No More Learning

Burn incense t for Buddhas and gods, Strike the bells with their high harmonies. Acting all day like a hired hand,1
12 Not a moment’s rest from day to night. But just because you covet wealth,
You can’t escape it in your mind.
Then when you see some lofty monk,
16 You doubt him and malign and curse. Ass dung next to the nest musk:
Oh Buddha! How bitter it all is.
HS 277
I’ve also seen those who leave the household, Both those with ability and those without. The best of the best, with lofty self-restraint:
4 Ghosts and spirits respect their virtue.
Lords and princes grant them seats in their palanquins, And feudal lords respectfully receive them.
They are worth becoming the age’s Field of Blessings,
8 And people of the age should all treasure them.
1 Literally, “through the six periods of the day imitating a hired laborer pounding grain. ” The point here is that the monk is not doing these rituals for his own salvation or out of compassion for sentient beings, but merely because he has been employed to do them by donors to the temple.
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298
寒山詩
下下低愚者，
詐現多求覓。
濁濫即可知，
12 愚癡愛財色。 著却福田衣， 種田討衣食。 作債稅牛犁，
16 為事不忠直。 朝朝行弊惡， 往往痛臀脊。 不解善思量，
20 地獄惡無極。 一朝著病纏， 三年臥床席。 亦有真佛性，
24 翻作無明賊。 南無佛陀耶， 遠遠求彌勒。
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Hanshan’s Poems 299
The lowest of the low, most stupid of all:
They make false display, mostly in search of gain. Their polluted natures may be known;
12 In their foolishness they’re fond of wealth and sex. Though they wear the robe of the Blessing Field,1 They plant elds seeking clothing and food.
They lend money, rent out ox and plow,
16 Faithless and false in what they do.
Every day they practice their wickedness,
And they are constantly ogged for their acts. 2 They don’t know how to think good and hard
20 That hell is awful and limitless.
One day you might be caught in the bonds of illness, And for three years must lie on your bed and mat. 3 Indeed, they have the nature of a true Buddha,
24 But instead they act like ignorant robbers. All hail the Lord Buddha!
May we all seek Maitreya afar. 4
1 I. e. , a monk’s robe. For Field of Blessings, see HS 233.
2 Literally, “constantly sore on the buttocks and spine. ”
3 Illness here is a comparative metaphor: just as a moment of contagion may result in
a lengthy illness, one bad action may have severe karmic consequences.
4 I interpret this nal couplet as a sort of “benediction” to the poem.
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300
寒山詩
HS 278
寒巖深更好，
無人行此道。
白雲高岫閑，
4 青嶂孤猨嘯。 我更何所親， 暢志自宜老。 形容寒暑遷，
8 心珠甚可保。 HS 279
巖前獨靜坐，
圓月當天耀。
萬象影現中，
4 一輪本無照。 廓然神自清， 含虛洞玄妙。 因指見其月，
8 月是心樞要。
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Hanshan’s Poems 301
HS 278
It’s better that Cold Cli is remote; Then no one will travel the road here. White clouds idly drift by high peaks,
4 And solitary gibbons howl on green cli s.
I no longer take anyone as my friends;
With my will indulged, it’s the best way to grow old. Though my form may alter with the cold and heat,
8 I can really protect the jewel of my mind.
HS 279
In front of the cli I sit quietly and alone; The full moon sparkles in the sky.
The shadows of everything appear in its light,
4 And yet its single wheel does not shine on its own. It is expansive, its spirit naturally clear; Transparent it is, hollow, a mysterious marvel.
See this moon as I point at it!
8 The moon is the pivot of the mind.
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302
寒山詩
HS 280
本志慕道倫，
道倫常獲親。
時逢杜源客，
4 每接話禪賓。 談玄月明夜， 探理日臨晨。 萬機俱泯跡，
8 方識本來人。 HS 281
元非隱逸士，
自號山林人。
仕魯蒙幘帛，
4 且愛裹踈巾。 道有巢許操， 耻為堯舜臣。 獼猴罩帽子，
8 學人避風塵。
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Hanshan’s Poems 303
HS 280
My aspirations admire these companions of the Way; Companions of the Way, whom I always befriend.
