No More Learning

Returning, she upon a swain did light,
Who was on horseback passing through the wood.
Strayed from the lowing herd, the rustic wight
A heifer missing for two days pursued.
Him she with her conducted, where the might
Of the faint youth was ebbing with his blood:
Which had the ground about so deeply dyed
Life was nigh wasted with the gushing tide.
Angelica alights upon the ground,
And he, her rustic comrade, at her hest.
She hastened 'twixt two stones the herb to pound,
Then took it, and the healing juice exprest:
With this did she foment the stripling's wound,
And even to the hips, his waist and breast;
And (with such virtue was the salve endued)
It stanched his life-blood, and his strength renewed.
• And into him infused such force again,
That he could mount the horse the swain conveyed;
But good Medoro would not leave the plain
Till he in earth had seen his master laid.
He, with the monarch, buried Cloridane,
And after followed whither pleased the maid.
Who was to stay with him, by pity led,
Beneath the courteous shepherd's humble shed.
Nor would the damsel quit the lowly pile
(So she esteemed the youth) till he was sound;
Such pity first she felt, when him erewhile
She saw outstretched and bleeding on the ground.
Touched by his mien and manners next, a file
She felt corrode her heart with secret wound;
She felt corrode her heart, and with desire,
By little and by little warmed, took fire.


## p. 753 (#167) ############################################

LUDOVICO ARIOSTO
The shepherd dwelt between two mountains hoar,
In goodly cabin, in the greenwood shade,
With wife and children; in short time before,
The brand-new shed had builded in the glade.
Here of his grisly wound the youthful Moor
Was briefly healed by the Catayan maid;
But who in briefer space, a sorer smart
Than young Medoro's, suffered at her heart.
[She pines for love of him, and at length makes her love known.
solemnize their marriage, and remain a month there with great happiness. ]
Amid such pleasures, where, with tree o'ergrown,
Ran stream, or bubbling fountain's wave did spin,
On bark or rock, if yielding were the stone,
The knife was straight at work, or ready pin.
And there, without, in thousand places lone,
And in as many places graved, within,
Medoro and Angelica were traced,
In divers ciphers quaintly interlaced.
When she believed they had prolonged their stay
More than enow, the damsel made design
In India to revisit her Catay,
And with its crown Medoro's head entwine.
She had upon her wrist an armlet, gay
With costly gems, in witness and in sign
Of love to her by Count Orlando borne,
And which the damsel for long time had worn.
No love which to the paladin she bears,
But that it costly is and wrought with care,
This to Angelica so much endears,
That never more esteemed was matter rare;
This she was suffered, in the isle of tears,
I know not by what privilege, to wear,
When, naked, to the whale exposed for food
By that inhospitable race and rude.
753
She, not possessing wherewithal to pay
The kindly couple's hospitality,—
Served by them in their cabin, from the day
She there was lodged, with such fidelity,-
Unfastened from her arm the bracelet gay,
And bade them keep it for her memory.
Departing hence, the lovers climb the side
Of hills, which fertile France from Spain divide.
They
II-48


## p. 754 (#168) ############################################

LUDOVICO ARIOSTO
754
THE MADNESS OF ORLANDO
From Orlando Furioso,' Canto 23
HE course in pathless woods, which without rein
THE The Tartar's charger had pursued astray,
Made Roland for two days, with fruitless pain,
Follow him, without tidings of his way.
Orlando reached a rill of crystal vein,
On either bank of which a meadow lay;
Which, stained with native hues and rich, he sees,
And dotted o'er with fair and many trees.
The mid-day fervor made the shelter sweet
To hardy herd as well as naked swain;
So that Orlando well beneath the heat
Some deal might wince, opprest with plate and chain.
He entered for repose the cool retreat,
And found it the abode of grief and pain;
And place of sojourn more accursed and fell
On that unhappy day, than tongue can tell.
Turning him round, he there on many a tree
Beheld engraved, upon the woody shore,
What as the writing of his deity
He knew, as soon as he had marked the lore.
This was a place of those described by me,
Whither oft-times, attended by Medore,
From the near shepherd's cot had wont to stray
The beauteous lady, sovereign of Catay.
In a hundred knots, amid these green abodes,
In a hundred parts, their ciphered names are dight;
Whose many letters are so many goads,
Which Love has in his bleeding heart-core pight.
He would discredit in a thousand modes,
That which he credits in his own despite ;
And would perforce persuade himself, that rind
Other Angelica than his had signed.
"And yet I know these characters," he cried,
"Of which I have so many read and seen;
By her may this Medoro be belied,
And me, she, figured in the name, may mean. "
Feeding on such like phantasies, beside
The real truth, did sad Orlando lean


## p. 755 (#169) ############################################

LUDOVICO ARIOSTO
755
Upon the empty hope, though ill contented,
Which he by self-illusions had fomented.
But stirred and aye rekindled it, the more
That he to quench the ill suspicion wrought,
Like the incautious bird, by fowler's lore,
Hampered in net or lime; which, in the thought
To free its tangled pinions and to soar,
By struggling is but more securely caught.
Orlando passes thither, where a mountain
O'erhangs in guise of arch the crystal fountain.
Here from his horse the sorrowing county lit,
And at the entrance of the grot surveyed
A cloud of words, which seemed but newly writ,
And which the young Medoro's hand had made.
On the great pleasure he had known in it,
This sentence he in verses had arrayed;
Which to his tongue, I deem, might make pretense
To polished phrase; and such in ours the sense:—
༥
Gay plants, green herbage, rill of limpid vein,
And, grateful with cool shade, thou gloomy cave,
Where oft, by many wooed with fruitless pain,
Beauteous Angelica, the child of grave
King Galaphron, within my arms has lain;
For the convenient harborage you gave,
I, poor Medoro, can but in my lays,
As recompense, forever sing your praise.
"And any loving lord devoutly pray,
Damsel and cavalier, and every one,
Whom choice or fortune hither shall convey,
Stranger or native, -to this crystal run,
Shade, caverned rock, and grass, and plants, to say,
'Benignant be to you the fostering sun
And moon, and may the choir of nymphs provide,
That never swain his flock may hither guide. '»
――――
In Arabic was writ the blessing said,
Known to Orlando like the Latin tongue,
Who, versed in many languages, best read
Was in this speech; which oftentimes from wrong
And injury and shame had saved his head,
What time he roved the Saracens among.


