) Ptolemy
Philadelphus
at last
accomplished this important work.
accomplished this important work.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Pausan.
, 4, 24, teqq ) The acquisition of
? ? Naupactrs was of great importance to the Athenians
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? WAX
NBA
pnarous, In >rder to deceive the Grecian vessels that
were tailing by in the night on their return from Troy;
? lid he thu>> caused their shipwreck on the coast.
Tie torch, it seems, had been placed on the most dan-
gerous part of the shore; but the Greeks mistook it
lor a friendly signal, inviting tiiein to land hero as the
safest part of the island. Those of the shipwiccked
crews that came safe to the land were slam by Nau-
p'i'-T, who is said, however, to have thrown himself
into the sea when he saw his plan of vengeance in a
great measure frustrated by the escape of Ulysses,
who^x the Hnils bore away in safety from the danger-
ous coast. (Hygin. , fab. , 116. )--The obscure and
Ciiious logend related by Apollodorus (2, 1, 5) is
thought by tnary > have reference to this Nauplius.
It assigns him i. different end. According to this
version of the story, Nauplius attained a great age,
tnl passed his time on the sea, lamenting the fate of
those who were lost on it. At length, through the
anger of the gods, he himself met with the same fate
which he deplored in others. (Heyne, ad Apollod. , I. c. )
NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannonia, on a river of the
>>ame name, now Ober (Upper) LaybacH. (Veil. Pat. ,
2, llO. --l'lm. , 3, 18--Tacit. , Ann. , 1, 20. )
NAUSICAA, daughter of Alcinoiis, king of the Phav
acians. She met Ulysses shipwrecked on her father's
coast, and gave him a kind reception. (Oil. , 6, 17,
*eqq. )
NAUSTATIIHUS, I. a port and harbour in Sicily, at
the mouth of the river Cacyparis, below Syracuse;
now Asparanelto. (Cluv. , Stc. Ant. , p. 97. -- Ret-
r. liHi'it, I'lics. Topogr. )--II. A village and anchoring-
place of Cyrcna'ica, between Erythron and Apolloma.
(Mela, 1, 8. )--III. An anchoring-place on the coast
of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, about 90 stadia from
the mouth of the Halys ? it is supposed by some to
have been identical will, the Ihyra or Ibora of Hiero-
cles (p. 701). D'Anville gives BalircH as the mod-
ern name; but Keichard, Kupri Agkzi. (Arrian,
Perifl. , Huds, G. M. , 1, p. 16. )
NAXOS, I. a town of Crete, celebrated for produ-
cing excellent whetstones. (Find. , Istkm. , 6, 107.
--Scltol. ad Pind. , '. . c. )--II. The largest of the Cyc-
lades, lying to the east of Paros, in the . ? gean Sea.
It is said by Pliny (4, 13) to have borne the several
names of Strongylc, Dia, Dionysias, Sicilia Minor,
and Callipolis. The same writer states that it was
75 miles in circuit, and twice the size of Paros. It
was first peopled by the Carians (Sleph. Byz. , *. r.
N<ifof), but afterward received a colony of lonians
from Athens. (Herod. , 8, 46. ) The failure of the
expedition undertaken by the Persians against this
island, at the suggestion of Aristagoras, led to the
revolt of the Ionian states. (Herod. , 5,28. ) At this
period Naxos was the most flourishing of the Cycla-
des ; but, not long after, it was conquered by the Per-
sian armament under Datis and Artaphernes, who de-
stroyed the city and temples, and enslaved the inhab-
itants. (Herod. , 6,96. ) Notwithstanding this calam-
ity, the Naxians, with four ships, joined the Greek fleet
assembled at Salamis (Herod. , 8, 46), and yet they
were the first of the confederates whom the Athenians
deprived of their independence. (Thucyd. , 1,98,137. )
It appears from Herodotus (1, 64) that they had al-
ready been subject to that people in the time of Pi-
? lotratus. Naxos was farther celebrated for the wor-
jhip of Bacchus, who is said to have been born there.
? ? (Virg. , Mn. , 3, 125. -- Horn. , Hymn inApoll. , 44. --
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? NEAPOLIS.
'NEB
eccsunt of the origin of Neapolis. Scymnus of Chios
mentions both tho Phocseans and Cumaans as its
founders, while Stephanus of Byzantium names the
Khodians. But by far the most numerous and respect-
able authorities attribute its foundation to the (,'uiiix-
ans. a circumstance which their proximity renders high-
ly probable. (Slrabo, 246. --Livy, 8, 22. --Veil. Pa-
terc, 1, 4. ) Hence the connexion of this city with
E jbosa, so frequently alluded to by the poets, and es-
pecially by Statius, who was born here. {Silv. , 1, 2;
8,5; 2, 2, &c. ) A Greek inscription mentions a hero
of the name of Eumelus as having had divine honours
paid to him, probably as founder of the city. (Capa-
do, Hist: Nap. , p. 105. ) This fact serves to illustrate
another passage of Statius. (Silv. , 4, 8, 45. )--The
date of the foundation of this colony is not recorded.
