS, the name of a family of the ple clear that the event must have occurred after the
beian Domitia gens.
first Punic war, that is, after B. c. 240. (Frontin.
1. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, consul in B. C. 332. Strateg. ii. 2. & 1; Liv. Eynt. 20 ; Zonar. vii. 19,
(Liv. viii. 17. )
dic. )
2. CN. Domitius CN. F. CALVINUS, surnamed 4. CN. DOMITIUS, M. F. M. n. CALVINUS, ap-
Maximus, offered himself as a candidate for the pears, in B. C. 62, as legate of L. Valerius Flaccus
curule aedileship in B. C. 304 ; but, although his in Asia, and in B. c. 59 as tribune of the people, in
father had been consnl, Cn. Flavius, the famous which capacity he supported the consul M. Bibulus
scribe of Appius Claudius, was preferred to him. I against the other consul, C. Julius Caesar, and the


## p. 585 (#605) ############################################

CALVINUS.
585
CALVINUS.
CALVINUS.
however, B. c. 299, he was elected
Liv. x. 9, where instead of the
e ought to read Cn. ) He was
ulship in B. c. 283, together with
labella. The name of Calvinas
during the year of his consu ship,
have been very actively engaged,
st then threatened by a coalicion
es in Italy. Stimulated bp the
Fruttians, and more especialis by
he Etruscans, Gauls, Umbrians,
k up arms against her. The se
h ihe Erruscans, attacked the
; and as the consuls were proba-
her parts of Italy, the pretor L.
t out to the relief of the place;
ile and his life near Arretium.
- Curius, sent ambassadors to the
an exchange of prisoners, but the
murdered by the Senones. In
his breach of the law of nations,
nelius Dolabella marched through
ne Sabines and Picentiars into
zes, conquered their arms and
ntry, to secure which a Rorian
Eshed in it. The events which
cribed are not mentioned by all
same succession According to
comp. Liv. Epi. 12), the murder
bassadors preceded the campaign
hereas, according to Appian, the
Della followed immediately after
he object of the embassy was to
the Senones for serving against
allies. (Comp. Niebuhr, Heste con
&c. ) In what manner Calvinus
ing this time, is not known.
saw that the Senones were er
ountry, they began to cread the
the remaining Senones and the
ched against Řome. But in erosi-
met a Roman army, and in ibe
st of the Etruscans were slain,
he Gauls escaped. Our accounts
man commanders in this battle;
Dolabella and others Calvinus
eneral, whereas it is most proba-
uls gained laurels on that day.
tribune Vatinius, who allowed himself to be used the administration of the province of Asia and the
by Caesar as a tool. Three years later, Calvinus neighbouring countries. While Caesar was en-
was praetor, and presided at the trials of L. Cal gaged in the Alexandrine war, for which Calvinus
purnius Bestia, who was accused of ambitus, and sent him two legions from Asia, the latter became
of M. Caelius, who was charged with having at- involved in a war with Pharnaces, the son of
tempted to poison Clodia. In B. c. 54 he offered Mithridates ; he was defeated in the neighbourhood
himself as a candidate for the consulship, on which of Nicopolis, and escaped with only a few remnants
occasion he, as well as his competitors, was guilty of his small army. After his return from Egypt,
of enormous bribery; and, in conjunction with C. Caesar defeated Phamnaces near Zela, and Calvinus
Memmius, he entered into a most disgraceful com- was sent to pursue the eneiny, who was compelled
pact with the consuls of the year, who were to to surrender Sinope. But soon after, a peace was
preside at the elections. The two candidates pro concluded with him. As Caesar wanted to hasten
mised to procure for the consuls in office ceriain to Italy, he left Calvinus behind to complete the
lucrative provinces by perjury, if they would lend settlement of the affairs in Asia. This does not
them their assistance in the elections, and in case appear to have occupied much time, for in the year
the plan with the provinces should fail, the candic following, B. C. 46, we find him engaged in Africa
dates promised to give to the consuls a compensa- in besieging Considius at Thisdra, and in B. C. 45,
tion in money of forty millions of sesterces. C. be was present at Rome at the time when Cicero
Memmius himself afterwards denounced the whole defended king Deiotarus. Caesar appointed Calvi-
plan to the senate; but the appointment of a court nus his magister equitum for the year following, but
to investigate the conduct of Calvinus was pre- the murder of the dictator prevented his entering
vented by intrigues. The election of the consuls upon the office.
