We know that the apostle was endued with such grace of the Spirit, that he ought to have moved stones; and yet he could not, after long
disputing
and testifying, win all men unto Christ.
Calvin Commentary - Acts - c
Yet Luke doth not declare what good he did, save only that the barbarians gave him and his fellows victual and necessary things when they loosed from the haven.
In the mean season, we must note, that though Paul might have withdrawn himself, and have escaped many ways, yet was the will of God to him instead of voluntary fetters, because he was often cited by the heavenly oracle to appear before the judgment-seat of Nero to bear witness of Christ.
Again, he knew that if he should run away, he could no longer have preached the gospel, but should have lurked in some corner during his whole life.
11. In a ship of Alexandria. By these words, Luke giveth us to understand, that the former ship was either drowned, or else so rent and beaten, that it served for no use afterward; whereby the greatness of the shipwreck doth the better appear. And he setteth down expressly that the badge of the ship of Alexandria, wherein they were carried to Rome, was Castor and Pollux, that we may know that Paul had not liberty granted to sail with such as were like to himself; but was enforced to enter into a ship which was dedicated to two idols. The old poets did feign that Castor and Pollux came of Jupiter and Leda; for which cause they are called in Greek ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ; which word Luke useth in this place, as if you should say, Jupiter's sons. Again, they said 667 that they are the sign in the zodiac called Gemini. There was also another superstition among the mariners, that those fine exhalations which appear
666 "Nam quam difficilis et lenta sit dysenteriae curatio," for since the cure of dysentery is slow and difficult.
667 "Fabulati," they fabled.
327
Acts 28:7-14
? ? Acts 28:7-14
? in tempests are the very same. Therefore, in times past, they were thought to be gods of the seas, and were therefore called upon as at this day, Nicholas and Clement, and such like. Yea, as in Popery, they retain the old errors, changing the names only; so at this day they worship these exhalations under the name of Saint Hermes, or Saint Ermus. And because if one exhalation appear alone, it is a doleful token; but if two together, (as Pliny writeth) then they foreshow a prosperous course. To the end the mariners of Alexandria might have both Castor and Pollux to favor them, they had both for the badge of their ship. Therefore, as touching them, the ship was polluted with wicked sacrilege; but because Paul did not make choice thereof, of his own accord, he is not polluted thereby.
And surely seeing an idol is nothing, it cannot infect the creatures of God, but that the faithful may use them purely and lawfully. And we must needs think thus, that all those blots wherewith Satan doth go about to stain the creatures of God through his juggling, are washed away by no other means but by a good and pure conscience, whereas the wicked and ungodly do defile those things which are of themselves pure, though they do but touch them. Finally, Paul was no more defiled by entering into this ship, than when he did behold the altars at Athens; because, being void of all superstition, he knew that all the rites of the Gentiles were mere illusions. Again, the men could not think that he did agree to that profane error; for if he had been to do any worship to Castor and Pollux, though it had been only for fashion's sake, he would rather have died a thousand deaths than once have yielded.
Therefore, because he needed not to fear any offense, he entereth the ship without any more ado; and undoubtedly he did this heavily, and with inward sorrow; because he saw the honor which is due to God alone given to vain inventions. Therefore, this ought to be numbered among his exercises, in that he had those to be his guides, who thought that they were governed of idols, and had committed their ship to their tuition.
12. When we were come to Syracuse. Luke prosecuteth the residue of the course of their sailing, that they arrived first in Sicilia. And after that they set a compass 668 by reason of the tempest and raging of the sea, and sailed over into Italy. And as that haven whereof Luke speaketh in this place is the most famous haven of all Sicilia, so is it farther from the coast of Italy than is that of Messina, over against which is Rhegium, whereof he maketh mention. And it is in the country of the Brutians, as is Puteoli, a city of Campania. But forasmuch as the brethren kept Paul at Puteoli seven days, by this we gather how favorably and gently the centurion handled Paul. Neither do I doubt but that the holy man would have made him a faithful promise that he would always return in due time. But he was persuaded of his up- rightness, so that he was not afraid that he would deceive him. And now we gather out of this place, that the seed of the gospel was then sown abroad, seeing there was some body of the Church even at Puteoli.
? ? 668 "Oblique. . . trajecerint," they made an indirect passage.
328
Acts 28:15-20
? ? Acts 28:15-20
? 15. And when the brethren had heard of us from thence, they came out to meet us at Appii Forum, and at The three Taverns; whom when Paul saw, he gave thanks to God, and waxed bold. 16. And when we were come to Rome, the centurion delivered the pris- oners to the chief captain of the host; but Paul was suffered to dwell alone with a soldier which kept him. 17. And after three days Paul called together the chief of the Jews; and when they were come, he said to them, Men and brethren, though I have done nothing against the people, or ordinances of the elders, yet was I delivered a prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans. 18. Which, when they had examined me, they would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me. 19. But when the Jews spake contrary, I was enforced to appeal to Caesar: not as if I have anything to accuse my nation of. 20. For this cause, therefore, have I sent for you, that I might see you, and speak to you; for the hope of Israel am I bound with this chain.
? ? ? 15. When the brethren heard. God did comfort Paul by the coming of the brethren who came forth to meet him, that he might the more joyfully make haste to defend the gospel. And the zeal and godly care of the brethren appeareth therein, in that they inquire for Paul's coming, and go out to meet him. For it was at that time not only an odious thing to profess the Christian faith, but it might also bring them in hazard of their life. Neither did a few men only put themselves in private danger, because the envy redounded to the whole Church. But nothing is more dear to them than their duty wherein they could not be negligent, unless they would be counted sluggish and unthankful. It had been a cruel fact to neglect so great an apostle of Jesus Christ, especially seeing he labored for the common salvation.
And now forasmuch as he had written to them before, and had of his own accord offered his service to them, it had been an unseemly thing not to repay to him brotherly goodwill and courtesy. Therefore, the brethren did, by this their dutifulness, testify their godliness toward Christ; and Paul's desire was more inflamed, because he saw fruit prepared for his constancy. For though he were endued with invincible strength, 669 so that he did not depend upon man's help; yet God, who useth to strengthen his by means of men, did minister to him new strength by this means. Though he were afterward forsaken when he was in prison, as he complaineth in a certain place, (2 Timothy 4:16) yet he did not despair; but did fight no less valiantly and manfully under Christ's banner, than if he had been guarded with a great army. But the remembrance of this meeting did serve even then to encourage him, seeing he did consider with himself that there were many godly brethren at Rome, but they were weak, and that he was sent to strengthen them. And there is no cause why we should
? 669 "Fortitudine," fortitude.
329
Acts 28:15-20
? marvel that Paul was emboldened at this present when he saw the brethren, because he did hope that the confession his faith would yield no small fruit. For so often as God showeth to his servants any fruit of their labor, he doth, as it were, prick them forward with a goad, that they may proceed more courageously in their work.
16. The centurion delivered the prisoners. Luke doth signify that Paul had more liberty granted him than the rest; for his condition and estate was peculiar. For he was suffered to dwell in an house by himself, having one keeper with him, whereas the rest were shut up in the common prison. For the general captain 670 knew by Festus' report that Paul was guiltless; and the centurion, as it is likely, did faithfully rehearse such things as might serve to bring him into favor. Notwithstanding, let us know that God did govern 671 from heaven the bonds of his servant; not only that he might ease him of his trouble, but that the faithful might have freer access unto him. For he would not have the treasure of his faith shut up in prison, but he would have it laid open, that it might enrich many far and wide. And yet Paul was not so at liberty, but that he did always carry a chain. Luke calleth the general captain ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , who was appointed over the army which kept the city, as histories make mention. 672
17. And after three days. Paul's humanity 673 was wonderful, in that, though he had suffered such cruel injuries of his nation, he studied, notwithstanding, to appease the Jews which are at Rome, and he excuseth himself to them, lest they hate his cause, because they hear that the priests do hate him. He might well have excused himself before men, if he passed over these Jews and turned himself to the Gentiles. For though he had continually, in divers places, essayed to bring them to Christ, yet they were more and more nettled and moved; 674 and yet he had omitted nothing, neither in Asia, nor in Greece, neither at Jerus- alem, which might mitigate their fury. Therefore, all men would have justly pardoned him, if he had let those alone whom he had so often tried [experienced] to be of desperate pride. 675 But because he knew that his Master was given of his Father to be the minister of the Jews, to fulfill the promises whereby God had adopted to himself the seed of Abraham to be his people; he looketh unto the calling of God, and is never weary. He saw that he must remain at Rome, seeing he had liberty granted to teach, he would not that they should be deprived of the fruit of his labor. Secondly, he would not have them moved through hatred
? 670
671
672
to whom it is well known from history that office belonged.
