Generally, indeed, we find ries, and who seized the government and held it
him, like so many of the other tyrants, a liberal for three years ; and these years he considera
and discriminating patron of literature and philo- Aristotle to have omitted in stating the entire pe-
Bophy ; and Arion and Anacharsis were in favour riod of the dynasty.
him, like so many of the other tyrants, a liberal for three years ; and these years he considera
and discriminating patron of literature and philo- Aristotle to have omitted in stating the entire pe-
Bophy ; and Arion and Anacharsis were in favour riod of the dynasty.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
(Anaxagoras, quoted by Va-
subject is the miraculous events connected with our lois. Ad Amm. Murcell. ) Lucian, who knew Pe.
Lord's history, principally those of which Jerusalem regrinus in his youth, and who was present at his
was the theatre. But besides Jerusalem, he visits strange self-immolation, has perhaps overcharged
Bethany, Betbpage, and Bethlehem. this poem the narrative of his life. Wieland was so strongly
-which consists of 260 verses of that kind termed of this opinion that, being unable to refute Lucian
politici—he writes as if from personal inspection, from ancient authors, he wrote his romance of
but, if this was really the case, he is wanting in Peregrinus Proteus, as a sort of vindication of the
clearness and distinctness of delineation. While philosopher. A. Gellius gives a much more fa-
some of the details are curious, his geography is vourable account of him. (Lucian, de Morte Pere
singularly inaccurate. Thus, he places Galilee on grini; Amm. Marc. xxix. 1 ; Philostrat. Vit. Sophist.
the northern skirts of the Mount of Olives. If we ü. 13; A. Gell. xii. 11. )
[T. D. )
may trust a conjecture mentioned by Fabricius, be PEREGRI'NUS, L. ARMENIUS, consul
attended a synod held at Constantinople, A. D. A. D. 244 with A. Fulvius Aemilianus, the year in
1347, at which were present two of the same name, which Philippus ascended the throne.
Theodorus and Georgius Perdiccas. (Allatius, PERENNIS, after the death of Paternus (Pa-
1. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 663, vol. viii. TERNUS) in A. D. 183, became sole praefect of the
P. 99. )
(W. M. G. ) praetorians, and Commodus being completely sunk
tin
;
Place
1
COIN OF PERDICCAS III.
vedo
ede
#
## p. 190 (#206) ############################################
190
PERIANDER.
PERIANDER
23ce
i
in debauchery and sloth, virtually ruled the em- proceeded to rid himself of the most powerful nobles
pire. Having, however, rendered himself obnoxious in the state. If we play believe another statement,
in the soldiery, he was delivered up to them, and which we find in Diogenes Laertius (i. 96 ; comp.
put to death, together with his wife and children, Partben. Am. Aff. 17), the horrible consciousness
in s. D. 186 or 187. The narrative of Dion Cas- of incest with his mother (which some versions of
sius, who states that his death was demanded by the story represented as involuntary on his part)
a deputation of fifteen hundred dartmen, despatched altered his kindly nature to inisanthropic cruelıy.
for this special purpose from the turbulent army in Aristotle, without mentioning any change in the
Britain, and that these men, after having marched character and conduct of Periander, merely speaks
unmolested through France and Italy, on their of him as having been the first in Greece who re-
approach to Rome, overwed the prince, although duced to a system the common and coarser arts of
his own guards were far more numerous, is so ty rant-craft; and, accordingly, in two passages of
improbable that we can scarcely give it credit. the Politics (iii. 13, v. 10, ed. Bekk. ), he aliudes
Moreover, Dion represents the character of Peren- | to the above-mentioned suggestion of cutting off
nis in a very different light from that in which it is the pobles, as having been made by Periander to
exhibited by other historians. Although he admits Thrasybulus. If we may depend at all on the
that Perennis procured the death of his colleague statements in Diogenes Laërtius, we may believe
Paternus, in order that he might rule with un- that, while Periander would gladly have trusted
divided sway, he would yet depict him as a man for his security rather to the affection than the
of pure and upright life, seeking nought but the fears of his subjects, he was driven to tyrannical
prosperity and safety of his country, which were expedients by what he considered a constraining
uiterly neglected by Commodus, while Herodian political necessity ; and it is far from improbable
and Lampridius charge him with having encou- that, while the arts which win the favour of the