Velleius Paterculus observes only that it wae much
posterior to thai of the parent city. Strabo seems to
recognise another colony subsequent to that of the
Comseans, composed of Chalcidians, Pithecusans, and
Athenians. (Strab. , 246. ) The latter were probably
the same who are mentioned in a fragment of Timsus,
quoted by Tzctzes (ad Lycophr. , v. 732-37), as hav-
ing migrated to Italy under the command of Diotimus,
who also instituted a /. auzadoQopiu, still observed at
Ncapolis in the time of Statius (Sylv. , 4, 8, 50).
The passage of Strabo above cited will account also
for the important change in the condition of the city
now under consideration, which is marked by the
terms Pala-polis and Neapolis, both of which are ap-
plied to it by the ancient writers. It is to be noticed,
that Pala-polis is the name under which Livy men-
tions it when describing the first transactions which
connect iu history with that of Rome, A. U. C. 429
(Lrry, 8, 23); while Polybius, speaking of events
which occurred in the beginning of the first Punic
war, that is, about sixty years afterward, employs only
that of Neapolia (1, 61). --Livy, however, clearly al-
ludes to the two cities as existing at the same time;
but we bear no more of Palaepolis after it had under-
gone a eiege and surrendered to the Roman arms.
According to the same historian, this town stood at
no great distance from the site of Neapolis, certainly
nearer to Vesuvius, and in the plain. (Romanelli,
vol. 3, p. 530. ) It was betrayed by two of its chief
citizens to the Roman consul, A. U. C. 429. (Lie, 8,
25. ) Respecting the position of Neapolis, it may be
seen from Pliny, that it was placed between the river
Sebethas, now il Fmme Madulona, and the small isl-
and Megaris, or Megalia, as Statius calls it (Sylr , 2,
2. 80), on which the Castcl del Ovo now stands.
(Pirn. , 3, 6. --Columella, R. R. , 10. )--It is probable
that Neapolis sought the alliance of the Romans not
long after the fall of the neighbouring city; for we
find that they were supplied with ships by that town
in the first Punic war, for the purpose of crossing over
into Sicily. (Polyb. , I, 51. ) At that time we may
suppose the inhabitants of Neapolis, like those of
Ouma>, to have lost much of their Greek character,
from being compelled to admit the Campunians into
their commonwealth; a circumstance that has been
noticed by Strabo (246). In that geographer's time,
however, there still remained abundant traces of their
first origin. Their gymnasia, clubs, and societies
were formed after the Greek manner. Public games
were celebrated every five years, which might rival in
celebrity the most famous institutions of that nature
? ? in Greece; white the indolence and luxury of Grecian
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? NEC
NEM
Nebrmsa, or Coloma Venerea Nkbbissa, a lown
of the Turdetani, in Hispania BaHica, northeast of Ga-
des, and southwest of Hispalis. It is now Lebrija or
Labrixa. (Strabo, liS. --PUn. , 3, 8. ) ?
Nei books, a general name for the chain of mount-
ifrs running through the northern part of Sicily. The
Greek name is Nevpuir/ opy. (Strabo, 274. -- Sil.
I J. . Li, 234 )
*. '*cho, a king of Egypt who endeavoured to open
l communication, by meana of a canal, between the
8>d Sea and the Mediterranean. The attempt was
abandons. 1, after the loss of 120,(100 men, by order of
an oracle, which warned the monarch "that he was
working for the barbarian" (rii ^apiupif airov rrpo-
cpyuieadtu. --Herod. , 2, 158). The true cause, how-
ever, of the enterprise having been abandoned would
seem to have been the discovery, thar \he water of the
Arabian Sea stood higher than the sandy plains through
which the canal would have to run. (Compare Arts-
lot. , Meteoroi, 1,14. --Strabo, 804. )--A similar attempt
was made, but with no better success, by Darius Hys-
taspis. (Herod. , 1. c.
) Ptolemy Philadelphus at last
accomplished this important work. An account of it
is given by Strabo (804) from Ariemidorus. (Com-
pare Manncrt's remarks on Strabo's statement, Geogr. ,
vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 507, teqq. )--This same Necho is
also famous in the annals of geographical discovery
for a voyage which, according to Herodotus (4, 42),
he caused to be performed around Africa, for the so-
lution of the grand mystery which involved the form
and termination of that continent. He was obliged
to employ, not native, but Phoenician navigators, of
whose proceedings Herodotus received an account
from the Egyptian priests. They were ordered to sail
down tho Red Sea, pass through the Columns of Her-
cules (Straits of Gibraltar), and so up the Mediterra-
nean tt Egypt; in other words, to circumnavigate
Africa. The Phoenicians related, that, passing down
&<s Tied Sea, they entered the Southern Ocean; on
the approach of autumn, they landed on the coast and
planted corn; when this was ripe, they cut it down and
(gain departed. Having thus consumed two years,
they, in the third, doubled the Columns of Hercules
and returned to Egypt. They added, that, in passing
the most southern coast. of Africa, they were surprised
to observe the sun on their right hand; a statement
which Herodotus himself rejects as impossible. Such
is all the account transmitted to us of this extraordi-
nary voyage, which has given rise to a learned and
voluminous controversy. Kennell, in his Geography
^f Herodotus; Vincent, in his Periplus of the Eryth-
raean Sea; and Gossellin, in his Geography of the An-
cients, have exhausted almost every possible argu-