673 "Mausuetudo," meekness.
674 "Exacerbati," exasperated.
675 "Pervicaciae," obstinacy and petulance.
"Praefectus," the praefect.
"Moderatum," temper.
"Praefectum praetorio cujus illud officium fuisse ex historiis satis notum est," praefect of the praetorium,
330
Acts 28:15-20
? of his cause to trouble the Church; because a small occasion might have caused great destruc- tion. Therefore, Paul meant to beware, lest, according to their wonted madness, they should set all on fire. 676
I have done nothing against the people. These two things might have made the Jews hate him; either because he should have done hurt to the commonwealth of his nation, as some runagates did increase their bondage, which was too cruel, through their treachery; or because he should have done somewhat against the worship of God; for though the Jews were grown out of kind, 677 and religion was depraved and corrupted among them with many errors, yet the very name of the law and the worship of the temple were greatly reverenced. Further- more, Paul denieth not but that he did freely omit those ceremonies whereto the Jews were superstitiously tied; yet he cleareth himself of the crime of revolting whereof he might be suspected. Therefore, understand those ordinances of the fathers, whereby the children of Abraham, and the disciples of Moses ought, according to their faith, to have been distin- guished from the rest of the Gentiles. And surely in that he did cleave so holily to Christ, who is the soul and perfection of the law, he is so far from impairing the ordinances of the fathers, that none did better observe the same.
19. I was enforced to appeal. This appeal was full of hatred and envy for this cause, be- cause the authority and liberty of the Jewish nation did seem to be sore opprest, who could have been content to have lived with their own laws. Secondly, because his defense was joined with infamy and loss of all the people. Therefore he answereth this objection also, because he was enforced with the stubbornness of his enemies to fly to this fortress [asylum]. For he is excused by necessity, because he had no other way to escape death. And after that he had excused that which was done already, he promiseth that he will so handle his matter hereafter, 678 that he will not labor against the Jews.
20. For the hope of Israel. We must understand much more under these words than Luke expresseth; as we gather out of the answer, where the Jews speak of the sect; to wit, repeating his speech, which Luke omitteth. Therefore Paul intreated of Christ, that it might plainly appear that neither the law nor the temple did profit the Jews anything without him; because the covenant of adoption is grounded in him, and the promise of salvation is in him confirmed. Neither did they doubt but that the restoring of the kingdom did depend upon the coming of the Messias; and even at that time their misery and decay did increase the hope and desire of him. Wherefore Paul saith, for good causes, that he is bound for the hope of Israel. Whereby we be also taught, that no man doth hope aright, but he which
? 676 "Pessimi incendii faces essent," they should be torches to kindle a very bad fire.
677 "Degeneres," degenerate.
678 "Ita causam suam acturum," will so plead his cause.
331
looketh unto Christ and his spiritual kingdom; for when he placeth the hope of the godly in Christ, he excludeth all other hopes.
Acts 28:15-20
? ? 332
Acts 28:21-24
? ? Acts 28:21-24
? 21. But they said unto him, We neither received letters from Judea touching thee, neither did any of the brethren come and show us or speak any evil of thee. 22. But we will hear of thee what thou thinkest; for as concerning that sect, we know that it is spoken against everywhere. 23. And when they had appointed him a day, many came to him to his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, and persuaded them of Jesus out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till night. 24. And certain believed those things which were spoken, but certain believed not.
? ? ? 21. Neither by letters. The priests and scribes did not hold their peace, because they were become more gentle towards Paul, or to the end they might spare him; that proceeded rather of contempt, or else of despair, because they neither knew how to oppress him when he was so far from them, and his carrying into Italy was 679 to them instead of a grave. For they did lord it no less carelessly than proudly, so that nobody did trouble them at home. Furthermore, though the Jews come not altogether rightly prepared to hear, yet they show some desire to learn, when as they do not refuse to hear the defense of his doctrine, which is spoken against everywhere. For many do stop the way before themselves with this prejudice, because they cannot abide to hear that which is refused by common judgment, but subscribe to the opinion of other men to the condemning of doctrine which they know not. Nevertheless, this is not without fault (as I said) that they object gainsaying to cause hatred, or to procure evil suspicion; as if it had not been said before by Isaiah, that God should be a stone of offense to all the people. It is uncertain, whether upon the day appointed Paul disputed all the day, or they reasoned one with another; save only, because we may guess, by the circumstance of time, that Paul did not continue speaking still. 680 For he could scarce have framed a speech which could have continued from morning to night. Wherefore I do not doubt, but that after the apostle had briefly expounded the sum of the gospel, he granted liberty to the hearers to propound questions, 681 and did make answer to the questions which were objected to him.
But we must note the state of the disputation, which Luke saith is double. For Paul taught first, after what sort the kingdom of God was amongst them, and principally what manner [of] chief felicity and glory that was which was promised to them, which the prophets do so highly extol. For seeing that many of them did dream of a frail estate of the kingdom of God in the world, and did place the same falsely in idleness, pleasure, and in
? 679 "Videri poterat," might seem.
680 "Uno tenore," without stopping.
681 "Vicissim," in their turn.
333
Acts 28:21-24
? plenty of present good things, it was necessary that it should be rightly defined, that they might know that the kingdom of God is spiritual, whose beginning is newness of life, and the end thereof blessed immortality and the heavenly glory. Secondly, Paul exhorted them to receive Christ, the author of the promised felicity.
And, again, this second point had two members, for it could not be handled profitably and soundly unless he did expound the office of the promised Redeemer; secondly, unless he did show that he is already given, and that the Son of Mary is he in whom the fathers hoped. It was indeed a common maxim among the Jews, that the Messias should come and restore all things into perfect order.
But Paul labored another point, which was not so well known; that the Messias was promised, who should, with the sacrifice of his death, make satisfaction for the sins of the world; who should reconcile God to men; who should purchase eternal righteousness; who should fashion men after the image of God, being regenerate with his Spirit; who should, finally, make his faithful servants heirs with him of eternal life; and that all those things were fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ crucified. He could not intreat of those things; but he must needs call back the Jews from gross and earthly inventions into heaven, and also take away the stumbling-block of the cross, seeing he taught that there was no other way or means whereby we are reconciled with God.
And let us note, that (as Luke doth testify) Paul took all that which he spake of Christ out of the law and prophets. For true religion differeth from all feigned religions, because the word of God alone is the rule thereof. Also the Church of God differeth from all profane sects in this, because it heareth him speak alone, and is governed by his commandment. And now by this we see the agreement that is between the Old and the New Testaments to establish the faith of Christ; secondly, that double profit of the Scripture which the same Paul commendeth in another place, to wit, that it is sufficient as well to instruct those which are willing to learn, as to refute the stubbornness of those which set themselves against the truth (2 Timothy 3:16; Titus 1:9). Therefore, let those who desire to be wise with sobriety, and to teach others well, appoint themselves these bounds, that they utter nothing but out of the pure fountain of the word. The philosophers deal otherwise, who contend only with reasons, because they have no sound authority, whom the Papists imitate too much, who set apart the oracles of God, and lean only to the inventions of man's brain, that is, to mere folly.
24. Some believed. Luke declareth that this was at length the success of the disputation, that they did not all profit 682 in the same doctrine.
We know that the apostle was endued with such grace of the Spirit, that he ought to have moved stones; and yet he could not, after long disputing and testifying, win all men unto Christ. Wherefore, let us not marvel, if the
? 682 "Pariter," equally.
334
Acts 28:21-24
? unbelief of many do at this day resist the plain doctrine of the gospel, and if many remain obstinate, to whom the truth of Christ is no less made manifest than the sun at noon-day. Moreover, those return from Paul blind and blockish, who came unto him willingly, as if they had been desirous to learn. If there were such stubbornness in voluntary hearers, what marvel is it if those refuse Christ with a malicious 683 mind, who swell with pride and malice, [bitterness] and do openly fly and hate the light?
? ? 683 "Amarulento," bitter.
335
Acts 28:25-31
? ? Acts 28:25-31
? 25. And when they could not agree, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias to our fathers, 26. Saying, Go to this people, and say, Ye shall hear with your ears, and not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive; 27. For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull with hearing, and with their eyes they have winked, lest at any time they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and they be converted, and I heal them. 28. Be it known therefore unto you, that this salvation of God is sent to the Gentiles, and they shall hear it. 29. And when he had said these things, the Jews went out from him, and had great reasoning among themselves. 30. And Paul remained two years full in a thing he had hired for himself, 684 and he received all those which came in unto him, 31. Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus, with all boldness, and no man did let [hinder] him.