raged the emperor in all his excesses, and urged people were less carefully cultivated by him than
him on in his career of profligacy. (Dion Cass. by his father Cypselus, who had risen to power by
lxxii. 9, 10; Herodian. i. 8, 9; Lamprid. Commod. popular aid, so the commons, on their side, not
5, 6. )
(W. R. ] having now so lively a sense of the evils of oli-
PÉREUS (Nepeús), a son of Elatus and Lao- garchy, would begin to look with dislike on the
dice, and brother of Stymphalus, was the father of rule of an individual. But, whatever might have
Neaera. (Apollod. iii. 9. § 1; Paus, viii. 4. $ 3; heen their dispositions towards him, he contrired
comp. Elatus and NEAERA. )
(L. S. ) with great ability to keep rebellion in check, pro-
PE'RGAMOS (Tépyapos), an engraver on tecting his person by a body-guard of mercenaries,
precious stones, whose name occurs on a stone in and directing, apparently, his whole policy, domes-
the collection of Prince Poniatowski, engraved tic as well as foreign, to the maintenance of his
with the portrait of Nicomedes IV. king of Bithy- power. The citizens of noblest rank or feeling
nia ; whence it may be inferred that the artist were kept down or put out of the way, and com-
lived about the time of Augustus. There is another mon tables, clubs, and public education were sup-
gem ascribed to him by Bracci and Stosch, but in pressed, -actions prompted, not, as Müller supposes
this case the true reading of the name is doubtful. ( Dor. 1. 8. $3), by the wish of utterly eradicating
(Visconti, Oper. Var. vol. ii. p. 360 ; R. Rochette, the peculiarities of the Doric race, but rather by
Jettre à M. Schorn, p. 147, 2nd ed. ; comp. PvG- that of crushing high spirit and mutual conßdence
MON. )
(P. S. ) among his subjects. To the same end we may
PEʻRGAMUS (Néprauos), a son of Pyrrhus refer also his expulsion of many of the people from
and Andromache. In a contest for the kingdom the city, as we are told by Diogenes Laërtius, on
of Teuthrania, he slew its king Areius, and then the authority of Ephorus and Aristotle, by the
named the town after himself Pergamus, and in it latter of whom such a measure is indeed mentioned
he erected a sanctuary of his mother. (Paus. i. 11. in the Politics (v. 10. ed. Bekk. ), but not expressly
§ 1, Sc. )
[L. S. ] as one of the devices of Periander. Again, while
PERÍANDER (Teplay&pos). 1. A son of he made it part of his system to prerent the accu-
Cypselus, whom he succeeded as tyrant of Corinth, mulation of wealth to any dangerous extent by
probably about B. C. 625. By his bitterest oppo- individuals, he placed checks at the same time on
nents his rule was admitted to have been mild and habits of wasteful extravagance, and instituted a
beneficent at first ; and, though it is equally cer. court for the punishment of those who squandered
tain that it afterwards became oppressive, we must their patrimony, probably because he knew that such
remember that his history has come down to us persons are often the readiest for innoration (Aristo
through the hands of the oligarchical party, which Pol
. v. 6). The story of his stripping the Corin-
succeeded to power on the overthrow of the Cypse thian women of their ornaments is variously given in
lidae, and that suspicion therefore attaches to much Herodotus and in Diogenes Laërtius from Ephorus;
of what is recorded of him. In the speech which and it seems doubtful whether we should regard it
Herodotus (v. 92) puts into the mouth of Sosicles, as one of his measures for diminishing the resources
the Corinthian delegate at Sparta, and which is of powerful families, or as a perverted account of a
couched in the language of a strong partisan, the sumptuary law. It may also have been as part of
change in question is absurdly ascribed to the ad- his policy for repressing the excess of luxury and
vice of Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, whom Pe extravagance that he commanded the procuresses
riander bad consulted on the best mode of main- of Corinth to be thrown into the sea. Being pos-
taining his power, and who is said to have taken sessed, as Aristotle tells us, of considerable military
the messenger through a corn-field, cutting off, as skill, he made his goverment respected abroad,
he went, the tallest ears, and then to have dis- and so provided more effectually for its security at
missed him without committing himself to a verbal home. Yet very little is recorded of his expedi-
According to the story, however, the tions. Besides his conquest of Epidaurus, men-
action was rightly interpreted by Periander, who tioned below, we know that he kept Corcyra in
a
1:2387
T. HE
VIL. SC
answer.
dodagi
## p. 191 (#207) ############################################
PERIBOEA.
