No More Learning

(Year of Rome 701. )

(BOOK VI. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE NERVII AND THE TREVIRI--SECOND PASSAGE OF
THE RHINE--WAR AGAINST AMBIORIX AND THE EBURONES.

I. CÆSAR AUGMENTS HIS ARMY. 253

II. WAR AGAINST THE NERVII. GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GAUL. 254

III. SUBMISSION OF THE MENAPII. 256

IV. SUCCESS OF LABIENUS AGAINST THE TREVIRI. 257

V. SECOND PASSAGE OF THE RHINE. 260

VI. WAR AGAINST AMBIORIX. (_See Plates 2 and 14. _) 262

VII. THE SICAMBRI ATTACK ADUATUCA. (_See Plate 18. _) 265


CHAPTER X.

(Year of Rome 702. )

(BOOK VII. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

REVOLT OF GAUL--CAPTURE OF VELLAUNODUNUM, GENABUM, AND NOVIODUNUM--SIEGES
OF AVARICUM AND GERGOVIA--CAMPAIGN OF LABIENUS
AGAINST THE PARISII--SIEGE OF ALESIA.

I. REVOLT OF GAUL. 272

II. CÆSAR BEGINS THE CAMPAIGN. (_See Plate 19. _) 275

III. TAKING OF VELLAUNODUNUM, GENABUM, AND NOVIODUNUM. (_See
Plate 19. _) 278

IV. SIEGE OF AVARICUM. (_See Plate 20. _) 287

V. ARRIVAL OF CÆSAR AT DECETIA, AND MARCH TOWARDS AUVERGNE.
(_See Plates 19 and 21. _) 299

VI. BLOCKADE OF GERGOVIA. (_See Plates 21 and 22. _) 303

VII. OBSERVATIONS. 319

VIII. CÆSAR LEAVES GERGOVIA IN ORDER TO JOIN LABIENUS. 320

IX. EXPEDITION OF LABIENUS AGAINST THE PARISII. (_See Plate 23. _) 323

X. THE GAULS ASSUME THE OFFENSIVE. 329

XI. JUNCTION OF CÆSAR AND LABIENUS. BATTLE OF THE VINGEANNE.
(_See Plates 19 and 24. _) 331

XII. BLOCKADE OF ALESIA. (_See Plates 25, 26, 27, and 28. _) 338

XIII. DETAILS OF THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONT AUXOIS. (_See Plates
25, 27, and 28. _) 358


CHAPTER XI.

(Year of Rome 703. )

(BOOK VIII. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

I. EXPEDITION AGAINST THE BITURIGES AND CARNUTES. 367

II. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BELLOVACI. (_See Plates 29 and 30. _) 369

III. BATTLE ON THE AISNE. 377

IV. DEVASTATION OF THE COUNTRY OF THE EBURONES. 379

V. EXPEDITION AGAINST DUMNACUS. 381

VI. CAPTURE OF UXELLODUNUM. (_See Plates 31 and 32. _) 383

VII. EXCAVATIONS MADE AT PUY D’ISSOLU. (_See Plates 31 and 32. _) 390

VIII. COMPLETE SUBMISSION OF GAUL. 395


BOOK IV.

RECAPITULATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL, AND RELATION
OF EVENTS AT ROME FROM 696 TO 705.


CHAPTER I.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 696.

I. DIFFICULTIES OF CÆSAR’S TASK. 399

II. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII. 402

III. CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS. 405

IV. SEQUEL OF THE CONSULSHIP OF L. CALPURNIUS PISO AND AULUS
GALBINIUS. 408

V. INTRIGUES OF CLODIUS. 409

VI. POMPEY CONSULTS CÆSAR ON THE RETURN OF CICERO. 410

VII. POMPEY BELIEVES HIMSELF THREATENED BY A SLAVE OF CLODIUS. 411


CHAPTER II.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 697.


I. WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ. 413

II. RETURN OF CICERO. 416

III. POMPEY IS CHARGED WITH THE SUPPLYING OF FOOD. 419

IV. FESTIVALS TO COMMEMORATE CÆSAR’S VICTORIES. 420

V. RIOTS AT ROME. 421


CHAPTER III.

EVENTS IN ROME DURING THE YEAR 698.


