The Popish gentry that live at their houses in the country
are much different from those that live here in town.
are much different from those that live here in town.
Macaulay
]
[Footnote 278: Barillon, May 2/12 1687. ]
[Footnote 279: Memoirs of the Duke of Somerset; Citters, July 5/15.
1687; Eachard's History of the Revolution; Clarke's Life of James the
Second, ii. 116, 117, 118. ; Lord Lonsdale's Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 280: London Gazette, July 7. 1687; Citters, July 7/17 Account
of the ceremony reprinted among the Somers Tracts. ]
[Footnote 281: London Gazette, July 4. 1687. ]
[Footnote 282: See the statutes 18 Henry 6. C. 19. ; 2 & 3 Ed. 6. C. 2. ;
Eachard's History of the Revolution; Kennet, iii. 468. ; North's Life of
Guildford, 247. ; London Gazette, April 18. May 23. 1687; Vindication of
the E. of R, (Earl of Rochester). ]
[Footnote 283: Dryden's Prologues and Cibber's Memoirs contain abundant
proofs of the estimation in which the taste of the Oxonians was held by
the most admired poets and actors. ]
[Footnote 284: See the poem called Advice to the Painter upon the Defeat
of the Rebels in the West. See also another poem, a most detestable
one, on the same subject, by Stepney, who was then studying at Trinity
College. ]
[Footnote 285: Mackay's character of Sheffield, with Swift's note; the
Satire on the Deponents, 1688; Life of John, Duke of Buckinghamshire,
1729; Barillon, Aug. 30. 1687. I have a manuscript lampoon on Mulgrave,
dated 1690. It is not destitute of spirit. The most remarkable lines are
these:
Peters (Petre) today and Burnet tomorrow,
Knaves of all sides and religions he'll woo. ]
[Footnote 286: See the proceedings against the University of Cambridge
in the collection of State Trials. ]
[Footnote 287: Wood's Athenae Oxonienses; Apology for the Life of Colley
Cibber; Citters, March 2/12 1686. ]
[Footnote 288: Burnet, i. 697. ; Letter of Lord Ailesbury printed in the
European Magazine for April 1795. ]
[Footnote 289: This gateway is now closed. ]
[Footnote 290: Wood's Athenae Oxonienses; Walker's Sufferings of the
Clergy. ]
[Footnote 291: Burnet, i. 697. ; Tanner's Notitia Monastica. At the
visitation in the twenty-sixth year of Henry the Eighth it appeared that
the annual revenue of King's College was 751l. ; of New College, 487l. ;
of Magdalene, 1076l. ]
[Footnote 292: A Relation of the Proceedings at the Charterhouse, 1689. ]
[Footnote 293: See the London Gazette, from August 18 to September 1.
1687 Barillon, September 19/29]
[Footnote 294: "Penn, chef des Quakers, qu'on sait etre dans les
interets du Roi d'Angleterre, est si fort decrie parmi ceux de son parti
qu'ils n'ont plus aucune confiance en lui. "--Bonrepaux to Seignelay,
Sept. 12/22 1687. The evidence of Gerard Croese is to the same
effect. "Etiam Quakeri Pennum iron amplius, ut ante, ita amabant ac
magnifaciebant, quidam aversabantur ac fugiebant. "--Historia Quakeriana,
lib, ii. 1695. ]
[Footnote 295: Cartwright's Diary, August 30. 1687. Clarkson's Life of
William Penn. ]
[Footnote 296: London Gazette, Sept. 5. ; Sheridan MS. ; Barillon,
Sept. 1687. "Le Roi son maitre," says Barillon, "a temoigne une grande
satisfaction des mesures qu'il a prises, et a autorise ce qu'il a
fait en faveur des Catholiques. Il les etablit dans les emplois et les
charges, en sorte que l'autorite se trouvera bientot entre leurs mains.
Il reste encore beaucoup de choses a faire en ce pays la pour retirer
les biens injustement otes aux Catholiques. Mais cela ne peut s'executer
qu'avec le tems et dans l'assemblee d'un parlement en Irlande. "]
[Footnote 297: London Gazette of Sept. 5. and Sept. 8. 1687]
[Footnote 298: Proceedings against Magdalene College, in Oxon, for not
electing Anthony Farmer president of the said College, in the Collection
of State Trials, Howell's edition; Luttrell's Diary, June 15. 17. , Oct.
24. , Dec. 10. 1687; Smith's Narrative; Letter of Dr. Richard Rawlinson,
dated Oct. 31. 1687; Reresby's Memoirs; Burnet, i. 699. ; Cartwright's
Diary; Citters, Oct 25/Nov 4, Oct 28/Nov 7 Nov 8/18 Nov 18/28 1687. ]
[Footnote 299: "Quand on connoit le dedans de cette cour aussi
intimement que je la connois, on peut croire que sa Majeste Britannique
donnera volontiers dans ces sortes de projets. "--Bonrepaux to Seignelay,
March 18/28 1686. ]
[Footnote 300: "Que, quand pour etablir la religion Catholique et
pour la confirmer icy, il (James) devroit se rendre en quelque facon
dependant de la France, et mettre la decision de la succession a la
couronne entre les mains de ce monarque la, qu'il seroit oblige de
le faire, parcequ'il vaudroit mieux pour ses sujets qu'ils devinssent
vassaux du Roy de France, etant Catholiques, que de demeurer comme
esclaves du Diable. " This paper is in the archives of both France and
Holland. ]
[Footnote 301: Citters, Aug. 6/16 17/27 1686. Barillon, Aug. 19/29]
[Footnote 302: Barillon, Sept. 13/23 1686. "La succession est une
matiere fort delicate a traiter. Je sais pourtant qu'on en parle au Roy
d'Angleterre, et qu'on ne desespere pas avec le temps de trouver
des moyens pour faire passer la couronne sur la tete d'un heritier
Catholique. "]
[Footnote 303: Bonrepaux, July 11/21. 1687. ]
[Footnote 304: Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Aug 25/Sept 4 1687. I will
quote a few words from this most remarkable despatch: "je scay bien
certainement que l'intention du Roy d'Angleterre est de faire perdre ce
royaume (Ireland) a son successeur, et de le fortifier en sorte que tous
ses sujets Catholiques y puissent avoir un asile assure. Son projet est
de mettre les choses en cet estat dans le cours de cinq annees. " In the
Secret Consults of the Romish Party in Ireland, printed in 1690,
there is a passage which shows that this negotiation had not been kept
strictly secret. "Though the King kept it private from most of his
council, yet certain it is that he had promised the French King the
disposal of that government and kingdom when things had attained to that
growth as to be fit to bear it. "]
[Footnote 305: Citters, Oct 28/Nov 7, Nov 22/Dec 2 1687; the Princess
Anne to the Princess of Orange, March 14. and 20. 1687/8; Barillon,
Dec. 1/11 1687; Revolution Politics; the song "Two Toms and a Nat;"
Johnstone, April 4. 1688; Secret Consults of the Romish Party in
Ireland, 1690. ]
[Footnote 306: The king's uneasiness on this subject is strongly
described by Ronquillo, Dec. 12/22 1687 "Un Principe de Vales y un
Duque de York y otro di Lochaosterna (Lancaster, I suppose,) no bastan a
reducir la gente; porque el Rey tiene 54 anos, y vendra a morir, dejando
los hijos pequenos, y que entonces el reyno se apoderara dellos, y los
nombrara tutor, y los educara en la religion protestante, contra la
disposicion que dejare el Rey, y la autoridad de la Reyna. "]
[Footnote 307: Three lists framed at this time are extant; one in the
French archives, the other two in the archives of the Portland family.