ment; the first in its favour, the two latter to prove
that it never did or could take place. To these last
it appears impossible that ancient mariners, with their
slender resources, creeping in little row-galleys along
the coast, steering without the aid of a compass, and
unable to venture to any distance from land, could
have performed so immense a circuit. All antiquity,
they observe, continued to grope in doubt and dark-
ness rospecting the form of Africa, which waa only
fully established several thousand years afterward by
the expedition of Gama. On tho other aide, Rennell
urges thai, immense as this voyage was, it was en-
tirely tlong a coast of which the navigators never re-
quired to lose sight even for a day j that their small
? ? barks were well equipped, and better fitted than ours
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? N EM
NEM
let They were celebrated under the presidency of
the <Corinthians, Argives, and inhabitants of Oleoma
(Atg. ad Find. , Pfem. , 3. --Compare Pausan , 2, 14,
3); but in later times they appear to have been entirely
under the management jf the Argives. (Livy, 34,
41. ) They are said to have been celebrated every
third year; and sometimes, as wo learn from Pau-
? anias, in the winter. {Pausan. , 2, 15, 2. --Id, 6,
16, 4. ) The crowns bestowed on the victors were of
parsley, since these games were originally funeral ones,
tnd since it was customary to lay chaplets of parsley
an the tombs of the dead. (Wacksmitth, Gr. Anliq. ,
vol. 1, p. 163, Eng. transl)
Nkmkssanus (Marcus Aurclius Olympius), a Latin
poet, a native of Carthage, who flourished about 280
A. D. Few particulars of his life are known. His
true family name was Olympius; that of Ncmesianus,
by which he is commonly cited, indicatea probably that
his ancestors were residents of Nemesium, a cily of
Marmarica. Vopiscus, in his life of Numerian (who
was clothed with the imperial purple A. D. 282), in-
forms us that Ncmesianus had a poetical contest with
this prince, but was defeated. It is possible that Nc-
mesianus may have been a kinsman of his; at least,
the Emperor Carus, and his two sons, Carinus and Nu-
merianus, bear, like our poet, the pnenotnen of Marcus
Aurelius. Vopiscus also states that Ncmesianus com-
posed Halicutica, Cynegitiea, and Nautica, and gained
all sorts of crowns (" omnibus coronis iUustratus c. mcu-
? (," according to the felicitous emendation of Casau-
bon). So that, whatever opinion may be formed of his
merits by modern critics, it is certain that the einpuror's
triumph over him was by no means lightly esteemed by
his contemporaries. We have only one of the three
poems, of which the historian speaks, remaining, name-
ly, that entitled Cynegctica, the subject of which is the
chase, together with some fragments of the two others.
The Cynegetica, or poem on hunting, consists of 325
verves; but the work is incomplete, cither from hav-
ing been left in that state by the poet himself, or from
1 portion of it having been lost. The plan of the
piece is entirely different from that of Gratiua Faliscus.
This latter treats in a single strain of all the species of
hunting, and in a very succinct way; Ncmesianus, on
tbe contrary, appears to have treated of each kind of
hunting separately, and in a detailed manner. In the
first book, which is all that we possess, the poet speaks
of the preparations for the hunt, of the rearing of dogs
and horses, and of the various implements and aids
which must be provided by the hunter. In this portion
of his work, Nemesianus often gives spirited imitations
of Virgil and Oppian. Though the poem is not free
from the faults of the age in which it was written, yet
in point of correctness and elegance it is far before
most contemporaneous productions. --Besides the Cyn-
egelica, and the fragments of the other two poems that
have been mentioned (which some, however, assign to
a different source), we have a small poem in honour of
Hercules, and two fragments of another poem on fowl-
ing, "De Aucnpio. " The best edition of the remains
of Ncmesianus is that given by Wcrnsdorff in the first
volume of his Pacta Latini Minorca. (Scholl, Hist,
lit. Rom. , vol. 3, p. 33, seqq. --B'ihr, Geach. Rom.
lit. , vol. 1, p. 211. )
Nemesis, a female Greek divinity, who appears to
have been regarded as the personification of the right-
eous anger of the gods. She is represented as inflex-
? ? ibly severe to the proud and insolent. (Pavaan. , 1,
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? NEC
NEP
in the list if ancient Christian philosophers. The best
and most com-alele edition of Nemesius is that ot Mat-
lhaei, Hal. Magd. , 1802, 8vo Before the appearance
of this, the edition of Fell, Ozon. , 1671, 8vo, was
most esteemed. (Encycl. Us Knowl. , vol. 16, p. 141,
<<<<>>. )
Nehetacum, a town of tho Atrebates in Gaul, now
Arras. (Vid. Atrebates. )
Nemetes, a nation of northern Gaul, in the division
called Germania Prima, lying along the banks of the
Rhine, and between the Vangiones and Tribocci
Their chief city was Noviomagus, now Spire. Ac-
cording to some, they occupied both banks of the
Rhine, and their transrhenanc territory corresponded
in part to the Grand Duchy of Baden. (Tacit. , Germ. ,
88. --Cits. , B. G. , 1, 31. --Lcmaire, Ind. Gcogr. ad
Cos. . s. v. )
Nkmossus, the same with Augustonemetum and
Claromontium, the capital of the Averni in Gaul, now
Clermont. Strabo, from whoin we obtain the name
Nemossus, is thought by some to mean a different
place from Augustonemetum. (Manual, Gcogr. , vol.