## p. 756 (#170) ############################################

756
LUDOVICO ARIOSTO
But let him boast not of its former boot,
O'erbalanced by the present bitter fruit.
Three times, and four, and six, the lines impressed
Upon the stone that wretch perused, in vain
Seeking another sense than was expressed,
And ever saw the thing more clear and plain;
And all the while, within his troubled breast,
He felt an icy hand his heart-core strain.
With mind and eyes close fastened on the block,
At length he stood, not differing from the rock.
Then well-nigh lost all feeling; so a prey
Wholly was he to that o'ermastering woe.
This is a pang, believe the experienced say
Of him who speaks, which does all griefs outgo.
His pride had from his forehead passed away,
His chin had fallen upon his breast below;
Nor found he, so grief-barred each natural vent,
Moisture for tears, or utterance for lament.
Stifled within, the impetuous sorrow stays,
Which would too quickly issue; so to abide
Water is seen, imprisoned in the vase,
Whose neck is narrow and whose swell is wide;
What time, when one turns up the inverted base,
Toward the mouth, so hastes the hurrying tide,
And in the strait encounters such a stop,
It scarcely works a passage, drop by drop.
He somewhat to himself returned, and thought
How possibly the thing might be untrue:
That some one (so he hoped, desired, and sought
To think) his lady would with shame pursue;
Or with such weight of jealousy had wrought
To whelm his reason, as should him undo;
And that he, whosoe'er the thing had planned,
Had counterfeited passing well her hand.
With such vain hope he sought himself to cheat,
And manned some deal his spirits and awoke;
Then prest the faithful Brigliadoro's seat,
As on the sun's retreat his sister broke.
Not far the warrior had pursued his beat,
Ere eddying from a roof he saw the smoke:
Heard noise of dog and kine, a farm espied,
And thitherward in quest of lodging hied.


## p. 757 (#171) ############################################

LUDOVICO ARIOSTO
757
Languid, he lit, and left his Brigliador
To a discreet attendant; one undrest
His limbs, one doffed the golden spurs he wore,
And one bore off, to clean, his iron vest.
This was the homestead where the young Medore
Lay wounded, and was here supremely blest.
Orlando here, with other food unfed,
Having supt full of sorrow, sought his bed.
Little availed the count his self-deceit;
For there was one who spake of it unsought:
The shepherd-swain, who to allay the heat
With which he saw his guest so troubled, thought
The tale which he was wonted to repeat-
Of the two lovers- to each listener taught;
A history which many loved to hear,
He now, without reserve, 'gan tell the peer.
"How at Angelica's persuasive prayer,
He to his farm had carried young Medore,
Grievously wounded with an arrow; where
In little space she healed the angry sore.
But while she exercised this pious care,
Love in her heart the lady wounded more,
And kindled from small spark so fierce a fire,
She burnt all over, restless with desire;
"Nor thinking she of mightiest king was born,
Who ruled in the East, nor of her heritage,
Forced by too puissant love, had thought no scorn
To be the consort of a poor foot-page. "
His story done, to them in proof was borne
The gem, which, in reward for harborage,
To her extended in that kind abode,
Angelica, at parting, had bestowed.
In him, forthwith, such deadly hatred breed
That bed, that house, that swain, he will not stay
Till the morn break, or till the dawn succeed,
Whose twilight goes before approaching day.
In haste, Orlando takes his arms and steed,
And to the deepest greenwood wends his way.
And when assured that he is there alone,
Gives utterance to his grief in shriek and groan.


## p. 758 (#172) ############################################

758
LUDOVICO ARIOSTO
Never from tears, never from sorrowing,
He paused; nor found he peace by night or day;
He fled from town, in forest harboring,
And in the open air on hard earth lay.
He marveled at himself, how such a spring
Of water from his eyes could stream away,
And breath was for so many sobs supplied;
And thus oft-times, amid his mourning, cried:
-:
"I am not - am not what I seem to sight:
What Roland was, is dead and under ground,
Slain by that most ungrateful lady's spite,
Whose faithlessness inflicted such a wound.
Divided from the flesh, I am his sprite,
Which in this hell, tormented, walks its round,
To be, but in its shadow left above,
A warning to all such as trust in love. "
All night about the forest roved the count,
And, at the break of daily light, was brought
By his unhappy fortune to the fount,
Where his inscription young Medoro wrought.
To see his wrongs inscribed upon that mount
Inflamed his fury so, in him was naught
But turned to hatred, frenzy, rage, and spite;
Nor paused he more, but bared his falchion bright,
Cleft through the writing; and the solid block,
Into the sky, in tiny fragments sped.
Woe worth each sapling and that caverned rock
Where Medore and Angelica were read!
So scathed, that they to shepherd or to flock
Thenceforth shall never furnish shade or bed.
And that sweet fountain, late so clear and pure,
From such tempestous wrath was ill secure.
So fierce his rage, so fierce his fury grew,
That all obscured remained the warrior's sprite;
Nor, for forgetfulness, his sword he drew,
Or wondrous deeds, I trow, had wrought the knight;
But neither this, nor bill, nor axe to hew,
Was needed by Orlando's peerless might.
He of his prowess gave high proofs and full,
Who a tall pine uprooted at a pull.


## p. 759 (#173) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
He many others, with as little let
As fennel, wall-wort-stem, or dill uptore;
And ilex, knotted oak, and fir upset,
And beech and mountain ash, and elm-tree hoar.
He did what fowler, ere he spreads his net,
Does, to prepare the champaign for his lore,
By stubble, rush, and nettle stalk; and broke,
Like these, old sturdy trees and stems of oak.
The shepherd swains, who hear the tumult nigh,
Leaving their flocks beneath the greenwood tree,
Some here, some there, across the forest hie,
And hurry thither, all, the cause to see.
But I have reached such point, my history,
If I o'erpass this bound, may irksome be.
And I my story will delay to end
Rather than by my tediousness offend.
ARISTOPHANES
(B. C. 448-380? )
BY PAUL SHOREY
759
HE birth-year of Aristophanes is placed about 448 B. C. , on
the ground that he is said to have been almost a boy when
his first comedy was presented in 427. His last play, the
'Plutus,' was produced in 388, and there is no evidence that he long
survived this date. Little is known of his life beyond the allusions,
in the Parabases of the 'Acharnians,' 'Knights,' and 'Wasps,' to his
prosecution by Cleon, to his own or his father's estate at Ægina, and
to his premature baldness. He left three sons who also wrote
comedies.
Aristophanes is the sole extant representative of the so-called Old
Comedy of Athens; a form of dramatic art which developed obscurely
under the shadow of Attic Tragedy in the first half of the fifth cen-
tury B. C. , out of the rustic revelry of the Phallic procession and
Comus song of Dionysus, perhaps with some outside suggestions from
the Megarian farce and its Sicilian offshoot, the mythological court
comedy of Epicharmus. The chief note of this older comedy for the
ancient critics was its unbridled license of direct personal satire and
invective. Eupolis, Cratinus, and Aristophanes, says Horace, assailed
with the utmost freedom any one who deserved to be branded with
infamy. This old political Comedy was succeeded in the calmer times


## p. 760 (#174) ############################################

760
ARISTOPHANES
that followed the Peloponnesian War by the so-called Middle Comedy
(390-320) of Alexis, Antiphanes, Strattis, and some minor men; which
insensibly passed into the New Comedy (320-250) of Menander and
Philemon, known to us in the reproductions of Terence. And this
new comedy, which portrayed types of private life instead of satiriz-
ing noted persons by name, and which, as Aristotle says, produced
laughter by innuendo rather than by scurrility, was preferred to the
"terrible graces" of her elder sister by the gentle and refined Plu-
tarch, or the critic who has usurped his name in the 'Comparison of
Aristophanes and Menander. ' The old Attic Comedy has been vari-
ously compared to Charivari, Punch, the comic opera of Offenbach,
and a Parisian 'revue de fin d'année. '
There is no good modern analogue. It is
not our comedy of manners, plot, and situ-
ation; nor yet is it mere buffoonery. It is
a peculiar mixture of broad political, social,
and literary satire, and polemical discus-
sion of large ideas, with the burlesque and
licentious extravagances that were deemed
the most acceptable service at the festival
of the laughter-loving, tongue-loosening god
of the vine.