? ? ? 25. And when they could not The malice and frowardness of the unfaithful is the cause of this, that Christ, who is our peace, and the only bond of holy unity, is an occasion of dis- sension, and doth cause those to go together by the ears who were friends before. For, behold, when the Jews come together to hear Paul, they think all one thing; and speak all one thing; they do all profess that they embrace the law of Moses. So soon as they hear the doctrine of reconciliation, there ariseth dissension among them, so that they are divided. 685 And yet for all this we must not think that the preaching of the gospel is the cause of discord; but that privy displeasure, which lurked before in their malicious minds, doth then break out; and as the brightness of the sun doth not color things otherwise than they were, but doth plainly show the difference, which was none so long as it was dark. Therefore, seeing God doth illuminate his elect peculiarly, and faith is not common to all men, let us remember that it cannot be but that, so soon as Christ cometh abroad, there will be a division among men. But then let us call to mind that which Simon foretold of him, that he shall be a sign which shall be spoken against, that the thoughts of many hearts may be disclosed (Luke 2:34, 35) and that unbelief which striveth against God is the mother of dissension.
After that Paul. At the first he went about to allure them meekly and gently; now, so soon as he espieth their obstinacy, he inveigheth sharply, and doth severely denounce the judgment of God. For the rebellious must be handled thus, whose pride cannot be tamed with plain doctrine. The same order must we keep; we must gently govern those who are apt to be taught and gentle, but we must cite the stubborn unto God's judgment-seat.
? 684 "In suo conducto," in his hired room.
685 "In diversas partes," into different parties.
336
Acts 28:25-31
? Whereas he bringeth in rather the Holy Ghost speaking than the prophet, it maketh to the credit of the oracle. For seeing God requireth that he alone be heard, doctrine cannot other- wise be of authority, than if we know that it did proceed from him, and that it did not issue out of man's brain. Again, he declareth therewithal that the stubbornness of one age only is not there noted, but that the oracle of the Spirit is extended unto the time to come.
26. Go to this people. This is a notable place, because it is cited six times in the New Testament, (Matthew 13:14; John 12:40; Romans 11:8; Mark 4:12; Luke 8:10) but because it is brought in elsewhere to another end, we must mark for what purpose Paul applieth it unto the present cause; namely, he meant with this, as with a mallet, to beat in pieces the hardness and frowardness of the wicked, and to encourage the faithful, who were as yet weak and tender, lest the unbelief of others should trouble them.
Therefore, the sum is, that that was fulfilled which was foretold by the prophet, and that, therefore, there is no cause why the reprobate should flatter themselves, or that the faithful should be terrified, as it were, with some new unwonted thing. And though it be certain that this blindness whereof the prophet spake began in his time, yet John showeth that it did properly appertain unto the kingdom of Christ. Therefore, Paul doth fitly apply it unto that contempt of the gospel which he saw; as if he should have said, This is the very same thing which the Holy Ghost foretold in times past by the mouth of Isaiah. And though this place be diversely applied not only by the Evangelists, but also by Paul himself, the show of contrariety is easily put away and answered. Matthew, Mark, and Luke, say that this prophecy was fulfilled when Christ spake by parables unto the people, and did not reveal to them the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven. For then the unfaithful heard the voice of God with their outward ears, but they did not profit thereby. John saith in a sense not much unlike to this, that the, Jews were not brought to believe, no, not with many miracles, (John 12:37) so that this same prophecy of the prophet was fulfilled.
Therefore, these four agree in this, that it came to pass by the just judgment of God, that the reprobate in hearing should not hear, and in seeing should not see. Now, Paul calleth to mind that which the prophet did testify concerning the Jews, lest any man wonder at their blindness. Furthermore, in the Epistle to the Romans, (Romans 11:5, 7) he mounteth higher, showing that this is the cause of blindness, because God doth give the light of faith only to the remnant whom he hath chosen freely. And surely it is certain that because the reprobate reject the doctrine of salvation, this cometh to pass through their own malice, and that therefore they themselves are to be blamed. But this next cause doth not let but that the secret election of God may distinguish between men; that those may believe who are ordained to life, and that the other may remain blockish. I will not stand long about the words of the prophet, because I have expounded the same elsewhere. Neither did Paul curiously recite the words which are in the prophet; but did rather apply his words unto his purpose. Therefore, he imputeth that making blind, which the prophet attributeth to the
337
Acts 28:25-31
? secret judgment of God, to their malice. For the prophet is commanded to stop the eyes of his hearers; and Paul in this place accuseth the unbelieving of his time, because they shut their own eyes. Though he setteth down both things distinctly, that God is the author of their blindness, and that yet, notwithstanding, they shut their own eyes, and become blind of their own accord; as these two things do very well agree together, as we said elsewhere.
In the last remember where it is said, Lest they see with their eyes, or hear with their ears, or understand with their heart; God showeth how clear his doctrine is, to wit, that it is sufficient to lighten all the senses, unless men do maliciously darken themselves; as Paul also teacheth in another place, that his gospel is plain, so that none can be blind in the light thereof, save those who are ordained to destruction, whose eyes Satan hath blinded, (2 Corinthians 4:3).
Lest they be converted, and I heal them. By this we gather that the Word of God is not set before all men that they may return to soundness of mind; but that the external voice soundeth in the ears of many, without the effectual working of the Spirit, only that they may be made inexcusable. And here the pride of flesh doth rashly murmur against God; as we see many object, that men are called in vain, yea, absurdly, unless it be in their power to obey; though we see no reason why God appeareth to the blind, and speaketh to the deaf; yet his will alone, which is the rule of all righteousness, ought to be to us instead of a thousand reasons.
In the conclusion, we must note the wholesome effect of the Word of God; namely, the conversion of men, which is not only the beginning of health, but also a certain resurrection from death to life.
28. Therefore be it. Lest the Jews may afterward accuse him of revolting, because he forsaketh the holy stock of Abraham, and goeth to the profane Gentiles; he denounceth that which the prophets did so often testify, that the salvation whereof they were the proper, at least the principal 686 heirs, should be translated unto strangers. Notwithstanding, whereas he saith that salvation was sent to the Gentiles, he meaneth, in the second place, to wit, after that the Jews had rejected it, as we have said before more at large (Acts 13:46) Therefore, the sense is, that there is no cause why the Jews should complain if the Gentiles be admitted into the void possession after that they have forsaken it. Neither doth he make faith common to all the Gentiles in general, when he saith that they shall hear. For he had full well tried, that even many of the Gentiles did wickedly resist God, but he setteth so many of the Gentiles as believed against the unbelieving Jews, that he may provoke them unto jealousy; as it is in the Song of Moses (Deuteronomy 32:21). In the mean season, he signifieth that the doctrine which they refuse shall profit others.
? 686 "Primarii," primary.
338
Acts 28:25-31
? 29. Having much reasoning. No doubt, the wicked were more nettled because he cited the prophecy against them; for they are so far from waxing meek when they are reproved, that they are more inflamed with fury. This is the reason why they reasoned 687 when they were gone out from Paul, because the more part would not be quiet. But seeing there was such disputing, it appeareth that some did so embrace those things which Paul had spoken, that they doubted not to defend and stoutly to avouch that which they believed. But it is in vain for any man to object thereupon, that the gospel of Christ is the seed of contention, which cometh undoubtedly from man's pride and waywardness; and assuredly, if we will have peace with God, we must strive against 688 those which contemn him.
30. He received all. The apostle showed an excellent example of constancy, in that he offered himself so willingly to all those which were desirous to hear him. Surely he was not ignorant what great hatred he did purchase; and that this was his best way, if by holding his peace he might appease the hatred of his adversaries. For a man being desirous to provide for himself alone would not have done thus; but because he remembered that he was no less the servant of Christ, and a preacher of the gospel, when he was in prison, than if he had been at liberty, he thought it was not lawful for him to withdraw himself from any which was ready to learn, lest he should foreslow [neglect] the occasion which was offered him by God, and therefore he did more regard the holy calling of God than his own life. And that we may know that he did incur danger willingly, Luke doth shortly after expressly commend his boldness, as if he should say, that setting all fear aside, he did faithfully obey the com- mandment of God, neither was he terrified with any danger, 689 but did proceed to take pains with whomsoever he met.
