Extinction
of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
death of Casimir III.
Poland - 1915 - Poland, a Study in National Idealism - Monica Gardner
THE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSKI 221
time has brought on us a terrible story. The son
has slain his mother, the brother has slain his
brother: a multitude of Cains is among us now.
Lord, it is not they who are guilty, though they
have thrust back our future; but other demons
have done this deed. Oh, punish the hand, not
the blind sword.
"See, in our misery ever the same, to Thy
breast, to Thy stars we float on prayer, like birds
fain to sleep flying to rest in the nests that are
theirs. Shelter us, shelter us with the hand of a
father. Give us the vision of Thy mercies to come.
Let the flower of martyrdom lull us by its frag-
rance, let the light of martyrdom surround us
with glory.
"And with Thy archangel to lead us we will
then go on to the mighty battle, and Satan's
cowering body transfix with Thy conquering
banner. We will open our hearts to our erring
brothers ;* the oil of freedom shall cleanse their
guilt. And then shall the abject blasphemer hear-
ken to our answer: 'God was and God is. '"
(Chorale, 1846).
All through Ujej ski's poetry, and most notice-
ably in the Complaints of Jeremias, written though
they were under such tragic circumstances, the
poet's attitude is never pessimistic! Even in the
* Were it only from his expressions in the Chorale we should
learn how completely Ujejski had pardoned the Galician peasantry;
but his whole life, spent in working in their behalf, speaks for itself.
+ It may be said that The Earth and a fragment which he wrote
at the same time, during the massacres, and in which he says,
"Terror blanched my face, I saw not God," convey an impression
of utter hopelessness. But such lang-uage is so unusual with Ujejski
that it must be considered as exceptional, and only representing a
moment of agony, not the habit of his mind.
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? 222
POLAND
hours of his deepest desolation, his confidence in
a Divine ordering, however terrible the test by
which it is tried, does not falter. The ideals that
he places before the eyes of the youth of Poland
are invariably those of faith, moral purity, con-
stancy, and hope. His grief, indeed, seems to
approach despair in that poem from the Complaints
of Jeremias where, at the end of each of the eight
stanzas in which the poet commemorates the
sufferings of his country, tolls the cry of pain:
"Oh, God, we are sorrowful. " The nation, he
says, has drunk to the dregs of her chalice. Upon
the burning pyres of our brethren, on our sons
thirsting at the stakes, heaven casts not dew, but
thunderbolts. "We are filled with tears and
mourning " that our homes know us no more but
are given over to the stranger, while our bones
are scattered over the wide world. The swallows
chirp in their own tongue, but the Polish child
no longer hears his language. Birds of passage
may return, with the spring, to their country;
the Pole, driven to the snows of Siberia,
may never return again, and only the dead
bodies of those fallen by the wayside mark his
road.
"Then, Lord, wilt Thou never console Thy
repentant people? We wither as leaves before
Thine eyes; and wilt Thou not hasten the hour
of redemption? "
But even here the poet can still reiterate that
his nation kneels before her God. UjejsH, in fact,
is always and definitely on the side of the angels.
The Act of Faith that closes the Complaints shows
us an undismayed soul that rose victorious above
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? THE IDEALS OF KORNEL VJEJSKI 223
the temptations that encompass the children of
a suffering and persecuted nation.
"Long I wept in the garden of Gethsemane.
Long I tore the music of my lyre out from my
tears. Now I rise me with a wearied body, but with
a strong, a mighty and anointed soul. "
Poland, having lain in the dust of humiliation,
soars upward, crowned with stars. Ujejski dictates
I to her her act of faith. Here he follows more closely
; in the steps of Krasinski than in any other of his
poems. The echoes of the great Messianistic
prophecies that reached their noblest confession
in Krasinski's Psalm of Good Will cling about the
lips of the younger poet likewise. Ujej ski's poetry
is never so decided an expression of the theories
of Messianism as we find in Mickiewicz's Ancestors
and Krasinski's Dawn and Psalms of the Future.
He is, indeed, far more what we might call
Western in his line of thought, more concrete.
But this Act of Faith is a clear testimony to Messi-
anistic hopes.