In these lists every peer is entered under one of three heads, For the
Repeal of the Test, Against the Repeal, and Doubtful. According to one
list the numbers were, 31 for, 86 against, and 20 doubtful; according to
another, 33 for, 87 against, and 19 doubtful; according to the third, 35
for, 92 against, and 10 doubtful. Copies of the three lists are in the
Mackintosh MSS. ]
[Footnote 308: There is in the British Museum a letter of Dryden to
Etherege, dated Feb. 1688. I do not remember to have seen it in print.
"Oh," says Dryden, "that our monarch would encourage noble idleness by
his own example, as he of blessed memory did before him. For my mind
misgives me that he will not much advance his affairs by stirring. "]
[Footnote 309: Barillon, Aug 29/Sep 8 1687. ]
[Footnote 310: Told by Lord Bradford, who was present, to Dartmouth;
note on Burnet, i. 755. ]
[Footnote 311: London Gazette, Dec. 12. 1687. ]
[Footnote 312: Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Nov. 14/24. ; Citters, Nov.
15/25. ; Lords' Journals, Dec. 20. 1689. ]
[Footnote 313: Citters, Oct 28/Nov 7 1687. ]
[Footnote 314: Halstead's Succinct Genealogy of the Family of Vere,
1685; Collins's Historical Collections. See in the Lords' Journals, and
in Jones's Reports, the proceedings respecting the earldom of Oxford, in
March and April 1625/6. The exordium of the speech of Lord Chief Justice
Crew is among the finest specimens of the ancient English eloquence.
Citters, Feb. 7/17 1688. ]
[Footnote 315: Coxe's Shrewsbury Correspondence; Mackay's Memoirs; Life
of Charles Duke of Shrewsbury, 1718; Burnet, i. 762. ; Birch's Life
of Tillotson, where the reader will find a letter from Tillotson
to Shrewsbury, which seems to me a model of serious, friendly, and
gentlemanlike reproof. ]
[Footnote 316: The King was only Nell's Charles III. Whether Dorset
or Major Hart had the honour of being her Charles I is a point open to
dispute. But the evidence in favour of Dorset's claim seems to me to
preponderate. See the suppressed passage of Burnet, i. 263. ; and Pepys's
Diary, Oct. 26. 1667. ]
[Footnote 317: Pepys's Diary; Prior's dedication of his poems to the
Duke of Dorset; Johnson's Life of Dorset; Dryden's Essay on Satire, and
Dedication of the Essay on Dramatic Poesy. The affection of Dorset
for his wife and his strict fidelity to her are mentioned with great
contempt by that profligate coxcomb Sir George Etherege in his
letters from Ratisbon, Dec. 9/19 1687, and Jan. 16/26 1688; Shadwell's
Dedication of the Squire of Alsatia; Burnet, i. 264. ; Mackay's
Characters. Some parts of Dorset's character are well touched in his
epitaph, written by Pope:
"Yet soft his nature, though severe his lay"
and again:
"Blest courtier, who could king and country please,
Yet sacred keep his friendships and his ease. "]
[Footnote 318: Barillon, Jan. 9/19 1688; Citters, Jan 31/Feb 10]
[Footnote 319: Adda, Feb. 3/13 10/20 1688. ]
[Footnote 320: Barillon,. Dec. 5/15 8/18. 12/22 1687; Citters, Nov
29/Dec 9 Dec 2/12]
[Footnote 321: Citters, Oct 28/Nov 7 1687; Lonsdale's Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 322: Citters, Nov 22/Dec 2 1687. ]
[Footnote 323: Ibid. Dec 27/Jan 6 1687/8. ]
[Footnote 324: Ibid,]
[Footnote 325: Rochester's offensive warmth on this occasion is
twice noticed by Johnstone, Nov. 25. and Dec. 8. 1687. His failure is
mentioned by Citters, Dec. 6/16. ]
[Footnote 326: Citters, Dec. 6/16. 1687]
[Footnote 327: Ibid. Dec. 20/30. 1687. ]
[Footnote 328: Ibid March 30/April 9 1687. ]
[Footnote 329: Ibid Nov 22/Dec 2 1687. ]
[Footnote 330: Ibid. Nov. 15/25. 1687. ]
[Footnote 331: Citters, April 10/20 1688. ]
[Footnote 332: The anxiety about Lancashire is mentioned by Citters, in
a despatch dated Nov. 18/28. 1687; the result in a despatch dated four
days later. ]
[Footnote 333: Bonrepaux, July 11/21 1687. ]
[Footnote 334: Citters, Feb. 3/13 1688. ]
[Footnote 335: Ibid. April 5/15 1688. ]
[Footnote 336: London Gazette, Dec. 5. 1687; Citters, Dec. 6/16]
[Footnote 337: About twenty years before this time a Jesuit had noticed
the retiring character of the Roman Catholic country gentlemen of
England. "La nobilta Inglese, senon se legata in servigio, di Corte, o
in opera di maestrato, vive, e gode il piu dell' anno alla campagna,
ne' suoi palagi e poderi, dove son liberi e padroni; e cio tanto piu
sollecitamente I Cattolici quanto piu utilmente, si come meno osservati
cola. "--L'lnghilterra descritta dal P. Daniello Bartoli. Roma, 1667.
