No More Learning

3. ) Perdiccas next attempted to gain
violent and tyrannical temper. In B. C. 303, the her in marriage, and after his death in B. c. 321, her
Tarentines, being at war with the Romans and band was sought by Cassander, Lysimachus, and
Lucanians, asked aid of Sparta, and requested that Antigonus. She refused, however, all these offers;
the command of the required succours might be and, anxious to escape from Sardis, where she had
given to Cleonymus. The request was granted, been kept for years in a sort of honourable cap-
and Cleonymus crossed over to Italy with a con- tivity, che readily acceded to proposals from
siderable force, the mere display of which is said Ptolemy; but, before she could accomplish her der
to have frightened the Lucanians into peace. Dio- sign, she was assassinated by order of Antigonus.
dorus, who mentions this, says nothing of the effect (Diod. xviii. 23, xx. 37; Justin. ix. 6, xiii. , xiv.
of the Spartan expedition on the Romans, though | 1; Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 70, ed. Bekker. )
it is pretty certain that they also concluded a treaty 3. d daughter of Antiochus III. the Great, who
at this time with the Tarentines. (See Arnold, married Ptolemy V. Epiphanes (B. C. 193), Coele-
Hist. of Rume, vol. ii. p. 315. ) According to some Syria being given her as her dowry (Appian, Sur.
of the Roinan annalists, Cleonymus was defeated c. 5; Liv. xxxvii. 3), though Antiochus after-
and driven back to his ships by the consul, M. wards repudiated any such arrangement. (Polyb.
Aemilius ; while others of them related that, Ju- xxviii. 17. )
nius Bubulcus the dictator being sent against him, 4. A daughter of the preceding and of Ptolemy V.
he withdrew from Italy to avoid a conflict. After Epiphanes, married her brother Ptolemy VI. Philo
this, abandoning a notion he had formed of freeing metor. She had a son by him, whom on his deathing


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800
CLEOPATRA.
CLEOPATRA.
B. c. 146, she secms to have wished to place on to choose the elder, Ptolemy VIII. Lathyrus, but
the throne, but was prevented by the accession of she soon prevailed on them to expel him, and make
her brother, Physcon or Evergetes II. (Ptolemy room for her younger son Alexander, her favourite
VII. ), to whom the crown and her hand were given. (Paus. viii. 7), and even sent an army against La-
Her son was murdered by Physcon on the day of the thyrus to Cyprus, whither he had fled, and put to
marriage, and she was soon divorced to make way death the general who commanded it for allowing
for her own daughter by her former marriage. On him to escape alive. Terrified at her cruelty,
Physcon's retiring to Cyprus to avoid the hatred Alexander also retired, but was recalled by his
which his tyranny had caused, she solicited the aid mother, who attempted to assassinate him, but was
of her son-in-law, Demetrius Nicator, king of herself put to death by him ere she could effect
Syria, against his expected attack, offering the her object, B. C. 89. (Justin. xxxix. 4. )
crown of Egypt as an inducement. During the 7. A daughter of Ptolemy Physcon and Cleopatra
period of Physcon's voluntary exile, she lost another [No. 6), married first her brother Ptolemy VIII.
son (by her marriage with him), whom Physcon Lathyrus, but was divorced from him by his mothes,
barbarously murdered for the express purpose of and fled into Syria, where she married Antiochus
distressing her, and sent her his mangled limbs, in 1X. Cyzicenus, who was then in arms against his
Thyestean fashion, on her birth-day. Soon after brother Grypus, about B. c. 117, and successfully
this, she was obliged to take refuge with Deme- tampered with the latter's army. A battle took
trius, fearing the return of Physcon, who, however, place, in which Cyzicenus was defeated ; and she
suspended his hostilities against her, on Alexander, then fied to Antioch, which was besieged and
whom he had employed against his disaffected sub- taken by Grypus, and Cleopatra was surrendered
jects, setting up a claim to the throne of Egypt. by him to the vengeance of his wife Tryphaena,
(Justin. xxxviii. 8, 9, xxxix. 1, 2; Liv. Ep. 59; her own sister, who had her murdered in a temple
Diod. Ecl. vol. ii. p. 602, ed. Wess. )
in which she had taken refuge. (Justin, xxxix. 3. )
5. A daughter of Ptolemy VI. Philometor by the 8. Another daughter of Ptolemy Physcon, mar-
last-mentioned Cleopatra, married first Alexander ried her brother Lathyrus (on her sister [No. 7]
Balas (B. c. 150), the Syrian usurper (1 Macc. x. being divorced), and on his exile remained in
57; comp. Joseph. Ant. xiii. 4. $$ 1,5), and on Egypt, and then married Antiochus XI. Epi-
his death Demetrius Nicator. (i Macc. xi. 12; phanes, and on his death Antiochus X. Eusebes.