At times I meet a wanderer who has stopped up the source,1
4 And I always greet a guest who speaks of meditation.
We chat of mysteries on nights of bright moon,
And investigate principle until the sun rises.
When all the concerns of the world vanish with their traces,
8 Only then we know the original Self.
HS 281
Basically not even recluses at all,
They call themselves “men of the mountain woods. ” They work for the state, accept the o cial’s head cloth,2
4 But wrap themselves in the hermit’s turban. 3 They say they’ve the virtue of Chao or Xu,
Are ashamed to act as Yao’s or Shun’s statesmen. 4 But they’re monkeys wearing people hats,
8 Aping humans who shun the windblown dust.
1 That is, no longer acts in such a way as to produce karma (either good or bad). This is sometimes described as having “no out ows” (wu lou). Compare HS 303.
2 “Work for the state” here is literally “act as ministers for Lu,” the ancient Chinese
state associated with Confucius.
3 The “hermit’s turban” was a headgear associated with rich scholars presuming to
play the role of the retired gentleman, common from the fourth century CE on.
4 Chao Fu 巢父 and Xu You 許由 were both legendary recluses who gure in early Daoist folklore; both of them were o ered the throne of the empire by the ancient sage-king Yao and both refused it, citing their desire to remain free of the pollution
of public o ce. Yao then passed the throne on to the virtuous Shun.
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304
寒山詩
HS 282
自古諸哲人，
不見有長存。
生而還復死，
4 盡變作灰塵。 積骨如毗富， 別淚成海津。 唯有空名在，
8 豈免生死輪。 HS 283
今日巖前坐，
坐久煙雲收。
一道清谿冷，
4 千尋碧嶂頭。 白雲朝影靜， 明月夜光浮。 身上無塵垢，
8 心中那更憂。
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Hanshan’s Poems
305
HS 282
From olden times, all the wise men:
I’ve never seen one who could remain forever. They live, then return again to death,
4 All transformed to ash and dust.
A pile of bones high as Mount Vipula,1 Tears of parting become a sea.
Only their empty fame remains—
8 They could not avoid the wheel of rebirth.
HS 283
Today I am siting before the cli ,
Sitting long until the mist and clouds withdraw. One stretch of clear creek, cold;
4 A thousand fathoms of emerald cli .
The morning shadow of the white clouds is quiet, The nocturnal light of the bright moon oats. No lth at all is on my body—
8 What more should worry me in my heart?
1 For Mount Vipula, see HS 233.
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306
寒山詩
HS 284
千雲萬水間，
中有一閑士。
白日遊青山，
4 夜歸巖下睡。 倏爾過春秋， 寂然無塵累。 快哉何所依，
8 靜若秋江水。 HS 285
勸你休去來，
莫惱他閻老。
失脚入三途，
4 粉骨遭千擣。 長為地獄人， 永隔今生道。 勉你信余言，
8 識取衣中寶。
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Hanshan’s Poems 307
HS 284
Mid a thousand clouds and a myriad waters, There is an idle gentleman.
In daylight he roams the green hills,
4 Returning at night to sleep at the cli ’s foot.
In a ash he passes through spring and autumn; He is serene, unencumbered by dusty ties. Delightful! He depends on nothing;
8 He is as tranquil as an autumn river.
HS 285
I urge you to cease your coming and going— Don’t aggravate Old Man Yama! 1
One slip and you’ve entered the Three Evil Paths,
4 Flogged a thousand times, your bones ground to powder. You’ll long remain a denizen of Hell,
Forever cut o from the course you now live.
I press you to believe my words,
8 And recognize the jewel in your robe. 2
1 The king of Hell/the Underworld.
2 This is an allusion to a parable in the Lotus Sutra, in which a man endures much
poverty and su ering without realizing that his friend has sewn a jewel in his clothes. The jewel stands for the Buddha Nature. As with many of the Hanshan poems, this one emphasizes that only sudden realization of the Buddha Nature will allow one to escape the cycles of rebirth, which sooner or later will result in an existence in the hell realms.
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308
寒山詩
HS 286
世間一等流，
誠堪與人笑。
出家弊己身，
4 誑俗將為道。 雖著離塵衣， 衣中多養蚤。 不如歸去來，
8 識取心王好。 HS 287
高高峰頂上，
四顧極無邊。
獨坐無人知，
4 孤月照寒泉。 泉中且無月， 月自在青天。 吟此一曲歌，
8 歌終不是禪。
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Hanshan’s Poems 309
HS 286
There’s a kind of person in the world Who really has to make you laugh.
