Stuart's own showing, to have the
greatest
cause for apprehension, for he says, ' Mr.
Hunt - Fourth Estate - History of Newspapers and Liberty of Press - v2
— The Standard.
— Dr.
Gifford and Maginn.
—The Evening Mail and St.
James's Chronicle.
EVENING Papers have been almost as long in
existence as daily morning Papers, but
were not originally issued every evening. The ordi nary mode of their publication appears to have been three times a-week. We find, for instance, No. 1 of The London Evening Post, dated Dec. 12, 1727, announced to appear in this manner. These first evening Papers are, some of them, described as being published on the inland post nights. This indication of the means by which they were distributed explains also the prevalence, at that time and later, of one word in their titles. In the lists we find General Evening Posts, London Evening Posts, Lloyd's Evening Posts, St. James' Evening Posts, and others. A collection
they
222 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
of articles from one of these first evening Papers was published in 1748. * They were from The Na tional Journal or Country Gazette, f which began on Saturday, March 22, 1746, and was suppressed on Thursday, June the 12th, following, by the printer and author being taken into custody ; the former being confined in Newgate till the 26th day of February,
1746-7, when he was discharged by Habeas Corpus,— the suspension of that act having just then expired.
In 1774, we find John Miller, of The London Evening Post, confined in the Fleet Prison, at the suit of Lord Sandwich, for damages given him by a verdict for alleged libel ; but the share of such per secutions as fell to the lot of The Evening Papers did not prevent their increase, and in 1788 such Journals appear to have been sufficiently profitable to encourage the appearance of a daily evening Paper. Three years later a second appeared, and from that
* London : Printed by S. Clark, in Fleet Street, and to be sold at the pamphlet shops in town and country. 1748.
t This Paper was one of those published three times a-week, " on the evenings of the inland post nights. " The editor observes in his prospectus, " Although there never was a time when the public was so overburtbened with Newspapers as at present, yet there never was a time when the public so ardently wished for one more. " In order to carry out the project, the projector requested contributions, among others, from " any ingenious gentleman who has any dead wit lying upon his hands ;" and on political subjects from others of "a more serious turn. " But, at the same time, he declared that he would exclude from his Paper the contributions of " cunning men," who pos sessed a natural fund of invention, and announced his Paper to be
" entirely for the lovers of truth. " A great portion of this Paper is taken up by serious articles and political squibs, throwing doubt upon the Government accounts of the war against the Pretender during his last efforts to obtain the Crown.
THE COURIER. 223
time to the present, the metropolis has had, not only its Newspaper fresh from the press at the breakfast table, but smaller Journals ready with the late News, to amuse the evening hours of such as will read them.
The great period for evening Papers was during the war, when all the country was in a state of excite ment, and thirsted for the latest News that the mails which left London at night could supply. The Courier, in those times, became the great Paper, and obtained large circulation, and, consequently, great influence. In the letters of Daniel Stuart, which have already afforded particulars of the earlier history of The Morning Post, we find also some gossip about The Courier. He says (still about Coleridge) : — " During three years, at the time of the overthrow of Bonaparte, The Courier, by Street's able management, sold steadily upwards of 8,000 per day ; during one fort night it sold upwards of 10,000 daily. It is, there fore, probable, at the time Coleridge wrote for
in 1811, sold 7,000. This, suppose, he con founded with The Morning Post, which never sold more than 4,500 but Coleridge's own published let ters show he never rendered any services to The Courier.
" So farwith regard to The Morning Post. Through out the year 1803, during my most rapid success, Cole ridge did not, believe, write line for me. Seven months afterwards find Coleridge at Portsmouth, on his way to Malta. At Portsmouth, where he remained some time, introduced him to Mr. Mottley, the bookseller man of great influence, and of kind, lively, obliging disposition. Coleridge was delighted
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224 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
with his attentions. I have letters from Coleridge from Portsmouth, Gibraltar, Malta, Syracuse, &c. ; and on his return to England, in the summer of 1806, he applied to me as his best friend. I gave him apart ments at The Courier office to spare expense. In 1807 he was engaged with his play. Early in 1808, he gave his lectures at the Royal Institution, and again he had apartments in The Courier office. At the end of that year he began his plan of " The Friend," which lasted him till towards the end of 1809 ; and respecting which, I took great, expensive, and useless trouble, as a bundle of Coleridge's letters show, about subscrip tions, paper, stamps, printers' money, &c, &c. When all these things failed, then Coleridge, in 181 1, proposed to write for The Courier on a salary. It is true he sent some essays upon the Spaniards in the end of 1809, but that he did rather as some return to me for the sums I had expended on his account, than on my solicitation. In truth, Mr. Street, who was editor and half-proprietor of The Courier with me, never thought so highly of Coleridge's writings as I did ; and when ever I proposed an engagement for Coleridge, Street received my suggestion coldly. The Courier required
no assistance. It was, and long had been, the evening Paper of the highest circulation. From August, 1803, when I left The Morning Post, but, in truth, from the autumn of 1 802, when Coleridge last wrote for till the autumn of 1809, Coleridge did not write line for any Paper with which was connected and yet he says he wasted his prime and manhood in writing for these Papers. few weeks in 1800, and few weeks in 1802, that was all the the time he ever wasted
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THE COURIER. 225
on The Morning Post; and as for The Courier, it accepted of his proffered services, as a favour done to him, when, everything having failed, he could do no thing else. "
Here are some traits of Newspaper life in those days : — " Coleridge had exposed in conversation," says Stuart, " some improper part in the Duke of York's conduct. I wrote an article or essay on the subject in The Courier. Two or three Papers were allowed to go off early, every day, to the government offices. About four o'clock up came an alarming message from the Treasury, that if that paragraph went forth the
Ministry would be ruined ! . We cancelled 3,500 sheets
and expunged and made Street promise to accept of no pecuniary remuneration for so considerable loss, that might not be said we had done this to extort money. The Paper at that time was supposed to be so much under Ministerial direction, that certain high personages would not have believed the para graph was not sent designedly by Ministers to the Paper for crooked purpose.
"Early in 181], Coleridge had some private busi ness with me. called on him at Charles Lamb's chambers in the Temple, and we adjourned to tavern, where we talked over the News of the day. There was at that time dispute in Parliament about the conditions on which the Prince of Wales should ac cept the Regency, and had been authoritatively, ostentatiously, gravely boasted, that the Royal Bro thers had met, and had all agreed should be Regency without restrictions. Coleridge pointed out
that this was most unconstitutional interference, VOL. II.
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226 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
that the constitution knew nothing of an assembly of princes to overawe the Legislature. I wrote an article to this effect in The Courier, referred to the Germanic constitution, and censured the attempt to establish " a College of Princes" in England. The Duke of Sussex took this up in high dudgeon, and made a long angry speech in the House of Lords on the sub
ject. He thought, evidently, that the article was a Ministerial manifesto from the cabinet in Downing Street ; little knowing that it was only a tavern con coction, of which Ministers knew nothing.
" At this time a struggle was going on, whether
the Regent should be a Whig or a Tory, and impor tant letters were passing between his Royal Highness and Mr. Perceval. At midnight George Spurrett, the porter, who slept in The Courier Office, was knocked up ; a splendid carriage and splendid liveries at the door ; a portly elegant man, elegantly dressed, wrapped up in a cloak, presented himself, and inquired for Mr. Stuart ; for, as I was abused in the Newspapers as the conductor of The Courier, the merit of which belonged wholly to Mr. Street, I was the person inquired for by strangers. George said Mr. Stuart lived out of town ; but Mr. Street, the editor, resided on the Adelphi Terrace. A packet was delivered to George, and he was enjoined to give it speedily to Mr. Street, as it was of great importance. This was a copy of the cor
between the Prince of Wales and Mr. Perceval. To be sure of its being genuine, Mr. Street
went immediately to Mr. Perceval to inquire. On
ap
respondence
Mr. Perceval started back, and exclaimed,
seeing
This done to ruin me with the Prince If
!
