No More Learning

of Rome, vol. iii. p.
sentatives, was made apparently from one manu- 430) to the above mentioned victory, though most
script only. Its description is " Pappi Alexandrini modern writers make it relate to the conquest of
Mathematicae Collectiones a Federico Commandino the Gauls by the consul of B. C. 225 (see below,
. . . . commentariis illustratae,” Pisauri, 1588 (folio No. 3). In B. C. 280 he accompanied Fabricius,
size, quarto signatures). This edition shows, in as one of the three ambassadors who were sent to
various copies, three distinct title pages, the one Pyrrhus. The history of this embassy, as well as
abore, another Venetiis, 1589, a third Pisauri, of his second consulship and censorship, is given in
1602. It is remarkably erroneous in the paging the life of his colleague. (LUSCINUS, No. 1. )
and the catch-words ; but it does happen, we 3. L. AEMILIUS Q. F. CN. N. Papus, grand-
find, that one or the other is correct in every son apparently of No. 2, was consul B. C. 225, with
There is a cancel which is not found C. Atilius Regulus. This was the year of the
in some copies. The second edition, by Charles great war in Cisalpine Gaul. The Cisalpine Gauls,
Manolessius, has the same title, augmented, Bo- who had for the last few years shown symptoms of
noniae, 1660 (larger folio, quarto signatures). It hostility, were now joined by their brethren from
professes to be cleared from innumerable errors. the other side of the Alps, and prepared to invade
We cannot find any appearance of the use of any Italy. The conduct of this war was assigned to
additional manuscripts, or any thing except what | Aemilius, while his colleague Regulus was sent
is usual, namely, correction of obvious misprints againt Sardinia, which had lately revolted. Aemi-
and commission of others. And we find that Dr. lius stationed himself near Ariminum, on the road
Trail formed the same judgment. The first edition leading into Italy by Umbria, and another Roman
is the more clearly printed. What Mersenne gives, army was posted in Etruria, under the command of
sometimes called an edition, is a mere synopsis of a praetor. The Ganls skilfully marched between
enunciations. An intended edition by John Gal- the two armies into the heart of Etruria, which
laesius, mentioned by Fabricius, never appeared. they ravaged in every direction. They defeated
The third book of Pappus treats on the dupli- the Roman praetor when he overtook them, and
cation of the cube, geometrical constructions con- would have entirely destroyed his army, but for the
nected with the three kinds of means, the placing timely arrival of Aemilius. The Gauls slowly re-
in a triangle two lines having a sum together treated before the consul towards their own country;
greater than that of the two sides (which was but, in the course of their march along the coast
regarded as a sort of wonder), and the inscrip into Liguria, they fell in with the any of the
tion of the regular solids in a sphere. The other consul, who had just landed at Pisa, baving
fourth book treats of various subjects of pure geo- been lately recalled from Sardinia. Thus placed
metry, as also of several extra-geometrical curves, between two consular armies, they were obliged to
as that called the quadratrix, &c. The fifth book fight, and though they had every disadvantage on
treats of the properties of plane and solid figures, their side, the battle was long contested. One of
with reference to the greatest content under given the consuls, Regulus, fell in the engagement; but
boundaries, &c. , at great length. The sixth book the Gauls were at length totally defeated with
is on the geometry of the sphere. The seventh great slaughter. Forty thousand of the eneniy
book is on geometrical analysis, and is preceded are said to have perished and ten thousand to have
by the curious preface, which, mutilated as it is in been taken prisoners, among whom was one of their
parts, is the principal source of information we have kings, Concolitanus. Aemilius followed up his
on the history and progress of the Greek analysis. victory by marching through Liguria and invading
The eighth book is on mechanics, or rather on the country of the Boii, which he laid waste in
machines. A great deal might be written on every direction. After remaining there a few days
Pappus, with reference to the effect his work has he returned to Rome and triumphed. (Polyb. is
case.


## p. 121 (#137) ############################################

PARDUS.
121
PAREGOROS.
