In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver.
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
org/access_use#pd-google
? THUCYDIDES
THO
Krij/ut ec iet. a pollution for everlasting. He was
'sr from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear
or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever
appear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his-
tory. "--Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications
of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal.
He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica-
tions that can bo thought necessary; namely, " to he
abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons
or things that are the subject matter; to be of no coun-
try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-
ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-
pleased with what he writes; tho servant only of rea-
son and truth. Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived. Ho wrote
for posterity. He appealed to the future world for
the value of the present he had made them. The
judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com-
pliment he thus made to their understandings. So
long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen,
sound politicians--politicians that do not rend asun-
der politics from good order and the general happiness,
he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledg-
ments of his merits. "--Thucydides has been sometimes
censured for the introduction of harangues into his his-
tory, and this has been made an argument, by some,
against his general veracity as an historian. The truth
is, however, that the writer never meant them to be re-
garded by the reader as having been actually pronoun-
ced by the speakers in question: they serve merely
as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on pass-
ing events, for painting more distinctly the characters
of those whom he brings forward in the course of his
narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he
could not well refer in the main body of his history.
The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently lo
his work a Kind of dramatic character, and agreeably
interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar ar-
rangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an
admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them
over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the
style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral
oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen
in the service of their country. --Another charge made
against Thucydides is the division of his work into
years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year
into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrange-
ment, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely
blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous
character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be con-
fessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective
one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which
naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would
be for a work intended to embrace the history of a
people, or of some extended period of time. --Thucyd-
ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori-
an ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-
garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His
style, however, is not without its faults: his concise-
ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly
in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very
solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more
ambitious to communicate information than to please
the ear. Against these and similar charges, of care-
less collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic
phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most
active in adducing, the historian has been very suc-
? ? cessfully defended by one of his recent editors. Poppo.
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? - r Hy
i
ry, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom tlit' sus-
tained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the
enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and
prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled
to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in
a war with Tareritum. About eighty-eight years af-
terward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Ro-
man cjlony, and took the name of Copia. (Strob. ,
263. --Lit. , 35, 9. ) Cssar, however, calls it Thurii,
and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Cit. , 3,
S2. ) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed
between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra . Vova.
(Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359. )
THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was
young, either because some of his progenitors were
natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had
been successful in some military operations near Thu-
rii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Ki
ton. , Ki/. Aug. , 7. --Consult Oudendorp, ad loc. )
THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing
Thresprolia from the district of Cestrine. (Thucyd. ,
1, 46. ) The historian Phylarchus, as Athenzeus re-
ports (3, 3), affirmed thai the Egyptian bean was never
known to grow out of Egypt except in a marsh close
to tin. - river, and then only for a short period. --It ap-
pears from Cicero that %tticus had an estate on the
banks of the Thyamis. (Ad. Alt, 7, 7. -- Compare
Pausan ,1,11. ) The modern name of this stream is
the Calama. (Cramer't Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 108)
--II. A promotory of Epirus, near the river of the
same name, now Cape Nissi.
TIIYATIRA (ra Qvarfipa), a city of l. ydm. near the
northern confines, situate on the small river Lycus,
not far from its source. According to Pliny (5, 29),
its original name was Pelopia; and Strabo (625) makes
it to have been founded by a colony of Macedonians
It was enlarged by Seleucus Nicator, and was select-
ed as a place of arms by Andronicus, who declared
himself heir to the kingdom of Pergamus after the
death of Attains. Thyatira, according to Strabo, be-
longed originally to Mysia; from the time of Pliny,
however, we find it ascribed to Lydia. Its ruins are
now called Ak-Hisar, or the white castle. This was
one of the churches mentioned in the Revelations. --
For an interesting account of the church in Thyatira,
consult Milncr's History of the Seven Churches of
Aria, p. 277, seqq , Land. , 1832.
THYKSTF. S. a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and
grandson of Tantalus; for the legend relating to whom,
consult the article Atreus.
THVMBRA. a plain in Troas, through which a small
river, called Thymbrius, flows in its course to the
Scamander. According to some, the river Thymbrius
is now the Kamat'-sou. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol.
1, p. 102. ) Apollo had a temple here, whence he
was surnamcd Thymbratut. (II. , 10, 430. -- Virff. ,
JEn. , 3, 85. --Eunp. , Rhes. , 224. ) It was in tins
temple ihat Achilles is said 10 have been mortally
wounded by Paris. (Euslath. ad II. , 10, 433. --
Sere, ail JEn, I. e. )
THYMBK. SUS, a surname of Apollo. (Vid. Thym-
hra)
THYMCETES, I. a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas,
the last of the descendants of Theseus who reigned
at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to
meet Xanthus, the Bo? oiian monarch, in single com-
bat. Melanthus the Mcssenian accepted the challenge,
? ? slew Xanthus, and was rewarded with the kingdom of
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? TID
TIBERIUS.
'lyrrkeMs an nil, "the Tuscan river," from its wa-
tering Elruria on one side in in course, and also Lyd-
iut, " the Lydian" stream or Tiber, on account of the
popular tradition which traced the arts and civilization
of Etruria to Lydia in Asia Minor. (Vid Hetruria. )
Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nsro, a Roman em-
peror, born 13. C. 42. He was the son of a father of
the same name, of the ancient Claudian family, and of
Livia Drusilla, afterward the celebrated wife of Au-
gistus. Rapidly raised to authority by the influence
c'. his mother, he displayed no inconsiderable ability in
an expedition against certain revolted Alpine tribes, in
consequence of which he was raised to the consulship
in his twenty-eighth year. On the death of Agrippa,
the gravity and austerity of Tiberius having gained the
emperor's confidence, he chose hun to supply the place
of that minister, obliging him, at the same time, to di-
vorce Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa, and wed Ju-
ja, the daughter of Augustus, whose flagitious conduct
at length so disgusted him that he retired in a private
capacity to the isie of Rhodes. After experiencing
much discountenance from Augustus, the deaths ol
the two Osesars, Caius and Lucius, induced the em-
peror to take him again into favour and adopt him.