Preaching the kingdom of God. He doth not separate the kingdom of God, and those things which belong to Christ, as diverse things, but doth rather add the second thing by way of exposition, that we may know that the kingdom of God is grounded and contained in the knowledge of the redemption purchased by Christ. Therefore, Paul taught that men are strangers 690 and foreigners from the kingdom of God, until having their sins done away they be reconciled to God, and be renewed into holiness of life by the Spirit; and that the kingdom of God is then erected, and doth then flourish among them, when Christ the Me- diator doth join them to the Father, having both their sins freely forgiven them, and being also regenerate unto righteousness, that beginning the heavenly life upon earth, they may always have a longing desire to come to heaven, where they shall fully and perfectly enjoy glory. Also, Luke setteth forth a singular benefit of God, in that Paul had so great liberty
? 687 "Disceptaverunt," disputed.
688 "Bellare necesse est," we must of necessity war with.
689 "Ullis difficultatibus," by any difficulties.
690 "Exules," exiles.
339
Acts 28:25-31
? granted him. For that came not to pass through the winking and dissimulation of those who could hinder it, seeing they did detest religion, but because the Lord did shut their eyes. Wherefore, it is not without cause that Paul himself doth boast that the Word of God was not bound with his bonds (2 Timothy 2:9).
? ? 340
Indexes
Indexes
? 341
Genesis
1:27 5:24 8:21 9:4 9:9 17:13 17:13 39:5
Exodus
3:21 8:8 8:32 14:31 22:28
Leviticus
16:29 18:5
Numbers
12:6
Deuteronomy
12:23 17:18 27:26 30:11 30:12 32:21 32:39
Judges
7:22
2 Kings
2:11 4:34 19:15
Job
4:7
Psalms
14:3 23:4 27:3 27:3 69:9 69:10 73:4 80:1 81:10 95:7 95:8 115:3 116:10 132:14 138:8
Proverbs
19:17 21:30
Isaiah
8:10 9:2 11:1 20:2 23:18 37:6 42:16 49:6 53:4-8 60:2 66:1
Jeremiah
1:19 5:3 27:2 32:7
Ezekiel
3:18 3:18 3:20 12:5 34:4
Daniel
9:24
Malachi
3:1
Matthew
3:6 3:8 3:15 5:9 5:22 5:39 10:10 11:30 11:30 13:14 22:29 23:13 27:52 28:1 28:20
Mark
1:25 4:12
Luke
Index of Scripture References
? Index of Scripture References
342
1:16 1:76 2:29 2:34 2:35 4:35 8:10 10:24 10:39 21:18 23:5 24:1
John
1:4 4:22 4:24 5:29 7:18 8:44 10:16 12:37 12:40 17:6 20:1
Acts
1:5 5:34 5:36 5:41 6:5 7:49 9:36 10:26 10:47 11:6 11:28 12:12 12:23 13:46 13:51 14:1-4 14:5-10 14:11-13 14:14-18 14:17 14:19-22 14:23 14:23-28 15:1-5 15:6-11 15:9 15:12-18 15:19-21 15:20 15:22-29 15:30-35 15:36-41 16:1-5 16:6-10 16:11-15 16:16-22 16:23-28 16:29-34 16:35-40 16:37 17:1-4 17:5-10 17:11 17:11-15 17:16-21 17:22-25 17:26-29 17:30-34 18:1-5 18:6-11 18:12-17 18:18-23 18:24-28 19:1-7 19:8-12 19:13-17 19:18-22 19:23-28 19:29-34 19:35-40 20:1-6 20:4 20:7-13 20:14-21 20:22-27 20:28-32 20:33-38 21:1-6 21:7-14 21:15-25 21:18 21:26-30 21:31-40 22:1-5 22:6-11 22:12-15 22:17-22 22:23-30 23:1-5 23:6-9 23:10-16 23:11 23:17-24 23:25-35 24:1-9 24:10-21 24:22-27 25:1-8 25:9-12 25:13-21 25:22-27 26:1-8 26:9-18 26:19-23 26:23 26:24-32 27:1-8 27:9-20 27:21-32 27:33-44 28:1-6 28:7-14 28:15-20 28:21-24 28:25-31
Romans
1:16 1:20 1:21 1:23 1:25 2:12 3:11 4:10 8:7 11:5 11:5 11:7 11:8 11:33 13:3 14:1 14:2 14:14 14:17 15:9 15:10 15:11 16:25 16:25
1 Corinthians
1:1 1:14 1:26 2:3 3:6 3:6 4:6 6:1 7:19 7:20 8:8 9:2 9:12 9:14 9:15 9:15 9:20 9:20 10:25 10:25 10:25 11:6 11:19 13:12 14:3 14:24 15:23 15:23
2 Corinthians
2:15 2:16 3:7 3:15 4:3 4:3 6:5 6:5 7:5 11:2 11:8 11:10 11:14 11:25 11:27 12:1
Galatians
1:8 2:3 2:9 3:2 3:24 3:26 4:4 4:10 5:1 6:6 6:17 6:17
Ephesians
2:10 2:12 2:14 2:14 3:9 4:1 4:6 4:11 4:23
Philippians
1:6 1:18 3:20 3:21 4:6 4:10 4:16
Colossians
2:11 2:11 2:12 2:14 2:16
1 Thessalonians
2:13
2 Thessalonians
2:11 2:12
1 Timothy
2:4 2:8 3 4:7 4:8 5:17 5:17
2 Timothy
Index of Scripture References
? 343
2:9 2:24 4:2 4:14 4:16
Titus
1:7 1:9 1:9 1:14 1:15 1:15 1:18 1:20 3:3 3:7 3:9 3:10 3:16 3:16
Hebrews
1:1 3:7 3:8 11:3 13:8
James
1:10
1 Peter
1:5 2:13
2 Peter
2:8
Index of Scripture References
? 344
Acts
14 14:1 14:2 14:3 14:4 14:5 14:8 14:9 14:10 14:11 14:13 14:14 14:15 14:16 14:17 14:18 14:19 14:20 14:22 14:23 14:24 14:26 14:27 15 15:1 15:2 15:3 15:4 15:5 15:6 15:7 15:9 15:10 15:11 15:12 15:13 15:15 15:16 15:17 15:18 15:19 15:20 15:21 15:22 15:24 15:25 15:28 15:30 15:31 15:32 15:33 15:36 15:37 16 16:1 16:3 16:4 16:5 16:6 16:9 16:10 16:11 16:13 16:14 16:15 16:16 16:18 16:19 16:20 16:21 16:22 16:23 16:26 16:27 16:29 16:30 16:31 16:33 16:34 16:35 16:37 16:40 17 17:1 17:2 17:3 17:4 17:5 17:6 17:7 17:8 17:10 17:11 17:12 17:13 17:16 17:17 17:18 17:19 17:22 17:23 17:24 17:25 17:26 17:27 17:28 17:29 17:30 17:31 17:32 17:34 18 18:1 18:2 18:3 18:4 18:6 18:7 18:9 18:10 18:11 18:12 18:15 18:17 18:18 18:22 18:24 18:25 18:26 18:27 18:28 19 19:1 19:2 19:4 19:5 19:8 19:9 19:10 19:11 19:13 19:16 19:17 19:18 19:19 19:20 19:21 19:23 19:25 19:27 19:29 19:30 19:33 19:34 19:35 19:37 20 20:1 20:3 20:7 20:9 20:10 20:13 20:16 20:18 20:19 20:20 20:21 20:22 20:23 20:24 20:25 20:26 20:28 20:29 20:30 20:31 20:32 20:33 20:34 20:36 20:37 21 21:1 21:4 21:5 21:7 21:9 21:10 21:12 21:14 21:15 21:17 21:18 21:19 21:22 21:23 21:24 21:25 21:26 21:27 21:28 21:30 21:31 21:32 21:34 21:37 22 22:1 22:2 22:3 22:4 22:6 22:9 22:10 22:12 22:14 22:16 22:17 22:18 22:19 22:22 22:24 22:25 22:26 22:28 23 23:1 23:2 23:3 23:4 23:5 23:6 23:8 23:9 23:10 23:11 23:12 23:14 23:16 23:17 23:19 23:25 23:27 23:29 23:30 23:32 24 24:1 24:2 24:5 24:6 24:8 24:10 24:11 24:12 24:14 24:15 24:16 24:17 24:19 24:21 24:23 24:25 24:26 24:27 25 25:1 25:5 25:7 25:9 25:10 25:11 25:12 25:13 25:14 25:18 25:22 25:23 25:26 26 26:2 26:4 26:6 26:7 26:8 26:9 26:10 26:13 26:16 26:17 26:18 26:19 26:21 26:24 26:25 26:26 26:28 26:31 27 27:1 27:2 27:3 27:9 27:11 27:15 27:21 27:23 27:24 27:25 27:30 27:33 27:35 27:37 27:38 27:41 27:42 28 28:1 28:4 28:5 28:6 28:7 28:8 28:11 28:12 28:15 28:16 28:17 28:19 28:20 28:21 28:24 28:25 28:26 28:28 28:29 28:30
Index of Scripture Commentary
? Index of Scripture Commentary
345
Index of Greek Words and Phrases
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 230
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 135
? ? ? ? : 324 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 81 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 55 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 273 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 171 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 246 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 246 246 ?