2, pt. 1, p. 117. )
Neobule, I. a daughter of Lycambes, satirized by
Archilochus, to whom she had been betrothed. (Vtd.
Lycambes. )--II. A young female to whom Horace
addressed one of his odes. The bard laments the un-
happy lot of the girl, whose affection for the youthful
Hebrus had exposed her to the angry chidings of an
offended relative. (Horat. , Od. , 3, 12. )
Neoc/Esarea, a city of Pontus, on the river Lycus,
northwest of Comana. Its previous name appears to
have been Atneria, and it would seem to have roceived
the appellation of Neoca? sarea in the reign of Tibe-
rius. In the time of Gregory Thaumaturgus, who
was a native of this place, it is stated to have been the
most considerable town of Pontus. (Greg. Neoc. ,
Vit. , p. 577. ) It appears also, from the life of the
came saint, to have been the principal scat of pagan
idolatry and superstitions, which affords another pre-
sumption for the opinion that it had risen on the found-
ation of Ameria and the worship of Mcn-Pharnaces.
Niksar, the modern representative of Neocauarea, is
a town of some size, and the capital of a district of the
same name, in the pachalic of Sirvas or Roum. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. I, p. 315, sea. )--II. A city on
the Euphrates, in the Syrian district of Chalybonitis;
now, according to Reichard, Kalat el Nedsjur.
Neon, the same with Tithorea in Phocis. (Vid.
Tithorea. )
Neontichos, a town of . (Eolis, in Asia Minor,
founded by the . 'Eolians, as a temporary fortress, on
their first arrival in the country, and thirty stadia dis-
tant from Larissa. Pliny leads us to suppose that it
was not on the coast, but somewhat removed from it;
and wc collect from a passage in the Life of Homer
0 II, scq. ), that it was situate between Larissa and
the Hermus. The ruins of this place should be sought
for on the right bank of the Hermus, and above Giuzel-
hissar, on the road from Smyrna to Bergamah. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. I, p. 151. )
Neoptolemus, I. so;i of Achilles and Dei'damia.
(Vid. Pyrrhus I. )--II. A king of the Molossi, father
of Olympias, the mother of Alexander. (Justin, 17,
8. )--III. An uncle of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, raised
to the throne d iring the absence of the latter in Italy.
Pyrrhus, on his return home, associated Neoptolemus
? ? with him in the government; but afterward put him
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? NEPos.
NEPOS.
has been a >>uhjcct, ever since the work wes first print-
ed, ol much debate and controversy among critics and
commentators. The dissension originated in the fol-
lowing circumstances: A person of the name of iEmil-
ius Probus. who lived in the fourth century, during the
reign of Theodosius the Great, presented to his sover-
eign a copy of the Vita Impcratornm, and prefixed to
it some barbarous verses, which left it doubtful whether
he meant to announce himself aa the author, or merely
as the transcriber, of the work. These lines, being
pierixed to the most ancient MSS. of the Vila Excel-
Utttium Impcratorum, induced a general belief during
the middle ages that . . Emilius Probus was himself the
luthor of the biographies. The Editio Princeps, which
was printed by Janson in 1471, was entitled "Proii
JSnilii Liber de Virorum Ezcellentium Vita. " All
subsequent editions were inscribed with the name of
. ? mihus Probus, till the appearance of that of Lambi-
nus in 1568, in which the opinion that Probus was the
author was first called in question, and the honour of
the work restored to Cornelius Nepos. Since that
time the Vita Excdlcntium Impcratorum have been
usually published with his name; but various supposi-
tions and conjectures still continued to be formed with
regard to the share that J3milius Probus might have
had in the MS. which he presented to Thcodosius.
Barthius was of opinion, that in this MS. Probus had
abridged the original work of Nepos in the same man-
ner as Justin had epitomized the history of Trogus
Pompeius; and in this way he accounts for some sole-
cisms and barbarous forms of expression, which would
not have occurred in the genuine and uncorrupted
work of an Augustan writer. (Adversaria, 24, 18;
25, 15. ) Since the time of Barthius, however, this
hypothesis, which divides the credit of the work be-
tween Cornelius Nepos and Probus, has been generally
rejected, and most commentators have adopted the
opinion that Probus was merely the transcriber of the
work of Nepos, and that he did not mean to signify
more in the lines which he prefixed to his MS. They
irgue that it is clear, from a passage in the commence-
nent of the Life of Pelopidas, that the work had not
been reduced, as Barthius supposes, to a compendium,
but had originally been written in a brief style and
sbridged form: "Vcrcor, si ret czplicarc incipiam.
Mm ntam ejus enarrarc, ted historian vidcar scribere:
si tanlum modogummas attigcro, nc rudibus litcrarum
Gracarum minus lueidi apparcat, quant us fuerit Me
tir. Itaque utrique rci occurram, quantum potcro; ct
medebor cum satietati, turn ignorantia lectorum. " It
is worthy of remark, that in some of the old MSS. of
the " Vita Impcratorum," which furnished the text of
the earlier editions, there is written at the end, " Com-
plctum est opus JEmilii Probi, Cornclii Nepotis," as
if the copyist had been in doubt as to the real author.
--So far from admitting those solecisms of expres-
sion for which Barthius thinks it necessary to account,
Vossius chiefly founds his argument in favour of the
classical authenticity of the work on that Augustan
style, which neither .