During the remainder of the life of Augustus he be-
haved with great prudence and ability, concluding a
war with the Germans in such a manner as to merit a
triumph. On the death of Augustus he succeeded
without opposition to the empire. --The first act of the
new reign was the murder of young Postumus Agrip-
pa, the only surviving son of M. Vipsanius Agrippa,
and whom Augustus had banished during his lifetime
to the island of Planasia. From his bodily strength,
although taken by surprise and defenceless, he was
with difficulty overcome by the centurion employed.
Like Elizabeth of England, Tiberius disavowed his
own order. Surmise hesitated between himself and
J. ma; and an incredible pretext was set up of a com-
mand of the late emperor to the tribune who had the
custody of the youth, that he was not to be suffered to
survive turn. While Tiberius proceeded immediately
tv the actual exercise of several of the imperial func-
tions, such as delivering their standard to the praeto-
rian guard, having them in attendance on his person,
and despatching letters to the armies to announce his
accession, he affected to depend on the pleasure of
the senate, and to consider himself unequal to the
weight of the whole empire. In the confused, dila-
tory, and ambiguous mode of his expressing, or rather
hinting, bis sentiments, which he often designed to
he understood in a contrary sense to what they seemed
to bear, he strongly resembled Cromwell. --The ser-
vility of the senate ran before his ambition. They
had afterward leisure for repentance. Tiberius soon
began to practise the dark, crooked, and sanguinary
policy which marks the jealousy, distrust, and terror
of a conscious and suspicious tyrant. Those who had
formerly offended him, as Asinius Gallus, who had
married his divorced wife Vipsania, and even those
who had been pointed out by Augustus as men likely.
by their talents or aapiring minds, to supply princes to
the empire* should the riad be open to them, were
watched, circumvented, immured, and destroyed. The
law of high treason was made an instrument of pun-
ishing, not actions merely, but looks, words, and ges-
tures, which- were construed as offences against the
majesty of the prince. A spy-system was organized,
? ? which embraced informers anil agitators of plots, who,
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? TIBERIUS
TIBERIUS
turn, made their submission, and demanded to be led
against the enemy. Uermanicus carried devastation
into the fields and cities or the Marsi, the Usipctes,
and the Catti, whom he everywhere overthrew; re-
covered the standard of Varus, and, coming to a spot
in the woods where the mouldering trenches of his
camp were still visible, and the. ground strewn with
the whitened bones of bis followers, collected them
with funeral honours. Armmius, however, at the head
of the Cherusci, by retiring into the forests, posting
ambuscades, and inveigling the Romans into woody
ar. d marshy defiles, gained some advantages over the
Cesar himself, as well as his lieutenant Cxcina, though
they were retrieved by extraordinary efforts of cour-
age. Agrippina displayed a high spirit, and the moat
active devotion to the service of the troops, not only
tending the wounded, but preventing, by her intrepid-
ity, the breaking of a bridge on the Rhine, on a ru-
mour of the advance of the Germans. Her conduct
in these circumstances, as well as her previous share
in the suppression of the mutiny, and even the fondling
name of Caligula, bestowed by the camp on her young
son, from the circumstance of his wearing the nailed
buskin of the legionary soldiers, were each a source of
deep suspicion and long-concealed resentment in the
breast of Tiberius, which were fostered by the arts of
insinuation familiar to his worthless minister Sejanus.
--The appearance of commotions in the East, where
Vonones, the king set ovt7 Parthia by the Romans,
had been expelled by Artabanus, and had taken refuge
in Armenia, afforded a pretext to the emperor for the
recall of the Cesar from the command of the legions in
Germany. Obeying the mandate with dilatory haste,
Gennanicus signalized his departure hy a final cam-
paign with the Cherusci, whom he attacked on the
YVeser, and, surrounding their rear and flanks with his
cavalry, defeated with prodigious slaughter (A. C. 16);
Arminius himaelf owing his escape to the lluetness of
his horse and the concealment of his visage, which
was bathed in blood. After pushing his auccess as
far as the Elbe, and sending to Rome the spoils and
captives of his victories, and the painted representa-
tions of the rivers, mountains, and battles, Germani-
cus, as a mark of dissembled favour, was chosen hy
Tiberius his colleague in the consulate; and the prov-
ince of Syria was assigned to him by a decree of the
senate. But, previously to this appointment, his kins-
man Silanus had been removed from the Syrian pre-
fecture, and Cncus Piso, a man of a violent disposi-
tion, substituted in his room. --After agreeing to a
treaty with Artabanus, by virtue of which Vonones
was made to retire into Cilicia, and after placing Zu-
nones on the throne of Armenia, Germanicus set out
on a tour of curiosity and science to Egypt, where he
sailed up the Nile and inspected the ruins of Thebes,
the Pyramids, and the statue of Mcmnon, which emit-
ted a sound when touched by the rays of the rising
sun. Returning from Egypt, and finding that Piso
had reversed many of his orders, he issued a mandate
for him to quit the province, and enforced it, on being
detained at Antioch by an illness, which he suspected
had been produced by poison. After urging on Agrip-
pina resignation and an absence from Rome, an advice
which her proud courage forbade her to follow, he ex-
pired at a little more than thirty years of age (A. C.
19). --After his body had been burned in the forum of
Antioch, Agrippina went on board a vessel and sailed
? ? for Italy. She landed at Brundisium amid the min-
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? TIB
TIB
praetorian bands, of which he was prefect, to a fortified
camp without the city, between the Viminal and Es-
quiline gates; in the senate he secured to himself
partisans by the distribution of provinces and honours,
and gained entire ascendancy over the emperor by re-
lieving him of the labours of state as well as admin-
istering to his luxury; by studying his humours, and
breathing into hii ear the whispers of a state informer.
A dissembler to ill others, Tiberius was open to Se-
janus; and easily yielding to him entire and unsuspi-
cious confidence, was persuaded to withdraw from the
caret of state. The plot was detected, and Antonia,
tho mother o. Germanicus, was the accuser of Seja-
nua. Impeached by letters from the emperor, con-
demned Ly the senate, and deserted by the praetorian
guard;, he was strangled by the public executioner,
and 'lis body was torn piecemeal by the populace
(A D. 31). The vengeance of Tiberius pursued his
friends and adherents, and even wreaked its rage on
the innocent childhood of his son and his daughter.
--Tiberius continued to hide himself from the gaze
of Rome and from the light of day, among the groves
and grottoes of the island of Capreee, which he peo-
pled with the partners of his impure orgies, dress-
ed in fantastic disguises of wood-nymphs and satyrs.