it
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THE COURIER. 227
pears in The Courier, nothing will persuade him I did not publish it as an appeal to the public against him ! It must not be published ! ' ' No ! ' said Mr. Street ; ' it is a very good article for the Paper ! ' Mr. Perceval explained and entreated ; Mr. Street still remarking, ' It is a very good article for the Paper, and what will partner Stuart say if he hears of my suppressing it ? ' ' Well,' said Mr. Perceval, who held it fast, ' some News shall be sent to you as an equivalent. ' Accord ingly, a copy of the official despatch of the taking of the island of Bandy, in the East Indies, was sent the same day, and was published in The Courier, before it appeared in The London Gazette. I knew nothing of this till the evening ; when I dined with Street at Kilburn, where we had a hearty laugh at these occur rences. "
A great feature of The Courier was its second editions. These, during those days of excitement, the public were never allowed to forget. Men with horns ran down the streets making " most hideous music," and shouting between each blast, " News, News, great News — Courier, Courier — great News, great News — second edition, second edition. " Two or three strong- lunged fellows would at times be within hearing at the same moment, and no one could avoid noticing the fact. The stock of Papers each carried with him usually found a ready sale, and then the office was
resorted to for more. A story has been told to show how these second editions were sometimes made. The editor must have a second edition, and News must be got to make it. The account of Bellingham's mur
derous act was, of course, a great card for the Papers. p2
228 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Thousands upon thousands had been issued with all that could be got together, but the public appetite being supplied, the demand fell ; when suddenly the town was disturbed with the horns and the voices and the hurrying feet of the Newsmen, who bellowed out, " Third edition, third edition—Courier, Courier—Bel- lingham, Bellingham —late News, late News. " The Papers were sold rapidly, and on went the successful hawkers to find new customers. As the third edition was greedily searched for the additional intelligence, each reader was gratified with the important para graph :—" We stop the press to announce that the san" guinary villainBellingham has refused to be shaved ! !
Stuart tells us he took no interest in The Courier after 181 9,* and parted with his last share in it in 1 822. The career of a subsequent editor of The Courier
has thus been sketched by a friendly hand in the col umns of The Morning Chronicle : — " James Stuart, eldest son of the late Eev. Dr. Charles Stuart, belonged to and was nearly connected with the noble family of Moray. He was bred to the profession of the law, and became a writer to the signet in 1798. He had excellent talents for business, and had he given it due
attention, he would most probably have attained the highest distinction in his profession ; but, having
inherited a respectable property in the county of Fife, he became attached to agricultural pursuits ; and these,
* "March 4, 1816. — The editor of The Courier Mr. S gave a grand dinner a few days since to Earl of Yarmouth, Mr. Croker, &c. ; when the magnificent service of plate made by Eundell and Bridge was exhibited ; also the snuff-box set with brilliants presented to him by the King of France. "— New Monthly Mag. , Vol. LXXIX. , p. 28.
THE COURIER. 229
with his duties as a country gentleman and magistrate, and the political engagements into which he entered with the utmost warmth, speedily engrossed by far the greater portion of his time and attention. He was a zealous and an uncompromising Whig. No man ever existed more completely devoted to his party, ormore disposed to make every possible exertion and sacrifice to promote its objects. In the halcyon days of Tory ism, when the Dundases were all but omnipotent in Scotland, Mr. Stuart maintained his perfect independ ence, and distinguished himself by the vigour, the de cision, and the boldness of his political conduct. At a later period, when the Liberal interest began to make some way in Scotland, and party spirit ran very high, Stuart was always to be found in the front of the battle. His advice, his efforts, and his purse were never wanting to forward the cause he had at heart. Hence he naturally became an object of hostility to the baser portion of the Tory party. Abuse of all sorts was heaped upon him. Most part of indeed, was too scurrilous and contemptible to deserve any notice and but for the circumstance of its having been dis covered that Sir Alexander Boswell, Bart. , was one of its principal authors, would have speedily and quietly sunk into oblivion. This discovery led to the duel in which Sir Alexander Boswell met his death at the hands of Stuart. The trial which followed was in the highest degree creditable to Mr. Stuart, who, was admitted on all hands, could not have acted otherwise
than he did. His business necessarily suffered by these continuous distractions and his means were crippled, chiefly by the expensive improvements he
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230 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
effected on his patrimonial estate of Dunearn, and by the expenses in which they involved him, and partly by his too generous hospitality. Being of an extremely
sanguine disposition, he attempted to repair his fortune by speculating in land, but the crash of 1825 proved fatal to his schemes, and involved him in embarrass ments by which he was overwhelmed. As he had done nothing dishonourable, he might easily have settled with his creditors ; but his feelings would not allow him to face them, and he took the rash and un fortunate resolution of retreating to America. On his return he obtained his discharge, but he lost the situations he had held in Edinburgh, which he might have retained had he not left Scotland. After his re turn Mr. Stuart published an account of his travels in the United States; and, though not very profound, this work gives on the whole an extremely good, though
rather perhaps a little too flattering, account of our transatlantic kinsmen. Soon after the publication of this work, Mr. Stuart became the editor of The Courier, and, true to his principles, he gave in this capacity every support in his power to the Whig or Liberal party. He was appointed by Lord Melbourne to the situation of Factory Inspector, which he held till his death (in
And it redounds much to his credit, that in this difficult position he conducted himself so as to acquire the esteem not merely of the manufacturers, but of the great majority of the workmen. His too great sensibility, his impetuosity, and his obstinate adherence to the opinions and steps he had either avowed or taken, sometimes hurried Mr. Stuart into difficulties and embarrassments, which more dispas
1849).
THE COURIER. 231
sionate, though not abler or better men, would have avoided. But in his bearing and manner he was a perfect gentleman, and his many excellent qualities made him be highly esteemed and beloved by a wide circle of attached and intelligent friends. If ever the history should be written, as it well deserves to be, of the rise and progress of Liberal opinions in Scotland during the present century, the name of James Stuart
will occupy one of the most prominent and honourable places in its pages.
" Mr. Stuart was robust, active, and
capable of bearing fatigue. He died in his 74th year, of a disease of the heart, most probably induced by the excitement in which he passed the greater portion of his life. "
After Stuart had received the appointment, and had resigned his connexion with the press, Laman Blanchard became editor of The Courier, bringing to the task that versatility of talent, and ardour of poli tical feeling, for which he was distinguished. But the war was gone, and The Courier, like other evening Papers, was less profitable than of old ; and, in an evil hour, the proprietors determined to sell the Paper to the party they had so long opposed. The Paper took Tory politics ; Laman Blanchard, of course, at once resigned ; and a few short years were sufficient to destroy a Journal which had once been the most valuable Newspaper property in England. The loss of his post on the Paper must have given some annoyance to Blanchard, and it was not until after his unhappy death thatBulwer made known the fact that the Government had been asked, and asked in vain,
singularly
232 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
to give this clever writer some trifling recompense for the service his pen had done for the Liberal cause. Blanchard's "political articles were of considerable value to the party he espoused ; although free from the acerbity and the personalities which the warfare of Journalism rarely fails to engender. The change of proprietorship and of politics in The Courier occasioned his retirement, and necessitated the loss of an income, for him considerable. His services to the Whigs, then in office, had been sufficient to justify a strong appeal in his behalf for some small appointment. The appeal, though urged with all zeal by one who had himself some claims on the Government, was unsuc cessful. The fact really is, that Governments, at pre sent, have little, among their subordinate patronage, to bestow upon men whose abilities are not devoted to a profession. The man of letters is like a stray
joint in a boy's puzzle ; he fits into no place. Let the partisan but have taken orders — let him but have eaten a sufficient number of dinners at the inns of court—and livings, and chapels, and stalls, and as- sistant-barristerships, and commissionerships, and colonial appointments, can reward his services and prevent his starving. But for the author there is nothing but his pen, till that and life are worn to the stump ; and then, with good fortune, perhaps on his death-bed he receives a pension —and equals, it may be, for a few months, the income of a retired butler ! And so, on the sudden loss of the situation in which
he had frittered away his higher and more delicate genius, in all the drudgery that a party exacts from its defender of the press, Laman Blanchard was thrown
THE GLOBE. 233
again upon the world, to shift as he might, and subsist as he could. "
Short as his days unhappily were, Blanchard lived to see the desertion of political principle by The Courier punished by the complete destruction of the Paper.
