Re-establishment of the Federal
Constitution
of 1815 (May 16).
Robertson - Bismarck
Aus E.
Lasker's Nachlassungen.
Ed.
W.
Cahn.
(The National Liberal who became a Radical. )
Bebel, A. My Life (Eng. transl. of the German autobiography).
Windthorst, L. Ein Lebensbild by P. Majunke. Ausgewa? hlte
Reden, ed. A. L. Meyer (4 vols. ).
Richter, Eugen. Im alten Reichstag, Erinnerungen. (The leader
of the South German Radicals. )
Tiedemann, C. Erinnerungen. (Tiedemann was Chef der Reichs-
kanzlei under Bismarck for six years. )
Bamberger, L. Erinnerungen. (A leading National Liberal and
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
5"
Secessionist. ) Also his striking Bismarck Posthumus (published in
1899).
Freytag, G. Erinnerungen (Eng. transi, in 2 vols. ); Der Kron-
prinz und die Deutsche Kaiserkrone (Eng. transi, in 2 vols. ).
Gerlach, Leopold v. Denkttmrdigkeiten (2 vols. ).
Gerlach, E. Ludwig von. Aufzeichnungen aus seinem Leben
(2 vols. ).
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst. Denkwurdigkeiten (English transi,
in 2 vols. ).
Meding, O. Memoiren zur Zeitgeschichte (3 vols. ).
Bucher, Lothar. Leben und Werke (by H. von Poschinger 3 vols. ).
(L. B. had a varied career from revolutionist to henchman of
Bismarck. )
Stockmar, C. F. von. Denkwurdigkeiten (Eng. transi. 2 vols. ).
Hansen, J. Les Coulisses de la diplomatie.
For the French side, the following original sources are indis-
pensable: Les origines diplomatiques de la Guerre de i8jo-l (a
complete collection of the sources in the French archives, com-
mencing with 1862, and critically edited and annotated. Ten
volumes so far have been published, reaching July 12, 1866. ) With
these must be noted--Napoleon, Les ide? es Napole? oniennes;
Rothan, G. , La Politique Franc? aise en 1866; Souvenirs diplo-
matiques; La France et sa politique exte? rieure en i86j (2 vols. );
VAllemagne et VItalie, 1870-1 (2 vols. ), Count Benedetti, Essais
Diplomatiques; L'Empereur Guillaume et le Prince de Bismarck;
Ma Mission a` Ems; La Triple Alliance; La Paix Arme? e et ses
Conse? quences; Gontaut-Biron, E. de, La Mission de G. B. a` Berlin
and Dernie`res anne? es de VAmbassade a` Berlin; Duc de Gramont,
La France et la Prusse avant la guerre; Thiers, A. , Notes et Souvenirs.
Valuable letters from General Le Flo^ were published in the
Figaro for 1887: the Revue Historique and the Revue de Paris
contain many critical articles after 1880 on the period. Of the
secondary authorities it is only necessary to cite here: P. de la
Gorce, Histoire du Second Empire (7 vols. ); Ollivier, E. , L'Empire
Libe? ral (16 vols. ); Sorel, A. , Histoire Diplomatique de la Guerre
Franco-Allemande (2 vols. ); Hanotaux, G. , Histoire de la France
Contemporaine (4 vols. , with much original material from MS.
sources; Eng. transi. ); and Denis, E. , La Fondation de l'Empire
Allemand (a chef-d'oeuvre of French historical scholarship); Des-
chaumes, E. , Gambetta, Le Grand Patriote; and De? bidour, Histoire
diplomatique de l'Europe, 1814-1878 (a classical text book); the
supplementary volume, 1878-1904 is useful, but somewhat dis-
appointing, though its bibliographies, particularly of French
sources, are valuable.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? 512
BISMARCK
For the British side the following Parliamentary Papers and
Blue Books contain diplomatic correspondence and other papers:
Schleswig-Holstein, 1863, No. 74; 1864, Nos. 64 and 65; 1865,
No. 57; Luxemburg, 1867, Nos. 74 and 415; 1870, No. 70;
Africa, 1884-5, No. 54; 1890, No. 51; Poland, 1863, No. 75;
1864, No. 76; Russia, 1871, No. 72.