I. PRESENCE IN ROME OF PTOLEMY AULETES. 424

II. CLODIUS NAMED ÆDILE. TRIAL OF MILO. 426

III. RETURN OF CATO. 429

IV. STATE OF ANARCHY IN ROME. 430

V. THE INTERVIEW AT LUCCA. 433

VI. CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERVIEW AT LUCCA. CONDUCT OF
CICERO. 438

VII. INTRIGUES OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS TO OBTAIN THE CONSULSHIP. 443

VIII. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE PEOPLES ON THE SHORES OF THE OCEAN. 445


CHAPTER IV.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 699.

I. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI. 449

II. FIRST DESCENT IN ENGLAND. 451

III. CÆSAR’S HABITS WHEN IN CAMPAIGN. 452

IV. CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS. 453

V. MOTION OF TREBONIUS ON THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCES. 456

VI. POMPEY’S SUMPTUARY LAW. 461

VII. DEPARTURE OF CRASSUS FOR SYRIA. 462

VIII. CATO PROPOSES TO DELIVER CÆSAR TO THE GERMANS. 464


CHAPTER V.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 700.

I. SECOND DESCENT IN ENGLAND. 467

II. DISPLACEMENT OF THE ARMY. DISASTER OF SABINUS. 468

III. L. DOMITIUS AHENOBARBUS AND APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER,
CONSULS. 470

IV. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF PTOLEMY IN EGYPT. 472

V. CORRUPTION OF THE ELECTIONS. 474

VI. DEATH OF CÆSAR’S DAUGHTER. 476

VII. CÆSAR’S BUILDINGS AT ROME. 477

VIII. HIS RELATIONS WITH CICERO. 478


CHAPTER VI.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 701.

I. EXPEDITION TO THE NORTH OF GAUL. SECOND PASSAGE OF
THE RHINE. 484

II. PURSUIT OF AMBIORIX. 485

III. C. DOMITIUS CALVINUS AND M. VALERIUS MESSALA, CONSULS. 486

IV. EXPEDITION OF CRASSUS AGAINST THE PARTHIANS, AND HIS
DEATH. 488

V. CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEATH OF CRASSUS. 499


CHAPTER VII.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 702.

I. MURDER OF CLODIUS. 501

II. THE REPUBLIC IS DECLARED IN DANGER. 505

III. POMPEY SOLE CONSUL. 506

IV. TRIAL OF MILO. 508

V.
POMPEY TAKES AS HIS ASSOCIATE CÆCILIUS METELLUS PIUS
SCIPIO. 514

VI. INSURRECTION OF GAUL, AND CAMPAIGN OF 702. 516


CHAPTER VIII.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 703.

I. NEW TROUBLES IN GAUL, AND THE CAMPAIGN ON THE AISNE. 528

II. CÆSAR’S POLICY IN GAUL AND AT ROME. 530

III. SULPICIUS RUFUS AND M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, CONSULS. 536

IV. SPIRIT WHICH ANIMATES CÆSAR’S ADVERSARIES. 538

V. THE QUESTION OF RIGHT BETWEEN THE SENATE AND CÆSAR. 542

VI. INTRIGUES TO DEPRIVE CÆSAR OF HIS COMMAND. 548


CHAPTER IX.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 704.

I. C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS AND L. ÆMILIUS PAULUS, CONSULS. 554

II. CÆSAR REPAIRS TO THE CISALPINE. 559

III. POMPEY RECEIVES OVATIONS, AND ASKS CÆSAR TO RETURN HIS
TWO LEGIONS. 564

IV. THE SENATE VOTES IMPARTIALLY. 569

V. VIOLENT MEASURES ADOPTED AGAINST CÆSAR. 570

VI. STATE OF PUBLIC OPINION. 572


CHAPTER X.

EVENTS OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 705.

I. C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS AND L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, CONSULS. 579

II. LENTULUS CARRIES THE SENATE AGAINST CÆSAR. 581

III. CÆSAR HARANGUES HIS TROOPS. 588

IV. CÆSAR IS DRIVEN TO CIVIL WAR. 590

V. CÆSAR CROSSES THE RUBICON. 592



APPENDIX.


APPENDIX A.

CONCORDANCE OF DATES OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN CALENDAR WITH THE
JULIAN STYLE, FOR THE YEARS OF ROME 691-709. 595


APPENDIX B.

CONCORDANCE OF ROMAN AND MODERN HOURS, FOR THE YEAR OF
ROME 699 (55 B. C. ) AND FOR THE LATITUDE OF PARIS. 638


APPENDIX C.