"Many of the Popish Sheriffs," Johnstone wrote, "have estates,
and declare that whoever expects false returns from them will be
disappointed.
The Popish gentry that live at their houses in the country
are much different from those that live here in town. Several of them
have refused to be Sheriffs or Deputy Lieutenants. " Dec. 8. 1687.
Ronquillo says the same. "Algunos Catolicos que fueron nombrados per
sherifes se han excusado," Jan. 9/19. 1688. He some months later assured
his court that the Catholic country gentlemen would willingly consent to
a compromise of which the terms should be that the penal laws should be
abolished and the test retained. "Estoy informado," he says, "que
los Catolicos de las provincias no lo reprueban, pues no pretendiendo
oficios, y siendo solo algunos de la Corte los provechosos, les parece
que mejoran su estado, quedando seguros ellos y sus descendientes en
la religion, en la quietud, y en la seguridad de sus haciendas. " July
23/Aug 2 1688. ]
[Footnote 338: Privy Council Book, Sept. 25. 1687; Feb. 21. 1687/8]
[Footnote 339: Records of the Corporation, quoted in Brand's History of
Newcastle. Johnstone, Feb. 21. 1687/8]
[Footnote 340: Johnstone, Feb. 21 1687/8]
[Footnote 341: Citters, Feb. 14/24 1688. ]
[Footnote 342: Ibid. May 1/11. 1688. ]
[Footnote 343: In the margin of the Privy Council Book may be
observed the words "Second regulation," and "Third regulation," when a
corporation had been remodelled more than once. ]
[Footnote 344: Johnstone, May 23. 1688. ]
[Footnote 345: Ibid. Feb. 21. 1688. ]
[Footnote 346: Johnstone, Feb. 21. 1688. ]
[Footnote 347: Citters, March 20/30 1688. ]
[Footnote 348: Ibid. May 1/11 1688. ]
[Footnote 349: Citters, May 22/June 1 1688. ]
[Footnote 350: Ibid. May 1/11 1688. ]
[Footnote 351: Ibid. May 18/28 1688. ]
[Footnote 352: Ibid. April 6 1688; Treasury Letter Book, March 14. 1687;
Ronquillo, April 16/26. ]
[Footnote 353: Citters, May 18/28 1688. ]
[Footnote 354: Citters, May 18/28 1688. ]
[Footnote 355: London Gazette, Dec. 15. 1687. See the proceedings
against Williams in the Collection of State Trials. "Ha hecho," says
Ronquillo, "grande susto el haber nombrado el abogado Williams, que
fue el orador y el mas arrabiado de toda la casa de los comunes en los
ultimos terribles parlamentos del Rey difunto. " Nov 27/Dec 7 1687. ]
[Footnote 356: London Gazette, April 30. 1688; Barillon, April 26/May 6]
[Footnote 357: Citters, May 1/11. 1688. ]
[Footnote 358: London Gazette, May 7. 1688. ]
[Footnote 359: Johnstone May 27. 1688. ]
[Footnote 360: That very remarkable man, the late Alexander Knox, whose
eloquent conversation and elaborate letters had a great influence on the
minds of his contemporaries, learned, I suspect, much of his theological
system from Fowler's writings. Fowler's book on the Design of
Christianity was assailed by John Bunyan with a ferocity which nothing
can justify, but which the birth and breeding of the honest tinker in
some degree excuse. ]
[Footnote 361: Johnstone, May 23. 1688. There is a satirical poem on
this meeting entitled the Clerical Cabal. ]
[Footnote 362: Clarendon's Diary, May 22. 1688. ]
[Footnote 363: Extracts from Tanner MS. in Howell's State Trials; Life
of Prideaux; Clarendon's Diary, May 16. 1688. ]
[Footnote 364: Clarendon's Diary, May 16 and 17. 1688. ]
[Footnote 365: Sancroft's Narrative printed from the Tanner MS. ;
Citters, May 22/June 1 1688. ]
[Footnote 366: Burnet, i. 741; Revolution Politics; Higgins's Short
View. ]
[Footnote 367: Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 155. ]
[Footnote 368: Citters, May 22/June 1688. Burnet, i. 740. ; and Lord
Dartmouth's note; Southey's Life of Wesley. ]
[Footnote 369: Citters, May 22/June 1 1688]
[Footnote 370: Ibid. May 29/June 8 1688. ]
[Footnote 371: Ibid. ]
[Footnote 372: Barillon, May 24/June 3 May 31/June 10 1688; Citters,
July, 1/11 Adda, May 25/June 4, May 30/June 9, June 1/11 Clarke s Life
of James the Second, ii. 158. ]
[Footnote 373: Burnet, i. 740. ; Life of Prideaux; Citters, June 12/22
15/25 1688. Tanner MS. ; Life and Correspondence of Pepys. ]
[Footnote 374: Sancroft's Narrative, printed from the Tanner MS. ]
[Footnote 375: Burnet, i. 741. ; Citters, June 8/18 12/22. 1688;
Luttrell's Diary, June 8. ; Evelyn's Diary; Letter of Dr. Nalson to
his wife, dated June 14. , and printed from the Tanner MS. ; Reresby's
Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 376: Reresby's Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 377: Correspondence between Anne and Mary, in Dalrymple;
Clarendon's Diary, Oct. 31. 1688. ]
[Footnote 378: This is clear from Clarendon's Diary, Oct. 31. 1688. ]
[Footnote 379: Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 159, 160. ]
[Footnote 380: Clarendon's Diary, June 10. 1688. ]
[Footnote 381: Johnstone gives in a very few words an excellent summary
of the case against the King. "The generality of people conclude all is
a trick; because they say the reckoning is changed, the Princess sent
away, none of the Clarendon family nor the Dutch Ambassador sent for,
the suddenness of the thing, the sermons, the confidence of the priests,
the hurry. " June 13. 1688. ]
[Footnote 382: Ronquillo, July 26/Aug 5. Ronquillo adds, that what
Zulestein said of the state of public opinion was strictly true. ]
[Footnote 383: Citters, June 12/22 1688; Luttrell's Diary, June 18. ]
[Footnote 384: For the events of this day see the State Trials;
Clarendon's Diary Luttrell's Diary; Citters. June 15/25 Johnstone, June