191
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Dietis pealt
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PERIANDER.
subjection, and we are told, on the authority of felt for the deed, and which he seems to have tried
Timaeus, that he took part with Pittacus and the to quiet by superstitious rites, partly through the
Mytilenaeans in their war against Athens (B. C. alienation of his younger son Lycophron, inex-
606) for the possession of Sigeium and the sur-orably exasperated by his mother's fate. The
rounding coast. If, however, he was at first a young man's anger had been chiefly excited by
party to the contest, he seems to have acted sub- Procles, and Periander in revenge attacked Epi-
sequently as a mediator. (Strab. xiii. p. 600; daurus, and, having reduced it, took his father-in-
Herod. v. 94, 95 ; comp. Müll. ad Aesch. Eum. law prisoner. His vengeance was roused also
§ 42; Clint. F. H. sub anno 606. ) Another against the Corcyraeans by their murder of Lyco-
mode by which he strengthened himself was his phron, and he sent 300 Corcyraean boys to
alliance with tyrants in other cities of Greece Alyattes, king of Lydia, to be made eunuchs of ;
(Miletus, e. g. and Epidaurus), and even with bar- but they were rescued on their way by the Samians,
barian kings, as with Alyattes of Lydia. On the and Periander is said to have died of despondency,
west of Greece, as Müller remarks (Dor. i. 8. & 3), at the age of 80, and after a reign of 40 years, ac-
the policy of the Cypselidae led them to attempt cording to Diogenes Laërtius. He was succeeded
the occupation of the coast of the Ionian sea as far by a relative, Psammetichus, son of Gordias, —
as Illyria, and to establish a connection with the names which have been thought to intimate the
barbarous nations of the interior. In accordance maintenance by the Cypselidae of hospitable rela-
with this policy, Periander kept up a considerable tions with the princes of Egypt and Phrygia. For
navy, and is said to have formed the design of Gordias, however, some would substitute Gorgus
cutting through the Isthmus of Corinth and thus (the son or brother of Cypselus), whom Plutarch
opening a readier communication between the calls Gorgias ; but this conjecture we need not
eastern and western seas ; and we find, too, that hesitate to reject. Aristotle, if we follow the re-
Apollonia on the Macedonian coast was founded ceived text, assigns to the tyranny of Periander a
by the Corinthians in his reign. (Strab. vii. p. duration of 44 years ; but the amount of the
316 ; Thuc. i. 26 ; Plin. H. N. iii. 23. ) Such a whole period of the dynasty, as given by him, does
policy, combined with the natural advantages of its not accord with his statement of the length of the
situation, stimulated greatly the commerce of several reigns (Pol. v. 12, ed. Bekk. v. 9, ed.
Corinth, and we hear accordingly that the harbour Göttling). To make Aristotle, therefore, agree
and market-dues were so considerable, that Pe- with himself and with Diogenes Laërtius, Sylburg
riander required no other source of revenue. The and Clinton would, in different ways, alter the
construction of splendid works dedicated to the reading, wbile Göttling supposes Psammetichus,
gods (Kupendav avabýuata, Arist. Pol. v. 11), on the ground of his name, to have been not of the
would be recommended to him as much by his own blood of the Cypselidae, but a barbarian, to whom
taste and love of art as by the wish to drain the Periander entrusted the command of his mercena-
stores of the wealthy.
Generally, indeed, we find ries, and who seized the government and held it
him, like so many of the other tyrants, a liberal for three years ; and these years he considera
and discriminating patron of literature and philo- Aristotle to have omitted in stating the entire pe-
Bophy ; and Arion and Anacharsis were in favour riod of the dynasty. But this is a most far-
at his court. Diogenes Laërtius tells us that he fetched and improbable conjecture. In Diogenes
wrote a didactic poem (útoOnkai), which ran to Laërtius there is a very childish story, not worth
the length of 2000 verses, and consisted in all pro- repeating here, which relates that Periander met
bability of moral and political precepts ; and he his end by violence and voluntarily. (Herod. iii.
was very commonly reckoned among the Seven | 48–53, v. 92 ; Suid. s. v. Slepiavāpos ; Clint F. H.
Sages, though by some he was excluded from their sub annis 625, 585; Plut. de Herod. Mal. 22. )
number, and Myson of Chenae in Laconia was 2. A tyrant of Ambracia, was contemporary with
substituted in his room. The letters, which we his more famous namesake of Corinth, to whom he
find in Diogenes Laërtius, from Periander to his was also related, being the son of Gorgus, who was
brother sages, inviting them to Corinth, and from son or brother to Cypselus. The establishment of
Thrasybulus to Periander, explaining the act of a branch of the family in Ambracia will be seen to
cutting off the tops of the corn, are obvious and have been quite in accordance with the ambitious
clumsy fabrications. (Herod. i. 20, 23, 24 ; Ael. policy of the Cypselidae in the west of Greece, as
V. H. ii. 41 ; Gell. xvi. 19; Plut. Sol. 4, Cono. mentioned above. Periander was deposed by the
VII. Sap. ; Diod. Fragm. b. ix ; Plat. Protag. p. people, probably after the death of the Corinthian
343 ; Clem. Alex. Strom. p. 351 ; Heracl. Pont. 5. ) tyrant (B. C. 585). The immediate occasion of the
The private life of Periander is marked by great insurrection, according to Aristotle, was a gross
misfortune, if not by the dreadful criminality which insult offered by him to one of his favourites.