66
23–31 ; Oros. iv. 13; Eutrop. iii. 5 ; Zonar. viii. period ; but his vague use of the term more
20 ; Flor. i:. 4 ; Appian, Celt. 2. )
recent," as applied to writers of such different
A emilius Papus was censor B. C. 220, with C. periods as the seventh and eleventh or twelfth cen-
Flaminius, two years before the breaking out of turies, precludes us from determining how near to
the second Punic War. In the census of that the reign of Alexius he is to be placed. It was
year there were 270,213 citizens. (Liv. Epit. 20, long supposed that Corinthus was his name ; but
xxiii. 22. ) In B. C. 216 Papus was one of the Allatius, in his Diatriba de Georgiis, pointed out
triumviri, who were appointed in that year on that Pardus was his name and Corinthus that of
account of the dearth of money. (Liv. xxiii. 23). his see ; on his occupation of which he appears to
4. M. Aemilius Papus, maximus curio, died have disused his naine and designated himself by
B. c. 210. (Liv. xxvii. 6. )
his bishopric.
5. L. AEMILIUS Papus, praetor B. c. 205, ob- His only published work is Περί διαλέκτων,
tained Sicüy as his province. It was under this De Diulectis. It wns first published with the
Aemilius Papus that C. Octavius, the great grand-Erotemata of Demetrius Chalcondylas and of Mos-
father of the emperor Augustus, served in Sicily. chopulus, in a small folio volume, without note of
(Liv. xxviii. 38; Suet. Aug. 2. ) [Octavius, time, place, or printer's name, but supposed to have
No. 12. ) The L. Aemilius Papus, decemvir sa- been printed at Milan, A. D. 1493 (Panzer, Annal.
crorum, who died in B. c. 171, is probably the Typogr. vol. ii. p. 96). The full title of this edition
same person as the preceding. (Liv. xlii. 28. ) is Περί διαλέκτων των παρα Κορίνθου παρεκβλη-
PA'PYLUS, ST. (Tárvios), sometimes called Below, De Dialectis a Corintho decerptis. ' It was
Papirius, a physician, born at Thyatira in Lydia, afterwards frequently reprinted as an appendix to
of respectable parents, who was ordained deacon the earlier Greek dictionaries, or in the collections
by St. Carpus, in the second century after Christ. of grammatical treatises (e. g. in the Thesaurus
He was put to death by the praefect Valerius, Cornucopiae of Aldus, fol. Venice, 1496, with the
together with his sister Agathonice and many works of Constantine Lascaris, 4to. Venice, 1512 ;
others, after being cruelly tortured, in or about the in the dictionaries of Aldus and Asulanus, fol.
year 166. An interesting account of his martyr- Venice, 1524, and of De Sessa and Ravanis, fol.
dom is given in the * Acta Sanctorum," taken Venice, 1525), sometimes with a Latin version.
chiefly from Simeon Metaphrastes. His memory Sometimes (as in the Greek Lexicons of Stephanus
is celebrated by the Romish church on the 13th of and Scapula) the version only was given. All
April. (See Acta Sanctor. April, vol. ii. p. 120, &c. ; these earlier editions were made from two or three
Bzorius, Nomencl. Sanctor. Profess. Meilicor. ; C. B. MSS. , and were very defective. But in the last
Carpzovius, De Medicis ab Eccles. pro Sanctis habitis, century Gisbertus Koenius, Greek professor at
and the authors there referred to. ) (W. A. G. ) Franeker, by the collation of fresh MSS. , pub-
PARA, king of Armenia. (ARSACIDAE, p. lished the work in a more complete form, with a
364, a. )
prefice and notes, under the title of rpmyopiou
PARALUS (Tápanos). 1. The younger of | μητροπολίτου Κορίνθου περί διαλέκτων, Gregorius
the two legitimate sons of Pericles. He and his Corinthi Metropolita de Dialectis, 8vo. Leyden,
brother were educated by their father with the 1766. The volume included two other treatises or
greatest care, but they both appear to have been abstracts on the dialects by the anonymous writers
of inferior capacity, which was anything but com- known as Grammaticus Leidensis and Grammaticus
pensated by worth of character, though Paralus Meermannianus. An edition by G. H. Schaeffer,
seems to have been a somewhat more hopeful containing the treatises published by Koenius, and
youth than his brother. Both of them got the one or two additional, among which was the tract
nickname of Bλιττομάμμας. Both Xanthippus of Manuel Moschopulus, De Vocum Passionibus
and Paralus fell victims to the plague B. c. 429. [MoscHOPULUS), was subsequently published, 8vo.