He “leaves the home,” brings harm to self;
4 To con the people is his Way.
Though he wears the garb that transcends dust,1 His garb is the breeding ground for eas.
Better far just to go back home,
8 Discern the virtue of the Prince of the Mind.
HS 287
High up above, on the top of the peak,
I can see all around without limit.
I sit solitary, and no one knows I am here—
4 While a lone moon shines on the cold stream. But there is no moon in the stream itself— The moon is actually in the night sky.
And when I chant this single song,
8 There is no dhyāna when the song ends. 2
1 I. e. , a monk’s robe.
2 Just as the re ection of the moon should not be mistaken for the moon itself, so the
poem should not be confused for the act of meditation (dhyāna) itself.
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310
寒山詩
HS 288
有箇王秀才，
笑我詩多失。
云不識蜂腰，
4 仍不會鶴膝。 平側不解壓， 凡言取次出。 我笑你作詩，
8 如盲徒詠日。 HS 289
我住在村鄉，
無爺亦無娘。
無名無姓第，
4 人喚作張王。 並無人教我， 貧賤也尋常。 自憐心的實，
8 堅固等金剛。
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Hanshan’s Poems 311
HS 288
A certain Wang, examinee—
He laughs at all my metric aws.
He says, “You don’t know Wasp-Waist,
4 And fail to notice Crane-knee faults. You can’t deploy the level and slant, And you scatter slang just everywhere. ”1 But I chuckle when you write verse—
8 A blind man trying to praise the sun.
HS 289
I live in a country village,
Without a dad, and without a mom, No name, no surname or family rank;
4 People just call me “Zhang” or “Wang. ” And no one has ever taught me;
I’m poor and lowly and ordinary.
But I cherish the reality of my Mind;
8 It’s as rm as diamond.
1 These are all errors in diction and tonality that were considered anathema in the recently developed “regulated verse” (lü shi 律詩) of the Tang era (the elite verse form par excellence).
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312
寒山詩
HS 290
寒山出此語，
此語無人信。
蜜甜足人嘗，
4 黃蘗苦難近。 順情生喜悅， 逆意多瞋恨。 但看木傀儡，
8 弄了一場困。 HS 291
我見人轉經，
依他言語會。
口轉心不轉，
4 心口相違背。 心真無委曲， 不作諸纏蓋。 但且自省躬，
8 莫覓他替代。 可中作得主， 是知無內外。
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Hanshan’s Poems 313
HS 290
Hanshan utters these words—
These words that no one believes.
Honey is sweet enough for people to taste,
4 But Amur cork is too bitter to try. 1
If you follow their mood, they’re happy and delighted; Go against their will, and most grow angry and resentful. Just look at those wooden puppets,
8 Acting out their performance of hardship!
HS 291
I see people “turning sutras”:2
They depend on others’ words to understand. Their mouths will turn, but not their minds,
4 So minds and mouths go di erent ways. If your mind’s true and has no twist, You won’t create entangling blocks.
So just be sure to watch yourself,
8 And don’t look for others to take your place. For if you learn to act as master,
This knowledge will have no “in” or “out. ”
1 For Amur cork, see HS 125.
2 “Turning sutras” (zhuan jing) is an idiomatic term for reading sutras aloud (often
in a ceremonial capacity).
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314
寒山詩
HS 292
寒山唯白雲，
寂寂絕埃塵。
草座山家有，
4 孤燈明月輪。 石床臨碧沼， 虎鹿每為鄰。 自羨幽居樂，
8 長為象外人。 HS 293
鹿生深林中，
飲水而食草。
伸脚樹下眠，
4 可憐無煩惱。 繫之在華堂， 餚膳極肥好。 終日不肯嘗，
8 形容轉枯槁。
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Hanshan’s Poems 315
HS 292
Only white clouds at Cold Mountain; Tranquil, severed from dust and grime.
My mountain home has seats of woven grass;
4 The bright moon’s wheel is my only lamp.
My stone bench looks down on the deep blue pond; Tigers and deer are always my neighbors.