"We believe, Lord, oh, firmly we believe that
Thou hast sent us as a torch by night to lead the
human race to Thee. We believe that the light of
our dawn is already dawning in the skies. We
believe that Thou sowest stars upon our road. We
believe that though Thou dost permit at times
the weak to stagger, yet Thou dost shield us all from
fall, and that Thou hast set Thy angels round the
{)it. We believe, oh, Lord, we are the sons of
ight. We believe that, in some time not far away,
our country's bounds shall be from sea to sea, and
all the nations will through the ages and the ages
gaze on us, as man gazes to the sun. We believe,
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? 224 POLAND
oh, Lord, that Thou shalt rule us as our
King. "
The Complaints of Jeremias touch the highest
point of Ujej ski's national aspirations, and
created a profound impression in his country.
Under the literary aspect, he showed himself here
as a master of lyrical form, whose love of music
gave his poetry a peculiar rhythmic charm. The
patriotic fire that trembles through these poems
never died. Using again the image of the chosen
race, in which so many of the Polish poets saw
the mystic counterpart of their own people,
Ujejski wrote his Biblical Melodies. Albeit the
subjects are scriptural, reading between the lines
and especially in Super Flumina Babylonis, we
know that the Polish singer is in reality writing
of no nation of the past, but of his Poland under
a veil, letting these lessons of fidelity to a national
cause, steadfastness under oppression, hope in the
future, speak for themselves.
But it would be a mistake to imagine that the
nature of Ujejski's patriotism is purely one of
resignation and passive endurance. There is a
strong martial side to it. The Angelus, peaceful
evening picture though it is, has yet a sterner and
a rugged colouring. The mists of the coming
night droop about the hamlet. Homing birds fly,
crying, to their nests. The peasant boy in the
hills is piping on his flute. Then the Angelus rings
out from the village church. The scent of the
flowers, the mist, the murmuring of the stream,
the clamour of the birds, the flute of the boy, all
join their voices in song and prayer. The sound
of the bell reaches the dead in their graves who
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? 7HE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSKI 225
died for Poland, and they, too, pray. Then the
poet asks of fate that when he, in his turn, goes
down into his grave, after having sung to its
depths the sorrow of his nation, with his last
tears given to the mother earth he loved so well,
these same evening sounds may breathe over him,
as his dying lips repeat the Angelus.
"Let them lay me in my coffin on a bloody
shield. Let my songs of war murmur there around
me. Let me dream that, dying, I beheld an armed
people, radiant in their victory. "
Many years later, he prays that when he has
finished his work of song for his nation:
"May that beloved earth, that natal earth, fall
on my bosom as though she mourned for me. She
will not lie heavily on me who loved her. Softly
as a mother's hand, will she rest upon mine eyes. "
And he bids that his bones shall be laid in a
meadow that he knows, where, so popular tra-
dition has it, the sons of Poland fell in the past
fighting for their country, and where a legend
foretells that the final victory of Poland will be
fought. There, says the poet, spring blooms earlier,
the winds blow more freshly and more sweetly
than in any other spot. There, the ghosts of those
who gave up their lives for Poland hold nightly
procession.
"Bear me there. Lay my head there beneath
the turf. Let that great hope be my glory. I reck
not whether they bury me with lamenting and
with weeping; but let that mighty hope be my
death monument. "
"Oh, earth of my songs," cries the poet with
^'all the passion of the Pole for the soil. " Oh, thou
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? 226
POLAND
who art my mother! Thou, who dost lavish
comfort on thy faithful sons, thou wilt not drive
my yearning soul away from thee. "
There he will lie till above his head resounds
the clash of arms, and the peasants rise for Poland,
the nation battles for her freedom. In that day of
triumph, of a conflict such as the world has never
yet seen, in that day " I will arise again. "
The pastoral scenes that he has painted in the
Angelus were the setting of most of UjejsH's life.
He married in 1849, and, as he sings in a poem to
his wife, found in his happy marriage a refuge
from adversity. From that time he spent nearly
all of his tranquil days in the country, surrounded
by domestic joys, devoting himself to unwearied
labour for the welfare of the Galician peasants.
From his youth upwards their condition had
always been a subject dear to his heart. Their
poverty and misfortunes are the theme of more
than one of his poems, written to awake sympathy
for their lot. For the last seventeen years of his
life he wrote little. But his nation was never for-
gotten. Not long before his death, on the celebra-
tion of his poetical jubilee, he said that life had
deceived him, for it had given him what he had
neither sought nor wished, fame and honours,
but it had withheld from him the one desire of
his heart, the resurrection of Poland. His^place
in Polish literature is that of a greatr lyric poet,
and of a teacher who never ceased to urge the
youth of his nation towards the highest ideals,
personal and national, and to inspire them with
an evergreen hope for the restoration of their
beloved and oppressed nation. These two tenets
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? THE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSK1 227
of hope and resurrection were his own cherished
and life-long beacon-lights. We may, indeed,
look upon them as being his last testament, the
last words by which he chose to be remembered.