18; Revolution Politics. ]
[Footnote 385: Johnstone, June 18. 1688; Evelyn's Diary, June 29. ]
[Footnote 386: Tanner MS. ]
[Footnote 387: This fact was communicated to me in the most obliging
manner by the Reverend R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow in Cornwall. ]
[Footnote 388: Johnstone, June 18. 1688. ]
[Footnote 389: Adda, June 29/July 9 1688]
[Footnote 390: Sunderland's own narrative is, of course, not to be
implicitly trusted, but he vouched Godolphin as a witness of what took
place respecting the Irish Act of Settlement. ]
[Footnote 391: Barillon June 21/June 28 June 28/July 8 1688; Adda, June
29/July 9 Citters June 26/July 6; Johnstone, July 2. 1688; The Converts,
a poem. ]
[Footnote 392: Clarendon's Diary, June 21. 1688. ]
[Footnote 393: Citters, June 26/ July 6. 1688. ]
[Footnote 394: Johnstone, July 2. 1688. ]
[Footnote 395: Ibid. ]
[Footnote 396: Johnstone, July 2. 1688. The editor of Levinz's reports
expresses great wonder that, after the Revolution, Levinz was not
replaced on the bench. The facts related by Johnstone may perhaps
explain the seeming injustice. ]
[Footnote 397: I draw this inference from a letter of Compton to
Sancroft, dated the 12th of June. ]
[Footnote 398: Revolution Politics. ]
[Footnote 399: This is the expression of an eye witness. It is in a
newsletter in the Mackintosh Collection. ]
[Footnote 400: See the proceedings in the Collection of State Trials. I
have taken some touches from Johnstone, and some from Van Citters. ]
[Footnote 401: Johnstone, July 2. 1688; Letter from Mr. Ince to the
Archbishop, dated at six o'clock in the morning; Tanner MS. ; Revolution
Politics. ]
[Footnote 402: Johnstone, July 2. 1688. ]
[Footnote 403: State Trials; Oldmixon, 739. ; Clarendon's Diary, June 25,
1688; Johnstone, July 2. ; Citters, July 3/13 Adda, July 6/16; Luttrell's
Diary; Barillon, July 2/12]
[Footnote 404: Citters, July 3/13 The gravity with which he tells the
story has a comic effect. "Den Bisschop van Chester, wie seer de partie
van het hof houdt, om te voldoen aan syne gewoone nieusgierigheyt,
hem op dien tyt in Westminster Hall mede hebbende laten vinden, in het
uytgaan doorgaans was uytgekreten voor een grypende wolf in schaaps
kleederen; en by synde een beer van hooge stature en vollyvig,
spotsgewyse alomme geroepen was dat men voor hem plaats moeste maken, om
te laten passen, gelyck ook geschiede, om dat soo sy uytschreeuwden en
hem in het aansigt seyden, by den Paus in syn buyck hadde. "]
[Footnote 405: Luttrell; Citters, July 3/13. 1688. "Soo syn in
tegendeel gedagte jurys met de uyterste acclamatie en alle teyckenen
van genegenheyt en danckbaarheyt in het door passeren van de gemeente
ontvangen. Honderden vielen haar om den hals met alle bedenckelycke
wewensch van segen en geluck over hare persoonen en familien, om dat
sy haar so heusch en eerlyck buyten verwagtinge als het ware in desen
gedragen hadden. Veele van de grooten en kleynen adel wierpen in het
wegryden handen vol gelt onder tie armen luyden, om op de gesontheyt van
den Coning, der Heeren Prelaten, en de Jurys te drincken. "]
[Footnote 406: "Mi trovava con Milord Sunderland la stessa mattina,
quando venne l'Avvocato Generale a rendergli conto del successo, e
disse, che mai piu a memoria d'huomini si era sentito un applauso,
mescolato di voci e lagrime di giubilo, egual a quello che veniva egli
di vedere in quest' occasione. " Adda, July 6/16. 1688. ]
[Footnote 407: Burnet, i. 744. ; Citters, July 3/13 1688. ]
[Footnote 408: See a very curious narrative published among other
papers, in 1710, by Danby, then Duke of Leeds. There is an amusing
account of the ceremony of burning a Pope in North's Examen, 570. See
also the note on the Epilogue to the Tragedy of Oedipus in Scott's
edition of Dryden. ]
[Footnote 409: Reresby's Memoirs; Citters, 3/13 July 17. 1688; Adda
6/16 July; Barillon, July 2/12 Luttrell's Diary; Newsletter of July 4. ;
Oldmixon, 739. ; Ellis Correspondence. ]
[Footnote 410: The Fur Praedestinatus. ]
[Footnote 411: This document will be found in the first of the twelve
collections of papers relating to the affairs of England, printed at the
end of 1688 and the beginning of 1689. It was put forth on the 26th of
July, not quite a month after the trial. Lloyd of Saint Asaph about
the same time told Henry Wharton that the Bishops purposed to adopt
an entirely new policy towards the Protestant Dissenters; "Omni modo
curaturos ut ecelesia sordibus et corruptelis penitus exueretur; ut
sectariis reformatis reditus in ecclesiae sinum exoptati occasio ac
ratio concederetur, si qui sobrii et pii essent; ut pertinacibus interim
jugum le aretur, extinctis penitus legibus mulciatoriis. "--Excerpta ex
Vita H. Wharton. ]
[Footnote 412: This change in the opinion of a section of the Tory party
is well illustrated by a little tract published at the beginning of
1689, and entitled "A Dialogue between Two Friends, wherein the Church
of England is vindicated in joining with the Prince of Orange. "]
[Footnote 413: "Aut nunc, aut nunquam. "--Witsen MS. quoted by Wagenaar,
book lx. ]
[Footnote 414: Burnet, i. 763. ]
[Footnote 415: Sidney's Diary and Correspondence, edited by Mr.
Blencowe; Mackay's Memoirs with Swift's note; Burnet, i. 763. ]
[Footnote 416: Burnet, i. 764. ; Letter in cipher to William, dated June
18. 1688, in Dalrymple. ]
[Footnote 417: Burnet, i. 764. ; Letter in cipher to William, dated June
18 1688. ]
[Footnote 418: As to Montaigne, see Halifax's Letter to Cotton.