And the following biographies and memoirs: Morier, Sir
Robert, Memoirs and Letters, 2 vols. ; Lord J. Russell (Life by Sir
S. Walpole); Acton, Lord, Historical Essays and Studies ('Essay on
the Causes of the Franco-German War'); Granville, Earl (Life,
by Lord Fitzmaurice); Clarendon, Earl, Life of, by Sir H. Max-
well, in 2 vols. ; Crowe, Sir J. A. , Reminiscences; Loftus, Lord A. ,
Diplomatic Reminiscences, second series; Prince Consort, The,
Life, by Sir T. Martin (particularly vols. 3-5); Vitzthum von
Eckstidt, Count, London, Gastein und Sadowa; Salisbury, Marquis
of, Essays on Foreign Policy (reprinted from the Quarterly Review);
Dilke, Sir C, The Present Position of European Politics (i. e. in 1886)--
a most valuable study; and Life of Dilke, by Miss Tuckwell, in
2 vols. ; Lord Lyons, Life of, by Lord Newton; Gladstone, W. E. ,
Life of, by Lord Morley.
The Annual Register throughout is very helpful; and can be
collated with Schulthess, H. , Europaischer Geschichts-Kalender
(annually produced after i860). H. Egerton, British Foreign
Policy--A Rough Outline, is very stimulating and helpful on the
problems for British policy from 1850 onwards.
The following by W. H. Dawson are also very helpful:
German Socialism and F. Lassalle; Bismarck and State Socialism;
The Evolution of Modern Germany; German Fiscal Policy during
the Nineteenth Century; Social Insurance in Germany, 1883-1911.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
1(15. April 1. Otto von Bismarck-Schonhausen born.
1821-27. Bismarck at Plamann's School in Berlin.
1827-3c. ? at Friedrich-Wilhelms Gymnasium in Berlin.
? 830-32. ? at the Gymnasium zum graucn Kloster.
1832. ? a student at the University of Gottingen.
1834. ? a student at the University of Berlin.
1835. >> enters the State Civil Service.
1838. ? serves for one year in the Garde-Jiiger.
1839. Death of Bismarck's mother. He takes over (with his brother) the
family estates.
1841. Bismarck settles at Kniephof.
1842-43. Travels in England, Switzerland, France, and North Germany.
1845. Death of Bismarck's father. Bismarck takes over Schonhausen.
1847. Bismarck attends the United Diet of the Estates (April 11).
Bismarck marries Johanna von Puttkamer.
1848-49. The years of Revolution in Germany.
1849. The Imperial Crown voted to the King of Prussia by the National
Parliament at Frankfurt March (29), and rejected by him
(April 28).
1S50. Convention or Punctation of Olmiitz.
1I51.
Re-establishment of the Federal Constitution of 1815 (May 16).
Bismarck appointed Minister Plenipotentiary for Prussia at Frank-
furt (July 15).
1851-59. Bismarck Minister at Frankfurt.
1852. The Treaty of London settles the Danish Succession and the question
of the Duchies (Schleswig-Holstein).
1854-56. The Crimean War. The Treaty of Paris (March 30, 1856).
1858. October 26. Prince William becomes Regent in Prussia.
1859. January 29. Bismarck transferred to the Embassy at Petersburg.
April 29. War between Austria and Piedmont (with France).
November 1 o. Treaty of Zurich ends the Italian War.
1860. May 5. Garibaldi's Expedition of'The Thousand. '
1861. January 2. The Prince Regent becomes King of Prussia as
William 1.