his enemies ascribed to him. He married MELISSA, (Arist. Pol. v. 4, 10, ed. Bekk. ; Ael. V. H. xii.
daughter of Procles, tyrant of Epidaurus, having 35; Perizon. ad loc. ; Diog. Laërt. i. 98; Menag.
fallen in love with her, according to one account, ad loc. ; Clinton, F. H. sub anno 612; Müller,
from seeing her in a light dress, after the Pelopon- Inor. i. 6. § 8, 8. $ 3, iii. 9. $ 6. ) (E. E. )
nesian fashion, giving out wine to her father's PERIANDER (Neplavopos), a Greek physician
labourers. (Pythaen. ap. Ath. xiii. p. 589, f. ) She in the fourth century B. C. He enjoyed some re-
bore him two sons, Cypselus and Lycophron, and putation in his profession, but was also fond of
was passionately beloved by him; but he is said writing poor verses, which made Archidamus, the
to have killed her by a blow during her pregnancy, son of Agesilaus, ask him how he could possibly
having been roused to a fit of anger by the calum- | wish to be called a bad poet rather than an accom-
nies of some courtesans, whom, on the detection of plished physician. (Plut. Apophthegm. Lacon. vob
their falsehood, he afterwards caused to be burnt ii. p. 125, ed Tauchn. )
[W. A. G. )
alive. His wife's death embittered the remainder PERIBOEA (Iepilo:a). 1. The wife of Icarius,
of his days partly through the remorse which he and mother of Penelope. (ICARIUS. )
de teren
## p. 192 (#208) ############################################
132
PERICLES.
PERICLES.
2. A daughter of Eurymedon, and by Poseidon | lieved to have derived not only the cast of his
the mother of Nausithous. (Hom. Od. vii. 56, &c. ) mind, but the character of his eloquence, which,
3. A daughter of Acessamenus, and the mother in the elevation of its sentiments, and the purity
of Pelagon by the river god Axius. (Hom. ll. xxi. and loftiness of its style, was the fitting expression
142. )
of the force and dignity of his character and the
4. A daughter of Alcathous, and the wife of grandeur of his conceptions. Of the oratory of
Telamon, by whom she became the mother of Ajax Pericles no specimens remain to us, but it appears
and Teucer. (Apollod. iii. 12. $ 7; Paus i. 42. $ 1, to have been characterised by singular force and
17. $ 3. ) Some writers call her Eriboea. (Pind. energy. He was described as thundering and
Isthm. 65; Soph. Aj. 566. )
lightening when he spoke, and as carrying the
5. A daughter of Hipponous, and the wife of weapons of Zeus upon his tongue (Plui. Moral.
Oeneus, by whom she became the mother of Ty. p. 118, d. ; Diod. xii. 40; Aristoph. Acharm.
deus. (Apollod. i. 8. § 4; comp. OENEUS) 503; Cic. de Orat. iii. 34 ; Quintil. 1. 1. $ 82. )
6. The wife of king Polybus of Corinth. (Apol- The epithet Olympius which was given to him
lod. iii. 5. § 7; comp. OEDIPUS. ) (L. S. ] was generally understood as referring to his elo-
PERICLEITUS (Hepika eitos), a Lesbian lyric quence. By the unanimous testimony of ancient
musician of the school of Terpander, Aourished authors his oratory was of the highest kind. (Plat.
shortly before Hipponax, that is, a little earlier Phaedr. p. 269, e. ) His orations were the result
than B. c. 550. At the Lacedaemonian festival of of elaborate preparation ; he used himself to say
the Carneia, there were musical contests with the that he never ascended the bema without pray-
cithara, in which the Lesbian musicians of Tering that no inappropriate word might drop from
pander's school had obtained the prize from the his lips. (Quintil. xii. 9. & 13. ) According to
time of Terpander himself to that of Pericleitus, Suidas (s. r. Nepika. ), Pericles was the first who
with whom the glory of the school ceased. (Plut. committed a speech to writing before delivery. The
de Mus. 6. p. 1133, d. )
(P. S. ) intiuence of Anaxagoras was also traced in the
PERICLEITUS, artist. (PERICLYTUS. ] deportment of Pericles, the lofty bearing and calm
PERICLES (Tlepikañs). 1. The greatest of and easy dignity of which were sustained by an
Athenian statesmen, was the son of Xanthippus, almost unrivalled power of self-command. The
under whose command the victory of Mycale was most annoying provocation never made him forsake
gained, and of Agariste, the great grand-daughter of his dignified composure. His voice was sweet, and
Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, and niece of Cleis. his utterance rapid and distinct ; in which respect,
thenes, the founder of the later Athenian con- as well as in his personal appearance, he resembled
stitution. (Herod.
subject is the miraculous events connected with our lois. Ad Amm. Murcell. ) Lucian, who knew Pe.