[Footnote 278: Barillon, May 2/12 1687. ]
[Footnote 279: Memoirs of the Duke of Somerset; Citters, July 5/15.
1687; Eachard's History of the Revolution; Clarke's Life of James the
Second, ii. 116, 117, 118. ; Lord Lonsdale's Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 280: London Gazette, July 7. 1687; Citters, July 7/17 Account
of the ceremony reprinted among the Somers Tracts. ]
[Footnote 281: London Gazette, July 4. 1687. ]
[Footnote 282: See the statutes 18 Henry 6. C. 19. ; 2 & 3 Ed. 6. C. 2. ;
Eachard's History of the Revolution; Kennet, iii. 468. ; North's Life of
Guildford, 247. ; London Gazette, April 18. May 23. 1687; Vindication of
the E. of R, (Earl of Rochester). ]
[Footnote 283: Dryden's Prologues and Cibber's Memoirs contain abundant
proofs of the estimation in which the taste of the Oxonians was held by
the most admired poets and actors. ]
[Footnote 284: See the poem called Advice to the Painter upon the Defeat
of the Rebels in the West. See also another poem, a most detestable
one, on the same subject, by Stepney, who was then studying at Trinity
College. ]
[Footnote 285: Mackay's character of Sheffield, with Swift's note; the
Satire on the Deponents, 1688; Life of John, Duke of Buckinghamshire,
1729; Barillon, Aug. 30. 1687. I have a manuscript lampoon on Mulgrave,
dated 1690. It is not destitute of spirit. The most remarkable lines are
these:
Peters (Petre) today and Burnet tomorrow,
Knaves of all sides and religions he'll woo. ]
[Footnote 286: See the proceedings against the University of Cambridge
in the collection of State Trials. ]
[Footnote 287: Wood's Athenae Oxonienses; Apology for the Life of Colley
Cibber; Citters, March 2/12 1686. ]
[Footnote 288: Burnet, i. 697. ; Letter of Lord Ailesbury printed in the
European Magazine for April 1795. ]
[Footnote 289: This gateway is now closed. ]
[Footnote 290: Wood's Athenae Oxonienses; Walker's Sufferings of the
Clergy. ]
[Footnote 291: Burnet, i. 697. ; Tanner's Notitia Monastica. At the
visitation in the twenty-sixth year of Henry the Eighth it appeared that
the annual revenue of King's College was 751l. ; of New College, 487l. ;
of Magdalene, 1076l. ]
[Footnote 292: A Relation of the Proceedings at the Charterhouse, 1689. ]
[Footnote 293: See the London Gazette, from August 18 to September 1.
1687 Barillon, September 19/29]
[Footnote 294: "Penn, chef des Quakers, qu'on sait etre dans les
interets du Roi d'Angleterre, est si fort decrie parmi ceux de son parti
qu'ils n'ont plus aucune confiance en lui. "--Bonrepaux to Seignelay,
Sept. 12/22 1687. The evidence of Gerard Croese is to the same
effect. "Etiam Quakeri Pennum iron amplius, ut ante, ita amabant ac
magnifaciebant, quidam aversabantur ac fugiebant. "--Historia Quakeriana,
lib, ii. 1695. ]
[Footnote 295: Cartwright's Diary, August 30. 1687. Clarkson's Life of
William Penn. ]
[Footnote 296: London Gazette, Sept. 5. ; Sheridan MS. ; Barillon,
Sept. 1687. "Le Roi son maitre," says Barillon, "a temoigne une grande
satisfaction des mesures qu'il a prises, et a autorise ce qu'il a
fait en faveur des Catholiques. Il les etablit dans les emplois et les
charges, en sorte que l'autorite se trouvera bientot entre leurs mains.
Il reste encore beaucoup de choses a faire en ce pays la pour retirer
les biens injustement otes aux Catholiques. Mais cela ne peut s'executer
qu'avec le tems et dans l'assemblee d'un parlement en Irlande. "]
[Footnote 297: London Gazette of Sept. 5. and Sept. 8. 1687]
[Footnote 298: Proceedings against Magdalene College, in Oxon, for not
electing Anthony Farmer president of the said College, in the Collection
of State Trials, Howell's edition; Luttrell's Diary, June 15. 17. , Oct.
24. , Dec. 10. 1687; Smith's Narrative; Letter of Dr. Richard Rawlinson,
dated Oct. 31. 1687; Reresby's Memoirs; Burnet, i. 699. ; Cartwright's
Diary; Citters, Oct 25/Nov 4, Oct 28/Nov 7 Nov 8/18 Nov 18/28 1687. ]
[Footnote 299: "Quand on connoit le dedans de cette cour aussi
intimement que je la connois, on peut croire que sa Majeste Britannique
donnera volontiers dans ces sortes de projets. "--Bonrepaux to Seignelay,
March 18/28 1686. ]
[Footnote 300: "Que, quand pour etablir la religion Catholique et
pour la confirmer icy, il (James) devroit se rendre en quelque facon
dependant de la France, et mettre la decision de la succession a la
couronne entre les mains de ce monarque la, qu'il seroit oblige de
le faire, parcequ'il vaudroit mieux pour ses sujets qu'ils devinssent
vassaux du Roy de France, etant Catholiques, que de demeurer comme
esclaves du Diable. " This paper is in the archives of both France and
Holland. ]
[Footnote 301: Citters, Aug. 6/16 17/27 1686. Barillon, Aug. 19/29]
[Footnote 302: Barillon, Sept. 13/23 1686. "La succession est une
matiere fort delicate a traiter. Je sais pourtant qu'on en parle au Roy
d'Angleterre, et qu'on ne desespere pas avec le temps de trouver
des moyens pour faire passer la couronne sur la tete d'un heritier
Catholique. "]
[Footnote 303: Bonrepaux, July 11/21. 1687. ]
[Footnote 304: Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Aug 25/Sept 4 1687. I will
quote a few words from this most remarkable despatch: "je scay bien
certainement que l'intention du Roy d'Angleterre est de faire perdre ce
royaume (Ireland) a son successeur, et de le fortifier en sorte que tous
ses sujets Catholiques y puissent avoir un asile assure. Son projet est
de mettre les choses en cet estat dans le cours de cinq annees. " In the
Secret Consults of the Romish Party in Ireland, printed in 1690,
there is a passage which shows that this negotiation had not been kept
strictly secret. "Though the King kept it private from most of his
council, yet certain it is that he had promised the French King the
disposal of that government and kingdom when things had attained to that
growth as to be fit to bear it. "]
[Footnote 305: Citters, Oct 28/Nov 7, Nov 22/Dec 2 1687; the Princess
Anne to the Princess of Orange, March 14. and 20. 1687/8; Barillon,
Dec. 1/11 1687; Revolution Politics; the song "Two Toms and a Nat;"
Johnstone, April 4. 1688; Secret Consults of the Romish Party in
Ireland, 1690. ]
[Footnote 306: The king's uneasiness on this subject is strongly
described by Ronquillo, Dec. 12/22 1687 "Un Principe de Vales y un
Duque de York y otro di Lochaosterna (Lancaster, I suppose,) no bastan a
reducir la gente; porque el Rey tiene 54 anos, y vendra a morir, dejando
los hijos pequenos, y que entonces el reyno se apoderara dellos, y los
nombrara tutor, y los educara en la religion protestante, contra la
disposicion que dejare el Rey, y la autoridad de la Reyna. "]
[Footnote 307: Three lists framed at this time are extant; one in the
French archives, the other two in the archives of the Portland family.