11. In a ship of Alexandria. By these words, Luke giveth us to understand, that the former ship was either drowned, or else so rent and beaten, that it served for no use afterward; whereby the greatness of the shipwreck doth the better appear. And he setteth down expressly that the badge of the ship of Alexandria, wherein they were carried to Rome, was Castor and Pollux, that we may know that Paul had not liberty granted to sail with such as were like to himself; but was enforced to enter into a ship which was dedicated to two idols. The old poets did feign that Castor and Pollux came of Jupiter and Leda; for which cause they are called in Greek ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ; which word Luke useth in this place, as if you should say, Jupiter's sons. Again, they said 667 that they are the sign in the zodiac called Gemini. There was also another superstition among the mariners, that those fine exhalations which appear
666 "Nam quam difficilis et lenta sit dysenteriae curatio," for since the cure of dysentery is slow and difficult.
667 "Fabulati," they fabled.
327
Acts 28:7-14
? ? Acts 28:7-14
? in tempests are the very same. Therefore, in times past, they were thought to be gods of the seas, and were therefore called upon as at this day, Nicholas and Clement, and such like. Yea, as in Popery, they retain the old errors, changing the names only; so at this day they worship these exhalations under the name of Saint Hermes, or Saint Ermus. And because if one exhalation appear alone, it is a doleful token; but if two together, (as Pliny writeth) then they foreshow a prosperous course. To the end the mariners of Alexandria might have both Castor and Pollux to favor them, they had both for the badge of their ship. Therefore, as touching them, the ship was polluted with wicked sacrilege; but because Paul did not make choice thereof, of his own accord, he is not polluted thereby.
And surely seeing an idol is nothing, it cannot infect the creatures of God, but that the faithful may use them purely and lawfully. And we must needs think thus, that all those blots wherewith Satan doth go about to stain the creatures of God through his juggling, are washed away by no other means but by a good and pure conscience, whereas the wicked and ungodly do defile those things which are of themselves pure, though they do but touch them. Finally, Paul was no more defiled by entering into this ship, than when he did behold the altars at Athens; because, being void of all superstition, he knew that all the rites of the Gentiles were mere illusions. Again, the men could not think that he did agree to that profane error; for if he had been to do any worship to Castor and Pollux, though it had been only for fashion's sake, he would rather have died a thousand deaths than once have yielded.
Therefore, because he needed not to fear any offense, he entereth the ship without any more ado; and undoubtedly he did this heavily, and with inward sorrow; because he saw the honor which is due to God alone given to vain inventions. Therefore, this ought to be numbered among his exercises, in that he had those to be his guides, who thought that they were governed of idols, and had committed their ship to their tuition.
12. When we were come to Syracuse. Luke prosecuteth the residue of the course of their sailing, that they arrived first in Sicilia. And after that they set a compass 668 by reason of the tempest and raging of the sea, and sailed over into Italy. And as that haven whereof Luke speaketh in this place is the most famous haven of all Sicilia, so is it farther from the coast of Italy than is that of Messina, over against which is Rhegium, whereof he maketh mention. And it is in the country of the Brutians, as is Puteoli, a city of Campania. But forasmuch as the brethren kept Paul at Puteoli seven days, by this we gather how favorably and gently the centurion handled Paul. Neither do I doubt but that the holy man would have made him a faithful promise that he would always return in due time. But he was persuaded of his up- rightness, so that he was not afraid that he would deceive him. And now we gather out of this place, that the seed of the gospel was then sown abroad, seeing there was some body of the Church even at Puteoli.
? ? 668 "Oblique. . . trajecerint," they made an indirect passage.
328
Acts 28:15-20
? ? Acts 28:15-20
? 15. And when the brethren had heard of us from thence, they came out to meet us at Appii Forum, and at The three Taverns; whom when Paul saw, he gave thanks to God, and waxed bold. 16. And when we were come to Rome, the centurion delivered the pris- oners to the chief captain of the host; but Paul was suffered to dwell alone with a soldier which kept him. 17. And after three days Paul called together the chief of the Jews; and when they were come, he said to them, Men and brethren, though I have done nothing against the people, or ordinances of the elders, yet was I delivered a prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans. 18. Which, when they had examined me, they would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me. 19. But when the Jews spake contrary, I was enforced to appeal to Caesar: not as if I have anything to accuse my nation of. 20. For this cause, therefore, have I sent for you, that I might see you, and speak to you; for the hope of Israel am I bound with this chain.
? ? ? 15. When the brethren heard. God did comfort Paul by the coming of the brethren who came forth to meet him, that he might the more joyfully make haste to defend the gospel. And the zeal and godly care of the brethren appeareth therein, in that they inquire for Paul's coming, and go out to meet him. For it was at that time not only an odious thing to profess the Christian faith, but it might also bring them in hazard of their life. Neither did a few men only put themselves in private danger, because the envy redounded to the whole Church. But nothing is more dear to them than their duty wherein they could not be negligent, unless they would be counted sluggish and unthankful. It had been a cruel fact to neglect so great an apostle of Jesus Christ, especially seeing he labored for the common salvation.
And now forasmuch as he had written to them before, and had of his own accord offered his service to them, it had been an unseemly thing not to repay to him brotherly goodwill and courtesy. Therefore, the brethren did, by this their dutifulness, testify their godliness toward Christ; and Paul's desire was more inflamed, because he saw fruit prepared for his constancy. For though he were endued with invincible strength, 669 so that he did not depend upon man's help; yet God, who useth to strengthen his by means of men, did minister to him new strength by this means. Though he were afterward forsaken when he was in prison, as he complaineth in a certain place, (2 Timothy 4:16) yet he did not despair; but did fight no less valiantly and manfully under Christ's banner, than if he had been guarded with a great army. But the remembrance of this meeting did serve even then to encourage him, seeing he did consider with himself that there were many godly brethren at Rome, but they were weak, and that he was sent to strengthen them. And there is no cause why we should
? 669 "Fortitudine," fortitude.
329
Acts 28:15-20
? marvel that Paul was emboldened at this present when he saw the brethren, because he did hope that the confession his faith would yield no small fruit. For so often as God showeth to his servants any fruit of their labor, he doth, as it were, prick them forward with a goad, that they may proceed more courageously in their work.
16. The centurion delivered the prisoners. Luke doth signify that Paul had more liberty granted him than the rest; for his condition and estate was peculiar. For he was suffered to dwell in an house by himself, having one keeper with him, whereas the rest were shut up in the common prison. For the general captain 670 knew by Festus' report that Paul was guiltless; and the centurion, as it is likely, did faithfully rehearse such things as might serve to bring him into favor. Notwithstanding, let us know that God did govern 671 from heaven the bonds of his servant; not only that he might ease him of his trouble, but that the faithful might have freer access unto him. For he would not have the treasure of his faith shut up in prison, but he would have it laid open, that it might enrich many far and wide. And yet Paul was not so at liberty, but that he did always carry a chain. Luke calleth the general captain ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , who was appointed over the army which kept the city, as histories make mention. 672
17. And after three days. Paul's humanity 673 was wonderful, in that, though he had suffered such cruel injuries of his nation, he studied, notwithstanding, to appease the Jews which are at Rome, and he excuseth himself to them, lest they hate his cause, because they hear that the priests do hate him. He might well have excused himself before men, if he passed over these Jews and turned himself to the Gentiles. For though he had continually, in divers places, essayed to bring them to Christ, yet they were more and more nettled and moved; 674 and yet he had omitted nothing, neither in Asia, nor in Greece, neither at Jerus- alem, which might mitigate their fury. Therefore, all men would have justly pardoned him, if he had let those alone whom he had so often tried [experienced] to be of desperate pride. 675 But because he knew that his Master was given of his Father to be the minister of the Jews, to fulfill the promises whereby God had adopted to himself the seed of Abraham to be his people; he looketh unto the calling of God, and is never weary. He saw that he must remain at Rome, seeing he had liberty granted to teach, he would not that they should be deprived of the fruit of his labor. Secondly, he would not have them moved through hatred
? 670
671
672
to whom it is well known from history that office belonged.
673 "Mausuetudo," meekness.
674 "Exacerbati," exasperated.
675 "Pervicaciae," obstinacy and petulance.
"Praefectus," the praefect.
"Moderatum," temper.