Lord's history, principally those of which Jerusalem regrinus in his youth, and who was present at his
was the theatre. But besides Jerusalem, he visits strange self-immolation, has perhaps overcharged
Bethany, Betbpage, and Bethlehem. this poem the narrative of his life. Wieland was so strongly
-which consists of 260 verses of that kind termed of this opinion that, being unable to refute Lucian
politici—he writes as if from personal inspection, from ancient authors, he wrote his romance of
but, if this was really the case, he is wanting in Peregrinus Proteus, as a sort of vindication of the
clearness and distinctness of delineation. While philosopher. A. Gellius gives a much more fa-
some of the details are curious, his geography is vourable account of him. (Lucian, de Morte Pere
singularly inaccurate. Thus, he places Galilee on grini; Amm. Marc. xxix. 1 ; Philostrat. Vit. Sophist.
the northern skirts of the Mount of Olives. If we ü. 13; A. Gell. xii. 11. )
[T. D. )
may trust a conjecture mentioned by Fabricius, be PEREGRI'NUS, L. ARMENIUS, consul
attended a synod held at Constantinople, A. D. A. D. 244 with A. Fulvius Aemilianus, the year in
1347, at which were present two of the same name, which Philippus ascended the throne.
Theodorus and Georgius Perdiccas. (Allatius, PERENNIS, after the death of Paternus (Pa-
1. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 663, vol. viii. TERNUS) in A. D. 183, became sole praefect of the
P. 99. )
(W. M. G. ) praetorians, and Commodus being completely sunk
tin
;
Place
1
COIN OF PERDICCAS III.
vedo
ede
#
## p. 190 (#206) ############################################
190
PERIANDER.
PERIANDER
23ce
i
in debauchery and sloth, virtually ruled the em- proceeded to rid himself of the most powerful nobles
pire. Having, however, rendered himself obnoxious in the state. If we play believe another statement,
in the soldiery, he was delivered up to them, and which we find in Diogenes Laertius (i. 96 ; comp.
put to death, together with his wife and children, Partben. Am. Aff. 17), the horrible consciousness
in s. D. 186 or 187. The narrative of Dion Cas- of incest with his mother (which some versions of
sius, who states that his death was demanded by the story represented as involuntary on his part)
a deputation of fifteen hundred dartmen, despatched altered his kindly nature to inisanthropic cruelıy.
for this special purpose from the turbulent army in Aristotle, without mentioning any change in the
Britain, and that these men, after having marched character and conduct of Periander, merely speaks
unmolested through France and Italy, on their of him as having been the first in Greece who re-
approach to Rome, overwed the prince, although duced to a system the common and coarser arts of
his own guards were far more numerous, is so ty rant-craft; and, accordingly, in two passages of
improbable that we can scarcely give it credit. the Politics (iii. 13, v. 10, ed. Bekk. ), he aliudes
Moreover, Dion represents the character of Peren- | to the above-mentioned suggestion of cutting off
nis in a very different light from that in which it is the pobles, as having been made by Periander to
exhibited by other historians. Although he admits Thrasybulus. If we may depend at all on the
that Perennis procured the death of his colleague statements in Diogenes Laërtius, we may believe
Paternus, in order that he might rule with un- that, while Periander would gladly have trusted
divided sway, he would yet depict him as a man for his security rather to the affection than the
of pure and upright life, seeking nought but the fears of his subjects, he was driven to tyrannical
prosperity and safety of his country, which were expedients by what he considered a constraining
uiterly neglected by Commodus, while Herodian political necessity ; and it is far from improbable
and Lampridius charge him with having encou- that, while the arts which win the favour of the
raged the emperor in all his excesses, and urged people were less carefully cultivated by him than
him on in his career of profligacy. (Dion Cass. by his father Cypselus, who had risen to power by
lxxii. 9, 10; Herodian. i. 8, 9; Lamprid. Commod. popular aid, so the commons, on their side, not
5, 6. )
(W. R. ] having now so lively a sense of the evils of oli-