For it was he who raised the inscription over the
gate of the country graveyard near his home,
where his dust was to lie: "They shall rest and
they shall rise. "
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? TABLE OF VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH
HISTORY
600. Birth of Cracow.
842. Foundation of the Piast dynasty, the
earliest line of Polish sovereigns.
963. Conversion to Christianity of Miecfcys-
law I. , which brings about the conversion
of Poland.
992-1025. Reign of Boleslaw I. He unites
Poland, is victorious over Bohemia, Ger-
many, and Russia, and establishes the
archbishopric of Gnesen.
1079. Murder by Boleslaw II. of St. Stanislas,
'Bishop of Cracow.
1139. Poland is divided into duchies.
iT77-U94- Reign of Casimir II. , the Just, who
reunites Poland, and founds the nucleus
of the Polish senate.
1194. Poland again divided into duchies.
1226. Rise of the Teutonic Knights in Polish
history. Summoned by Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, to assist him against Prussia,
they become the deadliest enemies of
Poland and the founders of modern
Prussia.
1241. First of the Tartar invasions that ravage
Poland for centuries and against which
she stands as the bulwark of Christendom.
1295. Poland is again a kingdom.
1331. First general Diet.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 229
1333. Accession of Casimir III. , the Great,
whose reign ushers in the golden period
of Polish history, and confers peace and
prosperity on the nation.
1335. Silesia ceded to Bohemia. *
1340. Lw6w and Red Ruthenia (Eastern Galicia)
united to the Polish crown.
1343. Pomerania with Danzig ceded to the
Teutonic Knights.
1347. Statute of Wislica which codifies Polish
laws.
1352. Volhynia annexed by Poland.
1364. Foundation of the University of Cracow.
1370.
Extinction of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
1386. The marriage of Jadwiga, Queen of
Poland, with Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania,
unites Lithuania and Ruthenia to Poland,
which latter consequently becomes the
greatest state in Eastern Europe. The
Jagiello dynasty is thus founded.
1410. Victory over the Teutonic Knights at
Granwald which has remained one of the
favourite episodes of Polish history.
1466. Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
Teutonic Knights. Western Prussia with
Danzig revert to Poland, the Teutonic
Knights retaining Eastern Prussia as a
fief under the Polish King.
1473. Birth of Copernicus.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of
* With the exception of two of its duchies that the Poles re-
gained in the fifteenth century, Silesia never returned to Poland.
But to this day a large Polish population is to be found in Silesia
who have remained faithful to their language and their origin.
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? 230 POLAND
the Teutonic Knights, having embraced
Lutheranism, retains Eastern Prussia as
a secular and hereditary state held under
the Polish crown.
1561. Livonia passes to Poland.
1572. Death of Sigismund II. Augustus closes
the Jagiello line, and from being nominally,
the Polish crown becomes practically,
elective.
1574. The Pacta Conventa are drawn up by
which the rule of the state passes from the
hands of the king to those of the nation.
, 15 76-15 86. Reign of Stephen Batory strengthens
Poland. He organizes the Cossacks as a
defence to the Polish frontiers, and is
victorious over Russia and the Turks.
1587. Opening of the Vasa dynasty with the
accession of Sigismund III. , in whose
reign Warsaw becomes the capital and
wars are waged with Sweden, Russia,
Tartars, and Turks.
1595. Union of Brzes6, which unites the Greek
Church of Ruthenia to that of Rome, and
is the origin of the Ruthenian Uniates.
1621. Victory under Chodkiewicz over Turks
and Tartars at Chocim.
1648. Beginning of the Cossack revolt against
Poland.
1648. The disastrous reign of John Casimir
begins during which Poland fights Tar-
tars, Cossacks, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia.
1652. First exercise of the liberum veto by which
at the word of a single deputy the Polish
Diet could be dissolved.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 231
1655. Repulse of the Swedes at Czenstochowa
by the prior Kordecki, which saves the
whole of Poland.
1660. Treaty of Oliwa, by which Poland yields
most of Livonia to Sweden, and Prussia
formally renounces allegiance to Poland.
^1667. Treaty of Andruszowo, by which Smol-
ensk, Kiev and the left bank of the Dnieper
pass to Russia, and Poland loses her
suzerainty over the Cossacks.
