Various
political
combinations and wars.
Outlines and Refernces for European History
THE SMALL CENTRAL STATES SWITZERLAND.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories.
Adams and Cunningham.
Moses.
Wilson.
MacCracken.
Winchester.
Vincent.
Sowerby: The Forest Cantons.
English Historical Review, Oct. '95: The Sonderbund.
Yale Review, Nov. '95 : The Referendum, etc.
Sullivan: Direct Legislation.
Constitution in Old South Leaflets.
A. HISTORY.
1. To 1815.
a. The League of Uri, Schwys, and Unterwalden, 1291;
Mortgarten (1315); growth ef the League Luzerne,
Berne, Zurich, etc. ; Sempach, 1385; virtual independ-
ence (leagues of cities elsewhere and their fate); Charles
the Bold, 1474-77; peace of Westphalia, 1648; various
forms of the League; growth to 13 states (all German);
internal discord; Swiss mercenaries; the Reformation.
b. 1798. Uprisings of the lower classes; French interven-
tion; the Helvetic Republic (centralization. )
c. Napoleon and the Act of Mediation, 1803.
2. Switzerland and the Congress of Vienna, 1815; the Federal
Pact.
a. A loose federation; neutrality guaranteed.
b. Epoch of discord; religious and political dissensions.
An ill-assorted, loose union of democratic and oligarchic,
country and city, Protestant and Catholic, German,
French and Italian cantons (22. )
c. The Sonderbund; civil war, 1847.
3. Constitution of 1848.
B. SWITZERLAND TODAY.
(Population about 3,00,000; 59 per cent. Protestant, 41 per
cent. Catholic. )
1. The federal government,
a. Legislature.
(The referendum and initiative. )
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? 39
b. Executive and Judiciary.
2. Canton and commune.
3. Religion.
4. Education.
5. Army.
6. Wealth.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? XIII. SMALL CENTRAL STATES-THE NETHERLANDS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Rogers: Holland.
Grattan: History of the Netherlands.
Grant Duff.
Griffis: Brave Little Holland.
A. HISTORY TO 1815.
1. Beginnings of Flanders and Holland, ninth century, fiefs
of the empire.
a. Liberal governments.
b. Early decline of feudalism and rise of cities.
2. Fiefs of Burgundy Philip the Good, Charles the Bold.
"The Great Privilege" secured from Mary of Burgundy.
3. Austrian possessions.
4. Spanish.
a. The Inquisition.
b. The War for Independence southern provinces recon-
quered by Spain.
5. The Dutch Republic, 1609-1795.
a. Peace of Westphalia, 1648.
b. Progress in power and civilization.
c. Struggles with Louis XIV.
d. Stadtholder hereditary, 1748.
6. The Batavian Republic, 1795-1806.
7. Kingdom of Holland (Louis Napoleon. )
8. Consolidation with France, 1810. ("The alluvium of
French rivers. ")
9. "The Dutch take Holland," 1813.
B. THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, 1815. ,
Holland and the Austrian Netherlands united .
The Revolt of Belgium, 1830.
C. HOLLAND TODAY.
(The Netherlands. )
1. Government, national and local.
The franchise history of, since 1815.
2. Colonies and dependencies.
3. Education.
D. BELGIUM.
1. Causes of separation from Holland; race, religion, unequal
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? representation, Dutch officials, unequal financial burdens.
(Occasion, the French Revolution of 1830. )
2. The Constitution of 1831.
Amendments in 1848, and 1893. (Suffrage. Elections of
1894. Disappearance of the Liberals. )
3. The Culturkampf.
4. King Leopold.
5. Industrial agitation.
6. Relation to France. Fortnightly, Jan. , 1887.
7. Belgium and the Congo State.
Holland area, 12,648; pop. , 4,669,596; steadily increasing;
gained 80 per cent since 1830.
Colonies area, 766,137; pop. about 33 millions.
Belgium area, 11,373; pop. 6,069,321; gain of 50 per cent
since 1830.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 1,2
XIII. SCANDINAVIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Boyeson: Story of Norway.
Otte: Denmark and Iceland.
Berkley: Quarterly, October, 1880.
Nineteenth Century, January, 1888.
Political Science Quarterly, I, 259-94. (June 1886. )
A. To THE UNION OF KALMAR.
1. The old Teutonic organization.
2. Consolidation in the ninth century. Gorm, Eric, and Har-
old Haarfager.