1862. Bismarck appointed Ambassador at Paris (May az).
September 23. Bismarck appointed Minister-President of Prussia. Re-
jection of the Military Budget. 'The Constitutional Conflict. '
1863. Rebellion in Poland. The Alvensleben Convention (February 8).
August 17. Congress of Princes at Frankfurt.
November 15. Death of Frederick vn. of Denmark. Opening of
the Schleswig-Holstein Conflict.
1864. January 16. Alliance of Prussia and Austria.
April 25-June 25. Failure of the London Conference to settle
the Schleswig-Holstein Question.
October 24. Treaty of Vienna. The Duchies ceded to Austria and
Prussia.
1865. The Convention of Gastein (August 14).
1866. April 8. Prussia concludes an alliance with Italy.
B. 2 K
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? 5 H BISMARCK
1866. June 14. Prussia declares the Federal Diet dissolved.
June 15. Austria and Prussia at War.
July 3. Battle of Koniggratz.
August 23. Treaty of Prague.
September. The Constitutional Conflict ended.
Bismarck is created a Count.
1867. February 12. The Constituent Reichstag of the North German
Confederation meets.
March and April. The Luxemburg Question.
May 11. The Conference of London neutralises Luxemburg.
July 1. The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes
into operation.
July 14. Bismarck appointed Federal Chancellor.
1868. April 27. The Customs Parliament for Germany meets.
September. Queen Isabella of Spain abdicates.
1869. April 11. Benedetti at Berlin inquires as to a Hohenzollern Candi-
dature for the vacant Spanish Throne.
The Vatican Council meets (December 8).
1870. June zi. King William agrees to the Hohenzollern Candidature.
July 12. The Hohenzollern Candidature abandoned.
? 14. Bismarck publishes the'Ems telegram. '
? 15. Prussian mobilisation ordered.
? 19. France declares War on Prussia.
? 25. Bismarck publishes the Draft Treaty of August 1866.
September 1. Battle of Sedan.
? 4. Fall of the Second Empire.
? 20. Italian Troops enter Rome.
October 27. Surrender of Metz.
? 31. Russia denounces the Black Sea Articles of the Treaty
of 1856.
1871. January 18. William 1. proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles.
Bismarck becomes Chancellor of the German Empire.
March 13. Conference at London revises the Treaty of 1856.
April 1. Bismarck created a Prince.
May 10. Treaty of Frankfurt.
1872. Entente of the Three Empires and the Three Emperors (September).
The Kulturkampf begins in Prussia.
1873. May 15. . 'The May Laws. ' The German occupation of France
terminates. Bismarck resigns the Minister-Presidency to Roon.
1874. Increasing friction with France.
1875. Franco-German Crisis. Intervention of Russia and Great Britain
(April to May).
Revolts in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1876. Split in the Conservative Parties in Prussia.
Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Turkey (July).
Turkish Massacres in Bulgaria.
1877. February 20. Leo xm. succeeds Pius ix. as Pope.
Russia declares war on Turkey (April 24).
1878. March 3. Treaty of San Stefano.
May 30. Secret Convention between Great Britain and Russia.
June 13. Congress of Berlin. The Treaties of Berlin (July 13).
1879. The Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria (October 7).
Bismarck commences to end the Kulturkampf and breaks with the
National Liberals.
Commencement of the New Protectionist and Socialist Policy.
1880. A Liberal Ministry in Great Britain.
? 881. Assassination of the Tsar Alexander II. (March 13).
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 515
1881. Fall of the Gambetta Ministry in France.
1882. May zo. The Triple Alliance. Italy joins the Dual Alliance.
Foundation of Die Deutsche Kolonial-Gesellschaft.
1883. The New Socialistic Legislation in Germany.
1884. March. The Secret 'Reinsurance' Convention with Russia, con-
firmed (September) at Skierniewice.
Anglo-German Colonial friction. Germany acquires Togoland, the
Cameroons, part of New Guinea, and other Colonies.