Joseph. Ant. xiii. 4. & 7. ) During the captivity of She was besieged by Tigranes in Syria or Meso-
the latter in Parthia, jealous of the connexion which potamia, and either taken and killed by him (Strab.
he there formed with Rhodogune, the Parthian prin- xvi
. p. 749), or, according to Josephus (Ant. xiii.
cess, she married Antiochus VII. Sidetes, his brother, 16. § 4), relieved by Lucullus' invasion of Ar-
and also murdered Demetrius on his return (Appian, menia. She was the mother of Antiochus XIII.
Syr. 68 ; Liv. Ep. 60), though Justin and Josephus Asiaticus. She is more generally called Selene.
(Ant. xiii. 9. & 3) represent her as only refusing 9. Daughter of Ptolemy IX. Lathyrus, usually
to receive him. She also murdered Seleucus, her called Berenice. [BERENICE, No. 4. ]
son by Nicator, who on his father's death assumed 10. Third and eldest surviving daughter of Pto
the government without her consent. (Appian, Syr. lemy Auletes, was born towards the end of B. C.
69; Justin. xxxix. 1. ) Her other son by Nicator, 69, and was consequently seventeen at the death of
Antiochus VIII. Grypus, succeeded to the throne her father, who in his will appointed her heir of his
(B. c. 125) through her influence; but when she kingdom in conjunction with her younger brother,
found him unwilling to concede her sufficient Ptolemy, whom she was to marry. The personal
power, she attempted to make away with him by charms, for which she was so famed, shewed them-
offering him a cup of poison on his return from selves in early youth, as we are told by Appian (B.
exercise. Having learnt her intention, he begged C. v. 8), that she made an impression on the heart
her to drink first, and on her refusal produced his of Antony in her fifteenth year, when he was at
witness, and then repeated his request as the only Alexandria with Gabinius. Her joint reign did
way to clear herself. On this she drank and died. not last long, as Ptolemy, or rather Pothinus and
(Justin, xxxix. 2. ) She had another son, by Achillas, his chief advisers, expelled her from
Sidetes, Antiochus IX. , surnamed Cyzicenus from the throne, about B. C. 49. She retreated into
the place of his education. The following coin Syria, and there collected an army with which
represents on the obverse the heads of Cleopatra she designed to force her brother to reinstate her.
and her son Antiochus VIII. Grypus.
But an easier way soon presented itself; for in the
following year Caesar arrived in Egypt in pursuit
of Pompey, and took upon himself to arrange mat-
ters between Cleopatra and her brother. (Caes.
B. C. iii. 103, 107. ) Being informed of Caesar's
amatory disposition, she resolved to avail herself
of it, and, either at his request, according to Plu-
tarch, or of her own accord, clandestinely effected
an entrance into the palace where he was residing,
and by the charms of her person and voice and the
fascination of her manner, obtained such an ascen-
dancy over him, that, in the words of Dion Cassius
(xlii. 35), from being the judge between her and
6. Another daughter of Ptolemy VI. Philomètor her brother, he became her advocate. According
and Cleopatra [No. 4), married, as we have seen, to Plutarch, she made her entry into Caesar's
her uncle Physcon, and on his death was left heir of apartment in a bale of cloth, which was brought
the kingdom in conjunction with whichever of her by Apollodorus, her attendant, as a present to
sons she chose. She was compelled by her people Caesar. However this may be, her plan fully

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CLEOPATRA.