Foreign colonization.
Sweden and Denmark quickly feudalized, Norway more
slowly.
Consent of the local Things necessary to new laws until
1200.
3.
Various political combinations and wars.
B. UNION OF KALMAR, 1397.
(Queen Margaret and her nephew, Eric of Pomerania).
1. Provisions.
a. Perpetual union for foreign affairs under one king Eric
and his successors.
b. Each state to have its own laws.
2. Result the northern kingdoms vassal states of Denmark.
C. REBELLION OF SWEDEN (GUSTAVUS VASA), 1521-23.
1. Growth into a great state seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
The Baltic a Swedish lake in 1700.
2. Charles XII and Peter of Russia.
3. Loss of Finland (1807) and Pomerania (1814).
D. DENMARK [AND NORWAY UNTIL TREATY OF KIEL, 1814].
1. Norway a subject province governed and plundered by
Danish officials.
a. Loss of Norway in 1814.
2. Constitution and constitutional changes.
a. Elective monarchy; growth of feudal anarchy.
b. 1660 Frederick III allies himself with clergy and
burghers against the nobles. Denmark becomes an
hereditary monarchy and practically an absolute des-
potismuntil 1848.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 43
c. 1848. Representative government.
(The Schleswig-Holstein question, 1848-64. )
d. 1876. Responsible government, after a constitutional
struggle.
e. Constitution today.
Hereditary, constitutional monarchy ; Riksdag of two
houses; upper house, elected indirectly, represents
wealth : lower house elected directly by manhood suf-
frage.
f. Iceland: constitution and government.
E. SWEDEN AND NORWAY, 1814 .
1. Bernadotte, favorite marshal of Napoleon, chosen crown
prince of Sweden, 1812, under name of Charles John.
After Moscow, joins allies and is promised Norway.
Peace of Kiel ; Denmark forced to cede Norway.
2. Norway's attempt at Independence.
Diet of Eidsvold, May 17, 1874. Constitution: limited
hereditar\ r monarch}', representative legislature, Luth-
eran religion, independent judiciary, freedom of the
press, etc.
3. Treaty between the two states.
Union under Swedish king with preservation of her con-
stitution (slightly modified) to Norway.
4. Constitutions of the two states and the union. ( Wilson. )
5. History since the union.
a. Sweden : alterations in the constitution.
b. Norway : struggle for home rule.
1) Abolition of nobility, 1821.
2) Resistance to proposals for closer union.
3) Responsible ministry, 1872-84.
(King's claim of absolute veto on constitutional
amendments. The Sverdrup ministry. )
4) Agitation for separate consular service.
a) Commercial jealousy between the two countries
and conflicting interests.
b) Steen and Stang ministries.
c) Proposal of arbitration in 1893.
d) The 1 894 elections.
e) The joint commission.
Sweden area, 170,979; population, 4,806,865.
Norway area, 124,445; population, 2,000,917.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? XIV. RUSSIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before.
Rambaud: History of Russia (the best in English).
Russia, in "Story of Nations. "
*Leroy Beaulieu: The Tsars and the Russians.
*Stepniak: The Russian Peasant (Revolutionist); Underground
Russia; Russia Under the Tsars; King Stork and King
Log.
*Heard: The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.
Brodhead: Slav and Moslem.
Count Munster: Political Sketches.
Kinglake, I.
*Tikotnerov: Russia, Political and Social (Revolutionist).
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
Wallace: Russia.
Dixon: Free Russia.
Grant Duff.
Kennan's articles, Century, 1888-89.
Fortnightly, 1886, p. 545, and Feb. , 1891.
Quarterly, Jan. , 1891.
See Poole for innumerable articles.
A. To THE HOUSE OF ROMANOFF.
1 . The early Slavic tribes.
2. Rurik and the Varangians found the Russian state, 862
(Slavic theory, Beaulieu, translators' note, I, 253, seq. )
The two centers, Kieff and Novgorod.
3. Vladimir; the Greek church ; unites the Russian tribes.
Redivisions ; princely anarchy ; the great free cities ; corres-
pondence to Western Europe.
4. The Tartar Conquest of the thirteenth century, and the
simultaneous Lithuanian aggressions from the Wes>t;
"Muscovy" (Moscow), recently founded by emigration,
1147, now the center of Russian power, though a tributary
state; origin of the distinctions between Great Russia (the
new Russia formed by emigration and aifected by Tartar
and Finnish elements), Little Russia (the Russia with
Kieff for its center, affected by Tartar conquest and Mo-
hammedan rule), and White Russia (affected by Lithuanian
and Polish conquest); political conditions; results in char-
acter.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 5. The Ivans.