PÉREUS (Nepeús), a son of Elatus and Lao- garchy, would begin to look with dislike on the
dice, and brother of Stymphalus, was the father of rule of an individual. But, whatever might have
Neaera. (Apollod. iii. 9. § 1; Paus, viii. 4. $ 3; heen their dispositions towards him, he contrired
comp. Elatus and NEAERA. )
(L. S. ) with great ability to keep rebellion in check, pro-
PE'RGAMOS (Tépyapos), an engraver on tecting his person by a body-guard of mercenaries,
precious stones, whose name occurs on a stone in and directing, apparently, his whole policy, domes-
the collection of Prince Poniatowski, engraved tic as well as foreign, to the maintenance of his
with the portrait of Nicomedes IV. king of Bithy- power. The citizens of noblest rank or feeling
nia ; whence it may be inferred that the artist were kept down or put out of the way, and com-
lived about the time of Augustus. There is another mon tables, clubs, and public education were sup-
gem ascribed to him by Bracci and Stosch, but in pressed, -actions prompted, not, as Müller supposes
this case the true reading of the name is doubtful. ( Dor. 1. 8. $3), by the wish of utterly eradicating
(Visconti, Oper. Var. vol. ii. p. 360 ; R. Rochette, the peculiarities of the Doric race, but rather by
Jettre à M. Schorn, p. 147, 2nd ed. ; comp. PvG- that of crushing high spirit and mutual conßdence
MON. )
(P. S. ) among his subjects. To the same end we may
PEʻRGAMUS (Néprauos), a son of Pyrrhus refer also his expulsion of many of the people from
and Andromache. In a contest for the kingdom the city, as we are told by Diogenes Laërtius, on
of Teuthrania, he slew its king Areius, and then the authority of Ephorus and Aristotle, by the
named the town after himself Pergamus, and in it latter of whom such a measure is indeed mentioned
he erected a sanctuary of his mother. (Paus. i. 11. in the Politics (v. 10. ed. Bekk. ), but not expressly
§ 1, Sc. )
[L. S. ] as one of the devices of Periander. Again, while
PERÍANDER (Teplay&pos). 1. A son of he made it part of his system to prerent the accu-
Cypselus, whom he succeeded as tyrant of Corinth, mulation of wealth to any dangerous extent by
probably about B. C. 625. By his bitterest oppo- individuals, he placed checks at the same time on
nents his rule was admitted to have been mild and habits of wasteful extravagance, and instituted a
beneficent at first ; and, though it is equally cer. court for the punishment of those who squandered
tain that it afterwards became oppressive, we must their patrimony, probably because he knew that such
remember that his history has come down to us persons are often the readiest for innoration (Aristo
through the hands of the oligarchical party, which Pol
. v. 6). The story of his stripping the Corin-
succeeded to power on the overthrow of the Cypse thian women of their ornaments is variously given in
lidae, and that suspicion therefore attaches to much Herodotus and in Diogenes Laërtius from Ephorus;
of what is recorded of him. In the speech which and it seems doubtful whether we should regard it
Herodotus (v. 92) puts into the mouth of Sosicles, as one of his measures for diminishing the resources
the Corinthian delegate at Sparta, and which is of powerful families, or as a perverted account of a
couched in the language of a strong partisan, the sumptuary law. It may also have been as part of
change in question is absurdly ascribed to the ad- his policy for repressing the excess of luxury and
vice of Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, whom Pe extravagance that he commanded the procuresses
riander bad consulted on the best mode of main- of Corinth to be thrown into the sea. Being pos-
taining his power, and who is said to have taken sessed, as Aristotle tells us, of considerable military
the messenger through a corn-field, cutting off, as skill, he made his goverment respected abroad,
he went, the tallest ears, and then to have dis- and so provided more effectually for its security at
missed him without committing himself to a verbal home. Yet very little is recorded of his expedi-
According to the story, however, the tions. Besides his conquest of Epidaurus, men-
action was rightly interpreted by Periander, who tioned below, we know that he kept Corcyra in
a
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PERIANDER.