The typical plan of an Aristophanic com-
edy is very simple. The protagonist under-
takes in all apparent seriousness to give a
local habitation and a body to some ingen-
ious fancy, airy speculation, or bold metaphor: as for example, the
procuring of a private peace for a citizen who is weary of the priva-
tions of war; or the establishment of a city in Cloud-Cuckoo-Land
where the birds shall regulate things better than the featherless
biped, man; or the restoration of the eyesight of the proverbially
blind god of Wealth. The attention of the audience is at once en-
listed for the semblance of a plot by which the scheme is put into
execution. The design once effected, the remainder of the play is
given over to a series of loosely connected scenes, ascending to a
climax of absurdity, in which the consequences of the original happy
thought are followed out with a Swiftian verisimilitude of piquant
detail and a Rabelaisian license of uproarious mirth. It rests with
the audience to take the whole as pure extravaganza, or as a reduc-
tio ad absurdum or playful defense of the conception underlying the
original idea. In the intervals between the scenes, the chorus sing
rollicking topical songs or bits of exquisite lyric, or in the name of
the poet directly exhort and admonish the audience in the so-called
Parabasis.
ARISTOPHANES


## p. 761 (#175) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
761
Of Aristophanes's first two plays, the Banqueters of Hercules'
(427), and the Babylonians' (426), only fragments remain.
(
The im-
politic representation in the latter of the Athenian allies as branded
Babylonian slaves was the ground of Cleon's attack in the courts
upon Aristophanes, or Callistratus in whose name the play was pro-
duced.
The extant plays are the following:-
'The Acharnians,' B. C. 425, shortly after the Athenian defeat at
Delium. The worthy countryman, Dicæopolis, weary of being cooped
up within the Long Walls, and disgusted with the shameless jobbery
of the politicians, sends to Sparta for samples of peace (the Greek
word means also libations) of different vintages. The Thirty Years'
brand smells of nectar and ambrosia. He accepts it, concludes a pri-
vate treaty for himself and friends, and proceeds to celebrate the
rural Dionysia with wife and child, soothing, by an eloquent plea
pronounced in tattered tragic vestments borrowed from Euripides,
the anger of the chorus of choleric Acharnian charcoal burners,
exasperated at the repeated devastation of their deme by the Spar-
tans. He then opens a market, to which a jolly Boeotian brings the
long-lost, thrice-desired Copaic eel; while a starveling Megarian, to
the huge delight of the Athenian groundlings, sells his little daugh-
ters, disguised as pigs, for a peck of salt. Finally Dicæopolis goes
forth to a wedding banquet, from which he returns very mellow in
the company of two flute girls; while Lamachus, the head of the war
party, issues forth to do battle with the Boeotians in the snow, and
comes back, with a bloody coxcomb. This play was successfully
given in Greek by the students of the University of Pennsylvania in
the spring of 1886, and interestingly discussed in the Nation of May
6th by Professor Gildersleeve.
'The Knights,' B. C. 424: named from the chorus of young Athe-
nian cavaliers who abet the sausage-seller, Agoracritus, egged on by
the discontented family servants (the generals), Nicias and Demos-
thenes, to outbid with shameless flattery the rascally Paphlagonian
steward, Cleon, and supplant him in the favor of their testy bean-fed
old master, Demos (or People). At the close, Demos recovers his
wits and his youth, and is revealed sitting enthroned in his glory in
the good old Marathonian Athens of the Violet Crown.
longation of the billingsgate in the contest between Cleon and the
sausage-seller grows wearisome to modern taste; but the portrait of
the Demagogue is for all time.
The pro-
'The Clouds,' B. C. 423: an attack on Socrates, unfairly taken as
an embodiment of the deleterious and unsettling "new learning,"
both in the form of Sophistical rhetoric and "meteorological" specu-
lation. Worthy Strepsiades, eager to find a new way to pay the


## p. 762 (#176) ############################################

762
ARISTOPHANES
debts in which the extravagance of his horse-racing son Pheidippides
has involved him, seeks to enter the youth as a student in the
Thinking-shop or Reflectory of Socrates, that he may learn to make
the worse appear the better reason, and so baffle his creditors before
a jury. The young man, after much demur and the ludicrous failure
of his father, who at first matriculates in his stead, consents. He
listens to the pleas of the just and unjust argument in behalf of the
old and new education, and becomes himself such a proficient that
he demonstrates, in flawless reasoning, that Euripides is a better poet
than Æschylus, and that a boy is justified in beating his father for
affirming the contrary. Strepsiades thereupon, cured of his folly,
undertakes a subtle investigation into the timbers of the roof of
the Reflectory, with a view to smoking out the corrupters of youth.
Many of the songs sung by or to the clouds, the patron deities of
Socrates's misty lore, are extremely beautiful. Socrates is made to
allude to these attacks of comedy by Plato in the 'Apology,' and, on
his last day in prison, in the 'Phædo. ' In the 'Symposium' or 'Ban-
quet' of Plato, Aristophanes bursts in upon a company of friends
with whom Socrates is feasting, and drinks with them till morning;
while Socrates forces him and the tragic poet Agathon, both of them
very sleepy, to admit that the true dramatic artist will excel in both
tragedy and comedy.
'The Wasps, B. C. 422: a jeu d'esprit turning on the Athenian
passion for litigation. Young Bdelucleon (hate-Cleon) can keep his
old father Philocleon (love-Cleon) out of the courts only by instituting
a private court in his own house. The first culprit, the house-dog,
is tried for stealing a Sicilian cheese, and acquitted by Philocleon's
mistaking the urn of acquittal for that of condemnation. The old
man is inconsolable at the first escape of a victim from his clutches;
but finally, renouncing his folly, takes lessons from his exquisite of
a son in the manners and deportment of a fine gentleman. He then
attends a dinner party, where he betters his instructions with comic
exaggeration and returns home in high feather, singing tipsy catches
and assaulting the watch on his way. The chorus of Wasps, the
visible embodiment of a metaphor found also in Plato's 'Republic,'
symbolizes the sting used by the Athenian jurymen to make the rich
disgorge a portion of their gathered honey. The Plaideurs' of
Racine is an imitation of this play; and the motif of the committal
of the dog is borrowed by Ben Jonson in the 'Staple of News. '
'The Peace,' B. C. 421: in support of the Peace of Nicias, ratified
soon afterward (Grote's 'History of Greece,' Vol. vi. , page 492).
Trygæus, an honest vine-dresser yearning for his farm, in parody of
the Bellerophon of Euripides, ascends to heaven on a dung-beetle.
He there hauls Peace from the bottom of the well into which she