1673. Victory under John Sobieski over the
Turks at Chocim.
1674. Accession of John Sobieski.
1683. Sobieski delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
1697-1763. Decay of Poland under the rule of
the Electors of Saxony.
1763. With the death of Augustus III. the
struggle for Poland's existence against
Russia, Prussia, and Austria enters its
acute stage.
1764. Accession of Stanislas PoniatowsH, last
King of Poland.
1768-1772. Confederation of Bar, led by the
PulawsHs, fights against Russia in defence
of the national liberty and religion.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1788-1791. The Four Years' Diet, held in what
remained of independent Poland.
1791. On the third of May the Polish Diet
passes the Liberal Constitution of Poland.
1793. Second partition of Poland between
Russia and Prussia.
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? 232 POLAND
1794. Rising led by Kosciuszko for the national
independence.
1794. Defeat at Maciejowice, at which Kos-
ciuszko is taken prisoner, massacre of
Praga, and capture of Warsaw by Suvorov.
1795. Third partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1798. Birth of Adam Mickiewicz.
1807. Treaty of Tilsit, by which Napoleon
creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815. Treaty of Vienna, by which Poland is re-
divided between Austria, Russia, and
Prussia; autonomous Kingdom of Poland
under Russia guaranteed; and the Free
Republic of Cracow established.
1830. The first Polish Rising.
1831. Warsaw is taken by the Russians and the
Rising ends.
1846. The Galician massacres.
1846. Annexation of Cracow by Austria.
1855. Death of Adam Mickiewicz.
1861. Species of autonomy granted to Austrian
1863-64. The second Polish Rising. [Poland.
1871. Opening of the Kulturkampf by Bismarck,
and persecution of the national Church
in Prussian Poland.
1885. Expulsion by Bismarck of forty thousand
Poles from Prussian Poland.
1886. The Colonisation Bill passed by the
Prussian Diet for the purchase and Ger-
manization of Polish land.
1908. Expropriation Bill passed by which the
Polish landowner in Prussian Poland is
forcibly evicted.
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? PRESS NOTICES OF
"ADAM MICKIEWICZ, THE NATIONAL
POET OF POLAND"
"Miss Gardner, a devoted and accomplished
student of Polish literature, has performed a con-
siderable service in making better known the life
and work of the most famous of Polish poets. His
pathetic story is told . . . with deep sympathy
by Miss Gardner. . . . Some of her prose render-
ings are of great beauty--often with the wild and
wayward beauty which we associate with Chopin. "
--Manchester Guardian.
"Miss Gardner gives us a remarkably true
picture of the relations between the poet and his
country. . . . Miss Gardner has realized fully
what she attempted, and indeed few countrymen
of the poet could perform the task better. "--
Cambridge Review.
"The work is so admirably done that it would
be welcome, though we had other biographies
or other critical appreciations of the Polish poet.
This remarkable work. . . . "--Tablet.
"This is the first attempt which has been
made in our language to capture the imagination
by a critical study of the fine character and high
achievements of Adam Mickiewicz. Miss Monica
Gardner writes exceedingly well--with know-
ledge, with sympathy, and with vision. "--
Standard.
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? 234 PRESS NOTICES
"Her sympathies with that oppressed nation-
ality, a sinister monument of the triumph of
might over right, and her understanding of the
Polish spirit, make her pages inspiring reading.
Her work will do much to make the fame of a
great poet, already well enough known on the
continent, spread into England. "--Month.
"One would have been grateful for a moderate
biography of Poland's national poet. Miss Gardner's
work merits a more distinguished adjective, and
therefore is doubly worthy of attention. . . She
explains his masterpieces with sympathy and
skill, giving at the same time workmanlike trans-
lations of the more famous passages. "--Athenceum.
"Miss Gardner has not given us a literary book
alone, but the story of a soul, and of a soul which
mirrored in itself the travail and agony of a
nation. . . . This vivid and sympathetic record
. . . . Miss Gardner has done no small service
in making his rare nature and gifts known to the
English world. "--Dublin Review.
"His life Miss Gardner has admirably described.
She is to be congratulated on the courage and
perseverance which have produced such a good
book on a subject which has been too long neg-
lected. "--Times.
"C'est, a notre connaissance, le premier livre
anglais qui traite avec tant d'ampleur et tant
de conscience une question d'histoire litteraire
polonaise. . . . Ce brillant coup d'essai. "--
Bulletin Polonais.