subjection, and we are told, on the authority of felt for the deed, and which he seems to have tried
Timaeus, that he took part with Pittacus and the to quiet by superstitious rites, partly through the
Mytilenaeans in their war against Athens (B. C. alienation of his younger son Lycophron, inex-
606) for the possession of Sigeium and the sur-orably exasperated by his mother's fate. The
rounding coast. If, however, he was at first a young man's anger had been chiefly excited by
party to the contest, he seems to have acted sub- Procles, and Periander in revenge attacked Epi-
sequently as a mediator. (Strab. xiii. p. 600; daurus, and, having reduced it, took his father-in-
Herod. v. 94, 95 ; comp. Müll. ad Aesch. Eum. law prisoner. His vengeance was roused also
§ 42; Clint. F. H. sub anno 606. ) Another against the Corcyraeans by their murder of Lyco-
mode by which he strengthened himself was his phron, and he sent 300 Corcyraean boys to
alliance with tyrants in other cities of Greece Alyattes, king of Lydia, to be made eunuchs of ;
(Miletus, e. g. and Epidaurus), and even with bar- but they were rescued on their way by the Samians,
barian kings, as with Alyattes of Lydia. On the and Periander is said to have died of despondency,
west of Greece, as Müller remarks (Dor. i. 8. & 3), at the age of 80, and after a reign of 40 years, ac-
the policy of the Cypselidae led them to attempt cording to Diogenes Laërtius. He was succeeded
the occupation of the coast of the Ionian sea as far by a relative, Psammetichus, son of Gordias, —
as Illyria, and to establish a connection with the names which have been thought to intimate the
barbarous nations of the interior. In accordance maintenance by the Cypselidae of hospitable rela-
with this policy, Periander kept up a considerable tions with the princes of Egypt and Phrygia. For
navy, and is said to have formed the design of Gordias, however, some would substitute Gorgus
cutting through the Isthmus of Corinth and thus (the son or brother of Cypselus), whom Plutarch
opening a readier communication between the calls Gorgias ; but this conjecture we need not
eastern and western seas ; and we find, too, that hesitate to reject. Aristotle, if we follow the re-
Apollonia on the Macedonian coast was founded ceived text, assigns to the tyranny of Periander a
by the Corinthians in his reign. (Strab. vii. p. duration of 44 years ; but the amount of the
316 ; Thuc. i. 26 ; Plin. H. N. iii. 23. ) Such a whole period of the dynasty, as given by him, does
policy, combined with the natural advantages of its not accord with his statement of the length of the
situation, stimulated greatly the commerce of several reigns (Pol. v. 12, ed. Bekk. v. 9, ed.
Corinth, and we hear accordingly that the harbour Göttling). To make Aristotle, therefore, agree
and market-dues were so considerable, that Pe- with himself and with Diogenes Laërtius, Sylburg
riander required no other source of revenue. The and Clinton would, in different ways, alter the
construction of splendid works dedicated to the reading, wbile Göttling supposes Psammetichus,
gods (Kupendav avabýuata, Arist. Pol. v. 11), on the ground of his name, to have been not of the
would be recommended to him as much by his own blood of the Cypselidae, but a barbarian, to whom
taste and love of art as by the wish to drain the Periander entrusted the command of his mercena-
stores of the wealthy.
Generally, indeed, we find ries, and who seized the government and held it
him, like so many of the other tyrants, a liberal for three years ; and these years he considera
and discriminating patron of literature and philo- Aristotle to have omitted in stating the entire pe-
Bophy ; and Arion and Anacharsis were in favour riod of the dynasty. But this is a most far-
at his court. Diogenes Laërtius tells us that he fetched and improbable conjecture. In Diogenes
wrote a didactic poem (útoOnkai), which ran to Laërtius there is a very childish story, not worth
the length of 2000 verses, and consisted in all pro- repeating here, which relates that Periander met
bability of moral and political precepts ; and he his end by violence and voluntarily. (Herod. iii.
was very commonly reckoned among the Seven | 48–53, v. 92 ; Suid. s. v. Slepiavāpos ; Clint F. H.
Sages, though by some he was excluded from their sub annis 625, 585; Plut. de Herod. Mal. 22. )
number, and Myson of Chenae in Laconia was 2. A tyrant of Ambracia, was contemporary with
substituted in his room. The letters, which we his more famous namesake of Corinth, to whom he
find in Diogenes Laërtius, from Periander to his was also related, being the son of Gorgus, who was
brother sages, inviting them to Corinth, and from son or brother to Cypselus. The establishment of
Thrasybulus to Periander, explaining the act of a branch of the family in Ambracia will be seen to
cutting off the tops of the corn, are obvious and have been quite in accordance with the ambitious
clumsy fabrications. (Herod. i. 20, 23, 24 ; Ael. policy of the Cypselidae in the west of Greece, as
V. H. ii. 41 ; Gell. xvi. 19; Plut. Sol. 4, Cono. mentioned above. Periander was deposed by the
VII. Sap. ; Diod. Fragm. b. ix ; Plat. Protag. p. people, probably after the death of the Corinthian
343 ; Clem. Alex. Strom. p. 351 ; Heracl. Pont. 5. ) tyrant (B. C. 585). The immediate occasion of the
The private life of Periander is marked by great insurrection, according to Aristotle, was a gross
misfortune, if not by the dreadful criminality which insult offered by him to one of his favourites.