The Conference at Berlin to delimit spheres of the European
Powers in Africa.
(The National Liberal who became a Radical. )
Bebel, A. My Life (Eng. transl. of the German autobiography).
Windthorst, L. Ein Lebensbild by P. Majunke. Ausgewa? hlte
Reden, ed. A. L. Meyer (4 vols. ).
Richter, Eugen. Im alten Reichstag, Erinnerungen. (The leader
of the South German Radicals. )
Tiedemann, C. Erinnerungen. (Tiedemann was Chef der Reichs-
kanzlei under Bismarck for six years. )
Bamberger, L. Erinnerungen. (A leading National Liberal and
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
5"
Secessionist. ) Also his striking Bismarck Posthumus (published in
1899).
Freytag, G. Erinnerungen (Eng. transi, in 2 vols. ); Der Kron-
prinz und die Deutsche Kaiserkrone (Eng. transi, in 2 vols. ).
Gerlach, Leopold v. Denkttmrdigkeiten (2 vols. ).
Gerlach, E. Ludwig von. Aufzeichnungen aus seinem Leben
(2 vols. ).
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst. Denkwurdigkeiten (English transi,
in 2 vols. ).
Meding, O. Memoiren zur Zeitgeschichte (3 vols. ).
Bucher, Lothar. Leben und Werke (by H. von Poschinger 3 vols. ).
(L. B. had a varied career from revolutionist to henchman of
Bismarck. )
Stockmar, C. F. von. Denkwurdigkeiten (Eng. transi. 2 vols. ).
Hansen, J. Les Coulisses de la diplomatie.
For the French side, the following original sources are indis-
pensable: Les origines diplomatiques de la Guerre de i8jo-l (a
complete collection of the sources in the French archives, com-
mencing with 1862, and critically edited and annotated. Ten
volumes so far have been published, reaching July 12, 1866. ) With
these must be noted--Napoleon, Les ide? es Napole? oniennes;
Rothan, G. , La Politique Franc? aise en 1866; Souvenirs diplo-
matiques; La France et sa politique exte? rieure en i86j (2 vols. );
VAllemagne et VItalie, 1870-1 (2 vols. ), Count Benedetti, Essais
Diplomatiques; L'Empereur Guillaume et le Prince de Bismarck;
Ma Mission a` Ems; La Triple Alliance; La Paix Arme? e et ses
Conse? quences; Gontaut-Biron, E. de, La Mission de G. B. a` Berlin
and Dernie`res anne? es de VAmbassade a` Berlin; Duc de Gramont,
La France et la Prusse avant la guerre; Thiers, A. , Notes et Souvenirs.
Valuable letters from General Le Flo^ were published in the
Figaro for 1887: the Revue Historique and the Revue de Paris
contain many critical articles after 1880 on the period. Of the
secondary authorities it is only necessary to cite here: P. de la
Gorce, Histoire du Second Empire (7 vols. ); Ollivier, E. , L'Empire
Libe? ral (16 vols. ); Sorel, A. , Histoire Diplomatique de la Guerre
Franco-Allemande (2 vols. ); Hanotaux, G. , Histoire de la France
Contemporaine (4 vols. , with much original material from MS.
sources; Eng. transi. ); and Denis, E. , La Fondation de l'Empire
Allemand (a chef-d'oeuvre of French historical scholarship); Des-
chaumes, E. , Gambetta, Le Grand Patriote; and De? bidour, Histoire
diplomatique de l'Europe, 1814-1878 (a classical text book); the
supplementary volume, 1878-1904 is useful, but somewhat dis-
appointing, though its bibliographies, particularly of French
sources, are valuable.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? 512
BISMARCK
For the British side the following Parliamentary Papers and
Blue Books contain diplomatic correspondence and other papers:
Schleswig-Holstein, 1863, No. 74; 1864, Nos. 64 and 65; 1865,
No. 57; Luxemburg, 1867, Nos. 74 and 415; 1870, No. 70;
Africa, 1884-5, No. 54; 1890, No. 51; Poland, 1863, No. 75;
1864, No. 76; Russia, 1871, No. 72.