? ? Naupactrs was of great importance to the Athenians
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? WAX
NBA
pnarous, In >rder to deceive the Grecian vessels that
were tailing by in the night on their return from Troy;
? lid he thu>> caused their shipwreck on the coast.
Tie torch, it seems, had been placed on the most dan-
gerous part of the shore; but the Greeks mistook it
lor a friendly signal, inviting tiiein to land hero as the
safest part of the island. Those of the shipwiccked
crews that came safe to the land were slam by Nau-
p'i'-T, who is said, however, to have thrown himself
into the sea when he saw his plan of vengeance in a
great measure frustrated by the escape of Ulysses,
who^x the Hnils bore away in safety from the danger-
ous coast. (Hygin. , fab. , 116. )--The obscure and
Ciiious logend related by Apollodorus (2, 1, 5) is
thought by tnary > have reference to this Nauplius.
It assigns him i. different end. According to this
version of the story, Nauplius attained a great age,
tnl passed his time on the sea, lamenting the fate of
those who were lost on it. At length, through the
anger of the gods, he himself met with the same fate
which he deplored in others. (Heyne, ad Apollod. , I. c. )
NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannonia, on a river of the
>>ame name, now Ober (Upper) LaybacH. (Veil. Pat. ,
2, llO. --l'lm. , 3, 18--Tacit. , Ann. , 1, 20. )
NAUSICAA, daughter of Alcinoiis, king of the Phav
acians. She met Ulysses shipwrecked on her father's
coast, and gave him a kind reception. (Oil. , 6, 17,
*eqq. )
NAUSTATIIHUS, I. a port and harbour in Sicily, at
the mouth of the river Cacyparis, below Syracuse;
now Asparanelto. (Cluv. , Stc. Ant. , p. 97. -- Ret-
r. liHi'it, I'lics. Topogr. )--II. A village and anchoring-
place of Cyrcna'ica, between Erythron and Apolloma.
(Mela, 1, 8. )--III. An anchoring-place on the coast
of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, about 90 stadia from
the mouth of the Halys ? it is supposed by some to
have been identical will, the Ihyra or Ibora of Hiero-
cles (p. 701). D'Anville gives BalircH as the mod-
ern name; but Keichard, Kupri Agkzi. (Arrian,
Perifl. , Huds, G. M. , 1, p. 16. )
NAXOS, I. a town of Crete, celebrated for produ-
cing excellent whetstones. (Find. , Istkm. , 6, 107.
--Scltol. ad Pind. , '. . c. )--II. The largest of the Cyc-
lades, lying to the east of Paros, in the . ? gean Sea.
It is said by Pliny (4, 13) to have borne the several
names of Strongylc, Dia, Dionysias, Sicilia Minor,
and Callipolis. The same writer states that it was
75 miles in circuit, and twice the size of Paros. It
was first peopled by the Carians (Sleph. Byz. , *. r.
N<ifof), but afterward received a colony of lonians
from Athens. (Herod. , 8, 46. ) The failure of the
expedition undertaken by the Persians against this
island, at the suggestion of Aristagoras, led to the
revolt of the Ionian states. (Herod. , 5,28. ) At this
period Naxos was the most flourishing of the Cycla-
des ; but, not long after, it was conquered by the Per-
sian armament under Datis and Artaphernes, who de-
stroyed the city and temples, and enslaved the inhab-
itants. (Herod. , 6,96. ) Notwithstanding this calam-
ity, the Naxians, with four ships, joined the Greek fleet
assembled at Salamis (Herod. , 8, 46), and yet they
were the first of the confederates whom the Athenians
deprived of their independence. (Thucyd. , 1,98,137. )
It appears from Herodotus (1, 64) that they had al-
ready been subject to that people in the time of Pi-
? lotratus. Naxos was farther celebrated for the wor-
jhip of Bacchus, who is said to have been born there.
? ? (Virg. , Mn. , 3, 125. -- Horn. , Hymn inApoll. , 44. --
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? NEAPOLIS.
'NEB
eccsunt of the origin of Neapolis. Scymnus of Chios
mentions both tho Phocseans and Cumaans as its
founders, while Stephanus of Byzantium names the
Khodians. But by far the most numerous and respect-
able authorities attribute its foundation to the (,'uiiix-
ans. a circumstance which their proximity renders high-
ly probable. (Slrabo, 246. --Livy, 8, 22. --Veil. Pa-
terc, 1, 4. ) Hence the connexion of this city with
E jbosa, so frequently alluded to by the poets, and es-
pecially by Statius, who was born here. {Silv. , 1, 2;
8,5; 2, 2, &c. ) A Greek inscription mentions a hero
of the name of Eumelus as having had divine honours
paid to him, probably as founder of the city. (Capa-
do, Hist: Nap. , p. 105. ) This fact serves to illustrate
another passage of Statius. (Silv. , 4, 8, 45. )--The
date of the foundation of this colony is not recorded.
Velleius Paterculus observes only that it wae much
posterior to thai of the parent city. Strabo seems to
recognise another colony subsequent to that of the
Comseans, composed of Chalcidians, Pithecusans, and
Athenians. (Strab. , 246. ) The latter were probably
the same who are mentioned in a fragment of Timsus,
quoted by Tzctzes (ad Lycophr. , v. 732-37), as hav-
ing migrated to Italy under the command of Diotimus,
who also instituted a /. auzadoQopiu, still observed at
Ncapolis in the time of Statius (Sylv. , 4, 8, 50).