In Daniel Stuart's defence of himself and his Paper
the imputations of Coleridge and his biogra phers, he speaks incidentally of the establishment of some opposition Papers by the booksellers, and of the projectors of the new Journals having taken away from him his chief literary assistant, George Lane. This remark was published in the Gentleman's Maga zine, and in due time we find in the pages of that
publication* a reply from Lane, in which he gives his version of the foundation of The Globe, and, incident ally, some facts about other Papers. He says : — "Mr. Daniel Stuart states that the booksellers having de termined to set up two daily Newspapers, The British Press and The Globe, in direct opposition to his Papers, The Morning Post and The Courier, 'took' from his employment George Lane (meaning me), his chief assistant, supposing that when they got me ' they got
The Morning Post, and that he (Mr. Stuart) was nobody. ' To this charge of a combination against him, urged in several passages in his statement, I answer, that in my first interview with the booksellers on the subject of their Papers, I inquired the motives for their new undertaking, and, in answer, they stated their object was not pecuniary profit, but the protection of their trade, which suffered from the manner in which
* Gentleman's Magazine, Sept. , 1838.
against
234 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the existing Newspapers were conducted ; that their advertisements were frequently thrown into the back of the Paper, and there mixed with others of a gross and offensive character; that frequently their adver tisements were refused insertion, or if received, their insertion was attended with injurious delay, as hap pened upon occasions of important Parliamentary debate or other interesting matter requiring consider able space, and this in cases of new literary works prepared at great expense ; and that, as a remedy for these grievances, they proposed to have a morning and evening Paper of their own, the columns of which they could command. These were the views and motives they professed, and I firmly believed them ; and I further declare, that I never had cause to suspect that they had any other, or that the Papers were in tended for the unworthy purpose alleged by Mr. Stuart ; nor did I ever conduct them in that spirit. Mr. Stuart refers to Sir Richard Phillips as a voucher for his statement; but, at the time the booksellers applied to me, the late Mr. Debett, of Piccadilly, was the only member of the trade with whom I had the slightest acquaintance. Sir Richard Phillips I did not know
until after I had made my engagement, when I found him a member of a committee for managing the finan cial affairs of the concern, with which, however, I had nothing to do, and I conducted the Papers entirely according to my own judgment, perfectly free from all undue influence. A new Newspaper is, I conceive, as legitimate a speculation as a new bank or a new insur ance office; and that the booksellers were perfectly justified in setting up their Papers for the purpose
THE GLOBE. 235
I have stated. A new Paper does not create new readers ; its circulation is derived from the existing stock, and must necessarily affect the whole, though, perhaps, not each individual in the same degree ; but that the new Papers were set up particularly in oppo sition to The Morning Post and The Courier I deny. If they were likely to affect any individual Paper, The Morning Chronicle would appear, on Mr.
Stuart's own showing, to have the greatest cause for apprehension, for he says, ' Mr. Perry, who aimed at making The Morning Chronicle a very literary Paper, took pains to produce a striking display of book advertisements ; while horses and carriages constituted the particular class of advertisements in The Morning Post. ' This much may suffice in vindication of the booksellers. I now proceed to make some observations in vindica tion of myself. Mr. Stuart, while he gives me credit for merit of various kinds — which, without betraying excessive vanity, I could not arrogate to myself — says, I owned that I was indebted to him ' for all I knew of Newspapers/ that by his instruction, he might say education, I had become valuable in various ways, and that I was his chief assistant in his morning Paper. This I readily admit. His statement is perfectly cor rect and true. I was a total stranger to Newspapers when he accepted my proffered services, and any know ledge I possessed of Newspapers was acquired in his office. But I will go further than the bare admission of this part of Mr. Stuart's statement in its most extended sense. During my connexion with him he uniformly treated me with exceeding kindness and great liberality, of which the following particulars
236
THE FOURTH ESTATE.
may convey an idea. He proposed to me to enter into a written engagement with him, which I declined. My refusal appeared to surprise him, and he said if I felt any cause of dissatisfaction in the establishment it
should be removed. I answered there was none ; was pleased with every one in and everything about
it. He then said, did not consider
sufficient he was ready to increase it; to which answered, that was perfectly satisfied, and felt myself amply compensated as stood, but that wished to hold myself free man. This conversation took place at an early period of our connexion and upon that footing remained until its close, during which in terval he added more than once to my income, but not at my instance or request. The advance always came
my salary
I
and unsolicited, from his own will. may add, that never heard any member of the establishment complain of want of liberality on the
part of Mr. Stuart. He wished to have his business done diligently, but he was uniformly liberal in com
These are facts not now disclosed, or sen timents not now expressed by me for the first time. In every company in which ever heard his character and conduct alluded to, have uniformly born testi mony to his liberality, and expressed myself to the same effect. It will now occur to the reader to ask how happened that so highly favoured, should withdraw myself from an establishment in which had so much cause of content. Mr. Stuart had repeatedly communicated to me his intention to retire from con
ducting his Paper, and to confide the management of to me and the period was now approaching at
spontaneously
pensation.
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THE GLOBE. 237
which he proposed to carry his intention into effect. About this time the project of the booksellers became
publicly known, and a proposal, totally unforeseen and unexpected, was made to me to become their editor, to which I gave a prompt and decided negative. On the very next day I learned that Mr. Stuart was desir ous to dispose of his Paper, and it may be conceived that the information produced in me surprise and dis appointment. I was not so unreasonable as to expect that Mr. Stuart should continue to carry on his Paper for my sake ; and his uniform kindness would justify
an expectation that in a negotiation for its sale he would endeavour to stipulate favourable terms for me : but this was not the position to which I had been
I have been too fastidious, but, taught to look ; may
whether the feeling was right or whether it was wrong, I did not relish the idea of being transferred like a fixture with the concern to strangers. This feeling was aggravated by a little occurrence not now neces sary to revive, but which Mr. Stuart probably remem bers, when just at this critical moment the proposal, which I had so recently rejected, was repeated and pressed upon me, and I, in a discontented frame of mind and with reluctance, consented to entertain it.
If, then, I left Mr. Stuart, it was not until after I found he was ready, if opportunity offered, to part with me ; as he charges, the booksellers took me from him,'
was not until he was ready to give me away. con tinued with him nearly two months after had ap prised him of the engagement had contracted, and during that time he never adverted to the subject, nor had cause to learn, except from his reserve and the coldness of his manner, that had excited his dis-
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238 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
I could have had no mean, sordid, or un worthy motive for leaving Mr. Stuart. My terms with the booksellers were not, in a pecuniary point of view, more advantageous than those Mr. Stuart had pro posed for me. I was exchanging a life of comparative
pleasure.
I was leaving friends to whom I was affectionately attached, to commit myself to strangers of whom I knew nothing.
ease for one of incessant labour and anxiety ;
I was leaving an established, flourishing Paper to em bark in a new speculation of uncertain issue. What mean, sordid, or selfish motive, then, could I have had to encounter so fearful a change ? Mr. Stuart exclaims, ' The booksellers being possessed of a general influence among literary men, could there be a doubt of suc cess? ' Mr. Stuart greatly overrates the literary sup port and patronage which the new Papers received. The actual sale at the commencement did not exceed two hundred each, and any literary contributions received and inserted were paid for. The booksellers almost immediately, from various causes, began to drop off. Mr. Murray, now of Albemarle Street, then a very young man, was the most active, liberal, and
valuable among them; but he, with Messrs. Longman, Clarke, of Portugal Street, Butterworth, and many others of the greatest influence and importance, after a short time withdrew ; and I was left to contend with difficulties and under the most discouraging circum stances, in which the fortune of the Papers appeared desperate, and their very existence hung, as it were, by a thread, before I succeeded in establishing the concern on safe grounds, at which time not more than two booksellers remained partners in it. "
Since the days of Lane. The Globe has had many
THE SUN. 239
editors, and was for years regarded as the Liberal Minis terial evening Paper. Mr. Gibbons Merle was one of its literary aides, and whilst engaged on The Globe wrote the articles on Newspapers which appeared in the early numbers of The Westminster Eeview. Another writer on The Globe was Colonel Torrens, a retired officer of Marines, who fought with much distinction during the war,* and on the return of peace became a News paper proprietor and writer. He had a share in The Traveller, which was afterwards united to The Globe—
as the heading of the Paper still bears witness.
The Sun has long had a reputation for late intel
ligence ; but is still more noticeable for the opposition it had to contend with. For some years the town was kept constantly aware of the fierce contest between The Sun and The True Sun, established by Patrick Grant, and conducted for a time with great spirit. Laman Blanchard was on this Paper as a principal writer ; Mr. William Carpenter being the sub-editor. Grant
getting into difficulties mortgaged the new speculation, and it was subsequently bought and conducted by Mr. Daniel Whittle Harvey, who, however, did not succeed in making it profitable. One of its last editors was Mr. W. J. Fox, now M. P. for Oldham. One other fact must not pass unchronicled. Mr. Charles Dickens made his first Parliamentary campaign as a gallery reporter on The True Sun.