"Praefectum praetorio cujus illud officium fuisse ex historiis satis notum est," praefect of the praetorium,
330
Acts 28:15-20
? of his cause to trouble the Church; because a small occasion might have caused great destruc- tion. Therefore, Paul meant to beware, lest, according to their wonted madness, they should set all on fire. 676
I have done nothing against the people. These two things might have made the Jews hate him; either because he should have done hurt to the commonwealth of his nation, as some runagates did increase their bondage, which was too cruel, through their treachery; or because he should have done somewhat against the worship of God; for though the Jews were grown out of kind, 677 and religion was depraved and corrupted among them with many errors, yet the very name of the law and the worship of the temple were greatly reverenced. Further- more, Paul denieth not but that he did freely omit those ceremonies whereto the Jews were superstitiously tied; yet he cleareth himself of the crime of revolting whereof he might be suspected. Therefore, understand those ordinances of the fathers, whereby the children of Abraham, and the disciples of Moses ought, according to their faith, to have been distin- guished from the rest of the Gentiles. And surely in that he did cleave so holily to Christ, who is the soul and perfection of the law, he is so far from impairing the ordinances of the fathers, that none did better observe the same.
19. I was enforced to appeal. This appeal was full of hatred and envy for this cause, be- cause the authority and liberty of the Jewish nation did seem to be sore opprest, who could have been content to have lived with their own laws. Secondly, because his defense was joined with infamy and loss of all the people. Therefore he answereth this objection also, because he was enforced with the stubbornness of his enemies to fly to this fortress [asylum]. For he is excused by necessity, because he had no other way to escape death. And after that he had excused that which was done already, he promiseth that he will so handle his matter hereafter, 678 that he will not labor against the Jews.
20. For the hope of Israel. We must understand much more under these words than Luke expresseth; as we gather out of the answer, where the Jews speak of the sect; to wit, repeating his speech, which Luke omitteth. Therefore Paul intreated of Christ, that it might plainly appear that neither the law nor the temple did profit the Jews anything without him; because the covenant of adoption is grounded in him, and the promise of salvation is in him confirmed. Neither did they doubt but that the restoring of the kingdom did depend upon the coming of the Messias; and even at that time their misery and decay did increase the hope and desire of him. Wherefore Paul saith, for good causes, that he is bound for the hope of Israel. Whereby we be also taught, that no man doth hope aright, but he which
? 676 "Pessimi incendii faces essent," they should be torches to kindle a very bad fire.
677 "Degeneres," degenerate.
678 "Ita causam suam acturum," will so plead his cause.
331
looketh unto Christ and his spiritual kingdom; for when he placeth the hope of the godly in Christ, he excludeth all other hopes.
Acts 28:15-20
? ? 332
Acts 28:21-24
? ? Acts 28:21-24
? 21. But they said unto him, We neither received letters from Judea touching thee, neither did any of the brethren come and show us or speak any evil of thee. 22. But we will hear of thee what thou thinkest; for as concerning that sect, we know that it is spoken against everywhere. 23. And when they had appointed him a day, many came to him to his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, and persuaded them of Jesus out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till night. 24. And certain believed those things which were spoken, but certain believed not.
? ? ? 21. Neither by letters. The priests and scribes did not hold their peace, because they were become more gentle towards Paul, or to the end they might spare him; that proceeded rather of contempt, or else of despair, because they neither knew how to oppress him when he was so far from them, and his carrying into Italy was 679 to them instead of a grave. For they did lord it no less carelessly than proudly, so that nobody did trouble them at home. Furthermore, though the Jews come not altogether rightly prepared to hear, yet they show some desire to learn, when as they do not refuse to hear the defense of his doctrine, which is spoken against everywhere. For many do stop the way before themselves with this prejudice, because they cannot abide to hear that which is refused by common judgment, but subscribe to the opinion of other men to the condemning of doctrine which they know not. Nevertheless, this is not without fault (as I said) that they object gainsaying to cause hatred, or to procure evil suspicion; as if it had not been said before by Isaiah, that God should be a stone of offense to all the people. It is uncertain, whether upon the day appointed Paul disputed all the day, or they reasoned one with another; save only, because we may guess, by the circumstance of time, that Paul did not continue speaking still. 680 For he could scarce have framed a speech which could have continued from morning to night. Wherefore I do not doubt, but that after the apostle had briefly expounded the sum of the gospel, he granted liberty to the hearers to propound questions, 681 and did make answer to the questions which were objected to him.
But we must note the state of the disputation, which Luke saith is double. For Paul taught first, after what sort the kingdom of God was amongst them, and principally what manner [of] chief felicity and glory that was which was promised to them, which the prophets do so highly extol. For seeing that many of them did dream of a frail estate of the kingdom of God in the world, and did place the same falsely in idleness, pleasure, and in
? 679 "Videri poterat," might seem.
680 "Uno tenore," without stopping.
681 "Vicissim," in their turn.
333
Acts 28:21-24
? plenty of present good things, it was necessary that it should be rightly defined, that they might know that the kingdom of God is spiritual, whose beginning is newness of life, and the end thereof blessed immortality and the heavenly glory. Secondly, Paul exhorted them to receive Christ, the author of the promised felicity.
And, again, this second point had two members, for it could not be handled profitably and soundly unless he did expound the office of the promised Redeemer; secondly, unless he did show that he is already given, and that the Son of Mary is he in whom the fathers hoped. It was indeed a common maxim among the Jews, that the Messias should come and restore all things into perfect order.
But Paul labored another point, which was not so well known; that the Messias was promised, who should, with the sacrifice of his death, make satisfaction for the sins of the world; who should reconcile God to men; who should purchase eternal righteousness; who should fashion men after the image of God, being regenerate with his Spirit; who should, finally, make his faithful servants heirs with him of eternal life; and that all those things were fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ crucified. He could not intreat of those things; but he must needs call back the Jews from gross and earthly inventions into heaven, and also take away the stumbling-block of the cross, seeing he taught that there was no other way or means whereby we are reconciled with God.
And let us note, that (as Luke doth testify) Paul took all that which he spake of Christ out of the law and prophets. For true religion differeth from all feigned religions, because the word of God alone is the rule thereof. Also the Church of God differeth from all profane sects in this, because it heareth him speak alone, and is governed by his commandment. And now by this we see the agreement that is between the Old and the New Testaments to establish the faith of Christ; secondly, that double profit of the Scripture which the same Paul commendeth in another place, to wit, that it is sufficient as well to instruct those which are willing to learn, as to refute the stubbornness of those which set themselves against the truth (2 Timothy 3:16; Titus 1:9). Therefore, let those who desire to be wise with sobriety, and to teach others well, appoint themselves these bounds, that they utter nothing but out of the pure fountain of the word. The philosophers deal otherwise, who contend only with reasons, because they have no sound authority, whom the Papists imitate too much, who set apart the oracles of God, and lean only to the inventions of man's brain, that is, to mere folly.
24. Some believed. Luke declareth that this was at length the success of the disputation, that they did not all profit 682 in the same doctrine.
We know that the apostle was endued with such grace of the Spirit, that he ought to have moved stones; and yet he could not, after long disputing and testifying, win all men unto Christ. Wherefore, let us not marvel, if the
? 682 "Pariter," equally.
334
Acts 28:21-24
? unbelief of many do at this day resist the plain doctrine of the gospel, and if many remain obstinate, to whom the truth of Christ is no less made manifest than the sun at noon-day. Moreover, those return from Paul blind and blockish, who came unto him willingly, as if they had been desirous to learn. If there were such stubbornness in voluntary hearers, what marvel is it if those refuse Christ with a malicious 683 mind, who swell with pride and malice, [bitterness] and do openly fly and hate the light?
? ? 683 "Amarulento," bitter.
335
Acts 28:25-31
? ? Acts 28:25-31
? 25. And when they could not agree, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias to our fathers, 26. Saying, Go to this people, and say, Ye shall hear with your ears, and not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive; 27. For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull with hearing, and with their eyes they have winked, lest at any time they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and they be converted, and I heal them. 28. Be it known therefore unto you, that this salvation of God is sent to the Gentiles, and they shall hear it. 29. And when he had said these things, the Jews went out from him, and had great reasoning among themselves. 30. And Paul remained two years full in a thing he had hired for himself, 684 and he received all those which came in unto him, 31. Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus, with all boldness, and no man did let [hinder] him.