(Plut. Pericl. 24, 36, de Consolat. p. 118, e. ; Plat. Leipzig, 1811, with copious notes and observations,
Alcib. i. p. 118, e. , with the scholiast on the passage, by Koenius, Bastius, Boissonade, and Schaeffer ;
Protag. p. 319, e. ; Athen. xi. p. 505,506. ) and a Commentatio Palaeographica, by Bastius.
2. A friend of Dion of Syracuse (Dion), who Several works of Pardus are extant in MSS.
; they
was governor of Minoa under the Carthaginians at are on Grammar ; the most important are appa-
the time when Dion landed in Sicily and gained rently that Περί συντάξεως λόγου ήτοι περί του μη
possession of Syracuse. See Vol. 1. p. 1028. coloričelv kai nepi Baplapio uoŮ, K. 7. 1. , De Con-
(Diod. xvi. 9. )
(C. P. M. ] structione Orationis, vel de Soloecismo et Barbarismo,
PARCAE. (Moira. )
&c. ; that Περί τρόπων ποιητικών, De Tropis Poe-
PARDUS, GREGORIUS or GEORGIUS ties; and especially that entitled 'Egryto eis eis tois
(Γρηγόριος 8. Γεώργιος Πάρδος), Archbishop of ή κανόνας των δεσποτικών εορτών, κ. τ. λ. , Erposi-
Corinth, on which account he is called in some tiones in Canones s. Hymnos Dominicos Festorum-
MSS. GEORGIUS (or GREGORIUS) CORINTHUS que totius Anni, et in Trivia Magnae Hebdomadis
(Kópavos), and, by an error of the copyist, Cori ac Festorum Deiparae, a grammatical exposition of
THUS (Kopitov, in Gen. ) and CORUTUS (Kopútov, the hymns of Cosmas and Damascenus (Cosmas OP
in Gen. ), or CORYTUS, a Greek writer on gram- JERUSALEM ; DAMASCENUS, Joannes), used in
mar of uncertain date. The only clue that we the Greek Church ; a work which has been, by
have to the period in which he lived is a passage the oversight of Possevino, Sixtus of Sena, and
in an unpublished work of his, De Constructione others, represented as a collection of Homiliae et
Orationis, in which he describes Georgius Pisida Sermones. (Allatius de Georgiis, p. 416, ed. Paris,
(GEORGIUS, No. 44), Nicolaus Callicles, and Theo- et apud Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 122, &c. i
dorus Prodmmus as “ more recent writers of lambic Koenius, Praef. in Gregor. Corinth. ; Fabric. Bibl.
verse. ". Nicolaus and Theodorus belong to the Graec. vol vi. pp. 195, &c. 320, 34), vol. ir. p.
reign of Alexius I. Comnenus (A. D. 1081-1118), 742. )
(J. C. M. )
and therefore Pardus must belong to a still later PARE'GOROS (Napíropos), i. e. , “the ad-


## p. 122 (#138) ############################################

122
PARIS.