LIST OF ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE.
PAGE

NOTE ON THE ANCIENT COINS COLLECTED IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE. 640

COINS STRUCK IN THE MINT AT ROME. 642

COINS STRUCK IN SOUTHERN ITALY. 644

COINS STRUCK OUT OF ITALY. 644

GAULISH COINS (FROM CAMP D, ON THE BANKS OF THE OSE). 645


APPENDIX D.

NOTICE ON CÆSAR’S LIEUTENANTS.

1. T. ATTIUS LABIENUS. 648

2. PUBLIUS LUCINIUS CRASSUS. 648

3. L. ARUNCULEIUS COTTA. 649

4. QUINTUS TITURIUS SABINUS. 649

5. Q. PEDIUS. 649

6. SERVIUS SULPICIUS GALBA. 649

7. DECIMUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. 650

8. PUBLIUS SULPICIUS RUFUS. 651

9. LUCIUS MUNATIUS PLANCUS. 652

10. MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS. 652

11. CAIUS FABIUS. 653

12. L. ROSCIUS. 653

13. TITUS SEXTIUS. 653

14. Q. TULLIUS CICERO. 654

15. CAIUS TREBONIUS. 655

16. MINUCIUS BASILUS. 656

17. C. ANTISTIUS REGINUS. 656

18. M. SILANUS. 656

19. C. CANINIUS REBILUS. 656

20. M. SEMPRONIUS RUTILUS. 657

21. MARCUS ANTONIUS (MARK ANTONY). 657

22. PUBLIUS VATINIUS. 657

28. Q. FUFIUS CALENUS. 658

24. L. CÆSAR. 658




LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME II.

PAGE
1. GENERAL MAP OF GAUL 15

2. GENERAL MAP OF THE PEOPLES OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR 23

3. COURSE OF THE RHONE, FROM GENEVA TO THE PAS DE L’ECLUSE 54

4. GENERAL MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN OF THE YEAR 696 60

5. PLAN OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE OF THE HELVETII 78

6. PLAN OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE OF ARIOVISTUS 97

7. GENERAL MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN OF THE YEAR 697 107

8. PLAN OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE OF THE AISNE 110

9. CAMP OF CÆSAR ON THE AISNE 111

10. PLAN OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE OF THE SAMBRE 121

11. PLAN OF THE OPPIDUM OF THE ADUATUCI 129

12. MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI 137

13. EXPEDITION OF SABINUS TO THE UNELLI 145

14. GENERAL MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN OF THE YEAR 699 153

15. BRIDGE OF PILES BUILT ON THE RHINE 162

16. MAP OF BRITAIN FOR THE TWO EXPEDITIONS 175

17. PLAN OF DOVER 176

18. PLAN OF ADUATUCA 231

19. GENERAL MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN OF THE YEAR 702 277

20. PLAN OF AVARICUM 288

21. PLAN OF GERGOVIA 304

22. CAMP OF CÆSAR AT GERGOVIA 307

23. MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN OF LABIENUS AT LUTETIA 325

24. PLAN OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE OF THE VINGEANNE 334

25. PLAN OF ALESIA 340

26. VIEWS OF MONT AUXOIS 343

27. DETAILS OF THE ROMAN WORKS AT ALESIA 345

28. _Idem_ 346

29. MAP OF THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BELLOVACI 370

30. CAMP OF CÆSAR AT MONT SAINT-PIERRE 372

31. PLAN OF UXELLODUNUM 384

32. DETAILS OF THE ROMAN WORKS AT UXELLODUNUM 390




JULIUS CÆSAR.


BOOK III.

THE WARS IN GAUL, AFTER THE “COMMENTARIES. ”




CHAPTER I.

POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE GALLIC WAR.


[Sidenote: Enterprising Character of the Gauls. ]

I. There are peoples whose existence in the past only reveals itself by
certain brilliant apparitions, unequivocal proofs of an energy which had
been previously unknown. During the interval their history is involved
in obscurity, and they resemble those long-silent volcanoes, which we
should take to be extinct but for the eruptions which, at periods far
apart, occur and expose to view the fire which smoulders in their bosom.
Such had been the Gauls.