? ? ? 25. And when they could not The malice and frowardness of the unfaithful is the cause of this, that Christ, who is our peace, and the only bond of holy unity, is an occasion of dis- sension, and doth cause those to go together by the ears who were friends before. For, behold, when the Jews come together to hear Paul, they think all one thing; and speak all one thing; they do all profess that they embrace the law of Moses. So soon as they hear the doctrine of reconciliation, there ariseth dissension among them, so that they are divided. 685 And yet for all this we must not think that the preaching of the gospel is the cause of discord; but that privy displeasure, which lurked before in their malicious minds, doth then break out; and as the brightness of the sun doth not color things otherwise than they were, but doth plainly show the difference, which was none so long as it was dark. Therefore, seeing God doth illuminate his elect peculiarly, and faith is not common to all men, let us remember that it cannot be but that, so soon as Christ cometh abroad, there will be a division among men. But then let us call to mind that which Simon foretold of him, that he shall be a sign which shall be spoken against, that the thoughts of many hearts may be disclosed (Luke 2:34, 35) and that unbelief which striveth against God is the mother of dissension.
After that Paul. At the first he went about to allure them meekly and gently; now, so soon as he espieth their obstinacy, he inveigheth sharply, and doth severely denounce the judgment of God. For the rebellious must be handled thus, whose pride cannot be tamed with plain doctrine. The same order must we keep; we must gently govern those who are apt to be taught and gentle, but we must cite the stubborn unto God's judgment-seat.
? 684 "In suo conducto," in his hired room.
685 "In diversas partes," into different parties.
336
Acts 28:25-31
? Whereas he bringeth in rather the Holy Ghost speaking than the prophet, it maketh to the credit of the oracle. For seeing God requireth that he alone be heard, doctrine cannot other- wise be of authority, than if we know that it did proceed from him, and that it did not issue out of man's brain. Again, he declareth therewithal that the stubbornness of one age only is not there noted, but that the oracle of the Spirit is extended unto the time to come.
26. Go to this people. This is a notable place, because it is cited six times in the New Testament, (Matthew 13:14; John 12:40; Romans 11:8; Mark 4:12; Luke 8:10) but because it is brought in elsewhere to another end, we must mark for what purpose Paul applieth it unto the present cause; namely, he meant with this, as with a mallet, to beat in pieces the hardness and frowardness of the wicked, and to encourage the faithful, who were as yet weak and tender, lest the unbelief of others should trouble them.
Therefore, the sum is, that that was fulfilled which was foretold by the prophet, and that, therefore, there is no cause why the reprobate should flatter themselves, or that the faithful should be terrified, as it were, with some new unwonted thing. And though it be certain that this blindness whereof the prophet spake began in his time, yet John showeth that it did properly appertain unto the kingdom of Christ. Therefore, Paul doth fitly apply it unto that contempt of the gospel which he saw; as if he should have said, This is the very same thing which the Holy Ghost foretold in times past by the mouth of Isaiah. And though this place be diversely applied not only by the Evangelists, but also by Paul himself, the show of contrariety is easily put away and answered. Matthew, Mark, and Luke, say that this prophecy was fulfilled when Christ spake by parables unto the people, and did not reveal to them the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven. For then the unfaithful heard the voice of God with their outward ears, but they did not profit thereby. John saith in a sense not much unlike to this, that the, Jews were not brought to believe, no, not with many miracles, (John 12:37) so that this same prophecy of the prophet was fulfilled.
Therefore, these four agree in this, that it came to pass by the just judgment of God, that the reprobate in hearing should not hear, and in seeing should not see. Now, Paul calleth to mind that which the prophet did testify concerning the Jews, lest any man wonder at their blindness. Furthermore, in the Epistle to the Romans, (Romans 11:5, 7) he mounteth higher, showing that this is the cause of blindness, because God doth give the light of faith only to the remnant whom he hath chosen freely. And surely it is certain that because the reprobate reject the doctrine of salvation, this cometh to pass through their own malice, and that therefore they themselves are to be blamed. But this next cause doth not let but that the secret election of God may distinguish between men; that those may believe who are ordained to life, and that the other may remain blockish. I will not stand long about the words of the prophet, because I have expounded the same elsewhere. Neither did Paul curiously recite the words which are in the prophet; but did rather apply his words unto his purpose. Therefore, he imputeth that making blind, which the prophet attributeth to the
337
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? secret judgment of God, to their malice. For the prophet is commanded to stop the eyes of his hearers; and Paul in this place accuseth the unbelieving of his time, because they shut their own eyes. Though he setteth down both things distinctly, that God is the author of their blindness, and that yet, notwithstanding, they shut their own eyes, and become blind of their own accord; as these two things do very well agree together, as we said elsewhere.
In the last remember where it is said, Lest they see with their eyes, or hear with their ears, or understand with their heart; God showeth how clear his doctrine is, to wit, that it is sufficient to lighten all the senses, unless men do maliciously darken themselves; as Paul also teacheth in another place, that his gospel is plain, so that none can be blind in the light thereof, save those who are ordained to destruction, whose eyes Satan hath blinded, (2 Corinthians 4:3).
Lest they be converted, and I heal them. By this we gather that the Word of God is not set before all men that they may return to soundness of mind; but that the external voice soundeth in the ears of many, without the effectual working of the Spirit, only that they may be made inexcusable. And here the pride of flesh doth rashly murmur against God; as we see many object, that men are called in vain, yea, absurdly, unless it be in their power to obey; though we see no reason why God appeareth to the blind, and speaketh to the deaf; yet his will alone, which is the rule of all righteousness, ought to be to us instead of a thousand reasons.
In the conclusion, we must note the wholesome effect of the Word of God; namely, the conversion of men, which is not only the beginning of health, but also a certain resurrection from death to life.
28. Therefore be it. Lest the Jews may afterward accuse him of revolting, because he forsaketh the holy stock of Abraham, and goeth to the profane Gentiles; he denounceth that which the prophets did so often testify, that the salvation whereof they were the proper, at least the principal 686 heirs, should be translated unto strangers. Notwithstanding, whereas he saith that salvation was sent to the Gentiles, he meaneth, in the second place, to wit, after that the Jews had rejected it, as we have said before more at large (Acts 13:46) Therefore, the sense is, that there is no cause why the Jews should complain if the Gentiles be admitted into the void possession after that they have forsaken it. Neither doth he make faith common to all the Gentiles in general, when he saith that they shall hear. For he had full well tried, that even many of the Gentiles did wickedly resist God, but he setteth so many of the Gentiles as believed against the unbelieving Jews, that he may provoke them unto jealousy; as it is in the Song of Moses (Deuteronomy 32:21). In the mean season, he signifieth that the doctrine which they refuse shall profit others.
? 686 "Primarii," primary.
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Acts 28:25-31
? 29. Having much reasoning. No doubt, the wicked were more nettled because he cited the prophecy against them; for they are so far from waxing meek when they are reproved, that they are more inflamed with fury. This is the reason why they reasoned 687 when they were gone out from Paul, because the more part would not be quiet. But seeing there was such disputing, it appeareth that some did so embrace those things which Paul had spoken, that they doubted not to defend and stoutly to avouch that which they believed. But it is in vain for any man to object thereupon, that the gospel of Christ is the seed of contention, which cometh undoubtedly from man's pride and waywardness; and assuredly, if we will have peace with God, we must strive against 688 those which contemn him.
30. He received all. The apostle showed an excellent example of constancy, in that he offered himself so willingly to all those which were desirous to hear him. Surely he was not ignorant what great hatred he did purchase; and that this was his best way, if by holding his peace he might appease the hatred of his adversaries. For a man being desirous to provide for himself alone would not have done thus; but because he remembered that he was no less the servant of Christ, and a preacher of the gospel, when he was in prison, than if he had been at liberty, he thought it was not lawful for him to withdraw himself from any which was ready to learn, lest he should foreslow [neglect] the occasion which was offered him by God, and therefore he did more regard the holy calling of God than his own life. And that we may know that he did incur danger willingly, Luke doth shortly after expressly commend his boldness, as if he should say, that setting all fear aside, he did faithfully obey the com- mandment of God, neither was he terrified with any danger, 689 but did proceed to take pains with whomsoever he met.
Preaching the kingdom of God. He doth not separate the kingdom of God, and those things which belong to Christ, as diverse things, but doth rather add the second thing by way of exposition, that we may know that the kingdom of God is grounded and contained in the knowledge of the redemption purchased by Christ. Therefore, Paul taught that men are strangers 690 and foreigners from the kingdom of God, until having their sins done away they be reconciled to God, and be renewed into holiness of life by the Spirit; and that the kingdom of God is then erected, and doth then flourish among them, when Christ the Me- diator doth join them to the Father, having both their sins freely forgiven them, and being also regenerate unto righteousness, that beginning the heavenly life upon earth, they may always have a longing desire to come to heaven, where they shall fully and perfectly enjoy glory. Also, Luke setteth forth a singular benefit of God, in that Paul had so great liberty
? 687 "Disceptaverunt," disputed.