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time has brought on us a terrible story. The son
has slain his mother, the brother has slain his
brother: a multitude of Cains is among us now.
Lord, it is not they who are guilty, though they
have thrust back our future; but other demons
have done this deed. Oh, punish the hand, not
the blind sword.
"See, in our misery ever the same, to Thy
breast, to Thy stars we float on prayer, like birds
fain to sleep flying to rest in the nests that are
theirs. Shelter us, shelter us with the hand of a
father. Give us the vision of Thy mercies to come.
Let the flower of martyrdom lull us by its frag-
rance, let the light of martyrdom surround us
with glory.
"And with Thy archangel to lead us we will
then go on to the mighty battle, and Satan's
cowering body transfix with Thy conquering
banner. We will open our hearts to our erring
brothers ;* the oil of freedom shall cleanse their
guilt. And then shall the abject blasphemer hear-
ken to our answer: 'God was and God is. '"
(Chorale, 1846).
All through Ujej ski's poetry, and most notice-
ably in the Complaints of Jeremias, written though
they were under such tragic circumstances, the
poet's attitude is never pessimistic! Even in the
* Were it only from his expressions in the Chorale we should
learn how completely Ujejski had pardoned the Galician peasantry;
but his whole life, spent in working in their behalf, speaks for itself.
+ It may be said that The Earth and a fragment which he wrote
at the same time, during the massacres, and in which he says,
"Terror blanched my face, I saw not God," convey an impression
of utter hopelessness. But such lang-uage is so unusual with Ujejski
that it must be considered as exceptional, and only representing a
moment of agony, not the habit of his mind.
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? 222
POLAND
hours of his deepest desolation, his confidence in
a Divine ordering, however terrible the test by
which it is tried, does not falter. The ideals that
he places before the eyes of the youth of Poland
are invariably those of faith, moral purity, con-
stancy, and hope. His grief, indeed, seems to
approach despair in that poem from the Complaints
of Jeremias where, at the end of each of the eight
stanzas in which the poet commemorates the
sufferings of his country, tolls the cry of pain:
"Oh, God, we are sorrowful. " The nation, he
says, has drunk to the dregs of her chalice. Upon
the burning pyres of our brethren, on our sons
thirsting at the stakes, heaven casts not dew, but
thunderbolts. "We are filled with tears and
mourning " that our homes know us no more but
are given over to the stranger, while our bones
are scattered over the wide world. The swallows
chirp in their own tongue, but the Polish child
no longer hears his language. Birds of passage
may return, with the spring, to their country;
the Pole, driven to the snows of Siberia,
may never return again, and only the dead
bodies of those fallen by the wayside mark his
road.
"Then, Lord, wilt Thou never console Thy
repentant people? We wither as leaves before
Thine eyes; and wilt Thou not hasten the hour
of redemption? "
But even here the poet can still reiterate that
his nation kneels before her God. UjejsH, in fact,
is always and definitely on the side of the angels.
The Act of Faith that closes the Complaints shows
us an undismayed soul that rose victorious above
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? THE IDEALS OF KORNEL VJEJSKI 223
the temptations that encompass the children of
a suffering and persecuted nation.
"Long I wept in the garden of Gethsemane.
Long I tore the music of my lyre out from my
tears. Now I rise me with a wearied body, but with
a strong, a mighty and anointed soul. "
Poland, having lain in the dust of humiliation,
soars upward, crowned with stars. Ujejski dictates
I to her her act of faith. Here he follows more closely
; in the steps of Krasinski than in any other of his
poems. The echoes of the great Messianistic
prophecies that reached their noblest confession
in Krasinski's Psalm of Good Will cling about the
lips of the younger poet likewise. Ujej ski's poetry
is never so decided an expression of the theories
of Messianism as we find in Mickiewicz's Ancestors
and Krasinski's Dawn and Psalms of the Future.
He is, indeed, far more what we might call
Western in his line of thought, more concrete.
But this Act of Faith is a clear testimony to Messi-
anistic hopes.