* Colonel Torrens was born in Ireland in 1783. He entered the marines at a very early age, and obtained a captain's commission in 1806. In March, 1811, when the Danes with a very superior force attacked the little island of Anholt, he commanded the marine garrison. He was rewarded with the rank of major, and he next served in th
Peninsula, and was appointed Colonel of a Spanish Legion.
r
240 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
The Standard is junior to both Sun and Globe, having been started to support the Conservative party during the Reform Bill excitement. It is said that Lord Lowther was one of the capitalists on the occa
sion ; Mr. Baldwin* being the other ; Dr. Maginn finding a title, a motto, and a prospectus. From the first number to the present time, The Standard has been edited by Dr. Gifford, a man well known for his talent and strong political bias. In the early days of The Standard Dr. Maginn was one of the staff, and
many anecdotes are current of the glorious sayings and doings of that time; but Maginn was, like greater
too irregular for the punctual duties of a daily Paper, and he gradually dropped off, leaving his post to be filled by Alaric Watts, who held it for a time.
Besides The Sun, Globe, and Standard, we have now two other daily evening Papers—The Express, an evening edition of The Daily News; and The Evening Chronicle — both offshoots from the more important morning Journals. The Times and
Herald also have evening Papers, but only thrice a-week. They are The Evening Mail and the St. James's Chronicle. The latter was at one time edited by a hardworking literary labourer named Stephen
Jones, a Londoner, born in 1763, and educated at St. Paul's school. He was originally intended for a
* In searching through old Newspaper files the names of particular families are found identified with this class of literary property. The Baldwins appear to have been one of these. Like the Walters, three generations seem to have been Newspaper printers, and proprietors. The name of Richard Baldwin stands in the imprint of a Newspaper as long ago as 1689.
geniuses,
WHITEHALL EVENING POST. 241
sculptor, and left stone for metal, and turned printer.
From composing types, he rose to correcting proofs, and then took still another step, in 1794, by becoming an author. His first publication was an abridgment of Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution, and this was followed by a variety of compilations and
In 1797 Jones became editor of The Whitehall Evening Post, but editing did not fully oc
cupy his time. Amongst his productions was one
entitled, The Spirit of the Public Journals, a volume
of which appeared annually for many years, com mencing with 1799. On the decline of The White hall Evening Post he became editor of The General Evening Post, which he conducted for a considerable period, until it passed into other hands and was united to The St. James's Chronicle. He was also connected with the Freemasons' Magazine; and, after the death of
Mr. Isaac Reid, he conducted the European Magazine. That gentleman, before his death, was engaged in pre paring a new edition of Baker's BiographiaDramatica; his papers were put into Mr. Jones's hands, who, in 1 8 12, published a new edition in 4 vols. , 4 to, much enlarged. This book was severely handled in the Quarterly Re view ; and Jones retorted in a pamphlet, called, " Hy- percriticism exposed. " He was not a man to be crushed by an adverse article, and continued to write and prepare food for printers till the close of his active and useful life.
VOL. II.
abridgments.
CHAPTEE X.
REPORTING AND REPORTERS.
The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a Fourth Estate of the realm. The publication of the debates, a practice which seemed to the most li beral statesmen of the old school full of danger to the great safeguards of public liberty, is now regarded by many persons as a safeguard, tantamount, and more than tantamount to all the rest together. —
Macaulay's Essay on Hallam's Constitutional History.
Early Parliamentary debates. —The Commonwealth. —The Revolution. — George the Second. — The Gentleman's Magazine. — Parliamentary History. — Guthrie. —Dr. Johnson. —Almon. —Woodfall. —Perry. — Sheridan. —Peter Finnerty. — Mark Supple. — Sketch of the Repor ter's Gallery. — O'Connel. — Sir R. Peel. — The Theory that no Re porters are in the House of Commons.
THERE were no satisfactory reports of parliamentary proceedings until Newspapers undertook the task of giving them. D'Ewes's Journals of Elizabeth's
Parliaments contain some curious specimens of parlia mentary speeches ; the first volume of the Commons' Journals also gives some reports of debates ; and a member of Parliament has left us a report of the debates of the session of 102. 1. Still these are only fragments. Rushworth gives a few discussions, and Gray, in his collection of debates, affords some more. Yet all these are disjointed and occasional efforts affording very incomplete results.
EARLY PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS. 243
In our sketch of the rise of Newspapers, we have seen that the first parliamentary debates allowed to be published in public Papers were those of the Par liament when the power of Charles I. began to wane before the growing democracy. The Diurnal of Oc currences may be pointed to as containing the first
Newspaper reports of parliamentary proceedings. In 1641, we have, " The Passages in Parliament from 3 of Jan. to the 10, more fully and exactly taken then the ordinary one hath beene, as you will finde upon comparing. And although the weeke past doth yeeld many remarkable passages (as hath beene any weeke before) yet you shall expect no more expression either now or hereafter in the title then the passages in Par liament &c. London printed for Nath. Butter at St. Austin's Gate in Paul's Churchyard, at the signe of the Pyde Bull 1641. "
During the Commonwealth the reports were con tinued, but the Restoration stopped them entirely. * Cromwell promoted, but Charles forbade all parlia mentary reporting, and with occasional exceptions the debates of his reign are lost to history. The Revolu tion of 1 688 effected a partial freedom for the press, but still no one could safely print the debates. Boyer's Political State of Great Britain, however, gave a monthly record of Parliament, such as it was.
* July 9, 1662. —A very extraordinary question arose, about pre venting the publication of the debates of the Irish Parliament in an English Newspaper, called The Intelligencer ; and a letter was written from the Speaker to Sir Edward Nicholas, the English Secretary of State, to prevent these publications in those Diurnals, as they call them. — Ann. Beg. from Lord Mountmorres' s Hist, of Irish Pari. Vol. II.
Q2
244 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
After the accession of George I. , something like a regular account of the debates was given in a pub lication called The Historical Register, which continued to give them till 1737. * Here the thread was taken up by Cave, who thought them excellent matter for his Gentleman's Magazine. He had previously been in the habit of sending to friends in the country some of the written memoranda of debates, which in those days circulated through the coffee houses and in pri vate society ; and the interest which attached to these imperfect documents doubtless suggested to the enter prising mind of the bookseller the value that more perfect reports must give to a monthly Magazine. He did not dare, however, to print his reports till the session was over, and then he ventured only on stating
the initials of the speakers. In 1738 even this modest amount of publicity was objected to.
On the 13th of April in that year, the Speaker, Onslow, informed the House. f that it was with some concern he saw a practice prevailing, which a little reflected upon the dignity of that House : what he meant, he said, was the inserting an account of their deliberations in the Newspapers, by which means the
* It is told of Pelham that, being asked to take steps for stopping the publication of debates of the House of Commons in the News papers, ho replied, " Let them alone ; they make better speeches for us than we can for ourselves. " A similar answer is related of George II. Being informed that an impudent printer was to be punished for having published a spurious (King's) speech, he answered, he hoped the man's punishment would be of the mildest sort : because he had read both, and as far as he understood either of them, he liked the spurious speech better than his own. — Lord Waldegrave's Memoirs, p. 88.
t Pari. Hist. , vol. x. p. 800.
REPORTING. ONSLOW S MOTION. 245
proceedings of the House were liable to very great misrepresentations. That he had in his hands a
printed Newspaper, which contained His Majesty's answer to their late address, before the same had been reported from the Chair, the only way of communi cating it to the public. That he thought it his duty to inform the House of these practices, the rather because he had observed them of late to have run into very great abuses ; and therefore he hoped that gentle men would propose some method of stopping it. Sir W. Yonge continued the discussion, which deserves full quotation. He said : "
mentioned this affair. I have looked upon it as a prac tice very inconsistent with the forms and dignity which this House ought always to support ; but since you have been pleased to mention this from the Chair, I must beg leave to carry my observations a little farther. I have observed, sir, that not only an account of what you do, but of what you say, is regularly printed and circulated through all parts, both of the town and coun try. At the same time, sir, there are very often gross misrepresentations, both of the sense and language of gentlemen. This is very liable to give the public false impressions both of gentlemen's conduct and abilities. Therefore, sir, in my opinion, it is now high time to put a stop to it.