Ivan III (the Great), 1462-1505, and Ivan IV (the Terri-
ble), his grandson.
a. The Turks shatter the power of the Golden Horde*
Muscovy throws off the weakened Tartar yoke, and re-
conquers Little and part of White Russia ; Ivan III
marries Sophia Palasologus, niece of last Byzantine
emperor (Russia the successor of the Roman Empire-
Tsar and Caesar).
b. Centralization and despotism.
6. Another short period of anarchy and foreign domination
under the Poles ; Yladislas and Sigismund rule in Moscow;
the national uprising Minin.
7. Election of Michael Romanoff, 1613.
a. Territory : no sea coast except on White Sea ; bound-
aries.
b. Russia an oriental state.
c. Serfdom introduced, 1593.
B. PETER THE GREAT REFORMS.
Rambaud; Wallace, 310-11, and 385-89; Beaulieu, I, 282-304.
C. GROWTH FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE ROMANOFFS TO THIS
CENTURY.
Rambaud; Lodge.
1. By colonization (the Cossacks) from an early period, to
north and east at expense, generally, of savage tribes
(Siberia).
2. By war, at expense of organized political states,
a. In Europe.
1 ) Peter the Great ; the Baltic provinces. (War with
Sweden. )
2) Elizabeth: South Finland.
3) Catherine: Azof and the Crimea; the Partitions of
Polanc'. .
4) Alexander I: Finland, 1807. ,
b. In Asia at expense of petty Mohammedan principalities
more or less tributary to Turks, or of Barbarian tribes
mostly in the reign of Alexander II. and at expense
of China.
1) Asiatic railways.
2) Present territorial problems.
D. RUSSIA TODAY.
1. Population, racts, etc.
2. Government.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? a. Central ("Despotism tempered by assassination. ")
1) Senate, Council of State, Ministers.
2) The Bureaucracy despotism tempered by venality
(the nobility. )
b. Local.
1) The divisions (see also Year Books) and the govern-
ment of each down to the "Mir.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories.
Adams and Cunningham.
Moses.
Wilson.
MacCracken.
Winchester.
Vincent.
Sowerby: The Forest Cantons.
English Historical Review, Oct. '95: The Sonderbund.
Yale Review, Nov. '95 : The Referendum, etc.
Sullivan: Direct Legislation.
Constitution in Old South Leaflets.
A. HISTORY.
1. To 1815.
a. The League of Uri, Schwys, and Unterwalden, 1291;
Mortgarten (1315); growth ef the League Luzerne,
Berne, Zurich, etc. ; Sempach, 1385; virtual independ-
ence (leagues of cities elsewhere and their fate); Charles
the Bold, 1474-77; peace of Westphalia, 1648; various
forms of the League; growth to 13 states (all German);
internal discord; Swiss mercenaries; the Reformation.
b. 1798. Uprisings of the lower classes; French interven-
tion; the Helvetic Republic (centralization. )
c. Napoleon and the Act of Mediation, 1803.
2. Switzerland and the Congress of Vienna, 1815; the Federal
Pact.
a. A loose federation; neutrality guaranteed.
b. Epoch of discord; religious and political dissensions.
An ill-assorted, loose union of democratic and oligarchic,
country and city, Protestant and Catholic, German,
French and Italian cantons (22. )
c. The Sonderbund; civil war, 1847.
3. Constitution of 1848.
B. SWITZERLAND TODAY.
(Population about 3,00,000; 59 per cent. Protestant, 41 per
cent. Catholic. )
1. The federal government,
a. Legislature.
(The referendum and initiative. )
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 39
b. Executive and Judiciary.
2. Canton and commune.
3. Religion.
4. Education.
5. Army.
6. Wealth.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? XIII. SMALL CENTRAL STATES-THE NETHERLANDS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Rogers: Holland.
Grattan: History of the Netherlands.
Grant Duff.
Griffis: Brave Little Holland.
A. HISTORY TO 1815.
1. Beginnings of Flanders and Holland, ninth century, fiefs
of the empire.
a. Liberal governments.
b. Early decline of feudalism and rise of cities.