And the following biographies and memoirs: Morier, Sir
Robert, Memoirs and Letters, 2 vols. ; Lord J. Russell (Life by Sir
S. Walpole); Acton, Lord, Historical Essays and Studies ('Essay on
the Causes of the Franco-German War'); Granville, Earl (Life,
by Lord Fitzmaurice); Clarendon, Earl, Life of, by Sir H. Max-
well, in 2 vols. ; Crowe, Sir J. A. , Reminiscences; Loftus, Lord A. ,
Diplomatic Reminiscences, second series; Prince Consort, The,
Life, by Sir T. Martin (particularly vols. 3-5); Vitzthum von
Eckstidt, Count, London, Gastein und Sadowa; Salisbury, Marquis
of, Essays on Foreign Policy (reprinted from the Quarterly Review);
Dilke, Sir C, The Present Position of European Politics (i. e. in 1886)--
a most valuable study; and Life of Dilke, by Miss Tuckwell, in
2 vols. ; Lord Lyons, Life of, by Lord Newton; Gladstone, W. E. ,
Life of, by Lord Morley.
The Annual Register throughout is very helpful; and can be
collated with Schulthess, H. , Europaischer Geschichts-Kalender
(annually produced after i860). H. Egerton, British Foreign
Policy--A Rough Outline, is very stimulating and helpful on the
problems for British policy from 1850 onwards.
The following by W. H. Dawson are also very helpful:
German Socialism and F. Lassalle; Bismarck and State Socialism;
The Evolution of Modern Germany; German Fiscal Policy during
the Nineteenth Century; Social Insurance in Germany, 1883-1911.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
1(15. April 1. Otto von Bismarck-Schonhausen born.
1821-27. Bismarck at Plamann's School in Berlin.
1827-3c. ? at Friedrich-Wilhelms Gymnasium in Berlin.
? 830-32. ? at the Gymnasium zum graucn Kloster.
1832. ? a student at the University of Gottingen.
1834. ? a student at the University of Berlin.
1835. >> enters the State Civil Service.
1838. ? serves for one year in the Garde-Jiiger.
1839. Death of Bismarck's mother. He takes over (with his brother) the
family estates.
1841. Bismarck settles at Kniephof.
1842-43. Travels in England, Switzerland, France, and North Germany.
1845. Death of Bismarck's father. Bismarck takes over Schonhausen.
1847. Bismarck attends the United Diet of the Estates (April 11).
Bismarck marries Johanna von Puttkamer.
1848-49. The years of Revolution in Germany.
1849. The Imperial Crown voted to the King of Prussia by the National
Parliament at Frankfurt March (29), and rejected by him
(April 28).
1S50. Convention or Punctation of Olmiitz.
1I51.
Re-establishment of the Federal Constitution of 1815 (May 16).
Bismarck appointed Minister Plenipotentiary for Prussia at Frank-
furt (July 15).
1851-59. Bismarck Minister at Frankfurt.
1852. The Treaty of London settles the Danish Succession and the question
of the Duchies (Schleswig-Holstein).
1854-56. The Crimean War. The Treaty of Paris (March 30, 1856).
1858. October 26. Prince William becomes Regent in Prussia.
1859. January 29. Bismarck transferred to the Embassy at Petersburg.
April 29. War between Austria and Piedmont (with France).
November 1 o. Treaty of Zurich ends the Italian War.
1860. May 5. Garibaldi's Expedition of'The Thousand. '
1861. January 2. The Prince Regent becomes King of Prussia as
William 1.