EVENING Papers have been almost as long in
existence as daily morning Papers, but
were not originally issued every evening. The ordi nary mode of their publication appears to have been three times a-week. We find, for instance, No. 1 of The London Evening Post, dated Dec. 12, 1727, announced to appear in this manner. These first evening Papers are, some of them, described as being published on the inland post nights. This indication of the means by which they were distributed explains also the prevalence, at that time and later, of one word in their titles. In the lists we find General Evening Posts, London Evening Posts, Lloyd's Evening Posts, St. James' Evening Posts, and others. A collection
they
222 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
of articles from one of these first evening Papers was published in 1748. * They were from The Na tional Journal or Country Gazette, f which began on Saturday, March 22, 1746, and was suppressed on Thursday, June the 12th, following, by the printer and author being taken into custody ; the former being confined in Newgate till the 26th day of February,
1746-7, when he was discharged by Habeas Corpus,— the suspension of that act having just then expired.
In 1774, we find John Miller, of The London Evening Post, confined in the Fleet Prison, at the suit of Lord Sandwich, for damages given him by a verdict for alleged libel ; but the share of such per secutions as fell to the lot of The Evening Papers did not prevent their increase, and in 1788 such Journals appear to have been sufficiently profitable to encourage the appearance of a daily evening Paper. Three years later a second appeared, and from that
* London : Printed by S. Clark, in Fleet Street, and to be sold at the pamphlet shops in town and country. 1748.
t This Paper was one of those published three times a-week, " on the evenings of the inland post nights. " The editor observes in his prospectus, " Although there never was a time when the public was so overburtbened with Newspapers as at present, yet there never was a time when the public so ardently wished for one more. " In order to carry out the project, the projector requested contributions, among others, from " any ingenious gentleman who has any dead wit lying upon his hands ;" and on political subjects from others of "a more serious turn. " But, at the same time, he declared that he would exclude from his Paper the contributions of " cunning men," who pos sessed a natural fund of invention, and announced his Paper to be
" entirely for the lovers of truth. " A great portion of this Paper is taken up by serious articles and political squibs, throwing doubt upon the Government accounts of the war against the Pretender during his last efforts to obtain the Crown.
THE COURIER. 223
time to the present, the metropolis has had, not only its Newspaper fresh from the press at the breakfast table, but smaller Journals ready with the late News, to amuse the evening hours of such as will read them.
The great period for evening Papers was during the war, when all the country was in a state of excite ment, and thirsted for the latest News that the mails which left London at night could supply. The Courier, in those times, became the great Paper, and obtained large circulation, and, consequently, great influence. In the letters of Daniel Stuart, which have already afforded particulars of the earlier history of The Morning Post, we find also some gossip about The Courier. He says (still about Coleridge) : — " During three years, at the time of the overthrow of Bonaparte, The Courier, by Street's able management, sold steadily upwards of 8,000 per day ; during one fort night it sold upwards of 10,000 daily. It is, there fore, probable, at the time Coleridge wrote for
in 1811, sold 7,000. This, suppose, he con founded with The Morning Post, which never sold more than 4,500 but Coleridge's own published let ters show he never rendered any services to The Courier.
" So farwith regard to The Morning Post. Through out the year 1803, during my most rapid success, Cole ridge did not, believe, write line for me. Seven months afterwards find Coleridge at Portsmouth, on his way to Malta. At Portsmouth, where he remained some time, introduced him to Mr. Mottley, the bookseller man of great influence, and of kind, lively, obliging disposition. Coleridge was delighted
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with his attentions. I have letters from Coleridge from Portsmouth, Gibraltar, Malta, Syracuse, &c. ; and on his return to England, in the summer of 1806, he applied to me as his best friend. I gave him apart ments at The Courier office to spare expense. In 1807 he was engaged with his play. Early in 1808, he gave his lectures at the Royal Institution, and again he had apartments in The Courier office. At the end of that year he began his plan of " The Friend," which lasted him till towards the end of 1809 ; and respecting which, I took great, expensive, and useless trouble, as a bundle of Coleridge's letters show, about subscrip tions, paper, stamps, printers' money, &c, &c. When all these things failed, then Coleridge, in 181 1, proposed to write for The Courier on a salary. It is true he sent some essays upon the Spaniards in the end of 1809, but that he did rather as some return to me for the sums I had expended on his account, than on my solicitation. In truth, Mr. Street, who was editor and half-proprietor of The Courier with me, never thought so highly of Coleridge's writings as I did ; and when ever I proposed an engagement for Coleridge, Street received my suggestion coldly. The Courier required
no assistance. It was, and long had been, the evening Paper of the highest circulation. From August, 1803, when I left The Morning Post, but, in truth, from the autumn of 1 802, when Coleridge last wrote for till the autumn of 1809, Coleridge did not write line for any Paper with which was connected and yet he says he wasted his prime and manhood in writing for these Papers. few weeks in 1800, and few weeks in 1802, that was all the the time he ever wasted
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on The Morning Post; and as for The Courier, it accepted of his proffered services, as a favour done to him, when, everything having failed, he could do no thing else. "
Here are some traits of Newspaper life in those days : — " Coleridge had exposed in conversation," says Stuart, " some improper part in the Duke of York's conduct. I wrote an article or essay on the subject in The Courier. Two or three Papers were allowed to go off early, every day, to the government offices. About four o'clock up came an alarming message from the Treasury, that if that paragraph went forth the
Ministry would be ruined ! . We cancelled 3,500 sheets
and expunged and made Street promise to accept of no pecuniary remuneration for so considerable loss, that might not be said we had done this to extort money. The Paper at that time was supposed to be so much under Ministerial direction, that certain high personages would not have believed the para graph was not sent designedly by Ministers to the Paper for crooked purpose.
"Early in 181], Coleridge had some private busi ness with me. called on him at Charles Lamb's chambers in the Temple, and we adjourned to tavern, where we talked over the News of the day. There was at that time dispute in Parliament about the conditions on which the Prince of Wales should ac cept the Regency, and had been authoritatively, ostentatiously, gravely boasted, that the Royal Bro thers had met, and had all agreed should be Regency without restrictions. Coleridge pointed out
that this was most unconstitutional interference, VOL. II.
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that the constitution knew nothing of an assembly of princes to overawe the Legislature. I wrote an article to this effect in The Courier, referred to the Germanic constitution, and censured the attempt to establish " a College of Princes" in England. The Duke of Sussex took this up in high dudgeon, and made a long angry speech in the House of Lords on the sub
ject. He thought, evidently, that the article was a Ministerial manifesto from the cabinet in Downing Street ; little knowing that it was only a tavern con coction, of which Ministers knew nothing.
" At this time a struggle was going on, whether
the Regent should be a Whig or a Tory, and impor tant letters were passing between his Royal Highness and Mr. Perceval. At midnight George Spurrett, the porter, who slept in The Courier Office, was knocked up ; a splendid carriage and splendid liveries at the door ; a portly elegant man, elegantly dressed, wrapped up in a cloak, presented himself, and inquired for Mr. Stuart ; for, as I was abused in the Newspapers as the conductor of The Courier, the merit of which belonged wholly to Mr. Street, I was the person inquired for by strangers. George said Mr. Stuart lived out of town ; but Mr. Street, the editor, resided on the Adelphi Terrace. A packet was delivered to George, and he was enjoined to give it speedily to Mr. Street, as it was of great importance. This was a copy of the cor
between the Prince of Wales and Mr. Perceval. To be sure of its being genuine, Mr. Street
went immediately to Mr. Perceval to inquire. On
ap
respondence
Mr. Perceval started back, and exclaimed,
seeing
This done to ruin me with the Prince If
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THE COURIER. 227
pears in The Courier, nothing will persuade him I did not publish it as an appeal to the public against him ! It must not be published ! ' ' No ! ' said Mr. Street ; ' it is a very good article for the Paper ! ' Mr. Perceval explained and entreated ; Mr. Street still remarking, ' It is a very good article for the Paper, and what will partner Stuart say if he hears of my suppressing it ? ' ' Well,' said Mr. Perceval, who held it fast, ' some News shall be sent to you as an equivalent. ' Accord ingly, a copy of the official despatch of the taking of the island of Bandy, in the East Indies, was sent the same day, and was published in The Courier, before it appeared in The London Gazette. I knew nothing of this till the evening ; when I dined with Street at Kilburn, where we had a hearty laugh at these occur rences. "
A great feature of The Courier was its second editions. These, during those days of excitement, the public were never allowed to forget. Men with horns ran down the streets making " most hideous music," and shouting between each blast, " News, News, great News — Courier, Courier — great News, great News — second edition, second edition. " Two or three strong- lunged fellows would at times be within hearing at the same moment, and no one could avoid noticing the fact. The stock of Papers each carried with him usually found a ready sale, and then the office was
resorted to for more. A story has been told to show how these second editions were sometimes made. The editor must have a second edition, and News must be got to make it. The account of Bellingham's mur
derous act was, of course, a great card for the Papers. p2
228 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Thousands upon thousands had been issued with all that could be got together, but the public appetite being supplied, the demand fell ; when suddenly the town was disturbed with the horns and the voices and the hurrying feet of the Newsmen, who bellowed out, " Third edition, third edition—Courier, Courier—Bel- lingham, Bellingham —late News, late News. " The Papers were sold rapidly, and on went the successful hawkers to find new customers. As the third edition was greedily searched for the additional intelligence, each reader was gratified with the important para graph :—" We stop the press to announce that the san" guinary villainBellingham has refused to be shaved ! !