The passage of Strabo above cited will account also
for the important change in the condition of the city
now under consideration, which is marked by the
terms Pala-polis and Neapolis, both of which are ap-
plied to it by the ancient writers. It is to be noticed,
that Pala-polis is the name under which Livy men-
tions it when describing the first transactions which
connect iu history with that of Rome, A. U. C. 429
(Lrry, 8, 23); while Polybius, speaking of events
which occurred in the beginning of the first Punic
war, that is, about sixty years afterward, employs only
that of Neapolia (1, 61). --Livy, however, clearly al-
ludes to the two cities as existing at the same time;
but we bear no more of Palaepolis after it had under-
gone a eiege and surrendered to the Roman arms.
According to the same historian, this town stood at
no great distance from the site of Neapolis, certainly
nearer to Vesuvius, and in the plain. (Romanelli,
vol. 3, p. 530. ) It was betrayed by two of its chief
citizens to the Roman consul, A. U. C. 429. (Lie, 8,
25. ) Respecting the position of Neapolis, it may be
seen from Pliny, that it was placed between the river
Sebethas, now il Fmme Madulona, and the small isl-
and Megaris, or Megalia, as Statius calls it (Sylr , 2,
2. 80), on which the Castcl del Ovo now stands.
(Pirn. , 3, 6. --Columella, R. R. , 10. )--It is probable
that Neapolis sought the alliance of the Romans not
long after the fall of the neighbouring city; for we
find that they were supplied with ships by that town
in the first Punic war, for the purpose of crossing over
into Sicily. (Polyb. , I, 51. ) At that time we may
suppose the inhabitants of Neapolis, like those of
Ouma>, to have lost much of their Greek character,
from being compelled to admit the Campunians into
their commonwealth; a circumstance that has been
noticed by Strabo (246). In that geographer's time,
however, there still remained abundant traces of their
first origin. Their gymnasia, clubs, and societies
were formed after the Greek manner. Public games
were celebrated every five years, which might rival in
celebrity the most famous institutions of that nature
? ? in Greece; white the indolence and luxury of Grecian
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? NEC
NEM
Nebrmsa, or Coloma Venerea Nkbbissa, a lown
of the Turdetani, in Hispania BaHica, northeast of Ga-
des, and southwest of Hispalis. It is now Lebrija or
Labrixa. (Strabo, liS. --PUn. , 3, 8. ) ?
Nei books, a general name for the chain of mount-
ifrs running through the northern part of Sicily. The
Greek name is Nevpuir/ opy. (Strabo, 274. -- Sil.
I J. . Li, 234 )
*. '*cho, a king of Egypt who endeavoured to open
l communication, by meana of a canal, between the
8>d Sea and the Mediterranean. The attempt was
abandons. 1, after the loss of 120,(100 men, by order of
an oracle, which warned the monarch "that he was
working for the barbarian" (rii ^apiupif airov rrpo-
cpyuieadtu. --Herod. , 2, 158). The true cause, how-
ever, of the enterprise having been abandoned would
seem to have been the discovery, thar \he water of the
Arabian Sea stood higher than the sandy plains through
which the canal would have to run. (Compare Arts-
lot. , Meteoroi, 1,14. --Strabo, 804. )--A similar attempt
was made, but with no better success, by Darius Hys-
taspis. (Herod. , 1. c.
) Ptolemy Philadelphus at last
accomplished this important work. An account of it
is given by Strabo (804) from Ariemidorus. (Com-
pare Manncrt's remarks on Strabo's statement, Geogr. ,
vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 507, teqq. )--This same Necho is
also famous in the annals of geographical discovery
for a voyage which, according to Herodotus (4, 42),
he caused to be performed around Africa, for the so-
lution of the grand mystery which involved the form
and termination of that continent. He was obliged
to employ, not native, but Phoenician navigators, of
whose proceedings Herodotus received an account
from the Egyptian priests. They were ordered to sail
down tho Red Sea, pass through the Columns of Her-
cules (Straits of Gibraltar), and so up the Mediterra-
nean tt Egypt; in other words, to circumnavigate
Africa. The Phoenicians related, that, passing down
&<s Tied Sea, they entered the Southern Ocean; on
the approach of autumn, they landed on the coast and
planted corn; when this was ripe, they cut it down and
(gain departed. Having thus consumed two years,
they, in the third, doubled the Columns of Hercules
and returned to Egypt. They added, that, in passing
the most southern coast. of Africa, they were surprised
to observe the sun on their right hand; a statement
which Herodotus himself rejects as impossible. Such
is all the account transmitted to us of this extraordi-
nary voyage, which has given rise to a learned and
voluminous controversy. Kennell, in his Geography
^f Herodotus; Vincent, in his Periplus of the Eryth-
raean Sea; and Gossellin, in his Geography of the An-
cients, have exhausted almost every possible argu-
ment; the first in its favour, the two latter to prove
that it never did or could take place. To these last
it appears impossible that ancient mariners, with their
slender resources, creeping in little row-galleys along
the coast, steering without the aid of a compass, and