2. Fiefs of Burgundy Philip the Good, Charles the Bold.
"The Great Privilege" secured from Mary of Burgundy.
3. Austrian possessions.
4. Spanish.
a. The Inquisition.
b. The War for Independence southern provinces recon-
quered by Spain.
5. The Dutch Republic, 1609-1795.
a. Peace of Westphalia, 1648.
b. Progress in power and civilization.
c. Struggles with Louis XIV.
d. Stadtholder hereditary, 1748.
6. The Batavian Republic, 1795-1806.
7. Kingdom of Holland (Louis Napoleon. )
8. Consolidation with France, 1810. ("The alluvium of
French rivers. ")
9. "The Dutch take Holland," 1813.
B. THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, 1815. ,
Holland and the Austrian Netherlands united .
The Revolt of Belgium, 1830.
C. HOLLAND TODAY.
(The Netherlands. )
1. Government, national and local.
The franchise history of, since 1815.
2. Colonies and dependencies.
3. Education.
D. BELGIUM.
1. Causes of separation from Holland; race, religion, unequal
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? representation, Dutch officials, unequal financial burdens.
(Occasion, the French Revolution of 1830. )
2. The Constitution of 1831.
Amendments in 1848, and 1893. (Suffrage. Elections of
1894. Disappearance of the Liberals. )
3. The Culturkampf.
4. King Leopold.
5. Industrial agitation.
6. Relation to France. Fortnightly, Jan. , 1887.
7. Belgium and the Congo State.
Holland area, 12,648; pop. , 4,669,596; steadily increasing;
gained 80 per cent since 1830.
Colonies area, 766,137; pop. about 33 millions.
Belgium area, 11,373; pop. 6,069,321; gain of 50 per cent
since 1830.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 1,2
XIII. SCANDINAVIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Boyeson: Story of Norway.
Otte: Denmark and Iceland.
Berkley: Quarterly, October, 1880.
Nineteenth Century, January, 1888.
Political Science Quarterly, I, 259-94. (June 1886. )
A. To THE UNION OF KALMAR.
1. The old Teutonic organization.
2. Consolidation in the ninth century. Gorm, Eric, and Har-
old Haarfager.
Foreign colonization.
Sweden and Denmark quickly feudalized, Norway more
slowly.
Consent of the local Things necessary to new laws until
1200.
3.
Various political combinations and wars.
B. UNION OF KALMAR, 1397.
(Queen Margaret and her nephew, Eric of Pomerania).
1. Provisions.
a. Perpetual union for foreign affairs under one king Eric
and his successors.
b. Each state to have its own laws.
2. Result the northern kingdoms vassal states of Denmark.
C. REBELLION OF SWEDEN (GUSTAVUS VASA), 1521-23.
1. Growth into a great state seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
The Baltic a Swedish lake in 1700.
2. Charles XII and Peter of Russia.
3. Loss of Finland (1807) and Pomerania (1814).
D. DENMARK [AND NORWAY UNTIL TREATY OF KIEL, 1814].
1. Norway a subject province governed and plundered by
Danish officials.
a. Loss of Norway in 1814.
2. Constitution and constitutional changes.
a. Elective monarchy; growth of feudal anarchy.
b. 1660 Frederick III allies himself with clergy and
burghers against the nobles. Denmark becomes an
hereditary monarchy and practically an absolute des-
potismuntil 1848.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 43
c. 1848. Representative government.
(The Schleswig-Holstein question, 1848-64. )
d. 1876. Responsible government, after a constitutional
struggle.
e. Constitution today.
Hereditary, constitutional monarchy ; Riksdag of two
houses; upper house, elected indirectly, represents
wealth : lower house elected directly by manhood suf-
frage.
f. Iceland: constitution and government.
E. SWEDEN AND NORWAY, 1814 .
1. Bernadotte, favorite marshal of Napoleon, chosen crown
prince of Sweden, 1812, under name of Charles John.
After Moscow, joins allies and is promised Norway.
Peace of Kiel ; Denmark forced to cede Norway.
2. Norway's attempt at Independence.
Diet of Eidsvold, May 17, 1874. Constitution: limited
hereditar\ r monarch}', representative legislature, Luth-
eran religion, independent judiciary, freedom of the
press, etc.
3. Treaty between the two states.
Union under Swedish king with preservation of her con-
stitution (slightly modified) to Norway.