Stuart tells us he took no interest in The Courier after 181 9,* and parted with his last share in it in 1 822. The career of a subsequent editor of The Courier
has thus been sketched by a friendly hand in the col umns of The Morning Chronicle : — " James Stuart, eldest son of the late Eev. Dr. Charles Stuart, belonged to and was nearly connected with the noble family of Moray. He was bred to the profession of the law, and became a writer to the signet in 1798. He had excellent talents for business, and had he given it due
attention, he would most probably have attained the highest distinction in his profession ; but, having
inherited a respectable property in the county of Fife, he became attached to agricultural pursuits ; and these,
* "March 4, 1816. — The editor of The Courier Mr. S gave a grand dinner a few days since to Earl of Yarmouth, Mr. Croker, &c. ; when the magnificent service of plate made by Eundell and Bridge was exhibited ; also the snuff-box set with brilliants presented to him by the King of France. "— New Monthly Mag. , Vol. LXXIX. , p. 28.
THE COURIER. 229
with his duties as a country gentleman and magistrate, and the political engagements into which he entered with the utmost warmth, speedily engrossed by far the greater portion of his time and attention. He was a zealous and an uncompromising Whig. No man ever existed more completely devoted to his party, ormore disposed to make every possible exertion and sacrifice to promote its objects. In the halcyon days of Tory ism, when the Dundases were all but omnipotent in Scotland, Mr. Stuart maintained his perfect independ ence, and distinguished himself by the vigour, the de cision, and the boldness of his political conduct. At a later period, when the Liberal interest began to make some way in Scotland, and party spirit ran very high, Stuart was always to be found in the front of the battle. His advice, his efforts, and his purse were never wanting to forward the cause he had at heart. Hence he naturally became an object of hostility to the baser portion of the Tory party. Abuse of all sorts was heaped upon him. Most part of indeed, was too scurrilous and contemptible to deserve any notice and but for the circumstance of its having been dis covered that Sir Alexander Boswell, Bart. , was one of its principal authors, would have speedily and quietly sunk into oblivion. This discovery led to the duel in which Sir Alexander Boswell met his death at the hands of Stuart. The trial which followed was in the highest degree creditable to Mr. Stuart, who, was admitted on all hands, could not have acted otherwise
than he did. His business necessarily suffered by these continuous distractions and his means were crippled, chiefly by the expensive improvements he
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230 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
effected on his patrimonial estate of Dunearn, and by the expenses in which they involved him, and partly by his too generous hospitality. Being of an extremely
sanguine disposition, he attempted to repair his fortune by speculating in land, but the crash of 1825 proved fatal to his schemes, and involved him in embarrass ments by which he was overwhelmed. As he had done nothing dishonourable, he might easily have settled with his creditors ; but his feelings would not allow him to face them, and he took the rash and un fortunate resolution of retreating to America. On his return he obtained his discharge, but he lost the situations he had held in Edinburgh, which he might have retained had he not left Scotland. After his re turn Mr. Stuart published an account of his travels in the United States; and, though not very profound, this work gives on the whole an extremely good, though
rather perhaps a little too flattering, account of our transatlantic kinsmen. Soon after the publication of this work, Mr. Stuart became the editor of The Courier, and, true to his principles, he gave in this capacity every support in his power to the Whig or Liberal party. He was appointed by Lord Melbourne to the situation of Factory Inspector, which he held till his death (in
And it redounds much to his credit, that in this difficult position he conducted himself so as to acquire the esteem not merely of the manufacturers, but of the great majority of the workmen. His too great sensibility, his impetuosity, and his obstinate adherence to the opinions and steps he had either avowed or taken, sometimes hurried Mr. Stuart into difficulties and embarrassments, which more dispas
1849).
THE COURIER. 231
sionate, though not abler or better men, would have avoided. But in his bearing and manner he was a perfect gentleman, and his many excellent qualities made him be highly esteemed and beloved by a wide circle of attached and intelligent friends. If ever the history should be written, as it well deserves to be, of the rise and progress of Liberal opinions in Scotland during the present century, the name of James Stuart
will occupy one of the most prominent and honourable places in its pages.
" Mr. Stuart was robust, active, and
capable of bearing fatigue. He died in his 74th year, of a disease of the heart, most probably induced by the excitement in which he passed the greater portion of his life. "
After Stuart had received the appointment, and had resigned his connexion with the press, Laman Blanchard became editor of The Courier, bringing to the task that versatility of talent, and ardour of poli tical feeling, for which he was distinguished. But the war was gone, and The Courier, like other evening Papers, was less profitable than of old ; and, in an evil hour, the proprietors determined to sell the Paper to the party they had so long opposed. The Paper took Tory politics ; Laman Blanchard, of course, at once resigned ; and a few short years were sufficient to destroy a Journal which had once been the most valuable Newspaper property in England. The loss of his post on the Paper must have given some annoyance to Blanchard, and it was not until after his unhappy death thatBulwer made known the fact that the Government had been asked, and asked in vain,
singularly
232 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
to give this clever writer some trifling recompense for the service his pen had done for the Liberal cause. Blanchard's "political articles were of considerable value to the party he espoused ; although free from the acerbity and the personalities which the warfare of Journalism rarely fails to engender. The change of proprietorship and of politics in The Courier occasioned his retirement, and necessitated the loss of an income, for him considerable. His services to the Whigs, then in office, had been sufficient to justify a strong appeal in his behalf for some small appointment. The appeal, though urged with all zeal by one who had himself some claims on the Government, was unsuc cessful. The fact really is, that Governments, at pre sent, have little, among their subordinate patronage, to bestow upon men whose abilities are not devoted to a profession. The man of letters is like a stray
joint in a boy's puzzle ; he fits into no place. Let the partisan but have taken orders — let him but have eaten a sufficient number of dinners at the inns of court—and livings, and chapels, and stalls, and as- sistant-barristerships, and commissionerships, and colonial appointments, can reward his services and prevent his starving. But for the author there is nothing but his pen, till that and life are worn to the stump ; and then, with good fortune, perhaps on his death-bed he receives a pension —and equals, it may be, for a few months, the income of a retired butler ! And so, on the sudden loss of the situation in which
he had frittered away his higher and more delicate genius, in all the drudgery that a party exacts from its defender of the press, Laman Blanchard was thrown
THE GLOBE. 233
again upon the world, to shift as he might, and subsist as he could. "
Short as his days unhappily were, Blanchard lived to see the desertion of political principle by The Courier punished by the complete destruction of the Paper.