In these lists every peer is entered under one of three heads, For the
Repeal of the Test, Against the Repeal, and Doubtful. According to one
list the numbers were, 31 for, 86 against, and 20 doubtful; according to
another, 33 for, 87 against, and 19 doubtful; according to the third, 35
for, 92 against, and 10 doubtful. Copies of the three lists are in the
Mackintosh MSS. ]
[Footnote 308: There is in the British Museum a letter of Dryden to
Etherege, dated Feb. 1688. I do not remember to have seen it in print.
"Oh," says Dryden, "that our monarch would encourage noble idleness by
his own example, as he of blessed memory did before him. For my mind
misgives me that he will not much advance his affairs by stirring. "]
[Footnote 309: Barillon, Aug 29/Sep 8 1687. ]
[Footnote 310: Told by Lord Bradford, who was present, to Dartmouth;
note on Burnet, i. 755. ]
[Footnote 311: London Gazette, Dec. 12. 1687. ]
[Footnote 312: Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Nov. 14/24. ; Citters, Nov.
15/25. ; Lords' Journals, Dec. 20. 1689. ]
[Footnote 313: Citters, Oct 28/Nov 7 1687. ]
[Footnote 314: Halstead's Succinct Genealogy of the Family of Vere,
1685; Collins's Historical Collections. See in the Lords' Journals, and
in Jones's Reports, the proceedings respecting the earldom of Oxford, in
March and April 1625/6. The exordium of the speech of Lord Chief Justice
Crew is among the finest specimens of the ancient English eloquence.
Citters, Feb. 7/17 1688. ]
[Footnote 315: Coxe's Shrewsbury Correspondence; Mackay's Memoirs; Life
of Charles Duke of Shrewsbury, 1718; Burnet, i. 762. ; Birch's Life
of Tillotson, where the reader will find a letter from Tillotson
to Shrewsbury, which seems to me a model of serious, friendly, and
gentlemanlike reproof. ]
[Footnote 316: The King was only Nell's Charles III. Whether Dorset
or Major Hart had the honour of being her Charles I is a point open to
dispute. But the evidence in favour of Dorset's claim seems to me to
preponderate. See the suppressed passage of Burnet, i. 263. ; and Pepys's
Diary, Oct. 26. 1667. ]
[Footnote 317: Pepys's Diary; Prior's dedication of his poems to the
Duke of Dorset; Johnson's Life of Dorset; Dryden's Essay on Satire, and
Dedication of the Essay on Dramatic Poesy. The affection of Dorset
for his wife and his strict fidelity to her are mentioned with great
contempt by that profligate coxcomb Sir George Etherege in his
letters from Ratisbon, Dec. 9/19 1687, and Jan. 16/26 1688; Shadwell's
Dedication of the Squire of Alsatia; Burnet, i. 264. ; Mackay's
Characters. Some parts of Dorset's character are well touched in his
epitaph, written by Pope:
"Yet soft his nature, though severe his lay"
and again:
"Blest courtier, who could king and country please,
Yet sacred keep his friendships and his ease. "]
[Footnote 318: Barillon, Jan. 9/19 1688; Citters, Jan 31/Feb 10]
[Footnote 319: Adda, Feb. 3/13 10/20 1688. ]
[Footnote 320: Barillon,. Dec. 5/15 8/18. 12/22 1687; Citters, Nov
29/Dec 9 Dec 2/12]
[Footnote 321: Citters, Oct 28/Nov 7 1687; Lonsdale's Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 322: Citters, Nov 22/Dec 2 1687. ]
[Footnote 323: Ibid. Dec 27/Jan 6 1687/8. ]
[Footnote 324: Ibid,]
[Footnote 325: Rochester's offensive warmth on this occasion is
twice noticed by Johnstone, Nov. 25. and Dec. 8. 1687. His failure is
mentioned by Citters, Dec. 6/16. ]
[Footnote 326: Citters, Dec. 6/16. 1687]
[Footnote 327: Ibid. Dec. 20/30. 1687. ]
[Footnote 328: Ibid March 30/April 9 1687. ]
[Footnote 329: Ibid Nov 22/Dec 2 1687. ]
[Footnote 330: Ibid. Nov. 15/25. 1687. ]
[Footnote 331: Citters, April 10/20 1688. ]
[Footnote 332: The anxiety about Lancashire is mentioned by Citters, in
a despatch dated Nov. 18/28. 1687; the result in a despatch dated four
days later. ]
[Footnote 333: Bonrepaux, July 11/21 1687. ]
[Footnote 334: Citters, Feb. 3/13 1688. ]
[Footnote 335: Ibid. April 5/15 1688. ]
[Footnote 336: London Gazette, Dec. 5. 1687; Citters, Dec. 6/16]
[Footnote 337: About twenty years before this time a Jesuit had noticed
the retiring character of the Roman Catholic country gentlemen of
England. "La nobilta Inglese, senon se legata in servigio, di Corte, o
in opera di maestrato, vive, e gode il piu dell' anno alla campagna,
ne' suoi palagi e poderi, dove son liberi e padroni; e cio tanto piu
sollecitamente I Cattolici quanto piu utilmente, si come meno osservati
cola. "--L'lnghilterra descritta dal P. Daniello Bartoli. Roma, 1667.