his enemies ascribed to him. He married MELISSA, (Arist. Pol. v. 4, 10, ed. Bekk. ; Ael. V. H. xii.
daughter of Procles, tyrant of Epidaurus, having 35; Perizon. ad loc. ; Diog. Laërt. i. 98; Menag.
fallen in love with her, according to one account, ad loc. ; Clinton, F. H. sub anno 612; Müller,
from seeing her in a light dress, after the Pelopon- Inor. i. 6. § 8, 8. $ 3, iii. 9. $ 6. ) (E. E. )
nesian fashion, giving out wine to her father's PERIANDER (Neplavopos), a Greek physician
labourers. (Pythaen. ap. Ath. xiii. p. 589, f. ) She in the fourth century B. C. He enjoyed some re-
bore him two sons, Cypselus and Lycophron, and putation in his profession, but was also fond of
was passionately beloved by him; but he is said writing poor verses, which made Archidamus, the
to have killed her by a blow during her pregnancy, son of Agesilaus, ask him how he could possibly
having been roused to a fit of anger by the calum- | wish to be called a bad poet rather than an accom-
nies of some courtesans, whom, on the detection of plished physician. (Plut. Apophthegm. Lacon. vob
their falsehood, he afterwards caused to be burnt ii. p. 125, ed Tauchn. )
[W. A. G. )
alive. His wife's death embittered the remainder PERIBOEA (Iepilo:a). 1. The wife of Icarius,
of his days partly through the remorse which he and mother of Penelope. (ICARIUS. )
de teren
## p. 192 (#208) ############################################
132
PERICLES.
PERICLES.
2. A daughter of Eurymedon, and by Poseidon | lieved to have derived not only the cast of his
the mother of Nausithous. (Hom. Od. vii. 56, &c. ) mind, but the character of his eloquence, which,
3. A daughter of Acessamenus, and the mother in the elevation of its sentiments, and the purity
of Pelagon by the river god Axius. (Hom. ll. xxi. and loftiness of its style, was the fitting expression
142. )
of the force and dignity of his character and the
4. A daughter of Alcathous, and the wife of grandeur of his conceptions. Of the oratory of
Telamon, by whom she became the mother of Ajax Pericles no specimens remain to us, but it appears
and Teucer. (Apollod. iii. 12. $ 7; Paus i. 42. $ 1, to have been characterised by singular force and
17. $ 3. ) Some writers call her Eriboea. (Pind. energy. He was described as thundering and
Isthm. 65; Soph. Aj. 566. )
lightening when he spoke, and as carrying the
5. A daughter of Hipponous, and the wife of weapons of Zeus upon his tongue (Plui. Moral.
Oeneus, by whom she became the mother of Ty. p. 118, d. ; Diod. xii. 40; Aristoph. Acharm.
deus. (Apollod. i. 8. § 4; comp. OENEUS) 503; Cic. de Orat. iii. 34 ; Quintil. 1. 1. $ 82. )
6. The wife of king Polybus of Corinth. (Apol- The epithet Olympius which was given to him
lod. iii. 5. § 7; comp. OEDIPUS. ) (L. S. ] was generally understood as referring to his elo-
PERICLEITUS (Hepika eitos), a Lesbian lyric quence. By the unanimous testimony of ancient
musician of the school of Terpander, Aourished authors his oratory was of the highest kind. (Plat.
shortly before Hipponax, that is, a little earlier Phaedr. p. 269, e. ) His orations were the result
than B. c. 550. At the Lacedaemonian festival of of elaborate preparation ; he used himself to say
the Carneia, there were musical contests with the that he never ascended the bema without pray-
cithara, in which the Lesbian musicians of Tering that no inappropriate word might drop from
pander's school had obtained the prize from the his lips. (Quintil. xii. 9. & 13. ) According to
time of Terpander himself to that of Pericleitus, Suidas (s. r. Nepika. ), Pericles was the first who
with whom the glory of the school ceased. (Plut. committed a speech to writing before delivery. The
de Mus. 6. p. 1133, d. )
(P. S. ) intiuence of Anaxagoras was also traced in the
PERICLEITUS, artist. (PERICLYTUS. ] deportment of Pericles, the lofty bearing and calm
PERICLES (Tlepikañs). 1. The greatest of and easy dignity of which were sustained by an
Athenian statesmen, was the son of Xanthippus, almost unrivalled power of self-command. The
under whose command the victory of Mycale was most annoying provocation never made him forsake
gained, and of Agariste, the great grand-daughter of his dignified composure. His voice was sweet, and
Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, and niece of Cleis. his utterance rapid and distinct ; in which respect,
thenes, the founder of the later Athenian con- as well as in his personal appearance, he resembled
stitution. (Herod.