The accounts of their ancient expeditions bear witness to an
organisation already powerful, and to an ardent spirit of enterprise.
Not to speak of migrations which date back perhaps nine or ten centuries
before our era, we see, at the moment when Rome was beginning to aim at
greatness, the Celts spreading themselves beyond their frontiers. In the
time of Tarquin the Elder (Years of Rome, 138 to 176), two expeditions
started from Celtic Gaul: one proceeded across the Rhine and Southern
Germany, to descend upon Illyria and Pannonia (now _Western Hungary_);
the other, scaling the Alps, established itself in Italy, in the country
lying between those mountains and the Po. [1] The invaders soon
transferred themselves to the right bank of that river, and nearly the
whole of the territory comprised between the Alps and the Apennines took
the name of _Cisalpine Gaul_. More than two centuries afterwards, the
descendants of those Gauls marched upon Rome, and burnt it all but the
Capitol. [2] Still a century later (475), we see new bands issuing from
Gaul, reaching Thrace by the valley of the Danube,[3] ravaging Northern
Greece, and bringing back to Toulouse the gold plundered from the Temple
of Delphi. [4] Others, arriving at Byzantium,[5] pass into Asia,
establish their dominion over the whole region on this side Mount
Taurus, since called _Gallo-Græcia_, or _Galatia_, and maintain in it a
sort of military feudalism until the time of the war of Antiochus. [6]

These facts, obscure as they may be in history, prove the spirit of
adventure and the warlike genius of the Gaulish race, which thus, in
fact, inspired a general terror. During nearly two centuries, from 364
to 531, Rome struggled against the Cisalpine Gauls, and more than once
the defeat of her armies placed her existence in danger. It was, as it
were, foot by foot that the Romans effected the conquest of Northern
Italy, strengthening it as they proceeded by the establishment of
colonies.

Let us here give a recapitulation of the principal wars against the
Gauls, Cisalpine and Transalpine, ich have already been spoken of in the
first volume of the present work. In 531 the Romans took the offensive,
crossed the Po, and subjugated a great part of the Cisalpine. But hardly
had the north of Italy been placed under the supremacy of the Republic,
when Hannibal’s invasion (536) caused anew an insurrection of the
inhabitants of those countries, who helped to increase the numbers of
his army; and even when that great captain was obliged to quit Italy,
they continued to defend their independence during thirty-four years.
The struggle, renewed in 554, ended only in 588, for we will not take
into account the partial insurrections which followed. During this time,
Rome had not only to combat the Cisalpines, assisted by the Gauls from
beyond the Alps, but also to make war upon the men of their race in Asia
(565) and in Illyria. In this last-mentioned province the colony of
Aquileia was founded (571), and several wild tribes of Liguria, who held
the defiles of the Alps, were subjugated (588).

[Sidenote: Wars of the Romans beyond the Alps. ]

II. In 600, the Romans, called to the assistance of the Greek town of
Marseilles, which was attacked by the Oxybii and the Deciates, Ligurian
tribes of the Maritime Alps,[7] for the first time carried their arms
to the other side of the Alps. They followed the course of the Corniche,
and crossed the Var; but it took, according to Strabo, a struggle of
eighty years before they obtained from the Ligures an extent of twelve
stadia (2·22 kils. ), a narrow passage on the coast of the sea, to enable
them to pass through Gaul into Spain. [8] Nevertheless, the legions
pushed their encroachments between the Rhone and the Alps. The conquered
territory was given to the people of Marseilles, who soon, attacked
again by the peoples of the Maritime Alps, implored a second time the
support of Rome. In 629, the Consul M. Fulvius Flaccus was sent against
the Salluvii; and, three years afterwards,[9] the proconsul C. Sextius
Calvinus drove them back far from the sea-coast, and founded the town of
Aix (_Aquæ Sextiæ_). [10]

The Romans, by protecting the people of Marseilles, had extended their
dominion on the coast; by contracting other alliances, they penetrated
into the interior. The Ædui were at war with the Allobroges and the
Arverni. The proconsul Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus united with the former,
and defeated the Allobroges, in 633, at Vindalium, on the Sorgue
(_Sulgas_), not far from the Rhone. Subsequently, Q. Fabius Maximus,
grandson of Paulus Æmilius, gained, at the confluence of the Isère and
the Rhone, a decisive victory over the Allobroges, and over Bituitus,
king of the Arverni. By this success Q. Fabius gained the surname of
_Allobrogicus_. [11] The Arverni pretended to be descendants of the
Trojans, and boasted a common origin with the Romans;[12] they remained
independent, but their dominion, which extended from the banks of the
Rhine to the neighbourhood of Narbonne and Marseilles, was limited to
their ancient territory.