But the time approached when the world was to be
rid of this monster of his species. His sick-bed was
attended by that Caligula, the only surviving son of
Germanicus, whose cunning had baffled the insidi-
? usness of his agitators of treason, and whose obse-
quiousness imposed upon himself; but who had not
been always able to elude his penetration, and of
whom, when his life was begged, which had been
three times threatened, ho had predicted, with the tact
of a connatural mind, that " Caius would prove a ser-
pent to swallow Rome, and a Phaelhon to set the world
on fire. " For the purpose of ascertaining whether the
lethargy in which the emperor lay was actually death,
Caius approached and attempted to draw the ring from
nis finger; it resisted; and on the bold suggestion of
Macro, the new praetorian prefect, pillows were press-
ed upon him, and the hand of her son avenged, though
late, the manes of Agrippina (A. D 31. aged 78). --
Tiberius was a crafty speaker, was literary, addicted
to astrology, and, like Augustus, apprehensive of thun-
der, as a preservative against which he wore a laurel
crown. In his person he was tall and robust, broad in
the shoulders, and so strong in the muscles that he
could bore a hard apple with his finger, and wound the
scalp of a boy with a fillip. His face was fair com-
plexioned, and would have been handsome if it had
not been disfigured by carbuncles, for which he used
cosmetics. His eyes were prodigiously large, and
could discern objects in the dark. He wore his hair
long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-
ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one;
and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in
condescension. --The news of the tyrant's death was
received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to
the Tiber! " His body was, however, borne to the
city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites.
In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver. (Sucton. . Vit. Tih--Tacit. , Ann. lib.
I, 2. 3, dec. --Ellon's Roman Emperors, p. 47, srqq. )
Tidiscus, now the Tcissc, a river of Dacia, called
also Pathyssus, falling into the Danube, and forming
? ? the western limit of Dacia. (Plin ,4, 12. --Ammian.
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? TIBULLUS.
bil nc part of the land of which Tibullus had bjen
leprived was restored to him, as we find not in his el-
egies a single expression of gratitude or compliment,
from which it might be conjectured that Augustus had
atoned to him for the wrongs of Octavius. It is evi-
dent, however, that he was nut reduced to extreme
want. It might even be inferred, from a distich in one
of his elegies (2, 4), that his chief paternal seat had
Wen preserved to him:
"Quinctiam sales jubcat si ventUre avitas
Jte sub tmperium, sub titulumquc, Lares. "
Horace, too, in a complimentary epistle (1,4), written
long after the partition of the lands, says that the gods
had bestowed on him wealth, and the art of enjoying
ii:
"Di Ubi divitias dcdeiuiU. artemquc fruendi. "
His own idea of the enjoyment of such wealth as he
possessed seems to have been (judging, at least, from
his poems) a rural life of tranquillity and repose, of
which the sole employment should consist in the
peaceful avocations of husbandry, and the leisure
hours should be devoted to the Muses or to pleasure.
His friendship, however, for Messala, and, perhaps,
some hope of improving his moderate and diminished
fortune, induced him to attend that celebrated com-
mander in various military expeditions. It would ap-
pear that he had accompanied him in not less than
three. But the precise periods at which they were
undertaken, and the order in which they succeeded
each other, are subjects involved in much uncertainty
and contradiction. The first was commenced in 719,
against the Sallassi, a fierce and warlike people, who
inhabited the Pennine or Graian Alps, and from their
fastnesses had long bid defiance to every effort made
by a regular army for their subjugation. --His next ex-
pedition with Messala was to Aquitanic Gaul. That
province having revolted in 724, Messala was intrust-
ed with the task of reducing it to obedience; and he
proceeded on this service immediately after the hattle
of Actium. Several sharp actions took place, in which
Tibullus signalized his courage; and the success of
this campaign, if we may believe himself, was in no
small degree attributable to his bravery and exertions.
In the following season, Messala, being intrusted by the
emperor with an extraordinary command in the East,
requested Tibullus to accompany him; and to this
proposal our poet, though, it would appear, with some
reluctance, at length consented. He had not, how-
ever, been long at sea, when his health suffered so
severely that he was obliged to be put on shore at an
island, which Tibullus names by its poetical appella-
tion of Phaeacia, but which was then commonly called
Corcyra, now Corfu. Ho soon recovered from this
dangerous sickness, and, as soon as he was able to
renew his voyage, he joined Mossala, and travelled
with him through Syria, Cilicia, and Egypt. Having
returned to Italy, he again retired to his farm at Pe-
dum, where, though he occasionally visited the capi-
tal, he chiefly resided for the remainder of his life. --
Tibullus was endued with elegant manners and a
handsome person, which involved him in many licen-
tious connexions. But, though devoted to pleasure,
he at the same time drew closer his connexion with
the most learned and polished of his countrymen, as
Valgius, Macer, and Horace. He continued, likewise,
an uninterrupted friendship with Messala, who was now
at the height of his reputation, his home being the re-
sort of the learned, and his patronage the surest pass-
? ? port to the gates of fame. Tibullus' enjoyment of this
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? TIC
TIG
Hence, though his fortune afterward improved, he
had acquired the habit ol viewing obejets as sur-
rounded with a continual gloom; nor does any other
poet so often introduce the dismal images of death.
Even to the most joyous thoughts of Tibullus, some
mournful or plaintive sentiment is generally united,
and his most gay and smiling figures wear chaplets of
cypress on their brows. --It has already been said, that
Tibullus was no imitator of the Greeks, and he is
certainly the most original of the Latin poets. His
elegies were the overflowings of his sorrows, his mis-
tress alone was the Muse that inspired him In the
few instances in which he has followed the Greeks, he
has imitated them with much good taste, and some-
limes even with improvements on the original. --The
elegies of Tibullus are divided into four books. --
These poems are commonly printed along with those
of Catullus and Propertius. Of the editions of Tibul-
lus separately, the best are, that of Brouckhusius,
Amstelod. , 1708, 4to; that of Vulpius, 1'ata. v. , 1749,
4to; that of Heyne, Lips. , 1755-77-98, 8vo; that of
Wunderlich, Lift. , 1817, 8vo; that of Lachmann,
Berol. , 1829,8vo; and that of Dissen, Gotting. , 1835,
2 vols. 8vo. (Dunlop's Roman Lit , vol. 3, p. 283,
seqq. )
Tibur, an ancient town of Latium, northeast of
Rome, on the banks of the Anio. According to Dio-
nysiusof Halicarnassus, it was originally a Uran of the
Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium: and,
as a proof of this fact, he mentions that the name of
SiceSion was still attached to a portion of the place.