PARIS
2
dressing," is the name of a goddess whose statue, a golden apple among the guests, with the in-
along with that of Peitho, stood in the temple of scription, “ to the fairest. " (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 93 ;
Aphrodite at Megara. (Paus. i. 43. & 6. ) [L. S. ) Serv. ad Aen. i. 27. ) Here, Aphrodite and
PAREIA (Πάρεια), 8 surname of Athena, Athena began to dispute as to which of them the
under which she had a statue in Laconia, perhaps apple should belong. Zeus ordered Hermes to
80 called only from its being made of Parian take the goddesses to mount Gargarus, a portion
marble. (Paus. iii. 20. & 8. ) Pareia is also the of Ida, to the beautiful shepherd Paris, who was
name of a nymph by whom Minos became the there tending his flocks, and who was to decide
father of Eurymedon, Nephalion, Chryses and Plii- the dispute. (Eurip. Iphig. Aul. 1302, 1298 ;
lojaus. (Apollod. iii. 1. & 2. )
(L. S. ) Paus. v. 19. § 1; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 986. )
PARIS (Tlápis), also called Alexander, was Hera promised him the sovereignty of Asia and
the second son of Priam and Hecabe. Previous great riches, Athena great glory and renown in
to his birth Hecabe dreamed that she had given war, and Aphrodite the fairest of women, Heien,
birth to a firebrand, the flames of which spread in marriage. Hereupon Paris declared Aphrodite
over the whole city. This dream was interpreted to be the fairest and deserving of the golden
to her by Aesacus, or according to others by Cas- apple. This judgment called forth in Hera and
sandra (Eurip. Androm. 298), by Apollo (Cic. De Athena fierce hatred of Troy. (Hom. 1. xxiv.
Dirin. i. 21), or by a Sibyl (Paus. x. 12. & 1), and 25, 29; Schol. ad Eurip. Hecub. 637, Troad.
was said to indicate that Hecabe should give birth 925, &c. , Helen. 23, &c. , Androm. 284 ; Hygin.
to a son, who should bring about the ruin of his Fab. 92 ; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20. ) Under the
native city, and she was accordingly advised to protection of Aphrodite, Paris now carried off
expose the child. Some state that the soothsayers Helen, the wife of Menelaus, from Sparta. (Hom.
urged Hecabe to kill the child, but as she was n. iii. 46, &c. ; Apollod. ii. 12. & 6. ) The ac-
unable to do so, Priam exposed him. (Schol. ad counts of this rape are not the same in all writers,
Eurip. Androm. 294, Iphig. Aul. 1285. ) The for according to some Helen followed her seducer
boy accordingly was entrusted to a shepherd, willingly and without resistance, owing to the
Agelaus, who was to expose him on Mount influence of Aphrodite (Hom. N. iii. 174), while
Ida. But after the lapse of five days, the Menelaus was absent in Crete (Eurip. Troad.
shepherd, on returning to mount Ida, found the 939); some say that the goddess deceived Helen,
child still alive, and fed by a she-bear. He by giving to Paris the appearance of Menelaus
accordingly took back the boy, and brought (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1946); according to others
him up along with his own child, and called him Helen was carried off by Paris by force, either
Paris. (Eurip. Troad. 921. ) When Paris had during a festival or during the chase. (Lycoph.
grown up, he distinguished' himself as a valiant 106 , Serv. ad Aen. i. 526 ; Dict. Cret. i. 3 ;
defender of the flocks and shepherds, and hence Ptolem. Hephaest. 4. ) Respecting the voyage
received the name of Alexander, i. e. the defender of Paris to Greece, there likewise are different
of men. He now also succeeded in discovering accounts. Once, it is said, Sparta was visited
his real origin, and found out his parents. (A pollod. by a famine, and the oracle declared that it should
iii. 12. § 5. ) This happened in the following not cease, unless the sons of Prometheus, Lycus
manner :-“Priam, who was going to celebrate a and Chimaereus, who were buried at Troy, were
funeral solemnity for Paris, whom he believed to propitiated. Menelaus accordingly went to Troy,
be dead, ordered a bull to be fetched from the and Paris afterwards accompanied him from Troy
herd, which was to be given as a prize to the to Delphi. (Lycoph. 132 ; Eustath. ad Hom.
victor in the games. The king's servants took p. 521. ) Others say that Paris involuntarily
the favourite bull of Paris, who therefore followed killed his beloved friend Antheus, and therefore
the men, took part in the games, and conquered filed with Menelaus to Sparta (Lycoph. 134, &c. )
his brothers. One of them drew his sword against The marriage between Paris and Helen was con-
him, but Paris fied to the altar of Zeus Herceius, summated in the island of Cranae, opposite to
and there Cassandra declared him to be her Gytheium, or at Salamis. (Hom. I. ii. 445 ;
brother, and Priam now received him as his son. Paus. iii. 22. 0 2; Lycoph. 110.