## p. 763 (#177) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
763
had been cast by Ares, and brings her home in triumph to Greece,
when she inaugurates a reign of plenty and uproarious jollity, and
celebrates the nuptials of Trygæus and her handmaid Opora (Har-
vest-home).
'The Birds,' B. C. 414. Peisthetærus (Plausible) and Euelpides
(Hopeful), whose names and deeds are perhaps a satire on the
unbounded ambition that brought ruin on Athens at Syracuse, jour-
ney to Birdland and persuade King Hoopoe to induce the birds to
build Nephelococcygia or Cloud-Cuckoo-Burgh in the air between the
gods and men, starve out the gods with a "Melian famine," and rule
the world themselves. The gods, their supplies of incense cut off,
are forced to treat, and Peisthetærus receives in marriage Basileia
(Sovereignty), the daughter of Zeus. The mise en scène, with the gor-
geous plumage of the bird-chorus, must have been very impressive,
and many of the choric songs are exceedingly beautiful. There is an
interesting account by Professor Jebb in the Fortnightly Review
(Vol. xli. ) of a performance of 'The Birds' at Cambridge in 1884.
Two plays, B. C. 411: (1) at the Lenæa, 'The Lysistrata,' in which
the women of Athens and Sparta by a secession from bed and board
compel their husbands to end the war; (2) The Thesmophoriazusæ ›
or Women's Festival of Demeter, a licentious but irresistibly funny
assault upon Euripides. The tragedian, learning that the women in
council assembled are debating on the punishment due to his miso-
gyny, implores the effeminate poet Agathon to intercede for him.
That failing, he dispatches his kinsman Mnesilochus, disguised with
singed beard and woman's robes, a sight to shake the midriff of
despair with laughter, to plead his cause. The advocate's excess of
zeal betrays him; he is arrested: and the remainder of the play is
occupied by the ludicrous devices, borrowed or parodied from well-
known Euripidean tragedies, by which the poet endeavors to rescue
his intercessor.
'The Frogs,' B. C. 405, in the brief respite of hope between the
victory of Arginusæ and the final overthrow of Athens at Egos-
potami. Eschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides are dead. The minor
bards are a puny folk, and Dionysus is resolved to descend to Hades
in quest of a truly creative poet, one capable of a figure like "my
star god's glow-worm," or "His honor rooted in dishonor stood. "
After many surprising adventures by the way, and in the outer pre-
cincts of the underworld, accompanied by his Sancho Panza, Xan-
thias, he arrives at the court of Pluto just in time to be chosen arbi-
trator of the great contest between Eschylus and Euripides for the
tragic throne in Hades. The comparisons and parodies of the styles
of Eschylus and Euripides that follow, constitute, in spite of their
comic exaggeration, one of the most entertaining and discriminating


## p. 764 (#178) ############################################

764
ARISTOPHANES
chapters of literary criticism extant, and give us an exalted idea of
the intelligence of the audience that appreciated them. Dionysus
decides for Eschylus, and leads him back in triumph to the upper
world.
The Ecclesiazusæ' or 'Ladies in Parliament,' B. C. 393: appar-
ently a satire on the communistic theories which must have been
current in the discussions of the schools before they found definite
expression in Plato's 'Republic. ' The ladies of Athens rise betimes,
purloin their husbands' hats and canes, pack the Assembly, and pass
a measure to intrust the reins of government to women. An extrav-
agant and licentious communism is the result.
The Plutus,' B. C. 388: a second and much altered edition of a
play represented for the first time in 408. With the 'Ecclesiazusæ
it marks the transition to the Middle Comedy, there being no para-
basis, and little of the exuberant verve of the older pieces. The
blind god of Wealth recovers his eyesight by sleeping in the temple
of Esculapius, and proceeds to distribute the gifts of fortune more
equitably.
The assignment of the dates and restoration of the plots of the
thirty-two lost plays, of which a few not very interesting fragments
remain, belong to the domain of conjectural erudition.
Aristophanes has been regarded by some critics as a grave moral
censor, veiling his high purpose behind the grinning mask of comedy;
by others as a buffoon of genius, whose only object was to raise a
laugh. Both sides of the question are ingeniously and copiously
argued in Browning's 'Aristophanes' Apology'; and there is a judi-
cious summing up of the case of Aristophanes vs. Euripides in Pro-
fessor Jebb's lectures on Greek poetry. The soberer view seems
to be that while predominantly a comic artist, obeying the instincts
of his genius, he did frequently make his comedy the vehicle of an
earnest conservative polemic against the new spirit of the age in
Literature, Philosophy, and Politics. He pursued Euripides with
relentless ridicule because his dramatic motives lent themselves to
parody, and his lines were on the lips of every theatre-goer; but
also because he believed that Euripides had spoiled the old, stately,
heroic art of Eschylus and Sophocles by incongruous infusions of
realism and sentimentalism, and had debased the "large utterance of
the early gods" by an unhallowed mixture of colloquialism, dialectic,
and chicane.
Aristophanes travestied the teachings of Socrates because his un-
gainly figure, and the oddity (atopia) attributed to him even by Plato,
made him an excellent butt; yet also because he felt strongly that it
was better for the young Athenian to spend his days in the Palæstra,
or "where the elm-tree whispers to the plane," than in filing a