I long for the joy of my hidden dwelling;
8 I’ll always dwell beyond the world of forms.
HS 293
A deer was born in the deep forest,
Where he drank the water and ate the grass.
He would stretch his legs and sleep under the trees;
4 A life to cherish, without nuisances. Then they tied him up at a splendid hall, Fed him rare delicacies, lovely and ne. All day he is unwilling to eat,
8 And his body grows ever more gaunt.
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316
寒山詩
HS 294
花上黃鶯子， 聲可憐。 美人顏似玉， 4 對此弄鳴弦。 翫之能不足， 眷戀在齠年。 花飛鳥亦散， 8 灑淚秋風前。
HS 295
棲遲寒巖下，
偏訝最幽奇。
攜籃采山茹，
4 挈籠摘果歸。 䔫齋敷茅坐， 啜啄食紫芝。 清沼濯瓢缽，
8 雜和煑稠稀。 當陽擁裘坐， 閑讀古人詩。
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Hanshan’s Poems 317
HS 294
The yellow orioles on the owers Twitter with a charming sound. A beauty with a face like jade
4 Faces them as she toys with her sounding strings. She is more than willing to play with them— But these were dearest childhood loves.
The owers y away and the birds leave too—
8 She spills her tears in the autumn wind.
HS 295
I roost and roam at the foot of Cold Cli ,
Especially amazed at its most hidden marvels.
I took hamper in hand and picked mountain vegetables,
4 I brought a basket and returned with fruit.
Now in my simple lodging I spread rushes and sit; I chew on the purple mushrooms,
Then wash gourd and bowl in a clear pool,
8 As I blend and simmer the thick and the thin. Basking in the sun I sit with my robe about me, Idly reading the poetry of the men of old.
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318
寒山詩
HS 296
昔日經行處，
今復七十年。
故人無來往，
4 埋在古冢間。 余今頭已白， 猶守片雲山。 為報後來子，
8 何不讀古言。 HS 297
欲向東巖去，
于今無量年。
昨來攀葛上，
4 半路困風煙。 徑窄衣難進， 苔粘履不前。 住茲丹桂下，
8 且枕白雲眠。
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Hanshan’s Poems
319
HS 296
The places I visited in former days— Now seventy years ago.
No more do old friends frequent me;
4 They’re buried now in old tomb mounds.
And now my head’s already white
While I still keep to this cloud-shred of hill. That is why I tell those who will come after me:
8 Why not read these words of old?
HS 297
I’ve wanted to go to East Mountain For countless years till now. Yesterday I clambered up vines,
4 But wind and mist blocked me halfway. Hard for clothes to brave the narrow path, And clinging moss hampered my shoes. So halting beneath an osmanthus tree,
8 I slept a while, with white clouds for my pillow.
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320
寒山詩
HS 298
我見利智人，
觀者便知意。
不假尋文字，
4 直入如來地。 心不逐諸緣， 意根不妄起。 心意不生時，
8 內外無餘事。 HS 299
身著空花衣，
足躡龜毛履。
手把兔角弓，
擬射無明鬼。
HS 300
君看葉裏花，
能得幾時好。
今日畏人攀，
4 明朝待誰掃。
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Hanshan’s Poems 321
HS 298
I see those men, clever and wise;
Observe them, then you’ll know their thoughts. They don’t rely on a search for written words,
4 But enter directly the Tathāgata’s ground.
If your mind doesn’t chase after the various conditions, Then the thinking sense will not wildly arise.
And if mind and thinking do not come into being,
8 There will be nothing remaining within and without.
HS 299
I don clothes fashioned of illusion,
And tread in shoes made of tortoise fur.
In my hand I grasp a bow of rabbit horn, Planning to shoot the demons of ignorance.
HS 300
You’ve seen blossoms amid the leaves: How long will they remain ne? Today I fear someone will pluck them;
4 Tomorrow I’ll wait for them to be swept away.
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322
寒山詩
可憐嬌豔情，
年多轉成老。
將世比於花，
8 紅顏豈長保。 HS 301
桂棟非吾宅，
松林是我家。
一生俄爾過，
4 萬事莫言賒。 濟渡不造筏， 漂淪為采花。 善根今未種，
8 何日見生芽。 HS 302
出生三十年，
當遊千萬里。
行江青草合，
4 入塞紅塵起。
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Hanshan’s Poems 323
Lovely, this charming, seductive mood— But with the years we grow older and older. Compare this world with these owers—
8 How can a rosy face last forever?
HS 301
Rafters of cinnamon wood—that’s not my house; The pine tree forest—that’s my home.