801
CLEOPATRA.
succeeded, and we find her replaced on the throne, | person whom the people of Aradus had set up to
much to the indignation of her brother and tbe counterfeit the elder of her two brothers, who
Egyptians, who involved Caesar in a war in which perished in Egypt. All these were torn from the
he ran great personal risk, but which ended in his sanctuaries of temples; but Antony, we learn from
favour. In the course of it, young Ptolemy was both Dion and Appian, was so entirely enslaved
killed, probably drowned in the Nile (Liv. Ep. by Cleopatra's charms, tbat he set at nought all
112; Hirt. B. Alex. 31; Dion Cass. xlii. 43), and ties of religion and humanity. (Appian, B. Č. v. 9;
Cleopatra obtained the undivided rule. She was Dion Cass. xlviii. 24.
)
however associated by Caesar with another brother Cleopatra now returned to Egypt, where Antony
of the same name, and still quite a child, with a spent some time in her company; and we read of
view to conciliate the Egyptians, with whom she the luxury of their mode of living, and the un-
appears to have been very unpopular (Dion Cass. bounded empire which she possessed over him.
xlii. 34), and she was also nominally married to The ambition of her character, however, peeps out
him.
even in these scenes, particularly in the fishing
While Caesar was in Egypt, Cleopatra lived in anecdote recorded by Plutarch. (Ant. 29. ) Her
undisguised connexion with him, and would have connexion with Antony was interrupted for a short
detained him there longer, or have accompanied time by his marriage with Octavia, but was re-
him at once to Rome, but for the war with Phar- newed on his retum from Italy, and again on his
naces, which tore him from her arms. She how- return from his Parthian expedition, when she
ever joined him in Rome, in company with her went to meet him in Syria with money and provj-
nominal husband, and there continued the same sions for his army.
He then returned to Egypt
open intercourse with him, living in apartments in and gratified her ambition by assigning to her
his house, much to the offence of the Romans. children by him many of the conquered provinces.
(Doubts have been thrown on her visit to Rome, (Dion Cass. xlix. 32. ) According to Josephus (Ant.
but the evidence of Cicero (ad Att. xiv. 8), of Dion xv. 4. § 2), during Antony's expedition Cleopatra
Cassius (xliü. 27), and Suetonius (Caes. 35), seems went into Judaea, part of which Antony had assign-
to be conclusive. ) She was loaded with honoursed to her and Herod necessarily ceded, and there at-
and presents by Caesar, and seems to have stayed tempted to win Herod by her charms, probably with
at Rome till his death, B. C. 44. She had a son a view to his ruin, but failed, and was in danger of
by him, named Caesarion, who was afterwards put being put to death by him. The report, however, of
to death by Augustus. Caesar at least owned him Octavia's having left Rome to join Antony, made
as his son, though the paternity was questioned by Cleopatra tremble for her influence, and she there-
some contemporaries (CAESARION); and the charac-fore exerted all her powers of pleasing to endeavour
ter of Cleopatra perhaps favours the doubt. After to retain it, and bewailed her sad lot in being only
the death of Caesar, she fled to Egypt, and in the regarded as his mistress, and therefore being liable
troubles which ensued she took the side of the tri- to be deserted at pleasure. She feigned that her
umvirate, and assisted Dolabella both by sea and health was suffering,-in short, put forth all her
land, resisting the threats of Cassius, who was pre- powers, and succeeded. (Plut. Ant. 53. ) From this
paring to attack her when he was called away by the time Antony appears quite infatuated by his at-
entreaties of Brutus. She also sailed in person tachment, and willing to humour every caprice of
with a considerable fleet to assist Antony after the Cleopatra We find her assuming the title of Isis,
defeat of Dolabella, but was prevented from join- and giving audience in that dress to ambassadors,
ing him by a storm and the bad state of her health. that of Osiris being adopted by Antony, and their
She had however done sufficient to prove her at children called by the title of the sun and the
tachment to Caesar's memory (which seems to moon, and declared heirs of unbounded territories.