## p. 765 (#179) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
765
contentious tongue on barren logomachies. That Socrates in fact
discussed only ethical problems, and disclaimed all sympathy with
speculations about things above our heads, made no difference: he
was the best human embodiment of a hateful educational error. And
similarly the assault upon Cleon, the "pun-pelleting of demagogues
from Pnux," was partly due to the young aristocrat's instinctive aver-
sion to the coarse popular leader, and to the broad mark which the
latter presented to the shafts of satire, but equally, perhaps, to a
genuine patriotic revolt at the degradation of Athenian politics in
the hands of the successors of Pericles.
But Aristophanes's ideas interest us less than his art and humor.
We have seen the nature of his plots. In such a topsy-turvy world
there is little opportunity for nice delineation of character. His per-
sonages are mainly symbols or caricatures. Yet they are vividly if
broadly sketched, and genuine touches of human nature lend veri-
similitude to their most improbable actions.
One or two traditional
comic types appear for the first time, apparently, on his stage:
the alternately cringing and familiar slave or valet of comedy, in
his Xanthias and Karion; and in Dicæopolis, Strepsiades, Demos,
Trygæus, and Dionysus, the sensual, jovial, shrewd, yet naïve and
credulous middle-aged bourgeois gentilhomme or 'Sganarelle,' who is
not ashamed to avow his poltroonery, and yet can, on occasion,
maintain his rights with sturdy independence.
But the chief attraction of Aristophanes is the abounding comic
force and verve of his style. It resembles an impetuous torrent,
whose swift rush purifies in its flow the grossness and obscenity
inseparable from the origin of comedy, and buoys up and sweeps
along on the current of fancy and improvisation the chaff and dross
of vulgar jests, puns, scurrilous personalities, and cheap "gags,"
allowing no time for chilling reflections or criticism. Jests which
are singly feeble combine to induce a mood of extravagant hilarity
when huddled upon us with such "impossible conveyance. " This
vivida vis animi can hardly be reproduced in a translation, and disap-
pears altogether in an attempt at an abstract enumeration of the
poet's inexhaustible devices for comic effect. He himself repeatedly
boasts of the fertility of his invention, and claims to have discarded
the coarse farce of his predecessors for something more worthy of
the refined intelligence of his clever audience. Yet it must be ac-
knowledged that much even of his wit is the mere filth-throwing of
a naughty boy; or at best the underbred jocularity of the "funny
column," the topical song, or the minstrel show. There are puns on
the names of notable personages; a grotesque, fantastic, punning
fauna, flora, and geography of Greece; a constant succession of sur-
prises effected by the sudden substitution of low or incongruous terms


## p. 766 (#180) ############################################

766
ARISTOPHANES
in proverbs, quotations, and legal or religious formulas; scenes in
dialect, scenes of excellent fooling in the vein of Uncle Toby and the
Clown, girds at the audience, personalities that for us have lost their
point, about Cleonymus the caster-away of shields, or Euripides's
herb-selling mother, and everywhere unstinted service to the great
gods Priapus and Cloacina.
A finer instrument of comic effect is the parody. The countless
parodies of the lyric and dramatic literature of Greece are perhaps
the most remarkable testimony extant to the intelligence of an
Athenian audience. Did they infallibly catch the allusion when Di-
cæopolis welcomed back to the Athenian fish-market the long-lost
Copaic eel in high Eschylean strain,—
"Of fifty nymphs Copaic alderliefest queen,»
and then, his voice breaking with the intolerable pathos of Admetus's
farewell to the dying Alcestis, added,
"Yea, even in death
Thou'lt bide with me, embalmed and beet-beste wed»?
Did they recognize the blasphemous Pindaric pun in "Helle's holy
straits," for a tight place, and appreciate all the niceties of diction,
metre, and dramatic art discriminated in the comparison between
Æschylus and Euripides in the 'Frogs'? At any rate, no Athenian
could miss the fun of Dicæopolis (like Hector's baby) "scared at the
dazzling plume and nodding crest" of the swashbuckler Lamachus,
of Philocleon, clinging to his ass's belly like Odysseus escaping under
the ram from the Cyclops's cave; of the baby in the Thesmophoria-
zusæ seized as a Euripidean hostage, and turning out a wine bottle
in swaddling-clothes; of light-foot Iris in the rôle of a saucy, fright-
ened soubrette; of the heaven-defying Eschylean Prometheus hiding
under an umbrella from the thunderbolts of Zeus. And they must
have felt instinctively what only a laborious erudition reveals to us,
the sudden subtle modulations of the colloquial comic verse into
mock-heroic travesty of high tragedy or lyric.
Euripides, the chief victim of Aristophanes's genius for parody, was
so burlesqued that his best known lines became by-words, and his
most ardent admirers, the very Balaustions and Euthukleses, must
have grinned when they heard them, like a pair of augurs.
If we
conceive five or six Shakespearean comedies filled from end to end
with ancient Pistols hallooing to "pampered jades of Asia,” and Dr.
Caiuses chanting of "a thousand vagrom posies," we may form some
idea of Aristophanes's handling of the notorious lines-
«The tongue has sworn, the mind remains unsworn. »
"Thou lovest life, thy sire loves it too. "
"Who knows if life and death be truly one? »


## p. 767 (#181) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
767
But the charm of Aristophanes does not lie in any of these things
singly, but in the combination of ingenious and paradoxical fancy
with an inexhaustible flow of apt language by which they are held up
and borne out. His personages are ready to make believe anything.
Nothing surprises them long. They enter into the spirit of each
new conceit, and can always discover fresh analogies to bear it out.
The very plots of his plays are realized metaphors or embodied con-
ceits. And the same concrete vividness of imagination is displayed
in single scenes and episodes. The Better and the Worse Reason
plead the causes of the old and new education in person. Cleon and
Brasidas are the pestles with which War proposes to bray Greece in
a mortar; the triremes of Athens in council assembled declare that
they will rot in the docks sooner than yield their virginity to musty,
fusty Hyperbolus. The fair cities of Greece stand about waiting for
the recovery of Peace from her Well, with dreadful black eyes, poor
things; Armisticia and Harvest-Home tread the stage in the flesh,
and Nincompoop and Defraudation are among the gods.
The special metaphor or conceit of each play attracts appropriate
words and images, and creates a distinct atmosphere of its own. In
the 'Knights' the air fairly reeks with the smell of leather and the
tanyard. The 'Birds' transport us to a world of trillings and pip-
ings, and beaks and feathers. There is a buzzing and a humming
and a stinging throughout the 'Wasps. ' The 'Clouds' drip with
mist, and are dim with aërial vaporous effects.
Aristophanes was the original inventor of Bob Acres's style of
oath the so-called referential or sentimental swearing. Dicæopolis
invokes Ecbatana when Shamartabas struts upon the stage. Socrates
in the Clouds' swears by the everlasting vapors. King Hoopoe's
favorite oath is "Odds nets and birdlime. " And the vein of humor
that lies in over-ingenious, elaborate, and sustained metaphor was
first worked in these comedies. All these excellences are summed
up in the incomparable wealth and flexibility of his vocabulary. He
has a Shakespearean mastery of the technicalities of every art and
mystery, an appalling command of billingsgate and of the language
of the cuisine, and would tire Falstaff and Prince Hal with base com-
parisons. And not content with the existing resources of the Greek
vocabulary, he coins grotesque or beautiful compounds, — exquisite
epithets like "Botruodōré» (bestower of the vine), "heliomanes"
(drunk-with-sunlight), "myriad-flagoned phrases," untranslatable "port-
manteaus" like "plouthugieia" (health-and-wealthfulness), and Gar-
gantuan agglomerations of syllables like the portentous olla podrida at
the end of the 'Ecclesiazusæ. '
The great comic writer, as the example of Molière proves, need
not be a poet.
But the mere overflow of careless poetic power which