A single life passes in an instant;
4 Don’t say that worldly a airs are slow to come.
If you’re not building a raft to cross the river,
Then you’ll drift away because you picked owers. 1 If you don’t plant the roots of good deeds now,
8 When will you ever see the sprouts emerge?
HS 302
I’ve been in the world for thirty years
And I must have traveled a million miles.
Walked by rivers where the green grass grows thick,
4 And entered the frontier where the red dust rises.
1 That is, if you aren’t intent on crossing the river (attaining salvation), you might dawdle in ordinary pleasures and nd yourself carried o by the current of samsara.
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324
寒山詩
鍊藥空求仙，
讀書兼詠史。
今日歸寒山，
8 枕流兼洗耳。 HS 303
寒山無漏巖，
其巖甚濟要。
八風吹不動，
4 萬古人傳妙。 寂寂好安居， 空空離譏誚。 孤月夜長明，
8 圓日常來照。 虎丘兼虎谿， 不用相呼召。 世間有王傅，
12 莫把同周邵。 我自遯寒巖， 快活長歌笑。
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Hanshan’s Poems 325
Puri ed potions in vain search for immortality, Read books and perused the histories.
Today I return to Cold Mountain,
8 Pillow myself on the creek and wash out my ears.
HS 303
Cold Mountain is a cli with no out ows;1 This cli is a must if you would be saved. It stays motionless amid the Eight Winds,2
4 And people have told of its marvels forever. So tranquil: a ne place to dwell at peace.
So empty: away from mockery and contempt. The lonely moon at night is ever bright;
8 The round sun always comes to shine. Tiger Hill and Tiger Valley—3
No point in inviting me there.
In the world, one may be tutor to princes;
12 But there’s no way to rank with Zhou or Shao. 4
I shall betake myself to Cold Cli ,
Where I will be happy, forever singing and laughing.
1 “No out ows” refers to the condition of someone who no longer produces new karmic causes and conditions when she/he acts. The line here suggests that those who cultivate practice on Cold Mountain will no longer generate karma.
2 The Eight Winds are the various forces that can stimulate emotion: gain, loss, slander, eulogy, praise, ridicule, sorrow, and joy.
3 Two scenic spots: Tiger Hill is in Suzhou, and Tiger Valley at Mount Lu.
4 Since the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shao were both famed for tutoring King Cheng of Zhou in his rule, they are examples of virtuous ministers that the speaker
cannot hope to emulate. Better instead to become a recluse.
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326
寒山詩
HS 304
沙門不持戒，
道士不服藥。
自古多少賢，
盡在青山脚。
HS 305
有人笑我詩，
我詩合典雅。
不煩鄭氏箋，
4 豈用毛公解。 不恨會人稀， 只為知音寡。 若遣趂宮商，
8 余病莫能罷。 忽遇明眼人， 即自流天下。
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Hanshan’s Poems 327
HS 304
A monk who will not keep the precepts; A Daoist who does not take drugs.
Since times gone by, so many worthy men Have ended below the green hills. 1
HS 305
There are people who laugh at my poems;
Yet my poems are in keeping with the classic odes. But you needn’t bother with Master Zheng’s notes,
4 Nor use the explanations of Lord Mao. 2
I don’t resent that those who understand are rare; It’s only because those who know me are few.
I have resigned chasing after gong and shang,
8 And I can’t give up my metric aws. 3
But if they meet up with a clear-sighted person, They’ll be propagated throughout the world.
1 If you do not take your religious practice seriously, you will neither become a Transcendent (if a Daoist) or escape the cycles of rebirth (if Buddhist), and will simply perish, as many worthy ones have done in the past.
2 The poet is comparing his verse to the Classic of Poetry (Shijing), but saying that they are easier to understand, without need of commentary (Zheng and Mao were standard commentaries on the classic).
3 This is a tentative translation of an obscure couplet. I take it to mean that the poet does not follow the rules of tonal regulation (宮 and 商 are musical modes used sometimes to describe the tones of verse prosody), and that he does not plan to reform (病 is used speci cally to refer to violations of tonal propriety). Cf. HS 286 for another defense of metrical violation.