{Dion. Hal. , 1, 16. ) Tibur, however, lays claim to a
more illustrious, though a later origin, having been
founded, according to some authors, by Catillus, an
officer of Evander, while others pretend that this Ca-
tillus was a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his two
brothers, migrated to Italy, and, having conquered the
Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name of Tibur,
from his brother Tiburtus. From this account of So-
I'. iius (c. 8), as well as that of Dionysius, we may col-
. ect "hat Catillus was one of the Pelasgic chiefs, who,
with the assistance of the Aborigines, formed settle-
ments in Italy. --Tibur is one of the places that ap-
pear most frequently to have afforded an asylum to
Unman fugitives. From what period it enjoyed the
rights of a Roman city is not precisely known, but it
was, in all probability, anterior to the civil wars of
Marius and Sylla. The latter, indeed, is said to have
deprived the Tiburtini of these privileges, but they
regained them upon his abdication, and they were
confirmed by the Emperor Claudius. Hercules was
the deity held in the greatest veneration at Tibur;
and his temple, on the foundations of which the pres-
ent cathedral is said to be built, was famous through-
out Italy. (Slrabo, 238. ) Hence the epithet of Her-
culean given by the poets to this city. The modern
name of Tibur is Tivoli. --As regards the Sibyl of Ti-
bur, vid. Albunea. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
50 )
Tigurtus, a brother of the founder of Tibur, which
is hence often called Ttburtia Mania. (Vid. Tibur )
He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. (Vim. , Mn. ,
7, 670. ) V VS. .
Ticinom, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, situate on the
river Ticinus, near its junction with the Padus. It
was founded, according to Pliny (3, 17), by the L<<evi
? nd Marici, but, being placed on the left bank of the
? ? Ticinus, it would, of course, belong to the Insubres;
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? TIO
TIM
. nese conquests after ihe defeat of Mithradatei. Lu-
cullus, the Roman commander, invaded Armenia, and
defeated, near Tigranocerta, the mixed and numerous
army of Tigranes. (Vid. Lucullus ) The peace con-
? luded in the year 03 B. C. left him only Armenia.
,Vtd. Mithradates VII. )
Tioranockrta, the capital of Armenia, built by
Tigranes during the Mithradatic war. It was situate
to the cast of the Tigris, on the river Niccphorius,
and, according to Tacitus, stood on a hill nearly sur-
rounded by the latter river. It was a large, rich, and
powerful city. It was inhabited not only by Orientals,
but slso by many Grecian colonists, and likewise by
captives who had been carried off by Tigranes from
some of the Greek cities of Syria which had been
conquered by him from the Seleucids*. Lucullus,
during the Mithradatic war, took it with difficulty, and
found in it immense riches, and no less than 8,000
talents in ready money. The Roman commander sent
home the greater part of the foreign inhabitants, but
still the city remained, after this, no unimportant place.
The remains of Tigranocerta arc at Seredon the Bitlis-
Son. {Tac, Ann. , 12, 50. --Id. ibid. , 14, 24. --Ptin. ,
9, 9. )
Tigris, a large river of Asia, rising in the mount-
ains of Armenia Major, in the district ofSophene, and
falling into the Euphrates. A rising ground prevents
it from proceeding to the Euphrates in the early part
of its course. A deep ravine in the mountains above
Amiria, or Diarbektr, opens a passage for it, and it
takes its speedy course across a territory which is very
unequal, and has a powerful declivity. Its extreme
rapidity, the natural effect of local circumstances,
has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median
language, Diglito with the Syrians, Ddkal or Didhi-
lat in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; all which
terms denote the flight of an arrow. ( Wahl, Vorder
uid Mittel Asien, 1, p. 710. --Compare Rosenmuller,
x t Gen. , 2, 14. ) Besides this branch, which is best
known to the moderns, Pliny has described to us, in
detail, another, which issues from a chain of mount-
ains, now the mountains of Kurdistan, to the west of
the Arsissa Palus or Lake of Van. It passes by the
Lake Arethusa. Its course being checked by a part
of Mount Taurus, it falls into a subterranean cavern
called Zoroander, and appears again at the bottom of
tbe mountain. The identity of its waters is shown by
the reappearance of light bodies at its issue that havo
been thrown up into it above the place where it en-
*ers the mountains. It passes also by the Lake Thos
pitis, near Arzancne or Erzcn, buries itself again in
subterranean caverns, and reappears at the distance
of twenty-five miles below, near Nymphicum. This
branch joins the western Tigris. As the Tigris and
Euphrates approach, the intermediate land loses its
elevation, and is occupied by meadows and morasses.
Several artificial communications, perhaps two or three
of which are natural, form a prelude to the approach-
ing junction of the rivers, which finally takes place
near the modern Kama. The river formed by their
junction was called Pasitigris, now Shat-cl-Arab, or
the river of Arabia. It has three principal mouths,
besides a small outlet: these occupy a space of'thirty-
six miles. For farther particulars, vid. Euphrates.
The Tigris, though a far less noble si ream than the
Euphrates, is one of the most celebrated rivers in his-
tory, and many famous cities, at various periods, have
? ? decorated its banks: among these may be mentioned
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? T ! fc-
Humble employment, he set up as t. teacher of rheto-
ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was
much sought after on account of his agreeable manners
? nd intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering
IHHIX mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seeins,
nad appointed him his historiographer, and extended
his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended
by a nitty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his
presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag-
enes burned the history which he had composed of the
leign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he
enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol-
lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander
and his successors, entitled ncpl paoMuv (" Of
Kings"). This work formed one of the principal
sources whence Quiiitus Curtius drew the materials
of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed
his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in
Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his
days. It is on account of his residence in this part of
the East that some authors give him the epithet of
"the Syrian. " Besides his History of Alexander,
Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which
is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch.