unable to venture to any distance from land, could
have performed so immense a circuit. All antiquity,
they observe, continued to grope in doubt and dark-
ness rospecting the form of Africa, which waa only
fully established several thousand years afterward by
the expedition of Gama. On tho other aide, Rennell
urges thai, immense as this voyage was, it was en-
tirely tlong a coast of which the navigators never re-
quired to lose sight even for a day j that their small
? ? barks were well equipped, and better fitted than ours
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? N EM
NEM
let They were celebrated under the presidency of
the <Corinthians, Argives, and inhabitants of Oleoma
(Atg. ad Find. , Pfem. , 3. --Compare Pausan , 2, 14,
3); but in later times they appear to have been entirely
under the management jf the Argives. (Livy, 34,
41. ) They are said to have been celebrated every
third year; and sometimes, as wo learn from Pau-
? anias, in the winter. {Pausan. , 2, 15, 2. --Id, 6,
16, 4. ) The crowns bestowed on the victors were of
parsley, since these games were originally funeral ones,
tnd since it was customary to lay chaplets of parsley
an the tombs of the dead. (Wacksmitth, Gr. Anliq. ,
vol. 1, p. 163, Eng. transl)
Nkmkssanus (Marcus Aurclius Olympius), a Latin
poet, a native of Carthage, who flourished about 280
A. D. Few particulars of his life are known. His
true family name was Olympius; that of Ncmesianus,
by which he is commonly cited, indicatea probably that
his ancestors were residents of Nemesium, a cily of
Marmarica. Vopiscus, in his life of Numerian (who
was clothed with the imperial purple A. D. 282), in-
forms us that Ncmesianus had a poetical contest with
this prince, but was defeated. It is possible that Nc-
mesianus may have been a kinsman of his; at least,
the Emperor Carus, and his two sons, Carinus and Nu-
merianus, bear, like our poet, the pnenotnen of Marcus
Aurelius. Vopiscus also states that Ncmesianus com-
posed Halicutica, Cynegitiea, and Nautica, and gained
all sorts of crowns (" omnibus coronis iUustratus c. mcu-
? (," according to the felicitous emendation of Casau-
bon). So that, whatever opinion may be formed of his
merits by modern critics, it is certain that the einpuror's
triumph over him was by no means lightly esteemed by
his contemporaries. We have only one of the three
poems, of which the historian speaks, remaining, name-
ly, that entitled Cynegctica, the subject of which is the
chase, together with some fragments of the two others.
The Cynegetica, or poem on hunting, consists of 325
verves; but the work is incomplete, cither from hav-
ing been left in that state by the poet himself, or from
1 portion of it having been lost. The plan of the
piece is entirely different from that of Gratiua Faliscus.
This latter treats in a single strain of all the species of
hunting, and in a very succinct way; Ncmesianus, on
tbe contrary, appears to have treated of each kind of
hunting separately, and in a detailed manner. In the
first book, which is all that we possess, the poet speaks
of the preparations for the hunt, of the rearing of dogs
and horses, and of the various implements and aids
which must be provided by the hunter. In this portion
of his work, Nemesianus often gives spirited imitations
of Virgil and Oppian. Though the poem is not free
from the faults of the age in which it was written, yet
in point of correctness and elegance it is far before
most contemporaneous productions. --Besides the Cyn-
egelica, and the fragments of the other two poems that
have been mentioned (which some, however, assign to
a different source), we have a small poem in honour of
Hercules, and two fragments of another poem on fowl-
ing, "De Aucnpio. " The best edition of the remains
of Ncmesianus is that given by Wcrnsdorff in the first
volume of his Pacta Latini Minorca. (Scholl, Hist,
lit. Rom. , vol. 3, p. 33, seqq. --B'ihr, Geach. Rom.
lit. , vol. 1, p. 211. )
Nemesis, a female Greek divinity, who appears to
have been regarded as the personification of the right-
eous anger of the gods. She is represented as inflex-
? ? ibly severe to the proud and insolent. (Pavaan. , 1,
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? NEC
NEP
in the list if ancient Christian philosophers. The best
and most com-alele edition of Nemesius is that ot Mat-
lhaei, Hal. Magd. , 1802, 8vo Before the appearance
of this, the edition of Fell, Ozon. , 1671, 8vo, was
most esteemed. (Encycl. Us Knowl. , vol. 16, p. 141,
<<<<>>. )
Nehetacum, a town of tho Atrebates in Gaul, now
Arras. (Vid. Atrebates. )
Nemetes, a nation of northern Gaul, in the division
called Germania Prima, lying along the banks of the
Rhine, and between the Vangiones and Tribocci
Their chief city was Noviomagus, now Spire. Ac-
cording to some, they occupied both banks of the
Rhine, and their transrhenanc territory corresponded
in part to the Grand Duchy of Baden. (Tacit. , Germ. ,
88. --Cits. , B. G. , 1, 31. --Lcmaire, Ind. Gcogr. ad
Cos. . s. v. )
Nkmossus, the same with Augustonemetum and
Claromontium, the capital of the Averni in Gaul, now
Clermont. Strabo, from whoin we obtain the name
Nemossus, is thought by some to mean a different
place from Augustonemetum. (Manual, Gcogr. , vol.