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328
寒山詩
HS 306
寒山道，
無人到。
若能行，
4 稱十號。 有蟬鳴， 無鴉噪。 黃葉落，
8 白雲掃。 石磊磊， 山隩隩。 我獨居，
12 名善導。 子細看， 何相好。
HS 307
寒山寒，
冰鎖石。
藏山青，
4 現雪白。
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
Hanshan’s Poems 329
HS 306
The Cold Mountain road: No one comes.
If you’re able to travel it,
4 You’ll be called by ten names. 1 There cicadas cry,
But no crows caw.
Yellow leaves fall,
8 And white clouds sweep. Stones are heaped,
The mountain is remote. I dwell here alone;
12 I am named “Good Guide. ”2 But if you look carefully, What attributes do I have? 3
HS 307
Cold Mountain is cold;
Ice locks in the rocks, Hides the mountain’s green,
4 Reveals the white of snow.
1 I. e. , become a Buddha. These refer to ten honori c titles granted to the Buddha.
2 One of the titles of the Buddha.
3 “Attributes” (相) can be applied to the list of special physical qualities that the
Buddha is said to possess; however, Mahayana thought (e. g. , the Diamond Sutra) asserts that Buddhas are not knowable by their attributes. This poem may allude speci cally to the preface, in which Fenggan mysteriously hinted that Hanshan would not be recognizable in his incarnation as Mañjuśrī.
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
330
寒山詩
日出照，
一時釋。
從茲暖，
8 養老客。 HS 308
我居山，
勿人識。
白雲中，
常寂寂。
HS 309
寒山深，
稱我心。
純白石，
4 勿黃金。 泉聲響， 撫伯琴。 有子期，
8 辨此音。
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
Hanshan’s Poems 331
But the sun comes out to shine, And all at once it thaws.
From then on, it’s warm,
8 And can sustain an old man.
HS 308
I live on the mountain, And no one knows me. Amid the white clouds It’s always tranquil.
HS 309
Cold Mountain is deep; This pleases my mind. Purely white stone,
4 And no yellow gold. The streams resound
As I strum Bo Ya’s zither.
If Ziqi were here,
8 He could distinguish the notes. 1
1 A reference to the famous story of the great zither player Bo Ya, whose music was appreciated and understood by his close friend Zhongzi Qi.
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
332
寒山詩
HS 310
重巖中，
足清風。
扇不搖，
4 涼冷通。 明月照， 白雲籠。 獨自坐，
8 一老翁。 HS 311
寒山子，
長如是。
獨自居，
不生死。
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
Hanshan’s Poems
333
HS 310
In the layered cli s,
There is enough clear breeze. No fan gets waved,
4 Yet fresh coolness arrives. The bright moon shines, Encircled in white clouds. Alone I sit,
8 One old man.
HS 311
Master Hanshan
Is always like this.
He dwells alone,
Neither is born nor dies. 1
1 I. e. , now free from the cycle of rebirth.
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
334 寒山詩
拾遺二首新添
HS 312
我見世間人，
箇箇爭意氣。
一朝忽然死，
4 只得一片地。 闊四尺，
長丈二。 汝若會出來爭意氣，
8 我與汝立碑記。 HS 313
家有寒山詩，
勝汝看經卷。
書放屏風上，
時時看一遍。
已上詩除拾遺二首老僧相傳其外。切依古印本排比次第
耳。
Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/18/17 8:42 AM
Hanshan’s Poems 335
I have newly added these two recovered poems:
HS 312
I see the people of the world:
Each with their competitive minds. Then one day they suddenly die,
4 And get only one plot of land.
Four feet wide,
Twelve feet long.
If you can fathom their competitive minds,
8 Then I’ll erect a stele in your honor.
HS 313
If your house has Hanshan’s poems, That’s better than reading the sutras. Write them down on a screen,
And read one now and then.
All of the poems above (except for the two poems discovered later that I have transmitted) have been put in sequence based on comparisons with old printed editions. 1
1 This note in the Song Edition (probably printed some time between 1120 and 1170) testi es to the existence of earlier printed editions, though none have survived. The editor refers to himself as lao seng (“old monk”).