"We believe, Lord, oh, firmly we believe that
Thou hast sent us as a torch by night to lead the
human race to Thee. We believe that the light of
our dawn is already dawning in the skies. We
believe that Thou sowest stars upon our road. We
believe that though Thou dost permit at times
the weak to stagger, yet Thou dost shield us all from
fall, and that Thou hast set Thy angels round the
{)it. We believe, oh, Lord, we are the sons of
ight. We believe that, in some time not far away,
our country's bounds shall be from sea to sea, and
all the nations will through the ages and the ages
gaze on us, as man gazes to the sun. We believe,
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? 224 POLAND
oh, Lord, that Thou shalt rule us as our
King. "
The Complaints of Jeremias touch the highest
point of Ujej ski's national aspirations, and
created a profound impression in his country.
Under the literary aspect, he showed himself here
as a master of lyrical form, whose love of music
gave his poetry a peculiar rhythmic charm. The
patriotic fire that trembles through these poems
never died. Using again the image of the chosen
race, in which so many of the Polish poets saw
the mystic counterpart of their own people,
Ujejski wrote his Biblical Melodies. Albeit the
subjects are scriptural, reading between the lines
and especially in Super Flumina Babylonis, we
know that the Polish singer is in reality writing
of no nation of the past, but of his Poland under
a veil, letting these lessons of fidelity to a national
cause, steadfastness under oppression, hope in the
future, speak for themselves.
But it would be a mistake to imagine that the
nature of Ujejski's patriotism is purely one of
resignation and passive endurance. There is a
strong martial side to it. The Angelus, peaceful
evening picture though it is, has yet a sterner and
a rugged colouring. The mists of the coming
night droop about the hamlet. Homing birds fly,
crying, to their nests. The peasant boy in the
hills is piping on his flute. Then the Angelus rings
out from the village church. The scent of the
flowers, the mist, the murmuring of the stream,
the clamour of the birds, the flute of the boy, all
join their voices in song and prayer. The sound
of the bell reaches the dead in their graves who
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? 7HE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSKI 225
died for Poland, and they, too, pray. Then the
poet asks of fate that when he, in his turn, goes
down into his grave, after having sung to its
depths the sorrow of his nation, with his last
tears given to the mother earth he loved so well,
these same evening sounds may breathe over him,
as his dying lips repeat the Angelus.
"Let them lay me in my coffin on a bloody
shield. Let my songs of war murmur there around
me. Let me dream that, dying, I beheld an armed
people, radiant in their victory. "
Many years later, he prays that when he has
finished his work of song for his nation:
"May that beloved earth, that natal earth, fall
on my bosom as though she mourned for me. She
will not lie heavily on me who loved her. Softly
as a mother's hand, will she rest upon mine eyes. "
And he bids that his bones shall be laid in a
meadow that he knows, where, so popular tra-
dition has it, the sons of Poland fell in the past
fighting for their country, and where a legend
foretells that the final victory of Poland will be
fought. There, says the poet, spring blooms earlier,
the winds blow more freshly and more sweetly
than in any other spot. There, the ghosts of those
who gave up their lives for Poland hold nightly
procession.
"Bear me there. Lay my head there beneath
the turf. Let that great hope be my glory. I reck
not whether they bury me with lamenting and
with weeping; but let that mighty hope be my
death monument. "
"Oh, earth of my songs," cries the poet with
^'all the passion of the Pole for the soil. " Oh, thou
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? 226
POLAND
who art my mother! Thou, who dost lavish
comfort on thy faithful sons, thou wilt not drive
my yearning soul away from thee. "
There he will lie till above his head resounds
the clash of arms, and the peasants rise for Poland,
the nation battles for her freedom. In that day of
triumph, of a conflict such as the world has never
yet seen, in that day " I will arise again. "
The pastoral scenes that he has painted in the
Angelus were the setting of most of UjejsH's life.
He married in 1849, and, as he sings in a poem to
his wife, found in his happy marriage a refuge
from adversity. From that time he spent nearly
all of his tranquil days in the country, surrounded
by domestic joys, devoting himself to unwearied
labour for the welfare of the Galician peasants.
From his youth upwards their condition had
always been a subject dear to his heart. Their
poverty and misfortunes are the theme of more
than one of his poems, written to awake sympathy
for their lot. For the last seventeen years of his
life he wrote little. But his nation was never for-
gotten. Not long before his death, on the celebra-
tion of his poetical jubilee, he said that life had
deceived him, for it had given him what he had
neither sought nor wished, fame and honours,
but it had withheld from him the one desire of
his heart, the resurrection of Poland. His^place
in Polish literature is that of a greatr lyric poet,
and of a teacher who never ceased to urge the
youth of his nation towards the highest ideals,
personal and national, and to inspire them with
an evergreen hope for the restoration of their
beloved and oppressed nation. These two tenets
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? THE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSK1 227
of hope and resurrection were his own cherished
and life-long beacon-lights. We may, indeed,
look upon them as being his last testament, the
last words by which he chose to be remembered.