2, pt. 1, p. 117. )
Neobule, I. a daughter of Lycambes, satirized by
Archilochus, to whom she had been betrothed. (Vtd.
Lycambes. )--II. A young female to whom Horace
addressed one of his odes. The bard laments the un-
happy lot of the girl, whose affection for the youthful
Hebrus had exposed her to the angry chidings of an
offended relative. (Horat. , Od. , 3, 12. )
Neoc/Esarea, a city of Pontus, on the river Lycus,
northwest of Comana. Its previous name appears to
have been Atneria, and it would seem to have roceived
the appellation of Neoca? sarea in the reign of Tibe-
rius. In the time of Gregory Thaumaturgus, who
was a native of this place, it is stated to have been the
most considerable town of Pontus. (Greg. Neoc. ,
Vit. , p. 577. ) It appears also, from the life of the
came saint, to have been the principal scat of pagan
idolatry and superstitions, which affords another pre-
sumption for the opinion that it had risen on the found-
ation of Ameria and the worship of Mcn-Pharnaces.
Niksar, the modern representative of Neocauarea, is
a town of some size, and the capital of a district of the
same name, in the pachalic of Sirvas or Roum. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. I, p. 315, sea. )--II. A city on
the Euphrates, in the Syrian district of Chalybonitis;
now, according to Reichard, Kalat el Nedsjur.
Neon, the same with Tithorea in Phocis. (Vid.
Tithorea. )
Neontichos, a town of . (Eolis, in Asia Minor,
founded by the . 'Eolians, as a temporary fortress, on
their first arrival in the country, and thirty stadia dis-
tant from Larissa. Pliny leads us to suppose that it
was not on the coast, but somewhat removed from it;
and wc collect from a passage in the Life of Homer
0 II, scq. ), that it was situate between Larissa and
the Hermus. The ruins of this place should be sought
for on the right bank of the Hermus, and above Giuzel-
hissar, on the road from Smyrna to Bergamah. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. I, p. 151. )
Neoptolemus, I. so;i of Achilles and Dei'damia.
(Vid. Pyrrhus I. )--II. A king of the Molossi, father
of Olympias, the mother of Alexander. (Justin, 17,
8. )--III. An uncle of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, raised
to the throne d iring the absence of the latter in Italy.
Pyrrhus, on his return home, associated Neoptolemus
? ? with him in the government; but afterward put him
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? NEPos.
NEPOS.
has been a >>uhjcct, ever since the work wes first print-
ed, ol much debate and controversy among critics and
commentators. The dissension originated in the fol-
lowing circumstances: A person of the name of iEmil-
ius Probus. who lived in the fourth century, during the
reign of Theodosius the Great, presented to his sover-
eign a copy of the Vita Impcratornm, and prefixed to
it some barbarous verses, which left it doubtful whether
he meant to announce himself aa the author, or merely
as the transcriber, of the work. These lines, being
pierixed to the most ancient MSS. of the Vila Excel-
Utttium Impcratorum, induced a general belief during
the middle ages that . . Emilius Probus was himself the
luthor of the biographies. The Editio Princeps, which
was printed by Janson in 1471, was entitled "Proii
JSnilii Liber de Virorum Ezcellentium Vita. " All
subsequent editions were inscribed with the name of
. ? mihus Probus, till the appearance of that of Lambi-
nus in 1568, in which the opinion that Probus was the
author was first called in question, and the honour of
the work restored to Cornelius Nepos. Since that
time the Vita Excdlcntium Impcratorum have been
usually published with his name; but various supposi-
tions and conjectures still continued to be formed with
regard to the share that J3milius Probus might have
had in the MS. which he presented to Thcodosius.
Barthius was of opinion, that in this MS. Probus had
abridged the original work of Nepos in the same man-
ner as Justin had epitomized the history of Trogus
Pompeius; and in this way he accounts for some sole-
cisms and barbarous forms of expression, which would
not have occurred in the genuine and uncorrupted
work of an Augustan writer. (Adversaria, 24, 18;
25, 15. ) Since the time of Barthius, however, this
hypothesis, which divides the credit of the work be-
tween Cornelius Nepos and Probus, has been generally
rejected, and most commentators have adopted the
opinion that Probus was merely the transcriber of the
work of Nepos, and that he did not mean to signify
more in the lines which he prefixed to his MS. They
irgue that it is clear, from a passage in the commence-
nent of the Life of Pelopidas, that the work had not
been reduced, as Barthius supposes, to a compendium,
but had originally been written in a brief style and
sbridged form: "Vcrcor, si ret czplicarc incipiam.
Mm ntam ejus enarrarc, ted historian vidcar scribere:
si tanlum modogummas attigcro, nc rudibus litcrarum
Gracarum minus lueidi apparcat, quant us fuerit Me
tir. Itaque utrique rci occurram, quantum potcro; ct
medebor cum satietati, turn ignorantia lectorum. " It
is worthy of remark, that in some of the old MSS. of
the " Vita Impcratorum," which furnished the text of
the earlier editions, there is written at the end, " Com-
plctum est opus JEmilii Probi, Cornclii Nepotis," as
if the copyist had been in doubt as to the real author.
--So far from admitting those solecisms of expres-
sion for which Barthius thinks it necessary to account,
Vossius chiefly founds his argument in favour of the
classical authenticity of the work on that Augustan
style, which neither .