4. Constitutions of the two states and the union. ( Wilson. )
5. History since the union.
a. Sweden : alterations in the constitution.
b. Norway : struggle for home rule.
1) Abolition of nobility, 1821.
2) Resistance to proposals for closer union.
3) Responsible ministry, 1872-84.
(King's claim of absolute veto on constitutional
amendments. The Sverdrup ministry. )
4) Agitation for separate consular service.
a) Commercial jealousy between the two countries
and conflicting interests.
b) Steen and Stang ministries.
c) Proposal of arbitration in 1893.
d) The 1 894 elections.
e) The joint commission.
Sweden area, 170,979; population, 4,806,865.
Norway area, 124,445; population, 2,000,917.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? XIV. RUSSIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before.
Rambaud: History of Russia (the best in English).
Russia, in "Story of Nations. "
*Leroy Beaulieu: The Tsars and the Russians.
*Stepniak: The Russian Peasant (Revolutionist); Underground
Russia; Russia Under the Tsars; King Stork and King
Log.
*Heard: The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.
Brodhead: Slav and Moslem.
Count Munster: Political Sketches.
Kinglake, I.
*Tikotnerov: Russia, Political and Social (Revolutionist).
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
Wallace: Russia.
Dixon: Free Russia.
Grant Duff.
Kennan's articles, Century, 1888-89.
Fortnightly, 1886, p. 545, and Feb. , 1891.
Quarterly, Jan. , 1891.
See Poole for innumerable articles.
A. To THE HOUSE OF ROMANOFF.
1 . The early Slavic tribes.
2. Rurik and the Varangians found the Russian state, 862
(Slavic theory, Beaulieu, translators' note, I, 253, seq. )
The two centers, Kieff and Novgorod.
3. Vladimir; the Greek church ; unites the Russian tribes.
Redivisions ; princely anarchy ; the great free cities ; corres-
pondence to Western Europe.
4. The Tartar Conquest of the thirteenth century, and the
simultaneous Lithuanian aggressions from the Wes>t;
"Muscovy" (Moscow), recently founded by emigration,
1147, now the center of Russian power, though a tributary
state; origin of the distinctions between Great Russia (the
new Russia formed by emigration and aifected by Tartar
and Finnish elements), Little Russia (the Russia with
Kieff for its center, affected by Tartar conquest and Mo-
hammedan rule), and White Russia (affected by Lithuanian
and Polish conquest); political conditions; results in char-
acter.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 5. The Ivans.
Ivan III (the Great), 1462-1505, and Ivan IV (the Terri-
ble), his grandson.
a. The Turks shatter the power of the Golden Horde*
Muscovy throws off the weakened Tartar yoke, and re-
conquers Little and part of White Russia ; Ivan III
marries Sophia Palasologus, niece of last Byzantine
emperor (Russia the successor of the Roman Empire-
Tsar and Caesar).
b. Centralization and despotism.
6. Another short period of anarchy and foreign domination
under the Poles ; Yladislas and Sigismund rule in Moscow;
the national uprising Minin.
7. Election of Michael Romanoff, 1613.
a. Territory : no sea coast except on White Sea ; bound-
aries.
b. Russia an oriental state.
c. Serfdom introduced, 1593.
B. PETER THE GREAT REFORMS.
Rambaud; Wallace, 310-11, and 385-89; Beaulieu, I, 282-304.
C. GROWTH FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE ROMANOFFS TO THIS
CENTURY.
Rambaud; Lodge.
1. By colonization (the Cossacks) from an early period, to
north and east at expense, generally, of savage tribes
(Siberia).
2. By war, at expense of organized political states,
a. In Europe.
1 ) Peter the Great ; the Baltic provinces. (War with
Sweden. )
2) Elizabeth: South Finland.
3) Catherine: Azof and the Crimea; the Partitions of
Polanc'. .
4) Alexander I: Finland, 1807. ,
b. In Asia at expense of petty Mohammedan principalities
more or less tributary to Turks, or of Barbarian tribes
mostly in the reign of Alexander II. and at expense
of China.
1) Asiatic railways.
2) Present territorial problems.
D. RUSSIA TODAY.
1. Population, racts, etc.
2. Government.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? a. Central ("Despotism tempered by assassination. ")
1) Senate, Council of State, Ministers.
2) The Bureaucracy despotism tempered by venality
(the nobility. )
b. Local.
1) The divisions (see also Year Books) and the govern-
ment of each down to the "Mir.