"Many of the Popish Sheriffs," Johnstone wrote, "have estates,
and declare that whoever expects false returns from them will be
disappointed.
The Popish gentry that live at their houses in the country
are much different from those that live here in town. Several of them
have refused to be Sheriffs or Deputy Lieutenants. " Dec. 8. 1687.
Ronquillo says the same. "Algunos Catolicos que fueron nombrados per
sherifes se han excusado," Jan. 9/19. 1688. He some months later assured
his court that the Catholic country gentlemen would willingly consent to
a compromise of which the terms should be that the penal laws should be
abolished and the test retained. "Estoy informado," he says, "que
los Catolicos de las provincias no lo reprueban, pues no pretendiendo
oficios, y siendo solo algunos de la Corte los provechosos, les parece
que mejoran su estado, quedando seguros ellos y sus descendientes en
la religion, en la quietud, y en la seguridad de sus haciendas. " July
23/Aug 2 1688. ]
[Footnote 338: Privy Council Book, Sept. 25. 1687; Feb. 21. 1687/8]
[Footnote 339: Records of the Corporation, quoted in Brand's History of
Newcastle. Johnstone, Feb. 21. 1687/8]
[Footnote 340: Johnstone, Feb. 21 1687/8]
[Footnote 341: Citters, Feb. 14/24 1688. ]
[Footnote 342: Ibid. May 1/11. 1688. ]
[Footnote 343: In the margin of the Privy Council Book may be
observed the words "Second regulation," and "Third regulation," when a
corporation had been remodelled more than once. ]
[Footnote 344: Johnstone, May 23. 1688. ]
[Footnote 345: Ibid. Feb. 21. 1688. ]
[Footnote 346: Johnstone, Feb. 21. 1688. ]
[Footnote 347: Citters, March 20/30 1688. ]
[Footnote 348: Ibid. May 1/11 1688. ]
[Footnote 349: Citters, May 22/June 1 1688. ]
[Footnote 350: Ibid. May 1/11 1688. ]
[Footnote 351: Ibid. May 18/28 1688. ]
[Footnote 352: Ibid. April 6 1688; Treasury Letter Book, March 14. 1687;
Ronquillo, April 16/26. ]
[Footnote 353: Citters, May 18/28 1688. ]
[Footnote 354: Citters, May 18/28 1688. ]
[Footnote 355: London Gazette, Dec. 15. 1687. See the proceedings
against Williams in the Collection of State Trials. "Ha hecho," says
Ronquillo, "grande susto el haber nombrado el abogado Williams, que
fue el orador y el mas arrabiado de toda la casa de los comunes en los
ultimos terribles parlamentos del Rey difunto. " Nov 27/Dec 7 1687. ]
[Footnote 356: London Gazette, April 30. 1688; Barillon, April 26/May 6]
[Footnote 357: Citters, May 1/11. 1688. ]
[Footnote 358: London Gazette, May 7. 1688. ]
[Footnote 359: Johnstone May 27. 1688. ]
[Footnote 360: That very remarkable man, the late Alexander Knox, whose
eloquent conversation and elaborate letters had a great influence on the
minds of his contemporaries, learned, I suspect, much of his theological
system from Fowler's writings. Fowler's book on the Design of
Christianity was assailed by John Bunyan with a ferocity which nothing
can justify, but which the birth and breeding of the honest tinker in
some degree excuse. ]
[Footnote 361: Johnstone, May 23. 1688. There is a satirical poem on
this meeting entitled the Clerical Cabal. ]
[Footnote 362: Clarendon's Diary, May 22. 1688. ]
[Footnote 363: Extracts from Tanner MS. in Howell's State Trials; Life
of Prideaux; Clarendon's Diary, May 16. 1688. ]
[Footnote 364: Clarendon's Diary, May 16 and 17. 1688. ]
[Footnote 365: Sancroft's Narrative printed from the Tanner MS. ;
Citters, May 22/June 1 1688. ]
[Footnote 366: Burnet, i. 741; Revolution Politics; Higgins's Short
View. ]
[Footnote 367: Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 155. ]
[Footnote 368: Citters, May 22/June 1688. Burnet, i. 740. ; and Lord
Dartmouth's note; Southey's Life of Wesley. ]
[Footnote 369: Citters, May 22/June 1 1688]
[Footnote 370: Ibid. May 29/June 8 1688. ]
[Footnote 371: Ibid. ]
[Footnote 372: Barillon, May 24/June 3 May 31/June 10 1688; Citters,
July, 1/11 Adda, May 25/June 4, May 30/June 9, June 1/11 Clarke s Life
of James the Second, ii. 158. ]
[Footnote 373: Burnet, i. 740. ; Life of Prideaux; Citters, June 12/22
15/25 1688. Tanner MS. ; Life and Correspondence of Pepys. ]
[Footnote 374: Sancroft's Narrative, printed from the Tanner MS. ]
[Footnote 375: Burnet, i. 741. ; Citters, June 8/18 12/22. 1688;
Luttrell's Diary, June 8. ; Evelyn's Diary; Letter of Dr. Nalson to
his wife, dated June 14. , and printed from the Tanner MS. ; Reresby's
Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 376: Reresby's Memoirs. ]
[Footnote 377: Correspondence between Anne and Mary, in Dalrymple;
Clarendon's Diary, Oct. 31. 1688. ]
[Footnote 378: This is clear from Clarendon's Diary, Oct. 31. 1688. ]
[Footnote 379: Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 159, 160. ]
[Footnote 380: Clarendon's Diary, June 10. 1688. ]
[Footnote 381: Johnstone gives in a very few words an excellent summary
of the case against the King. "The generality of people conclude all is
a trick; because they say the reckoning is changed, the Princess sent
away, none of the Clarendon family nor the Dutch Ambassador sent for,
the suddenness of the thing, the sermons, the confidence of the priests,
the hurry. " June 13. 1688. ]
[Footnote 382: Ronquillo, July 26/Aug 5. Ronquillo adds, that what
Zulestein said of the state of public opinion was strictly true. ]
[Footnote 383: Citters, June 12/22 1688; Luttrell's Diary, June 18. ]
[Footnote 384: For the events of this day see the State Trials;
Clarendon's Diary Luttrell's Diary; Citters. June 15/25 Johnstone, June