(Bonamy, Recherckes sur I'kiatoricn Timagent. --
Mem. de I'Acad. dcs Inscr. , &c. , vol. 13, p. 35. )
Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan-
dreen and f imageries the Syrian, but in this he is
wrong. (Sc/ioll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 75. )
TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustalhius (ml 11. ,
34,163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quin-
tilian (2, 13). of Cylhnus. He was a contemporary
of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin. , 35, 9, 36), and must,
consequently, have lived about Olymp 96. The most
important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10,
36). --Timantlies has not been so much brought for-
ward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius;
but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he
was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems
ID have thrown a large share of intellect and thought
'j;to his productions. He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples. One of these was
displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the
sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the
tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar
awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted
relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va-
rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have
reached its utmost expression in the face of Mcnelaus;
out that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter,
heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance
of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess-
ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of
the father with bis mantle, and left his agony to the
imagination of the spectators. --In Fuseli's Lecture on
Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the
subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course
of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M.
? THUCYDIDES
THO
Krij/ut ec iet. a pollution for everlasting. He was
'sr from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear
or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever
appear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his-
tory. "--Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications
of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal.
He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica-
tions that can bo thought necessary; namely, " to he
abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons
or things that are the subject matter; to be of no coun-
try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-
ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-
pleased with what he writes; tho servant only of rea-
son and truth. Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived. Ho wrote
for posterity. He appealed to the future world for
the value of the present he had made them. The
judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com-
pliment he thus made to their understandings. So
long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen,
sound politicians--politicians that do not rend asun-
der politics from good order and the general happiness,
he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledg-
ments of his merits. "--Thucydides has been sometimes
censured for the introduction of harangues into his his-
tory, and this has been made an argument, by some,
against his general veracity as an historian. The truth
is, however, that the writer never meant them to be re-
garded by the reader as having been actually pronoun-
ced by the speakers in question: they serve merely
as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on pass-
ing events, for painting more distinctly the characters
of those whom he brings forward in the course of his
narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he
could not well refer in the main body of his history.
The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently lo
his work a Kind of dramatic character, and agreeably
interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar ar-
rangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an
admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them
over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the
style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral
oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen
in the service of their country. --Another charge made
against Thucydides is the division of his work into
years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year
into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrange-
ment, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely
blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous
character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be con-
fessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective
one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which
naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would
be for a work intended to embrace the history of a
people, or of some extended period of time. --Thucyd-
ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori-
an ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-
garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His
style, however, is not without its faults: his concise-
ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly
in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very
solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more
ambitious to communicate information than to please
the ear. Against these and similar charges, of care-
less collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic
phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most
active in adducing, the historian has been very suc-
? ? cessfully defended by one of his recent editors. Poppo.
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? - r Hy
i
ry, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom tlit' sus-
tained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the
enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and
prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled
to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in
a war with Tareritum. About eighty-eight years af-
terward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Ro-
man cjlony, and took the name of Copia. (Strob. ,
263. --Lit. , 35, 9. ) Cssar, however, calls it Thurii,
and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Cit. , 3,
S2. ) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed
between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra . Vova.
(Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359. )
THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was
young, either because some of his progenitors were
natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had
been successful in some military operations near Thu-
rii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Ki
ton. , Ki/. Aug. , 7. --Consult Oudendorp, ad loc. )
THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing
Thresprolia from the district of Cestrine. (Thucyd. ,
1, 46. ) The historian Phylarchus, as Athenzeus re-
ports (3, 3), affirmed thai the Egyptian bean was never
known to grow out of Egypt except in a marsh close
to tin. - river, and then only for a short period. --It ap-
pears from Cicero that %tticus had an estate on the
banks of the Thyamis. (Ad. Alt, 7, 7. -- Compare
Pausan ,1,11. ) The modern name of this stream is
the Calama. (Cramer't Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 108)
--II. A promotory of Epirus, near the river of the
same name, now Cape Nissi.
TIIYATIRA (ra Qvarfipa), a city of l. ydm. near the
northern confines, situate on the small river Lycus,
not far from its source. According to Pliny (5, 29),
its original name was Pelopia; and Strabo (625) makes
it to have been founded by a colony of Macedonians
It was enlarged by Seleucus Nicator, and was select-
ed as a place of arms by Andronicus, who declared
himself heir to the kingdom of Pergamus after the
death of Attains. Thyatira, according to Strabo, be-
longed originally to Mysia; from the time of Pliny,
however, we find it ascribed to Lydia. Its ruins are
now called Ak-Hisar, or the white castle. This was
one of the churches mentioned in the Revelations. --
For an interesting account of the church in Thyatira,
consult Milncr's History of the Seven Churches of
Aria, p. 277, seqq , Land. , 1832.
THYKSTF. S. a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and
grandson of Tantalus; for the legend relating to whom,
consult the article Atreus.
THVMBRA. a plain in Troas, through which a small
river, called Thymbrius, flows in its course to the
Scamander. According to some, the river Thymbrius
is now the Kamat'-sou. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol.
1, p. 102. ) Apollo had a temple here, whence he
was surnamcd Thymbratut. (II. , 10, 430. -- Virff. ,
JEn. , 3, 85. --Eunp. , Rhes. , 224. ) It was in tins
temple ihat Achilles is said 10 have been mortally
wounded by Paris. (Euslath. ad II. , 10, 433. --
Sere, ail JEn, I. e. )
THYMBK. SUS, a surname of Apollo. (Vid. Thym-
hra)
THYMCETES, I. a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas,
the last of the descendants of Theseus who reigned
at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to
meet Xanthus, the Bo? oiian monarch, in single com-
bat. Melanthus the Mcssenian accepted the challenge,
? ? slew Xanthus, and was rewarded with the kingdom of
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? TID
TIBERIUS.
'lyrrkeMs an nil, "the Tuscan river," from its wa-
tering Elruria on one side in in course, and also Lyd-
iut, " the Lydian" stream or Tiber, on account of the
popular tradition which traced the arts and civilization
of Etruria to Lydia in Asia Minor. (Vid Hetruria. )
Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nsro, a Roman em-
peror, born 13. C. 42. He was the son of a father of
the same name, of the ancient Claudian family, and of
Livia Drusilla, afterward the celebrated wife of Au-
gistus. Rapidly raised to authority by the influence
c'. his mother, he displayed no inconsiderable ability in
an expedition against certain revolted Alpine tribes, in
consequence of which he was raised to the consulship
in his twenty-eighth year. On the death of Agrippa,
the gravity and austerity of Tiberius having gained the
emperor's confidence, he chose hun to supply the place
of that minister, obliging him, at the same time, to di-
vorce Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa, and wed Ju-
ja, the daughter of Augustus, whose flagitious conduct
at length so disgusted him that he retired in a private
capacity to the isie of Rhodes. After experiencing
much discountenance from Augustus, the deaths ol
the two Osesars, Caius and Lucius, induced the em-
peror to take him again into favour and adopt him.