also was delayed on account of unfavourable aus During the war of Octavianus and Antony
pices. In the beginning of October, however, all against the republicans, Calvinus was ordered by
the candidates were to be tried for ambitus ; but the former to bring over reinforcements from Brun-
they escaped judgment by the interreign which dusium to Illyricum ; but while crossing the Ionian
the party of Pompey tried to use as a means for sea, he was attacked by L Statius Murcus and
getting him appointed dictator. The interreign Cn. Domitius Abenobarbus. His ships were des-
lasted for nearly nine months, and Calvinus, who troyed, and he himself succeeded with great diffi-
had in the meantime gained the favour of Pompey culty in escaping back to Brundusium. In B. C.
by voting for the acquittal of A. Gabinius, was at 40 he was elected consul a second time ; but before
length made consul through the influence of Pom- the end of the year, he and his colleague were
pey. His colleague was M. Valerius Messalla obliged to resign, in order to make room for others.
During the year of their consulship the disturbances In the year following, he fought as proconsul against
at Rome continued: the candidates for the consul- the revolted Ceretani in Spain. Here he acted
ship for the year following, Milo, Hypsaeus, and with the greatest rigour towards his own soldiers,
Metellus Scipio, as well as P. Clodius, who sued and afterwards defeated the enemy without diffi-
for the praetorship, carried on their contests with culty. His occupations in Spain, however, appear
bribes, and had recourse even to force and violence. to have lasted for several years, for the triumph
The consuls were unable to get their successors which he celebrated for his exploits in Spain is
elected ; a decree of the senate which they effected, assigned in the triumphal Fasti to the year B. C.
that no one should obtain a foreign province till 36.
The sums of money which he had raised in
five years after he had held the consulship or prae the towns of Spain were spent partly on the cele-
torship, did not produce the desired results. Dur- bration of his triumph, and partly upon the restor-
ing an attempt of the consuls to get their successors ation of the regia on the via sacra, which had been
elected in an assembly of the people, stones were burnt down. (Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. p. 226 ; Dion
thrown at the consuls, and Calvinus was wounded. Cass. xxxviii. 6, xl. 45, 46, 56, xlii. 46, 49, xlvii.
For some years we now lose sight of Calvinus ; | 47, xlviii. 15, 32, 42; Plut. Pomp. 54, Cucs. 44,
but after the outbreak of the civil war in B. C. 49, 50, Brut. 47; Appian, B. C. ii. 76, 91, iv. 115,
we find him actively engaged in the service of 116, Mithrid. 120; Caes. B. C. ii. 42, iii. 36, &c.
Caesar's party, and commanding the cavalry under 78, &c. , 89, Bell. Alex. 34, &c. , 86, 93 ; Liv. Epit
.
Curio in Africa. After the unfortunate battle on 112; Vell. Pat. ii. 78; Suet. Caes. 35, &c. ; Fast.
the Bagradas, he advised Curio to take to flight Cap. ; Eckhel, v. p. 183. )
(L. S. )
and promised not to forsake him. In the year CALVI'NUS, L. SE'XTIUS. 1. Consul in
following, Caesar sent Calvinus with two legions B. c. 124. In the year following, he had the ad-
from Illyricum to Macedonia, where he met Metel ministration of Gaul, and carried on a war against
lus Scipio, without however any decisive engage the Salluvii. After having conquered them, he
ment taking place between them. But, according founded the colony of Aquae Sextiae. (Liv. Epit.
to Dion Cassius (xli. 51), he was driven by Faus- 61; Strab. iv. p. 180; Vell. Pat. i. 15. )
tus from Macedonia, and penetrated into Thessaly, 2. Is mentioned only by Cicero as an elegant
where he gained a victory over Metellus Scipio, orator, but of a sickly constitution, so that persons
and took several towns. When Caesar broke up might have his advice whenever they pleased, but
from Dyrrhachium to unite his forces with those of could employ him as their pleader in the courts
Calvinus, the latter was in the north of Macedonia, only when his health permitted it. (Cic. Brut. 34. )
and bad nearly fallen into the hands of Pompey, He seems to be the same as the C. Sextius who
but succeeded in effecting his union with Caesar was a friend of C. Caesar Strabo, and is described
on the frontier of Thessaly. In the battle of Phar- as one eyed. (Cic. De Orat. ii. 60, 61. ) Pighius
salia Calvinus commanded the centre, and was thinks him to be also the same as the C. Sextius
faced by Metellus Scipio.