In Daniel Stuart's defence of himself and his Paper
the imputations of Coleridge and his biogra phers, he speaks incidentally of the establishment of some opposition Papers by the booksellers, and of the projectors of the new Journals having taken away from him his chief literary assistant, George Lane. This remark was published in the Gentleman's Maga zine, and in due time we find in the pages of that
publication* a reply from Lane, in which he gives his version of the foundation of The Globe, and, incident ally, some facts about other Papers. He says : — "Mr. Daniel Stuart states that the booksellers having de termined to set up two daily Newspapers, The British Press and The Globe, in direct opposition to his Papers, The Morning Post and The Courier, 'took' from his employment George Lane (meaning me), his chief assistant, supposing that when they got me ' they got
The Morning Post, and that he (Mr. Stuart) was nobody. ' To this charge of a combination against him, urged in several passages in his statement, I answer, that in my first interview with the booksellers on the subject of their Papers, I inquired the motives for their new undertaking, and, in answer, they stated their object was not pecuniary profit, but the protection of their trade, which suffered from the manner in which
* Gentleman's Magazine, Sept. , 1838.
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234 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the existing Newspapers were conducted ; that their advertisements were frequently thrown into the back of the Paper, and there mixed with others of a gross and offensive character; that frequently their adver tisements were refused insertion, or if received, their insertion was attended with injurious delay, as hap pened upon occasions of important Parliamentary debate or other interesting matter requiring consider able space, and this in cases of new literary works prepared at great expense ; and that, as a remedy for these grievances, they proposed to have a morning and evening Paper of their own, the columns of which they could command. These were the views and motives they professed, and I firmly believed them ; and I further declare, that I never had cause to suspect that they had any other, or that the Papers were in tended for the unworthy purpose alleged by Mr. Stuart ; nor did I ever conduct them in that spirit. Mr. Stuart refers to Sir Richard Phillips as a voucher for his statement; but, at the time the booksellers applied to me, the late Mr. Debett, of Piccadilly, was the only member of the trade with whom I had the slightest acquaintance. Sir Richard Phillips I did not know
until after I had made my engagement, when I found him a member of a committee for managing the finan cial affairs of the concern, with which, however, I had nothing to do, and I conducted the Papers entirely according to my own judgment, perfectly free from all undue influence. A new Newspaper is, I conceive, as legitimate a speculation as a new bank or a new insur ance office; and that the booksellers were perfectly justified in setting up their Papers for the purpose
THE GLOBE. 235
I have stated. A new Paper does not create new readers ; its circulation is derived from the existing stock, and must necessarily affect the whole, though, perhaps, not each individual in the same degree ; but that the new Papers were set up particularly in oppo sition to The Morning Post and The Courier I deny. If they were likely to affect any individual Paper, The Morning Chronicle would appear, on Mr.
Stuart's own showing, to have the greatest cause for apprehension, for he says, ' Mr. Perry, who aimed at making The Morning Chronicle a very literary Paper, took pains to produce a striking display of book advertisements ; while horses and carriages constituted the particular class of advertisements in The Morning Post. ' This much may suffice in vindication of the booksellers. I now proceed to make some observations in vindica tion of myself. Mr. Stuart, while he gives me credit for merit of various kinds — which, without betraying excessive vanity, I could not arrogate to myself — says, I owned that I was indebted to him ' for all I knew of Newspapers/ that by his instruction, he might say education, I had become valuable in various ways, and that I was his chief assistant in his morning Paper. This I readily admit. His statement is perfectly cor rect and true. I was a total stranger to Newspapers when he accepted my proffered services, and any know ledge I possessed of Newspapers was acquired in his office. But I will go further than the bare admission of this part of Mr. Stuart's statement in its most extended sense. During my connexion with him he uniformly treated me with exceeding kindness and great liberality, of which the following particulars
236
THE FOURTH ESTATE.
may convey an idea. He proposed to me to enter into a written engagement with him, which I declined. My refusal appeared to surprise him, and he said if I felt any cause of dissatisfaction in the establishment it
should be removed. I answered there was none ; was pleased with every one in and everything about
it. He then said, did not consider
sufficient he was ready to increase it; to which answered, that was perfectly satisfied, and felt myself amply compensated as stood, but that wished to hold myself free man. This conversation took place at an early period of our connexion and upon that footing remained until its close, during which in terval he added more than once to my income, but not at my instance or request. The advance always came
my salary
I
and unsolicited, from his own will. may add, that never heard any member of the establishment complain of want of liberality on the
part of Mr. Stuart. He wished to have his business done diligently, but he was uniformly liberal in com
These are facts not now disclosed, or sen timents not now expressed by me for the first time. In every company in which ever heard his character and conduct alluded to, have uniformly born testi mony to his liberality, and expressed myself to the same effect. It will now occur to the reader to ask how happened that so highly favoured, should withdraw myself from an establishment in which had so much cause of content. Mr. Stuart had repeatedly communicated to me his intention to retire from con
ducting his Paper, and to confide the management of to me and the period was now approaching at
spontaneously
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which he proposed to carry his intention into effect. About this time the project of the booksellers became
publicly known, and a proposal, totally unforeseen and unexpected, was made to me to become their editor, to which I gave a prompt and decided negative. On the very next day I learned that Mr. Stuart was desir ous to dispose of his Paper, and it may be conceived that the information produced in me surprise and dis appointment. I was not so unreasonable as to expect that Mr. Stuart should continue to carry on his Paper for my sake ; and his uniform kindness would justify
an expectation that in a negotiation for its sale he would endeavour to stipulate favourable terms for me : but this was not the position to which I had been
I have been too fastidious, but, taught to look ; may
whether the feeling was right or whether it was wrong, I did not relish the idea of being transferred like a fixture with the concern to strangers. This feeling was aggravated by a little occurrence not now neces sary to revive, but which Mr. Stuart probably remem bers, when just at this critical moment the proposal, which I had so recently rejected, was repeated and pressed upon me, and I, in a discontented frame of mind and with reluctance, consented to entertain it.
If, then, I left Mr. Stuart, it was not until after I found he was ready, if opportunity offered, to part with me ; as he charges, the booksellers took me from him,'
was not until he was ready to give me away. con tinued with him nearly two months after had ap prised him of the engagement had contracted, and during that time he never adverted to the subject, nor had cause to learn, except from his reserve and the coldness of his manner, that had excited his dis-
I
I
1
I
I
it if,
'
238 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
I could have had no mean, sordid, or un worthy motive for leaving Mr. Stuart. My terms with the booksellers were not, in a pecuniary point of view, more advantageous than those Mr. Stuart had pro posed for me. I was exchanging a life of comparative
pleasure.
I was leaving friends to whom I was affectionately attached, to commit myself to strangers of whom I knew nothing.
ease for one of incessant labour and anxiety ;
I was leaving an established, flourishing Paper to em bark in a new speculation of uncertain issue. What mean, sordid, or selfish motive, then, could I have had to encounter so fearful a change ? Mr. Stuart exclaims, ' The booksellers being possessed of a general influence among literary men, could there be a doubt of suc cess? ' Mr. Stuart greatly overrates the literary sup port and patronage which the new Papers received. The actual sale at the commencement did not exceed two hundred each, and any literary contributions received and inserted were paid for. The booksellers almost immediately, from various causes, began to drop off. Mr. Murray, now of Albemarle Street, then a very young man, was the most active, liberal, and
valuable among them; but he, with Messrs. Longman, Clarke, of Portugal Street, Butterworth, and many others of the greatest influence and importance, after a short time withdrew ; and I was left to contend with difficulties and under the most discouraging circum stances, in which the fortune of the Papers appeared desperate, and their very existence hung, as it were, by a thread, before I succeeded in establishing the concern on safe grounds, at which time not more than two booksellers remained partners in it. "
Since the days of Lane. The Globe has had many
THE SUN. 239
editors, and was for years regarded as the Liberal Minis terial evening Paper. Mr. Gibbons Merle was one of its literary aides, and whilst engaged on The Globe wrote the articles on Newspapers which appeared in the early numbers of The Westminster Eeview. Another writer on The Globe was Colonel Torrens, a retired officer of Marines, who fought with much distinction during the war,* and on the return of peace became a News paper proprietor and writer. He had a share in The Traveller, which was afterwards united to The Globe—
as the heading of the Paper still bears witness.
The Sun has long had a reputation for late intel
ligence ; but is still more noticeable for the opposition it had to contend with. For some years the town was kept constantly aware of the fierce contest between The Sun and The True Sun, established by Patrick Grant, and conducted for a time with great spirit. Laman Blanchard was on this Paper as a principal writer ; Mr. William Carpenter being the sub-editor. Grant
getting into difficulties mortgaged the new speculation, and it was subsequently bought and conducted by Mr. Daniel Whittle Harvey, who, however, did not succeed in making it profitable. One of its last editors was Mr. W. J. Fox, now M. P. for Oldham. One other fact must not pass unchronicled. Mr. Charles Dickens made his first Parliamentary campaign as a gallery reporter on The True Sun.