18; Revolution Politics. ]
[Footnote 385: Johnstone, June 18. 1688; Evelyn's Diary, June 29. ]
[Footnote 386: Tanner MS. ]
[Footnote 387: This fact was communicated to me in the most obliging
manner by the Reverend R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow in Cornwall. ]
[Footnote 388: Johnstone, June 18. 1688. ]
[Footnote 389: Adda, June 29/July 9 1688]
[Footnote 390: Sunderland's own narrative is, of course, not to be
implicitly trusted, but he vouched Godolphin as a witness of what took
place respecting the Irish Act of Settlement. ]
[Footnote 391: Barillon June 21/June 28 June 28/July 8 1688; Adda, June
29/July 9 Citters June 26/July 6; Johnstone, July 2. 1688; The Converts,
a poem. ]
[Footnote 392: Clarendon's Diary, June 21. 1688. ]
[Footnote 393: Citters, June 26/ July 6. 1688. ]
[Footnote 394: Johnstone, July 2. 1688. ]
[Footnote 395: Ibid. ]
[Footnote 396: Johnstone, July 2. 1688. The editor of Levinz's reports
expresses great wonder that, after the Revolution, Levinz was not
replaced on the bench. The facts related by Johnstone may perhaps
explain the seeming injustice. ]
[Footnote 397: I draw this inference from a letter of Compton to
Sancroft, dated the 12th of June. ]
[Footnote 398: Revolution Politics. ]
[Footnote 399: This is the expression of an eye witness. It is in a
newsletter in the Mackintosh Collection. ]
[Footnote 400: See the proceedings in the Collection of State Trials. I
have taken some touches from Johnstone, and some from Van Citters. ]
[Footnote 401: Johnstone, July 2. 1688; Letter from Mr. Ince to the
Archbishop, dated at six o'clock in the morning; Tanner MS. ; Revolution
Politics. ]
[Footnote 402: Johnstone, July 2. 1688. ]
[Footnote 403: State Trials; Oldmixon, 739. ; Clarendon's Diary, June 25,
1688; Johnstone, July 2. ; Citters, July 3/13 Adda, July 6/16; Luttrell's
Diary; Barillon, July 2/12]
[Footnote 404: Citters, July 3/13 The gravity with which he tells the
story has a comic effect. "Den Bisschop van Chester, wie seer de partie
van het hof houdt, om te voldoen aan syne gewoone nieusgierigheyt,
hem op dien tyt in Westminster Hall mede hebbende laten vinden, in het
uytgaan doorgaans was uytgekreten voor een grypende wolf in schaaps
kleederen; en by synde een beer van hooge stature en vollyvig,
spotsgewyse alomme geroepen was dat men voor hem plaats moeste maken, om
te laten passen, gelyck ook geschiede, om dat soo sy uytschreeuwden en
hem in het aansigt seyden, by den Paus in syn buyck hadde. "]
[Footnote 405: Luttrell; Citters, July 3/13. 1688. "Soo syn in
tegendeel gedagte jurys met de uyterste acclamatie en alle teyckenen
van genegenheyt en danckbaarheyt in het door passeren van de gemeente
ontvangen. Honderden vielen haar om den hals met alle bedenckelycke
wewensch van segen en geluck over hare persoonen en familien, om dat
sy haar so heusch en eerlyck buyten verwagtinge als het ware in desen
gedragen hadden. Veele van de grooten en kleynen adel wierpen in het
wegryden handen vol gelt onder tie armen luyden, om op de gesontheyt van
den Coning, der Heeren Prelaten, en de Jurys te drincken. "]
[Footnote 406: "Mi trovava con Milord Sunderland la stessa mattina,
quando venne l'Avvocato Generale a rendergli conto del successo, e
disse, che mai piu a memoria d'huomini si era sentito un applauso,
mescolato di voci e lagrime di giubilo, egual a quello che veniva egli
di vedere in quest' occasione. " Adda, July 6/16. 1688. ]
[Footnote 407: Burnet, i. 744. ; Citters, July 3/13 1688. ]
[Footnote 408: See a very curious narrative published among other
papers, in 1710, by Danby, then Duke of Leeds. There is an amusing
account of the ceremony of burning a Pope in North's Examen, 570. See
also the note on the Epilogue to the Tragedy of Oedipus in Scott's
edition of Dryden. ]
[Footnote 409: Reresby's Memoirs; Citters, 3/13 July 17. 1688; Adda
6/16 July; Barillon, July 2/12 Luttrell's Diary; Newsletter of July 4. ;
Oldmixon, 739. ; Ellis Correspondence. ]
[Footnote 410: The Fur Praedestinatus. ]
[Footnote 411: This document will be found in the first of the twelve
collections of papers relating to the affairs of England, printed at the
end of 1688 and the beginning of 1689. It was put forth on the 26th of
July, not quite a month after the trial. Lloyd of Saint Asaph about
the same time told Henry Wharton that the Bishops purposed to adopt
an entirely new policy towards the Protestant Dissenters; "Omni modo
curaturos ut ecelesia sordibus et corruptelis penitus exueretur; ut
sectariis reformatis reditus in ecclesiae sinum exoptati occasio ac
ratio concederetur, si qui sobrii et pii essent; ut pertinacibus interim
jugum le aretur, extinctis penitus legibus mulciatoriis. "--Excerpta ex
Vita H. Wharton. ]
[Footnote 412: This change in the opinion of a section of the Tory party
is well illustrated by a little tract published at the beginning of
1689, and entitled "A Dialogue between Two Friends, wherein the Church
of England is vindicated in joining with the Prince of Orange. "]
[Footnote 413: "Aut nunc, aut nunquam. "--Witsen MS. quoted by Wagenaar,
book lx. ]
[Footnote 414: Burnet, i. 763. ]
[Footnote 415: Sidney's Diary and Correspondence, edited by Mr.
Blencowe; Mackay's Memoirs with Swift's note; Burnet, i. 763. ]
[Footnote 416: Burnet, i. 764. ; Letter in cipher to William, dated June
18. 1688, in Dalrymple. ]
[Footnote 417: Burnet, i. 764. ; Letter in cipher to William, dated June
18 1688. ]
[Footnote 418: As to Montaigne, see Halifax's Letter to Cotton.