who was praetor in B. C. 99, and afterwards ob-
After the close of the war in Thessaly, when tained Macedonia as his province. But in the pas-
Caesar went to Egypt, he entrusted to Calvinus sage of Cicero in which he is mentioned (c. Pison.
y to this victory that Calvious
of Maximus, and in B. c. 280
aoured by being made dictator.
his office in the same rear, be
- the first instance of a plebeian
t office. (Plin. H. N. xxxiL );
Liv. Epit. 13; Appian. Susisite
. 13; Eutrop. ii
. 10; Dion Cass.
3, ed. Sturz; Fast. Cap. )
I VINCS, probably a son of Vo.
Etruscan town of Luna, which
e Illyrians. He seems to have
be made the conquest. The
longs is unknown, though it is
t must hare occurred after the
zt is, after B. C 240. (Frontin.
Liv. Epit. 20; Zonar. TüL 19,
5 M. F. M. N. CALVINTS, ap
s legate of L. Valerius Flaccus
:59 as tribune of the people, in
upported the consul M. Bibujos
nsul, C. Julius Caesar, and the


## p. 586 (#606) ############################################

886
CALVUS.
CALVUS.
.
34) the better MSS. read Sentius instead of Sex- | elected to this office, but declined it on account of
tius.
(L. S. ] his advanced age. (Liv. v. 18. )
CALVI'NUS, T. VETU'RIUS, was twice con- 3. C. Licinius CALVUK, a son of No. 2, was
sul, in B. c. 334 and 321. In his second consul- consular tribune in B. c. 377, and magister equitum
ship he and his colleague Sp. Postumius Albinus to the dictator P. Manlius in B. c. 368,-an office
commanded the Roman army at Caudium against which was then conferred upon a plebeian for the
the Samnites, where the Romans suffered the well- first time. (Liv. vi. 31, 39; Diod. xv. 57. ) Plu-
known defeat, and passed under the yoke. The larch (Camill. 39) considers this magister equitum
consuls concluded a treaty with the Samnites; but to be the same as the filmous law-giver C. Licinius
as this treaty was not approved of by the Romans, Calvus Stolo, who was then tribune of the people ;
the consuls who had concluded it, and several other but it is inconceivable that a tribune should have
officers, were delivered up to the Samnites. (Liv. held the office of magister equitum. Dion Cassius
viii. 16, ix. 1, 6, 10; Appian, Samnit. 6; Cic. De (Fragm. 33) likewise calls the magister equitum
Senec. 12, De Off. iii. 30; comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of erroneously Licinius Stolo. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist.
Rome, iii. p. 211, &c. )
[L. S. ] of Rome, iïi. p. 27, n. 35. )
CALVI'SIUS, a client of Junia Silana. This 4 C. LICINIUS Calvus, surnamed STOLO, which
lady had been grievously injured by Agrippina, he derived, it is said, from the care with which he
and now resolved to take vengeance. She there- dug up the shoots that sprung up from the roots of
fore sent Calvisius and a fellow-client to bring his vines. He brought the contest between the
against Agrippina the charge of endeavouring to patricians and plebeians to a crisis and a happy
place Rubellius Plautus on the throne instead of termination, and thus became the founder of Rome's
Nero. It was 80 contrived that the charge came greatness. He was tribune of the people from B. C.
to the emperor's ears in a round-about way, and 376 to 367, and was faithfully supported in his
did not appear an intentional denunciation. Here exertions by his colleague L. Sextius. The laws
upon, Nero resolved to put Agrippina to death; which he proposed were : 1. That in future no
but the monstrous deed was yet deferred for a few more consular tribunes should be appointed, but
years, and Junia Silana and her two clients were that consuls should be elected as in former times,
sent into exile ; but after the murder of Agrippina one of whom should always be a plebeian. 2. That
they were all recalled. (Tac. Ann. xiii.