* Colonel Torrens was born in Ireland in 1783. He entered the marines at a very early age, and obtained a captain's commission in 1806. In March, 1811, when the Danes with a very superior force attacked the little island of Anholt, he commanded the marine garrison. He was rewarded with the rank of major, and he next served in th
Peninsula, and was appointed Colonel of a Spanish Legion.
r
240 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
The Standard is junior to both Sun and Globe, having been started to support the Conservative party during the Reform Bill excitement. It is said that Lord Lowther was one of the capitalists on the occa
sion ; Mr. Baldwin* being the other ; Dr. Maginn finding a title, a motto, and a prospectus. From the first number to the present time, The Standard has been edited by Dr. Gifford, a man well known for his talent and strong political bias. In the early days of The Standard Dr. Maginn was one of the staff, and
many anecdotes are current of the glorious sayings and doings of that time; but Maginn was, like greater
too irregular for the punctual duties of a daily Paper, and he gradually dropped off, leaving his post to be filled by Alaric Watts, who held it for a time.
Besides The Sun, Globe, and Standard, we have now two other daily evening Papers—The Express, an evening edition of The Daily News; and The Evening Chronicle — both offshoots from the more important morning Journals. The Times and
Herald also have evening Papers, but only thrice a-week. They are The Evening Mail and the St. James's Chronicle. The latter was at one time edited by a hardworking literary labourer named Stephen
Jones, a Londoner, born in 1763, and educated at St. Paul's school. He was originally intended for a
* In searching through old Newspaper files the names of particular families are found identified with this class of literary property. The Baldwins appear to have been one of these. Like the Walters, three generations seem to have been Newspaper printers, and proprietors. The name of Richard Baldwin stands in the imprint of a Newspaper as long ago as 1689.
geniuses,
WHITEHALL EVENING POST. 241
sculptor, and left stone for metal, and turned printer.
From composing types, he rose to correcting proofs, and then took still another step, in 1794, by becoming an author. His first publication was an abridgment of Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution, and this was followed by a variety of compilations and
In 1797 Jones became editor of The Whitehall Evening Post, but editing did not fully oc
cupy his time. Amongst his productions was one
entitled, The Spirit of the Public Journals, a volume
of which appeared annually for many years, com mencing with 1799. On the decline of The White hall Evening Post he became editor of The General Evening Post, which he conducted for a considerable period, until it passed into other hands and was united to The St. James's Chronicle. He was also connected with the Freemasons' Magazine; and, after the death of
Mr. Isaac Reid, he conducted the European Magazine. That gentleman, before his death, was engaged in pre paring a new edition of Baker's BiographiaDramatica; his papers were put into Mr. Jones's hands, who, in 1 8 12, published a new edition in 4 vols. , 4 to, much enlarged. This book was severely handled in the Quarterly Re view ; and Jones retorted in a pamphlet, called, " Hy- percriticism exposed. " He was not a man to be crushed by an adverse article, and continued to write and prepare food for printers till the close of his active and useful life.
VOL. II.
abridgments.
CHAPTEE X.
REPORTING AND REPORTERS.
The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a Fourth Estate of the realm. The publication of the debates, a practice which seemed to the most li beral statesmen of the old school full of danger to the great safeguards of public liberty, is now regarded by many persons as a safeguard, tantamount, and more than tantamount to all the rest together. —
Macaulay's Essay on Hallam's Constitutional History.
Early Parliamentary debates. —The Commonwealth. —The Revolution. — George the Second. — The Gentleman's Magazine. — Parliamentary History. — Guthrie. —Dr. Johnson. —Almon. —Woodfall. —Perry. — Sheridan. —Peter Finnerty. — Mark Supple. — Sketch of the Repor ter's Gallery. — O'Connel. — Sir R. Peel. — The Theory that no Re porters are in the House of Commons.
THERE were no satisfactory reports of parliamentary proceedings until Newspapers undertook the task of giving them. D'Ewes's Journals of Elizabeth's
Parliaments contain some curious specimens of parlia mentary speeches ; the first volume of the Commons' Journals also gives some reports of debates ; and a member of Parliament has left us a report of the debates of the session of 102. 1. Still these are only fragments. Rushworth gives a few discussions, and Gray, in his collection of debates, affords some more. Yet all these are disjointed and occasional efforts affording very incomplete results.
EARLY PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS. 243
In our sketch of the rise of Newspapers, we have seen that the first parliamentary debates allowed to be published in public Papers were those of the Par liament when the power of Charles I. began to wane before the growing democracy. The Diurnal of Oc currences may be pointed to as containing the first
Newspaper reports of parliamentary proceedings. In 1641, we have, " The Passages in Parliament from 3 of Jan. to the 10, more fully and exactly taken then the ordinary one hath beene, as you will finde upon comparing. And although the weeke past doth yeeld many remarkable passages (as hath beene any weeke before) yet you shall expect no more expression either now or hereafter in the title then the passages in Par liament &c. London printed for Nath. Butter at St. Austin's Gate in Paul's Churchyard, at the signe of the Pyde Bull 1641. "
During the Commonwealth the reports were con tinued, but the Restoration stopped them entirely. * Cromwell promoted, but Charles forbade all parlia mentary reporting, and with occasional exceptions the debates of his reign are lost to history. The Revolu tion of 1 688 effected a partial freedom for the press, but still no one could safely print the debates. Boyer's Political State of Great Britain, however, gave a monthly record of Parliament, such as it was.
* July 9, 1662. —A very extraordinary question arose, about pre venting the publication of the debates of the Irish Parliament in an English Newspaper, called The Intelligencer ; and a letter was written from the Speaker to Sir Edward Nicholas, the English Secretary of State, to prevent these publications in those Diurnals, as they call them. — Ann. Beg. from Lord Mountmorres' s Hist, of Irish Pari. Vol. II.
Q2
244 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
After the accession of George I. , something like a regular account of the debates was given in a pub lication called The Historical Register, which continued to give them till 1737. * Here the thread was taken up by Cave, who thought them excellent matter for his Gentleman's Magazine. He had previously been in the habit of sending to friends in the country some of the written memoranda of debates, which in those days circulated through the coffee houses and in pri vate society ; and the interest which attached to these imperfect documents doubtless suggested to the enter prising mind of the bookseller the value that more perfect reports must give to a monthly Magazine. He did not dare, however, to print his reports till the session was over, and then he ventured only on stating
the initials of the speakers. In 1738 even this modest amount of publicity was objected to.
On the 13th of April in that year, the Speaker, Onslow, informed the House. f that it was with some concern he saw a practice prevailing, which a little reflected upon the dignity of that House : what he meant, he said, was the inserting an account of their deliberations in the Newspapers, by which means the
* It is told of Pelham that, being asked to take steps for stopping the publication of debates of the House of Commons in the News papers, ho replied, " Let them alone ; they make better speeches for us than we can for ourselves. " A similar answer is related of George II. Being informed that an impudent printer was to be punished for having published a spurious (King's) speech, he answered, he hoped the man's punishment would be of the mildest sort : because he had read both, and as far as he understood either of them, he liked the spurious speech better than his own. — Lord Waldegrave's Memoirs, p. 88.
t Pari. Hist. , vol. x. p. 800.
REPORTING. ONSLOW S MOTION. 245
proceedings of the House were liable to very great misrepresentations. That he had in his hands a
printed Newspaper, which contained His Majesty's answer to their late address, before the same had been reported from the Chair, the only way of communi cating it to the public. That he thought it his duty to inform the House of these practices, the rather because he had observed them of late to have run into very great abuses ; and therefore he hoped that gentle men would propose some method of stopping it. Sir W. Yonge continued the discussion, which deserves full quotation. He said : "
mentioned this affair. I have looked upon it as a prac tice very inconsistent with the forms and dignity which this House ought always to support ; but since you have been pleased to mention this from the Chair, I must beg leave to carry my observations a little farther. I have observed, sir, that not only an account of what you do, but of what you say, is regularly printed and circulated through all parts, both of the town and coun try. At the same time, sir, there are very often gross misrepresentations, both of the sense and language of gentlemen. This is very liable to give the public false impressions both of gentlemen's conduct and abilities. Therefore, sir, in my opinion, it is now high time to put a stop to it.