## p. 768 (#182) ############################################

768
ARISTOPHANES
is manifested by Aristophanes would have sufficed to set up any
ordinary tragedian or lyrist. In plastic mastery of language only two
Greek writers can vie with him, - Plato and Homer. In the easy grace
and native harmony of his verse he outsings all the tragedians, even
that Eschylus whom he praised as the man who had written the
most exquisite songs of any poet of the time. In his blank verse he
easily strikes every note, from that of the urbane, unaffected, collo-
quial Attic, to parody of high or subtle tragic diction hardly distin-
guishable from its model. He can adapt his metres to the expression
of every shade of feeling. He has short, snapping, fiery trochees, like
sparks from their own holm oak, to represent the choler of the
Acharnians; eager, joyous glyconics to bundle up a sycophant and
hustle him off the stage, or for the young knights of Athens cele-
brating Phormio's sea fights, and chanting, horse-taming Poseidon,
Pallas, guardian of the State, and Victory, companion of the dance;
the quickstep march of the trochaic tetrameter to tell how the Attic
wasps, true children of the soil, charged the Persians at Marathon;
and above all-the chosen vehicle of his wildest conceits, his most
audacious fancies, and his strongest appeals to the better judgment
of the citizens- the anapæstic tetrameter, that "resonant and trium-
phant» metre of which even Mr. Swinburne's anapæsts can repro-
duce only a faint and far-off echo.
But he has more than the opulent diction and the singing voice
of the poet. He has the key to fairy-land, a feeling for nature which
we thought romantic and modern, and in his lyrics the native wood-
notes wild of his own Mousa lochmaia' (the muse of the coppice).
The chorus of the Mystæ in the Frogs,' the rustic idyl of the
'Peace,' the songs of the girls in the 'Lysistrata,' the call of the
nightingale, the hymns of the Clouds,' the speech of the "Just
Reason," and the grand chorus of birds, reveal Aristophanes as not
only the first comic writer of Greece, but as one of the very greatest
of her poets.
<
Among the many editions of Aristophanes, those most useful to
the student and the general reader are doubtless the text edited by
Bergk (2 vols. , 1867), and the translations of the five most famous
plays by John Hookham Frere, to be found in his complete works.
свету
Рише ве


## p. 769 (#183) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
769
THE ORIGIN OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
From The Acharnians': Frere's Translation
DICEOPOLIS
B
E NOT surprised, most excellent spectators,
If I that am a beggar have presumed
To claim an audience upon public matters,
Even in a comedy; for comedy
Is conversant in all the rules of justice,
And can distinguish betwixt right and wrong.
The words I speak are bold, but just and true.
Cleon at least cannot accuse me now,
That I defame the city before strangers,
For this is the Lenæan festival,
And here we meet, all by ourselves alone;
No deputies are arrived as yet with tribute,
No strangers or allies: but here we sit
A chosen sample, clean as sifted corn,
With our own denizens as a kind of chaff.
First, I detest the Spartans most extremely;
And wish that Neptune, the Tænarian deity,
Would bury them in their houses with his earthquakes.
For I've had losses-losses, let me tell ye,
Like other people; vines cut down and injured.
But among friends (for only friends are here
Why should we blame the Spartans for all this?
For people of ours, some people of our own,—
Some people from among us here, I mean:
But not the People (pray, remember that);
I never said the People, but a pack
Of paltry people, mere pretended citizens,
Base counterfeits,- went laying informations,
And making a confiscation of the jerkins
Imported here from Megara; pigs, moreover,
Pumpkins, and pecks of salt, and ropes of onions,
Were voted to be merchandise from Megara,
Denounced, and seized, and sold upon the spot.
Well, these might pass, as petty local matters.
But now, behold, some doughty drunken youths
Kidnap, and carry away from Megara,
The courtesan, Simætha. Those of Megara,
11-49


## p. 770 (#184) ############################################

770
ARISTOPHANES
In hot retaliation, seize a brace
Of equal strumpets, hurried forth perforce
From Dame Aspasia's house of recreation.
So this was the beginning of the war,
All over Greece, owing to these three strumpets.
For Pericles, like an Olympian Jove,
With all his thunder and his thunderbolts,
Began to storm and lighten dreadfully,
Alarming all the neighborhood of Greece;
And made decrees, drawn up like drinking songs,
In which it was enacted and concluded
That the Megarians should remain excluded
From every place where commerce was transacted,
With all their ware-like "old Care" in the ballad:
And this decree, by land and sea, was valid.
Then the Megarians, being all half starved,
Desired the Spartans to desire of us
Just to repeal those laws; the laws I mentioned,
Occasioned by the stealing of those strumpets.
And so they begged and prayed us several times;
And we refused: and so they went to war.
THE POET'S APOLOGY
From The Acharnians': Frere's Translation
Ο
UR poet has never as yet
Esteemed it proper or fit
To detain you with a long
Encomiastic song
On his own superior wit;
But being abused and accused,
And attacked of late
As a foe of the State,
He makes an appeal in his proper defense,
To your voluble humor and temper and sense,
With the following plea:
Namely, that he
Never attempted or ever meant
To scandalize
In any wise
Your mighty imperial government.
Moreover he says,
That in various ways


## p. 771 (#185) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
771
He presumes to have merited honor and praise;
Exhorting you still to stick to your rights,
And no more to be fooled with rhetorical flights;
Such as of late each envoy tries
On the behalf of your allies,
That come to plead their cause before ye,
With fulsome phrase, and a foolish story
Of "violet crowns" and "Athenian glory,»
With "sumptuous Athens" at every word:
"Sumptuous Athens" is always heard;
"Sumptuous" ever, a suitable phrase
For a dish of meat or a beast at graze.
He therefore affirms
In confident terms,
That his active courage and earnest zeal
Have usefully served your common weal:
He has openly shown
The style and tone
Of your democracy ruling abroad,
He has placed its practices on record;
The tyrannical arts, the knavish tricks,
That poison all your politics.
Therefore shall we see, this year,
The allies with tribute arriving here,
Eager and anxious all to behold
Their steady protector, the bard so bold;
The bard, they say, that has dared to speak,
To attack the strong, to defend the weak.
His fame in foreign climes is heard,
And a singular instance lately occurred.
It occurred in the case of the Persian king,
Sifting and cross-examining
The Spartan envoys. He demanded
Which of the rival States commanded
The Grecian seas? He asked them next
(Wishing to see them more perplexed)
Which of the two contending powers
Was chiefly abused by this bard of ours?
For he said, "Such a bold, so profound an adviser
By dint of abuse would render them wiser,
More active and able; and briefly that they
Must finally prosper and carry the day. "
Now mark the Lacedæmonian guile!
Demanding an insignificant isle!