During the remainder of the life of Augustus he be-
haved with great prudence and ability, concluding a
war with the Germans in such a manner as to merit a
triumph. On the death of Augustus he succeeded
without opposition to the empire. --The first act of the
new reign was the murder of young Postumus Agrip-
pa, the only surviving son of M. Vipsanius Agrippa,
and whom Augustus had banished during his lifetime
to the island of Planasia. From his bodily strength,
although taken by surprise and defenceless, he was
with difficulty overcome by the centurion employed.
Like Elizabeth of England, Tiberius disavowed his
own order. Surmise hesitated between himself and
J. ma; and an incredible pretext was set up of a com-
mand of the late emperor to the tribune who had the
custody of the youth, that he was not to be suffered to
survive turn. While Tiberius proceeded immediately
tv the actual exercise of several of the imperial func-
tions, such as delivering their standard to the praeto-
rian guard, having them in attendance on his person,
and despatching letters to the armies to announce his
accession, he affected to depend on the pleasure of
the senate, and to consider himself unequal to the
weight of the whole empire. In the confused, dila-
tory, and ambiguous mode of his expressing, or rather
hinting, bis sentiments, which he often designed to
he understood in a contrary sense to what they seemed
to bear, he strongly resembled Cromwell. --The ser-
vility of the senate ran before his ambition. They
had afterward leisure for repentance. Tiberius soon
began to practise the dark, crooked, and sanguinary
policy which marks the jealousy, distrust, and terror
of a conscious and suspicious tyrant. Those who had
formerly offended him, as Asinius Gallus, who had
married his divorced wife Vipsania, and even those
who had been pointed out by Augustus as men likely.
by their talents or aapiring minds, to supply princes to
the empire* should the riad be open to them, were
watched, circumvented, immured, and destroyed. The
law of high treason was made an instrument of pun-
ishing, not actions merely, but looks, words, and ges-
tures, which- were construed as offences against the
majesty of the prince. A spy-system was organized,
? ? which embraced informers anil agitators of plots, who,
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? TIBERIUS
TIBERIUS
turn, made their submission, and demanded to be led
against the enemy. Uermanicus carried devastation
into the fields and cities or the Marsi, the Usipctes,
and the Catti, whom he everywhere overthrew; re-
covered the standard of Varus, and, coming to a spot
in the woods where the mouldering trenches of his
camp were still visible, and the. ground strewn with
the whitened bones of bis followers, collected them
with funeral honours. Armmius, however, at the head
of the Cherusci, by retiring into the forests, posting
ambuscades, and inveigling the Romans into woody
ar. d marshy defiles, gained some advantages over the
Cesar himself, as well as his lieutenant Cxcina, though
they were retrieved by extraordinary efforts of cour-
age. Agrippina displayed a high spirit, and the moat
active devotion to the service of the troops, not only
tending the wounded, but preventing, by her intrepid-
ity, the breaking of a bridge on the Rhine, on a ru-
mour of the advance of the Germans. Her conduct
in these circumstances, as well as her previous share
in the suppression of the mutiny, and even the fondling
name of Caligula, bestowed by the camp on her young
son, from the circumstance of his wearing the nailed
buskin of the legionary soldiers, were each a source of
deep suspicion and long-concealed resentment in the
breast of Tiberius, which were fostered by the arts of
insinuation familiar to his worthless minister Sejanus.
--The appearance of commotions in the East, where
Vonones, the king set ovt7 Parthia by the Romans,
had been expelled by Artabanus, and had taken refuge
in Armenia, afforded a pretext to the emperor for the
recall of the Cesar from the command of the legions in
Germany. Obeying the mandate with dilatory haste,
Gennanicus signalized his departure hy a final cam-
paign with the Cherusci, whom he attacked on the
YVeser, and, surrounding their rear and flanks with his
cavalry, defeated with prodigious slaughter (A. C. 16);
Arminius himaelf owing his escape to the lluetness of
his horse and the concealment of his visage, which
was bathed in blood. After pushing his auccess as
far as the Elbe, and sending to Rome the spoils and
captives of his victories, and the painted representa-
tions of the rivers, mountains, and battles, Germani-
cus, as a mark of dissembled favour, was chosen hy
Tiberius his colleague in the consulate; and the prov-
ince of Syria was assigned to him by a decree of the
senate. But, previously to this appointment, his kins-
man Silanus had been removed from the Syrian pre-
fecture, and Cncus Piso, a man of a violent disposi-
tion, substituted in his room. --After agreeing to a
treaty with Artabanus, by virtue of which Vonones
was made to retire into Cilicia, and after placing Zu-
nones on the throne of Armenia, Germanicus set out
on a tour of curiosity and science to Egypt, where he
sailed up the Nile and inspected the ruins of Thebes,
the Pyramids, and the statue of Mcmnon, which emit-
ted a sound when touched by the rays of the rising
sun. Returning from Egypt, and finding that Piso
had reversed many of his orders, he issued a mandate
for him to quit the province, and enforced it, on being
detained at Antioch by an illness, which he suspected
had been produced by poison. After urging on Agrip-
pina resignation and an absence from Rome, an advice
which her proud courage forbade her to follow, he ex-
pired at a little more than thirty years of age (A. C.
19). --After his body had been burned in the forum of
Antioch, Agrippina went on board a vessel and sailed
? ? for Italy. She landed at Brundisium amid the min-
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? TIB
TIB
praetorian bands, of which he was prefect, to a fortified
camp without the city, between the Viminal and Es-
quiline gates; in the senate he secured to himself
partisans by the distribution of provinces and honours,
and gained entire ascendancy over the emperor by re-
lieving him of the labours of state as well as admin-
istering to his luxury; by studying his humours, and
breathing into hii ear the whispers of a state informer.