For it was he who raised the inscription over the
gate of the country graveyard near his home,
where his dust was to lie: "They shall rest and
they shall rise. "
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? TABLE OF VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH
HISTORY
600. Birth of Cracow.
842. Foundation of the Piast dynasty, the
earliest line of Polish sovereigns.
963. Conversion to Christianity of Miecfcys-
law I. , which brings about the conversion
of Poland.
992-1025. Reign of Boleslaw I. He unites
Poland, is victorious over Bohemia, Ger-
many, and Russia, and establishes the
archbishopric of Gnesen.
1079. Murder by Boleslaw II. of St. Stanislas,
'Bishop of Cracow.
1139. Poland is divided into duchies.
iT77-U94- Reign of Casimir II. , the Just, who
reunites Poland, and founds the nucleus
of the Polish senate.
1194. Poland again divided into duchies.
1226. Rise of the Teutonic Knights in Polish
history. Summoned by Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, to assist him against Prussia,
they become the deadliest enemies of
Poland and the founders of modern
Prussia.
1241. First of the Tartar invasions that ravage
Poland for centuries and against which
she stands as the bulwark of Christendom.
1295. Poland is again a kingdom.
1331. First general Diet.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 229
1333. Accession of Casimir III. , the Great,
whose reign ushers in the golden period
of Polish history, and confers peace and
prosperity on the nation.
1335. Silesia ceded to Bohemia. *
1340. Lw6w and Red Ruthenia (Eastern Galicia)
united to the Polish crown.
1343. Pomerania with Danzig ceded to the
Teutonic Knights.
1347. Statute of Wislica which codifies Polish
laws.
1352. Volhynia annexed by Poland.
1364. Foundation of the University of Cracow.
1370.
Extinction of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
1386. The marriage of Jadwiga, Queen of
Poland, with Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania,
unites Lithuania and Ruthenia to Poland,
which latter consequently becomes the
greatest state in Eastern Europe. The
Jagiello dynasty is thus founded.
1410. Victory over the Teutonic Knights at
Granwald which has remained one of the
favourite episodes of Polish history.
1466. Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
Teutonic Knights. Western Prussia with
Danzig revert to Poland, the Teutonic
Knights retaining Eastern Prussia as a
fief under the Polish King.
1473. Birth of Copernicus.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of
* With the exception of two of its duchies that the Poles re-
gained in the fifteenth century, Silesia never returned to Poland.
But to this day a large Polish population is to be found in Silesia
who have remained faithful to their language and their origin.
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? 230 POLAND
the Teutonic Knights, having embraced
Lutheranism, retains Eastern Prussia as
a secular and hereditary state held under
the Polish crown.
1561. Livonia passes to Poland.
1572. Death of Sigismund II. Augustus closes
the Jagiello line, and from being nominally,
the Polish crown becomes practically,
elective.
1574. The Pacta Conventa are drawn up by
which the rule of the state passes from the
hands of the king to those of the nation.
, 15 76-15 86. Reign of Stephen Batory strengthens
Poland. He organizes the Cossacks as a
defence to the Polish frontiers, and is
victorious over Russia and the Turks.
1587. Opening of the Vasa dynasty with the
accession of Sigismund III. , in whose
reign Warsaw becomes the capital and
wars are waged with Sweden, Russia,
Tartars, and Turks.
1595. Union of Brzes6, which unites the Greek
Church of Ruthenia to that of Rome, and
is the origin of the Ruthenian Uniates.
1621. Victory under Chodkiewicz over Turks
and Tartars at Chocim.
1648. Beginning of the Cossack revolt against
Poland.
1648. The disastrous reign of John Casimir
begins during which Poland fights Tar-
tars, Cossacks, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia.
1652. First exercise of the liberum veto by which
at the word of a single deputy the Polish
Diet could be dissolved.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 231
1655. Repulse of the Swedes at Czenstochowa
by the prior Kordecki, which saves the
whole of Poland.
1660. Treaty of Oliwa, by which Poland yields
most of Livonia to Sweden, and Prussia
formally renounces allegiance to Poland.
^1667. Treaty of Andruszowo, by which Smol-
ensk, Kiev and the left bank of the Dnieper
pass to Russia, and Poland loses her
suzerainty over the Cossacks.