have been sincere), and also to furnish her with (Dion Cass. xlix. 32, 33, 1. 4, 5. ) She was sa-
arguments to use to Antony, who in the end of luted by him with the title of Queen of Queens,
the year 41 came into Asia Minor, and there sum- attended by a Roman guard, and Artavasdes, the
moned Cleopatra to attend, on the charge of having captive king of Armenia, was ordered to do her
failed to co-operate with the triumvirate against homage. (Dion Cass. xlix. 39. ) One can hardly
Caesar's murderers. She was now in her twenty- wonder that Augustus should represent Antony
eighth year, and in the perfection of matured to the Romans as “ bewitched by that accursed
beauty, which in conjunction with her talents and Egyptian " (Dion Cass. l. 26); and he was
eloquence, and perhaps the early impression which not slow in availing himself of the disgust which
we have mentioned, completely won the heart of Antony's conduct occasioned to make a deter-
Antony, who henceforth appears as her devoted mined effort to crush him. War, however, was
lover and slave. We read in Plutarch elaborate declared against Cleopatra, and not against An-
descriptions of her well-known voyage up the Cyd- tony, as a less invidious way. (Dion Cass. I. 6. )
nus in Cilicia to meet Antony, and the magnificent Cleopatra insisted on accompanying Antony in the
entertainments which she gave, which were re- fleet; and we find them, after visiting Samos and
markable not lesą for good taste and variety than Athens, where they repeated what Plutarch calls
splendour and profuse expense. One of these is the farce of their public entertainments, opposed to
also celebrated in Athenaeus (iv. 29). The first Augustus at Actium. Cleopatra indeed persuaded
use Cleopatra made of her influence was to procure Antony to retreat to Egypt, but the attack of
the death of her younger sister, Arsinoë, who had | Augustus frustrated this intention, and the famous
once set up a claim to the kingdom. (Appian, B. C. battle took place (B. C. 31) in the midst of whichi,
v. 8, 9; Dion Cass. xlviii. 24. ) Her brother, when fortune was wavering between the two par-
Ptolemy, she seems to have made away with be ties, Cleopatra, weary of suspense, and alarmed at
fore by poison. She also revenged herself on one of the intensity of the battle (Dion Cass. 1. 33), gave
her generals, Serapion, who had assisted Cassius a signal of retreat to her feet, and herself led
contrary to her orders, and got into her hands a the way. Augustus in vain pursued her, and she
3 F


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202
CLEOPATRA.
CLEOPATRA.
male her way to Alexandria, the harbour of which / year of her age, and with her ended the dynasty
she entered with her prows crowned and music of the Ptolemies in Egypt. She had three children
sounding, as if victorious, fearing an outbreak in by Antony: Alexander and Cleopatra, who were
the city. With the same view of retaining the twins, and Ptolemy surnamed Philadelphus. The
Alexandrians in their allegiance, she and Antony leading points of her character were, ambition and
(who soon joined her) proclaimed their children, voluptuousness. History presents to us the former
Antyllus and Cleopatra, of age. She then pre- as the prevailing motive, the latter being frequently
pared to defend herself in Alexandria, and also employed only as the means of gratifying it. In
sent embassies to the neighbouring tribes for aid. all the stories of her luxury and lavish expense,
(Dion Cass. li. 6. ) She had also a plan of re- there is a splendour and a grandeur that somewhat
tiring to Spain, or to the Persian gulf; and refines them. (See Plin. H. N. ix. 58. ) In the
either was building ships in the Red Sea, ae Dion days of her prosperity, her arrogance was un-
asserts, or, according to Plutarch, intended to bounded, and she loved to swear by the Capitol,
draw her ships across the isthmus of Suez. Which in which she hoped to reign with Antony. She
ever was the case, the ships were burnt by the was avaricious, to supply her extravagance, and
Arabs of Petra, and this hope failed. She scru- cruel, or at least had no regard for human life
pled not to behead Artavasdes, and send his head when her own objects were concerned, -a Caesar
as a bribe for aid to the king of Media, who was with a woman's caprice. Her talents were great
his enemy. Finding, however, no aid nigh, she and varied ; her knowledge of languages was pe-
prepared to negotiate with Augustus, and sent him culiarly remarkable (Plut. Ant. 27), of which she
on his approach her sceptre and throne (unknown had seven at command, and was the more remark-
to Antony), as thereby resigning her kingdom. able from the fact, that her predecessors had not
His public answer required her to resign and sub been able to master even the Egyptian, and some
mit to a trial ; but he privately urged her to make had forgotten their native Macedonian ; and in
away with Antony, and promised that she should the midst of the most luxurious scenes we see
retain her kingdom. On a subsequent occasion, traces of a love of literature and critical research.