A dissembler to ill others, Tiberius was open to Se-
janus; and easily yielding to him entire and unsuspi-
cious confidence, was persuaded to withdraw from the
caret of state. The plot was detected, and Antonia,
tho mother o. Germanicus, was the accuser of Seja-
nua. Impeached by letters from the emperor, con-
demned Ly the senate, and deserted by the praetorian
guard;, he was strangled by the public executioner,
and 'lis body was torn piecemeal by the populace
(A D. 31). The vengeance of Tiberius pursued his
friends and adherents, and even wreaked its rage on
the innocent childhood of his son and his daughter.
--Tiberius continued to hide himself from the gaze
of Rome and from the light of day, among the groves
and grottoes of the island of Capreee, which he peo-
pled with the partners of his impure orgies, dress-
ed in fantastic disguises of wood-nymphs and satyrs.
But the time approached when the world was to be
rid of this monster of his species. His sick-bed was
attended by that Caligula, the only surviving son of
Germanicus, whose cunning had baffled the insidi-
? usness of his agitators of treason, and whose obse-
quiousness imposed upon himself; but who had not
been always able to elude his penetration, and of
whom, when his life was begged, which had been
three times threatened, ho had predicted, with the tact
of a connatural mind, that " Caius would prove a ser-
pent to swallow Rome, and a Phaelhon to set the world
on fire. " For the purpose of ascertaining whether the
lethargy in which the emperor lay was actually death,
Caius approached and attempted to draw the ring from
nis finger; it resisted; and on the bold suggestion of
Macro, the new praetorian prefect, pillows were press-
ed upon him, and the hand of her son avenged, though
late, the manes of Agrippina (A. D 31. aged 78). --
Tiberius was a crafty speaker, was literary, addicted
to astrology, and, like Augustus, apprehensive of thun-
der, as a preservative against which he wore a laurel
crown. In his person he was tall and robust, broad in
the shoulders, and so strong in the muscles that he
could bore a hard apple with his finger, and wound the
scalp of a boy with a fillip. His face was fair com-
plexioned, and would have been handsome if it had
not been disfigured by carbuncles, for which he used
cosmetics. His eyes were prodigiously large, and
could discern objects in the dark. He wore his hair
long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-
ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one;
and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in
condescension. --The news of the tyrant's death was
received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to
the Tiber! " His body was, however, borne to the
city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites.
In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver. (Sucton. . Vit. Tih--Tacit. , Ann. lib.
I, 2. 3, dec. --Ellon's Roman Emperors, p. 47, srqq. )
Tidiscus, now the Tcissc, a river of Dacia, called
also Pathyssus, falling into the Danube, and forming
? ? the western limit of Dacia. (Plin ,4, 12. --Ammian.
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? TIBULLUS.
bil nc part of the land of which Tibullus had bjen
leprived was restored to him, as we find not in his el-
egies a single expression of gratitude or compliment,
from which it might be conjectured that Augustus had
atoned to him for the wrongs of Octavius. It is evi-
dent, however, that he was nut reduced to extreme
want. It might even be inferred, from a distich in one
of his elegies (2, 4), that his chief paternal seat had
Wen preserved to him:
"Quinctiam sales jubcat si ventUre avitas
Jte sub tmperium, sub titulumquc, Lares. "
Horace, too, in a complimentary epistle (1,4), written
long after the partition of the lands, says that the gods
had bestowed on him wealth, and the art of enjoying
ii:
"Di Ubi divitias dcdeiuiU. artemquc fruendi. "
His own idea of the enjoyment of such wealth as he
possessed seems to have been (judging, at least, from
his poems) a rural life of tranquillity and repose, of
which the sole employment should consist in the
peaceful avocations of husbandry, and the leisure
hours should be devoted to the Muses or to pleasure.
His friendship, however, for Messala, and, perhaps,
some hope of improving his moderate and diminished
fortune, induced him to attend that celebrated com-
mander in various military expeditions. It would ap-
pear that he had accompanied him in not less than
three. But the precise periods at which they were
undertaken, and the order in which they succeeded
each other, are subjects involved in much uncertainty
and contradiction. The first was commenced in 719,
against the Sallassi, a fierce and warlike people, who
inhabited the Pennine or Graian Alps, and from their
fastnesses had long bid defiance to every effort made
by a regular army for their subjugation. --His next ex-
pedition with Messala was to Aquitanic Gaul. That
province having revolted in 724, Messala was intrust-
ed with the task of reducing it to obedience; and he
proceeded on this service immediately after the hattle
of Actium. Several sharp actions took place, in which
Tibullus signalized his courage; and the success of
this campaign, if we may believe himself, was in no
small degree attributable to his bravery and exertions.
In the following season, Messala, being intrusted by the
emperor with an extraordinary command in the East,
requested Tibullus to accompany him; and to this
proposal our poet, though, it would appear, with some
reluctance, at length consented. He had not, how-
ever, been long at sea, when his health suffered so
severely that he was obliged to be put on shore at an
island, which Tibullus names by its poetical appella-
tion of Phaeacia, but which was then commonly called
Corcyra, now Corfu. Ho soon recovered from this
dangerous sickness, and, as soon as he was able to
renew his voyage, he joined Mossala, and travelled
with him through Syria, Cilicia, and Egypt. Having
returned to Italy, he again retired to his farm at Pe-
dum, where, though he occasionally visited the capi-
tal, he chiefly resided for the remainder of his life. --
Tibullus was endued with elegant manners and a
handsome person, which involved him in many licen-
tious connexions. But, though devoted to pleasure,
he at the same time drew closer his connexion with
the most learned and polished of his countrymen, as
Valgius, Macer, and Horace. He continued, likewise,
an uninterrupted friendship with Messala, who was now
at the height of his reputation, his home being the re-
sort of the learned, and his patronage the surest pass-
? ? port to the gates of fame. Tibullus' enjoyment of this
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? TIC
TIG
Hence, though his fortune afterward improved, he
had acquired the habit ol viewing obejets as sur-
rounded with a continual gloom; nor does any other
poet so often introduce the dismal images of death.