688 "Bellare necesse est," we must of necessity war with.
689 "Ullis difficultatibus," by any difficulties.
690 "Exules," exiles.
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Acts 28:25-31
? granted him. For that came not to pass through the winking and dissimulation of those who could hinder it, seeing they did detest religion, but because the Lord did shut their eyes. Wherefore, it is not without cause that Paul himself doth boast that the Word of God was not bound with his bonds (2 Timothy 2:9).
? ? 340
Indexes
Indexes
? 341
Genesis
1:27 5:24 8:21 9:4 9:9 17:13 17:13 39:5
Exodus
3:21 8:8 8:32 14:31 22:28
Leviticus
16:29 18:5
Numbers
12:6
Deuteronomy
12:23 17:18 27:26 30:11 30:12 32:21 32:39
Judges
7:22
2 Kings
2:11 4:34 19:15
Job
4:7
Psalms
14:3 23:4 27:3 27:3 69:9 69:10 73:4 80:1 81:10 95:7 95:8 115:3 116:10 132:14 138:8
Proverbs
19:17 21:30
Isaiah
8:10 9:2 11:1 20:2 23:18 37:6 42:16 49:6 53:4-8 60:2 66:1
Jeremiah
1:19 5:3 27:2 32:7
Ezekiel
3:18 3:18 3:20 12:5 34:4
Daniel
9:24
Malachi
3:1
Matthew
3:6 3:8 3:15 5:9 5:22 5:39 10:10 11:30 11:30 13:14 22:29 23:13 27:52 28:1 28:20
Mark
1:25 4:12
Luke
Index of Scripture References
? Index of Scripture References
342
1:16 1:76 2:29 2:34 2:35 4:35 8:10 10:24 10:39 21:18 23:5 24:1
John
1:4 4:22 4:24 5:29 7:18 8:44 10:16 12:37 12:40 17:6 20:1
Acts
1:5 5:34 5:36 5:41 6:5 7:49 9:36 10:26 10:47 11:6 11:28 12:12 12:23 13:46 13:51 14:1-4 14:5-10 14:11-13 14:14-18 14:17 14:19-22 14:23 14:23-28 15:1-5 15:6-11 15:9 15:12-18 15:19-21 15:20 15:22-29 15:30-35 15:36-41 16:1-5 16:6-10 16:11-15 16:16-22 16:23-28 16:29-34 16:35-40 16:37 17:1-4 17:5-10 17:11 17:11-15 17:16-21 17:22-25 17:26-29 17:30-34 18:1-5 18:6-11 18:12-17 18:18-23 18:24-28 19:1-7 19:8-12 19:13-17 19:18-22 19:23-28 19:29-34 19:35-40 20:1-6 20:4 20:7-13 20:14-21 20:22-27 20:28-32 20:33-38 21:1-6 21:7-14 21:15-25 21:18 21:26-30 21:31-40 22:1-5 22:6-11 22:12-15 22:17-22 22:23-30 23:1-5 23:6-9 23:10-16 23:11 23:17-24 23:25-35 24:1-9 24:10-21 24:22-27 25:1-8 25:9-12 25:13-21 25:22-27 26:1-8 26:9-18 26:19-23 26:23 26:24-32 27:1-8 27:9-20 27:21-32 27:33-44 28:1-6 28:7-14 28:15-20 28:21-24 28:25-31
Romans
1:16 1:20 1:21 1:23 1:25 2:12 3:11 4:10 8:7 11:5 11:5 11:7 11:8 11:33 13:3 14:1 14:2 14:14 14:17 15:9 15:10 15:11 16:25 16:25
1 Corinthians
1:1 1:14 1:26 2:3 3:6 3:6 4:6 6:1 7:19 7:20 8:8 9:2 9:12 9:14 9:15 9:15 9:20 9:20 10:25 10:25 10:25 11:6 11:19 13:12 14:3 14:24 15:23 15:23
2 Corinthians
2:15 2:16 3:7 3:15 4:3 4:3 6:5 6:5 7:5 11:2 11:8 11:10 11:14 11:25 11:27 12:1
Galatians
1:8 2:3 2:9 3:2 3:24 3:26 4:4 4:10 5:1 6:6 6:17 6:17
Ephesians
2:10 2:12 2:14 2:14 3:9 4:1 4:6 4:11 4:23
Philippians
1:6 1:18 3:20 3:21 4:6 4:10 4:16
Colossians
2:11 2:11 2:12 2:14 2:16
1 Thessalonians
2:13
2 Thessalonians
2:11 2:12
1 Timothy
2:4 2:8 3 4:7 4:8 5:17 5:17
2 Timothy
Index of Scripture References
? 343
2:9 2:24 4:2 4:14 4:16
Titus
1:7 1:9 1:9 1:14 1:15 1:15 1:18 1:20 3:3 3:7 3:9 3:10 3:16 3:16
Hebrews
1:1 3:7 3:8 11:3 13:8
James
1:10
1 Peter
1:5 2:13
2 Peter
2:8
Index of Scripture References
? 344
Acts
14 14:1 14:2 14:3 14:4 14:5 14:8 14:9 14:10 14:11 14:13 14:14 14:15 14:16 14:17 14:18 14:19 14:20 14:22 14:23 14:24 14:26 14:27 15 15:1 15:2 15:3 15:4 15:5 15:6 15:7 15:9 15:10 15:11 15:12 15:13 15:15 15:16 15:17 15:18 15:19 15:20 15:21 15:22 15:24 15:25 15:28 15:30 15:31 15:32 15:33 15:36 15:37 16 16:1 16:3 16:4 16:5 16:6 16:9 16:10 16:11 16:13 16:14 16:15 16:16 16:18 16:19 16:20 16:21 16:22 16:23 16:26 16:27 16:29 16:30 16:31 16:33 16:34 16:35 16:37 16:40 17 17:1 17:2 17:3 17:4 17:5 17:6 17:7 17:8 17:10 17:11 17:12 17:13 17:16 17:17 17:18 17:19 17:22 17:23 17:24 17:25 17:26 17:27 17:28 17:29 17:30 17:31 17:32 17:34 18 18:1 18:2 18:3 18:4 18:6 18:7 18:9 18:10 18:11 18:12 18:15 18:17 18:18 18:22 18:24 18:25 18:26 18:27 18:28 19 19:1 19:2 19:4 19:5 19:8 19:9 19:10 19:11 19:13 19:16 19:17 19:18 19:19 19:20 19:21 19:23 19:25 19:27 19:29 19:30 19:33 19:34 19:35 19:37 20 20:1 20:3 20:7 20:9 20:10 20:13 20:16 20:18 20:19 20:20 20:21 20:22 20:23 20:24 20:25 20:26 20:28 20:29 20:30 20:31 20:32 20:33 20:34 20:36 20:37 21 21:1 21:4 21:5 21:7 21:9 21:10 21:12 21:14 21:15 21:17 21:18 21:19 21:22 21:23 21:24 21:25 21:26 21:27 21:28 21:30 21:31 21:32 21:34 21:37 22 22:1 22:2 22:3 22:4 22:6 22:9 22:10 22:12 22:14 22:16 22:17 22:18 22:19 22:22 22:24 22:25 22:26 22:28 23 23:1 23:2 23:3 23:4 23:5 23:6 23:8 23:9 23:10 23:11 23:12 23:14 23:16 23:17 23:19 23:25 23:27 23:29 23:30 23:32 24 24:1 24:2 24:5 24:6 24:8 24:10 24:11 24:12 24:14 24:15 24:16 24:17 24:19 24:21 24:23 24:25 24:26 24:27 25 25:1 25:5 25:7 25:9 25:10 25:11 25:12 25:13 25:14 25:18 25:22 25:23 25:26 26 26:2 26:4 26:6 26:7 26:8 26:9 26:10 26:13 26:16 26:17 26:18 26:19 26:21 26:24 26:25 26:26 26:28 26:31 27 27:1 27:2 27:3 27:9 27:11 27:15 27:21 27:23 27:24 27:25 27:30 27:33 27:35 27:37 27:38 27:41 27:42 28 28:1 28:4 28:5 28:6 28:7 28:8 28:11 28:12 28:15 28:16 28:17 28:19 28:20 28:21 28:24 28:25 28:26 28:28 28:29 28:30
Index of Scripture Commentary
? Index of Scripture Commentary
345
Index of Greek Words and Phrases
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 230
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 135
? ? ? ? : 324 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 81 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 55 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 273 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 171 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 246 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : 246 246 ?