## p. 772 (#186) ############################################

772
ARISTOPHANES
« Ægina," they say, "for a pledge of peace,
As a means to make all jealousy cease. ”
Meanwhile their privy design and plan
Is solely to gain this marvelous man
Knowing his influence on your fate-
By obtaining a hold on his estate
Situate in the isle aforesaid.
---
Therefore there needs to be no more said.
You know their intention, and know that you know it:
You'll keep to your island, and stick to the poet.
And he for his part
Will practice his art
With a patriot heart,
With the honest views
That he now pursues,
And fair buffoonery and abuse:
Not rashly bespattering, or basely beflattering,
Not pimping, or puffing, or acting the ruffian;
Not sneaking or fawning;
But openly scorning
All menace and warning,
All bribes and suborning:
He will do his endeavor on your behalf;
He will teach you to think, he will teach you to laugh.
So Cleon again and again may try;
I value him not, nor fear him, I!
His rage and rhetoric I defy.
His impudence, his politics,
His dirty designs, his rascally tricks,
No stain of abuse on me shall fix.
Justice and right, in his despite,
Shall aid and attend me, and do me right:
With these to friend, I ne'er will bend,
Nor descend
To a humble tone
(Like his own),
As a sneaking loon,
A knavish, slavish, poor poltroon.


## p. 773 (#187) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
THE APPEAL OF THE CHORUS
From The Knights': Frere's Translation
F A veteran author had wished to engage
IT
Our assistance to-day, for a speech from the stage,
We scarce should have granted so bold a request:
But this author of ours, as the bravest and best,
Deserves an indulgence denied to the rest,
For the courage and vigor, the scorn and the hate,
With which he encounters the pests of the State;
A thoroughbred seaman, intrepid and warm,
Steering outright, in the face of the storm.
But now for the gentle reproaches he bore
On the part of his friends, for refraining before
To embrace the profession, embarking for life
In theatrical storms and poetical strife.
He begs us to state that for reasons of weight
He has lingered so long and determined so late.
For he deemed the achievements of comedy hard,
The boldest attempt of a desperate bard!
The Muse he perceived was capricious and coy;
Though many were courting her, few could enjoy.
And he saw without reason, from season to season,
Your humor would shift, and turn poets adrift,
Requiting old friends with unkindness and treason,
Discarded in scorn as exhausted and worn.
773
Seeing Magnes's fate, who was reckoned of late
For the conduct of comedy captain and head;
That so oft on the stage, in the flower of his age,
Had defeated the Chorus his rivals had led;
With his sounds of all sort, that were uttered in sport,
With whims and vagaries unheard of before,
With feathers and wings, and a thousand gay things,
That in frolicsome fancies his Choruses wore —
When his humor was spent, did your temper relent,
To requite the delight that he gave you before?
We beheld him displaced, and expelled and disgraced,
When his hair and his wit were grown aged and hoar.
Then he saw, for a sample, the dismal example
Of noble Cratinus so splendid and ample,
Full of spirit and blood, and enlarged like a flood;


## p. 774 (#188) ############################################

774
ARISTOPHANES
Whose copious current tore down with its torrent,
Oaks, ashes, and yew, with the ground where they grew,
And his rivals to boot, wrenched up by the root;
And his personal foes, who presumed to oppose,
All drowned and abolished, dispersed and demolished,
And drifted headlong, with a deluge of song.
And his airs and his tunes, and his songs and lampoons,
Were recited and sung by the old and the young:
At our feasts and carousals, what poet but he?
And "The fair Amphibribe" and "The Sycophant Tree,"
"Masters and masons and builders of verse! »
Those were the tunes that all tongues could rehearse;
But since in decay you have cast him away,
Stript of his stops and his musical strings,
Battered and shattered, a broken old instrument,
Shoved out of sight among rubbishy things.
His garlands are faded, and what he deems worst,
His tongue and his palate are parching with thirst.
And now you may meet him alone in the street,
Wearied and worn, tattered and torn,
All decayed and forlorn, in his person and dress,
Whom his former success should exempt from distress,
With subsistence at large at the general charge,
And a seat with the great at the table of State,
There to feast every day and preside at the play
In splendid apparel, triumphant and gay.
Seeing Crates, the next, always teased and perplexed,
With your tyrannous temper tormented and vexed;
That with taste and good sense, without waste or expense,
From his snug little hoard, provided your board
With a delicate treat, economic and neat.
Thus hitting or missing, with crowns or with hissing,
Year after year he pursued his career,
For better or worse, till he finished his course.
These precedents held him in long hesitation;
He replied to his friends, with a just observation,
"That a seaman in regular order is bred
To the oar, to the helm, and to look out ahead;
With diligent practice has fixed in his mind
The signs of the weather, and changes of wind.
And when every point of the service is known,
Undertakes the command of a ship of his own. ”


## p. 775 (#189) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
775
For reasons like these,
If your judgment agrees
That he did not embark
Like an ignorant spark,
Or a troublesome lout,
To puzzle and bother, and blunder about,
Give him a shout,
At his first setting out!
And all pull away
With a hearty huzza
For success to the play!
Send him away,
Smiling and gay,
Shining and florid,
With his bald forehead!
THE CLOUD CHORUS
From The Clouds': Andrew Lang's Translation
SOCRATES SPEAKS
H
ITHER, come hither, ye Clouds renowned, and unveil your-
selves here;
[snow,
Come, though ye dwell on the sacred crests of Olympian
Or whether ye dance with the Nereid Choir in the gardens clear,
Or whether your golden urns are dipped in Nile's overflow,
Or whether you dwell by Mæotis mere
Or the snows of Mimas, arise! appear!
And hearken to us, and accept our gifts ere ye rise and go.
THE CLOUDS SING
Immortal Clouds from the echoing shore
Of the father of streams from the sounding sea,
Dewy and fleet, let us rise and soar;
Dewy and gleaming and fleet are we!
Let us look on the tree-clad mountain-crest,
On the sacred earth where the fruits rejoice,
On the waters that murmur east and west,
On the tumbling sea with his moaning voice.
For unwearied glitters the Eye of the Air,
And the bright rays gleam;
Then cast we our shadows of mist, and fare
In our deathless shapes to glance everywhere
From the height of the heaven, on the land and air,
And the Ocean Stream.