1673. Victory under John Sobieski over the
Turks at Chocim.
1674. Accession of John Sobieski.
1683. Sobieski delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
1697-1763. Decay of Poland under the rule of
the Electors of Saxony.
1763. With the death of Augustus III. the
struggle for Poland's existence against
Russia, Prussia, and Austria enters its
acute stage.
1764. Accession of Stanislas PoniatowsH, last
King of Poland.
1768-1772. Confederation of Bar, led by the
PulawsHs, fights against Russia in defence
of the national liberty and religion.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1788-1791. The Four Years' Diet, held in what
remained of independent Poland.
1791. On the third of May the Polish Diet
passes the Liberal Constitution of Poland.
1793. Second partition of Poland between
Russia and Prussia.
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? 232 POLAND
1794. Rising led by Kosciuszko for the national
independence.
1794. Defeat at Maciejowice, at which Kos-
ciuszko is taken prisoner, massacre of
Praga, and capture of Warsaw by Suvorov.
1795. Third partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1798. Birth of Adam Mickiewicz.
1807. Treaty of Tilsit, by which Napoleon
creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815. Treaty of Vienna, by which Poland is re-
divided between Austria, Russia, and
Prussia; autonomous Kingdom of Poland
under Russia guaranteed; and the Free
Republic of Cracow established.
1830. The first Polish Rising.
1831. Warsaw is taken by the Russians and the
Rising ends.
1846. The Galician massacres.
1846. Annexation of Cracow by Austria.
1855. Death of Adam Mickiewicz.
1861. Species of autonomy granted to Austrian
1863-64. The second Polish Rising. [Poland.
1871. Opening of the Kulturkampf by Bismarck,
and persecution of the national Church
in Prussian Poland.
1885. Expulsion by Bismarck of forty thousand
Poles from Prussian Poland.
1886. The Colonisation Bill passed by the
Prussian Diet for the purchase and Ger-
manization of Polish land.
1908. Expropriation Bill passed by which the
Polish landowner in Prussian Poland is
forcibly evicted.
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? PRESS NOTICES OF
"ADAM MICKIEWICZ, THE NATIONAL
POET OF POLAND"
"Miss Gardner, a devoted and accomplished
student of Polish literature, has performed a con-
siderable service in making better known the life
and work of the most famous of Polish poets. His
pathetic story is told . . . with deep sympathy
by Miss Gardner. . . . Some of her prose render-
ings are of great beauty--often with the wild and
wayward beauty which we associate with Chopin. "
--Manchester Guardian.
"Miss Gardner gives us a remarkably true
picture of the relations between the poet and his
country. . . . Miss Gardner has realized fully
what she attempted, and indeed few countrymen
of the poet could perform the task better. "--
Cambridge Review.
"The work is so admirably done that it would
be welcome, though we had other biographies
or other critical appreciations of the Polish poet.
This remarkable work. . . . "--Tablet.
"This is the first attempt which has been
made in our language to capture the imagination
by a critical study of the fine character and high
achievements of Adam Mickiewicz. Miss Monica
Gardner writes exceedingly well--with know-
ledge, with sympathy, and with vision. "--
Standard.
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? 234 PRESS NOTICES
"Her sympathies with that oppressed nation-
ality, a sinister monument of the triumph of
might over right, and her understanding of the
Polish spirit, make her pages inspiring reading.
Her work will do much to make the fame of a
great poet, already well enough known on the
continent, spread into England. "--Month.
"One would have been grateful for a moderate
biography of Poland's national poet. Miss Gardner's
work merits a more distinguished adjective, and
therefore is doubly worthy of attention. . . She
explains his masterpieces with sympathy and
skill, giving at the same time workmanlike trans-
lations of the more famous passages. "--Athenceum.
"Miss Gardner has not given us a literary book
alone, but the story of a soul, and of a soul which
mirrored in itself the travail and agony of a
nation. . . . This vivid and sympathetic record
. . . . Miss Gardner has done no small service
in making his rare nature and gifts known to the
English world. "--Dublin Review.
"His life Miss Gardner has admirably described.
She is to be congratulated on the courage and
perseverance which have produced such a good
book on a subject which has been too long neg-
lected. "--Times.
"C'est, a notre connaissance, le premier livre
anglais qui traite avec tant d'ampleur et tant
de conscience une question d'histoire litteraire
polonaise. . . . Ce brillant coup d'essai. "--
Bulletin Polonais.
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