Thyrsus, Caesar's freedman, brought similar terms, She added the library of Pergamus, presented to
and represented Augustus as captivated by her, her by Antony, to that of Alexandria. Her ready
which she seems to have believed, and, seeing and versatile wit, her knowledge of human nature
Antony's fortunes desperate, betrayed Pelusium to and power of using it, her attractive manners, and her
Augustus, prevented the Alexandrians from going exquisitely musical and flexible voice, compared by
out against him, and frustrated Antony's plan of Plutarch (Ant. 27) to a many-stringed instrument,
escaping to Rome by persuading the fleet to desert are also the subjects of well-attested praise. The
him. She then fled to a mausoleum she had built, higher points in her character are admirably
where she had collected her most valuable treasures, touched by Horace in the ode (i. 37) on her defeat.
and proclaimed her intention of putting an end The following coin represents the head of An-
to her life, with a view to entice Antony thither, tony on the obrerse, and Cleopatra's on the reverse.
and thus ensure his capture. (This is the account
of Dion Cassius, li. 6, 8—11; the same facts
for the most part are recorded by Plutarch, who
however represents Cleopatra's perfidy as less glar-
ing. ) She then had Antony informed of her death,
as though to persuade him to die with her; and
this stratagem, if indeed she had this object, fully
succeeded, and he was drawn up into the unfinish-
ed mausoleum, and died in her arms. She did not
however venture to meet Augustus, though his
11. Daughter of Antony, the triumvir, and
rival was dead, but remained in the mausoleum, Cleopatra, was born with her twin brother Alex-
ready if need was to put herself to death, for which ander in B. C. 40. Her early history till the time
purpose she had asps and other venomo animals
she was carried to Rome is given under ALEXAN-
in readiness. A ugustus contrived to apprehend DER, p. 112, a. She continued to reside at Rome
her, and had ail instruments of death removed, till her marriage with Juba, king of Numidia, who
and then requested an interview (for an account
was brought to Rome in B. C. 46, when quite a boy,
of which see Dion Cass. li. 12, 13, and Plut. along with his father, after the defeat of the latter
Ant. 83). The charms of Cleopatra, however, failed by Caesar. (Dion Cass. li. 15; Plut. Ant. 87. )
in softening the colder heart of Augustus. He By Juba, Cleopatra had two children, Ptolemy,
only “ bade her be of good cheer, and fear no vio- who succeeded him in the kingdom, and Drusilla,
lence. " Seeing that her case was desperate, and who married Antonius Felix, the governor of
determined at all events not to be carried captive Judaea. The following coin contains the head of
to Rome, she resolved on death; but in order to Juba on the obverse, and Cleopatra's on the reverse.
compass this, it was necessary to disarm the vigi-
lance of her goalers, and she did this by feigning
a readiness to go to Rome, and preparing presents
for Livia, the wife of Augustus. . This artifice suc-
ceeded, and she was thereby enabled to put an end
to her life, either by the poison of an asp, or by a
poisoned comb (Dion Cass. li. 14; Plut. Ant. 85,
86), the former supposition being adopted by most
writers. (Suet. Aug. 17; Galen. Theriac. ad Pis.
p. 460, ed. Basil; Vell. Pat. ii. 87. )
12. A daughter of Mithridates, who married
Cleopatra died in B. c. 30, in the thirty-ninth | Tigranes, king of Armenia. She seems to have
Erns
♡SAI
dell
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CLEOPHON.
803
CLEOSTRATUS.
been a woman of great courage and spirit. (Plut. -κάπι τώδ' ανίσταται ανήρ τις αθυρόγλωσσος,
Luc. 22; Appian, Mith. 108; Justin. xxxvii. 3. ) K. T. 1. ) The second occasion was after the battle
13. A courtezan of the emperor Claudius. (Tac. of Arginusae, B. C. 406, and the third after that of
Ann. xi. 30. )
Aegospotami in the following year, when, resisting
14. A wife of the poet Martial, who has written the demand of the enemy for the partial demolition
an epigram relating to her. (Epig. iv. 21. ) [J. E. B. ] of the Long Walls, he is said to have threatened
CLEOPATRA (KAeonátpa), the authoress of a death to any one who should make mention of
work on Cosmetics (Koountikov, or Koountıxa), peace. (Aristot
. ap. Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1528;
who must have lived some time in or before the Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 38, c. Cres. p. 75; Thirl-
first century after Christ, as her work was abridge wall's Greece, vol. iv. pp.