## p. 776 (#190) ############################################

776
ARISTOPHANES
Let us on, ye Maidens that bring the Rain,
Let us gaze on Pallas's citadel,
In the country of Cecrops fair and dear,
The mystic land of the holy cell,
Where the Rites unspoken securely dwell,
And the gifts of the gods that know not stain,
And a people of mortals that know not fear.
For the temples tall and the statues fair,
And the feasts of the gods are holiest there;
The feasts of Immortals, the chaplets of flowers,
And the Bromian mirth at the coming of spring,
And the musical voices that fill the hours,
And the dancing feet of the maids that sing!
GRAND CHORUS OF BIRDS
From The Birds': Swinburne's Translation
C
COME on then, ye dwellers by nature in darkness, and like to the
leaves' generations,
That are little of might, that are molded of mire, unenduring
and shadowlike nations,
Poor plumeless ephemerals, comfortless mortals, as visions of shad-
ows fast fleeing,
Lift up your mind unto us that are deathless, and dateless the date
of our being;
Us, children of heaven, us, ageless for aye, us, all of whose thoughts
are eternal:
That ye may from henceforth, having heard of us all things aright
as to matters supernal,
Of the being of birds, and beginning of gods, and of streams, and
the dark beyond reaching,
Trustfully knowing aright, in my name bid Prodicus pack with his
preaching!
It was Chaos and Night at the first, and the blackness of darkness,
and Hell's broad border,
Earth was not, nor air, neither heaven; when in depths of the womb
of the dark without order
First thing, first-born of the black-plumed Night, was a wind-egg
hatched in her bosom,
Whence timely with seasons revolving again sweet Love burst out as
a blossom,
Gold wings glittering forth of his back, like whirlwinds gustily turning.
He, after his wedlock with Chaos, whose wings are of darkness, in
Hell broad-burning,


## p. 777 (#191) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
777
For his nestlings begat him the race of us first, and upraised us to
light new-lighted.
And before this was not the race of the gods, until all things by Love
were united:
And of kind united in kind with communion of nature the sky and
the sea are
Brought forth, and the earth, and the race of the gods everlasting and
blest. So that we are
Far away the most ancient of all things blest. And that we are of
Love's generation
There are manifest manifold signs. We have wings, and with us have
the Loves habitation;
And manifold fair young folk that forswore love once, ere the bloom
of them ended,
Have the men that pursued and desired them subdued by the help of
us only befriended,
With such baits as a quail, a flamingo, a goose, or a cock's comb
staring and splendid.
All best good things that befall men come from us birds, as is plain
to all reason:
For first we proclaim and make known to them spring, and the
winter and autumn in season;
Bid sow, when the crane starts clanging for Afric in shrill-voiced
emigrant number,
And calls to the pilot to hang up his rudder again for the season and
slumber;
And then weave a cloak for Orestes the thief, lest he strip men of
theirs if it freezes.
And again thereafter the kite reappearing announces a change in
the breezes,
And that here is the season for shearing your sheep of their spring
wool. Then does the swallow
Give you notice to sell your great-coat, and provide something light
for the heat that's to follow.
Thus are we as Ammon or Delphi unto you, Dodona, nay, Phœbus
Apollo.
For, as first ye come all to get auguries of birds, even such is in all
things your carriage,
Be the matter a matter of trade, or of earning your bread, or of any
one's marriage.
And all things ye lay to the charge of a bird that belong to discern-
ing prediction:
Winged fame is a bird, as you reckon; you sneeze, and the sign's as
a bird for conviction;


## p. 778 (#192) ############################################

778
ARISTOPHANES
All tokens are "birds" with you— sounds, too, and lackeys and don-
keys. hen must it not follow
That we are to you all as the manifest godhead that speaks in pro-
phetic Apollo ?
A RAINY DAY ON THE FARM
From The Peace': Frere's Translation
ow sweet it is to see the new-sown cornfield fresh and even,
Η
With blades just springing from the soil that only ask a shower
from heaven.
Then, while kindly rains are falling, indolently to rejoice,
Till some worthy neighbor calling, cheers you with his hearty voice.
Well, with weather such as this, let us hear, Trygæus tell us
What should you and I be doing? You're the king of us good fellows.
Since it pleases heaven to prosper your endeavors, friend, and mine,
Let us have a merry meeting, with some friendly talk and wine.
In the vineyard there's your lout, hoeing in the slop and mud-
Send the wench and call him out, this weather he can do no good.
Dame, take down two pints of meal, and do some fritters in your way;
Boil some grain and stir it in, and let us have those figs, I say.
Send a servant to my house, -any one that you can spare,—
Let him fetch a beestings pudding, two gherkins, and the pies of hare:
There should be four of them in all, if the cat has left them right;
We heard her racketing and tearing round the larder all last night.
Boy, bring three of them to us,- take the other to my father:
Cut some myrtle for our garlands, sprigs in flower or blossoms rather.
Give a shout upon the way to Charinades our neighbor, [labor.
To join our drinking bout to-day, since heaven is pleased to bless our
THE HARVEST
From The Peace': Translation in the Quarterly Review
OH
H, 'TIS sweet, when fields are ringing
With the merry cricket's singing,
Oft to mark with curious eye
If the vine-tree's time be nigh:
Here is now the fruit whose birth
Cost a throe to Mother Earth.
Sweet it is, too, to be telling,
How the luscious figs are swelling;
Then to riot without measure
In the rich, nectareous treasure,
While our grateful voices chime,-
Happy season! blessed time.


## p. 779 (#193) ############################################

ARISTOPHANES
THE CALL TO THE NIGHTINGALE
From The Birds': Frere's Translation
Α
-
WAKE! awake!
Sleep no more, my gentle mate!
With your tiny tawny bill,
Wake the tuneful echo shrill,
On vale or hill;
Or in her airy rocky seat,
Let her listen and repeat
The tender ditty that you tell,
The sad lament,
The dire event,
To luckless Itys that befell.
Thence the strain
Shall rise again,
And soar amain,
Up to the lofty palace gate
Where mighty Apollo sits in state
In Jove's abode, with his ivory lyre,
Hymning aloud to the heavenly choir,
While all the gods shall join with thee
In a celestial symphony.
THE BUILDING OF CLOUD-CUCKOO-TOWN
From The Birds Frere's Translation
[Enter Messenger, quite out of breath, and speaking in short snatches. ]
Messenger-Where is he? Where? Where is he? Where? Where
is he? —The president Peisthetairus ?
Peisthetairus [coolly]-
Here am I.
Mess. [in a gasp of breath] - Your fortification's finished.
Peis. -
Mess.
779
Well! that's well.
A most amazing, astonishing work it is!
So that Theagenes and Proxenides
Might flourish and gasconade and prance away
Quite at their ease, both of them four-in-hand,
Driving abreast upon the breadth of wall,
Each in his own new chariot.
Peis. -
You surprise me.
Mess. And the height (for I made the measurement myself)
Is exactly a hundred fathoms.


## p. 780 (#194) ############################################

780
ARISTOPHANES
Peis. -
Heaven and earth!
How could it be? such a mass! who could have built it?
Mess. -The Birds; no creature else, no foreigners,
Egyptian bricklayers, workmen or masons.
But they themselves, alone, by their own efforts,—
(Even to my surprise, as an eye-witness)
The Birds, I say, completed everything:
There came a body of thirty thousand cranes,
(I won't be positive, there might be more)
With stones from Africa in their craws and gizzards,
Which the stone-curlews and stone-chatterers
Worked into shape and finished. The sand-martens
And mud-larks, too, were busy in their department,
Mixing the mortar, while the water-birds,
As fast as it was wanted, brought the water
To temper and work it.
Peis. [in a fidget]—
Mess. --
Mess. -
To carry it?
Of course, the carrion crows and carrying pigeons.
Peis. [in a fuss, which he endeavors to conceal ]—
Yes! yes!