1862. Bismarck appointed Ambassador at Paris (May az).
September 23. Bismarck appointed Minister-President of Prussia. Re-
jection of the Military Budget. 'The Constitutional Conflict. '
1863. Rebellion in Poland. The Alvensleben Convention (February 8).
August 17. Congress of Princes at Frankfurt.
November 15. Death of Frederick vn. of Denmark. Opening of
the Schleswig-Holstein Conflict.
1864. January 16. Alliance of Prussia and Austria.
April 25-June 25. Failure of the London Conference to settle
the Schleswig-Holstein Question.
October 24. Treaty of Vienna. The Duchies ceded to Austria and
Prussia.
1865. The Convention of Gastein (August 14).
1866. April 8. Prussia concludes an alliance with Italy.
B. 2 K
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? 5 H BISMARCK
1866. June 14. Prussia declares the Federal Diet dissolved.
June 15. Austria and Prussia at War.
July 3. Battle of Koniggratz.
August 23. Treaty of Prague.
September. The Constitutional Conflict ended.
Bismarck is created a Count.
1867. February 12. The Constituent Reichstag of the North German
Confederation meets.
March and April. The Luxemburg Question.
May 11. The Conference of London neutralises Luxemburg.
July 1. The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes
into operation.
July 14. Bismarck appointed Federal Chancellor.
1868. April 27. The Customs Parliament for Germany meets.
September. Queen Isabella of Spain abdicates.
1869. April 11. Benedetti at Berlin inquires as to a Hohenzollern Candi-
dature for the vacant Spanish Throne.
The Vatican Council meets (December 8).
1870. June zi. King William agrees to the Hohenzollern Candidature.
July 12. The Hohenzollern Candidature abandoned.
? 14. Bismarck publishes the'Ems telegram. '
? 15. Prussian mobilisation ordered.
? 19. France declares War on Prussia.
? 25. Bismarck publishes the Draft Treaty of August 1866.
September 1. Battle of Sedan.
? 4. Fall of the Second Empire.
? 20. Italian Troops enter Rome.
October 27. Surrender of Metz.
? 31. Russia denounces the Black Sea Articles of the Treaty
of 1856.
1871. January 18. William 1. proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles.
Bismarck becomes Chancellor of the German Empire.
March 13. Conference at London revises the Treaty of 1856.
April 1. Bismarck created a Prince.
May 10. Treaty of Frankfurt.
1872. Entente of the Three Empires and the Three Emperors (September).
The Kulturkampf begins in Prussia.
1873. May 15. . 'The May Laws. ' The German occupation of France
terminates. Bismarck resigns the Minister-Presidency to Roon.
1874. Increasing friction with France.
1875. Franco-German Crisis. Intervention of Russia and Great Britain
(April to May).
Revolts in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1876. Split in the Conservative Parties in Prussia.
Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Turkey (July).
Turkish Massacres in Bulgaria.
1877. February 20. Leo xm. succeeds Pius ix. as Pope.
Russia declares war on Turkey (April 24).
1878. March 3. Treaty of San Stefano.
May 30. Secret Convention between Great Britain and Russia.
June 13. Congress of Berlin. The Treaties of Berlin (July 13).
1879. The Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria (October 7).
Bismarck commences to end the Kulturkampf and breaks with the
National Liberals.
Commencement of the New Protectionist and Socialist Policy.
1880. A Liberal Ministry in Great Britain.
? 881. Assassination of the Tsar Alexander II. (March 13).
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 515
1881. Fall of the Gambetta Ministry in France.
1882. May zo. The Triple Alliance. Italy joins the Dual Alliance.
Foundation of Die Deutsche Kolonial-Gesellschaft.
1883. The New Socialistic Legislation in Germany.
1884. March. The Secret 'Reinsurance' Convention with Russia, con-
firmed (September) at Skierniewice.
Anglo-German Colonial friction. Germany acquires Togoland, the
Cameroons, part of New Guinea, and other Colonies.
The Conference at Berlin to delimit spheres of the European
Powers in Africa.