Even to the most joyous thoughts of Tibullus, some
mournful or plaintive sentiment is generally united,
and his most gay and smiling figures wear chaplets of
cypress on their brows. --It has already been said, that
Tibullus was no imitator of the Greeks, and he is
certainly the most original of the Latin poets. His
elegies were the overflowings of his sorrows, his mis-
tress alone was the Muse that inspired him In the
few instances in which he has followed the Greeks, he
has imitated them with much good taste, and some-
limes even with improvements on the original. --The
elegies of Tibullus are divided into four books. --
These poems are commonly printed along with those
of Catullus and Propertius. Of the editions of Tibul-
lus separately, the best are, that of Brouckhusius,
Amstelod. , 1708, 4to; that of Vulpius, 1'ata. v. , 1749,
4to; that of Heyne, Lips. , 1755-77-98, 8vo; that of
Wunderlich, Lift. , 1817, 8vo; that of Lachmann,
Berol. , 1829,8vo; and that of Dissen, Gotting. , 1835,
2 vols. 8vo. (Dunlop's Roman Lit , vol. 3, p. 283,
seqq. )
Tibur, an ancient town of Latium, northeast of
Rome, on the banks of the Anio. According to Dio-
nysiusof Halicarnassus, it was originally a Uran of the
Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium: and,
as a proof of this fact, he mentions that the name of
SiceSion was still attached to a portion of the place.
{Dion. Hal. , 1, 16. ) Tibur, however, lays claim to a
more illustrious, though a later origin, having been
founded, according to some authors, by Catillus, an
officer of Evander, while others pretend that this Ca-
tillus was a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his two
brothers, migrated to Italy, and, having conquered the
Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name of Tibur,
from his brother Tiburtus. From this account of So-
I'. iius (c. 8), as well as that of Dionysius, we may col-
. ect "hat Catillus was one of the Pelasgic chiefs, who,
with the assistance of the Aborigines, formed settle-
ments in Italy. --Tibur is one of the places that ap-
pear most frequently to have afforded an asylum to
Unman fugitives. From what period it enjoyed the
rights of a Roman city is not precisely known, but it
was, in all probability, anterior to the civil wars of
Marius and Sylla. The latter, indeed, is said to have
deprived the Tiburtini of these privileges, but they
regained them upon his abdication, and they were
confirmed by the Emperor Claudius. Hercules was
the deity held in the greatest veneration at Tibur;
and his temple, on the foundations of which the pres-
ent cathedral is said to be built, was famous through-
out Italy. (Slrabo, 238. ) Hence the epithet of Her-
culean given by the poets to this city. The modern
name of Tibur is Tivoli. --As regards the Sibyl of Ti-
bur, vid. Albunea. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
50 )
Tigurtus, a brother of the founder of Tibur, which
is hence often called Ttburtia Mania. (Vid. Tibur )
He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. (Vim. , Mn. ,
7, 670. ) V VS. .
Ticinom, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, situate on the
river Ticinus, near its junction with the Padus. It
was founded, according to Pliny (3, 17), by the L<<evi
? nd Marici, but, being placed on the left bank of the
? ? Ticinus, it would, of course, belong to the Insubres;
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? TIO
TIM
. nese conquests after ihe defeat of Mithradatei. Lu-
cullus, the Roman commander, invaded Armenia, and
defeated, near Tigranocerta, the mixed and numerous
army of Tigranes. (Vid. Lucullus ) The peace con-
? luded in the year 03 B. C. left him only Armenia.
,Vtd. Mithradates VII. )
Tioranockrta, the capital of Armenia, built by
Tigranes during the Mithradatic war. It was situate
to the cast of the Tigris, on the river Niccphorius,
and, according to Tacitus, stood on a hill nearly sur-
rounded by the latter river. It was a large, rich, and
powerful city. It was inhabited not only by Orientals,
but slso by many Grecian colonists, and likewise by
captives who had been carried off by Tigranes from
some of the Greek cities of Syria which had been
conquered by him from the Seleucids*. Lucullus,
during the Mithradatic war, took it with difficulty, and
found in it immense riches, and no less than 8,000
talents in ready money. The Roman commander sent
home the greater part of the foreign inhabitants, but
still the city remained, after this, no unimportant place.
The remains of Tigranocerta arc at Seredon the Bitlis-
Son. {Tac, Ann. , 12, 50. --Id. ibid. , 14, 24. --Ptin. ,
9, 9. )
Tigris, a large river of Asia, rising in the mount-
ains of Armenia Major, in the district ofSophene, and
falling into the Euphrates. A rising ground prevents
it from proceeding to the Euphrates in the early part
of its course. A deep ravine in the mountains above
Amiria, or Diarbektr, opens a passage for it, and it
takes its speedy course across a territory which is very
unequal, and has a powerful declivity. Its extreme
rapidity, the natural effect of local circumstances,
has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median
language, Diglito with the Syrians, Ddkal or Didhi-
lat in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; all which
terms denote the flight of an arrow. ( Wahl, Vorder
uid Mittel Asien, 1, p. 710. --Compare Rosenmuller,
x t Gen. , 2, 14. ) Besides this branch, which is best
known to the moderns, Pliny has described to us, in
detail, another, which issues from a chain of mount-
ains, now the mountains of Kurdistan, to the west of
the Arsissa Palus or Lake of Van. It passes by the
Lake Arethusa. Its course being checked by a part
of Mount Taurus, it falls into a subterranean cavern
called Zoroander, and appears again at the bottom of
tbe mountain. The identity of its waters is shown by
the reappearance of light bodies at its issue that havo
been thrown up into it above the place where it en-
*ers the mountains. It passes also by the Lake Thos
pitis, near Arzancne or Erzcn, buries itself again in
subterranean caverns, and reappears at the distance
of twenty-five miles below, near Nymphicum. This
branch joins the western Tigris. As the Tigris and
Euphrates approach, the intermediate land loses its
elevation, and is occupied by meadows and morasses.
Several artificial communications, perhaps two or three
of which are natural, form a prelude to the approach-
ing junction of the rivers, which finally takes place
near the modern Kama. The river formed by their
junction was called Pasitigris, now Shat-cl-Arab, or
the river of Arabia. It has three principal mouths,
besides a small outlet: these occupy a space of'thirty-
six miles. For farther particulars, vid. Euphrates.
The Tigris, though a far less noble si ream than the
Euphrates, is one of the most celebrated rivers in his-
tory, and many famous cities, at various periods, have
? ? decorated its banks: among these may be mentioned
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? T ! fc-
Humble employment, he set up as t. teacher of rheto-
ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was
much sought after on account of his agreeable manners
? nd intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering
IHHIX mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seeins,
nad appointed him his historiographer, and extended
his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended
by a nitty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his
presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag-
enes burned the history which he had composed of the
leign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he
enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol-
lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander
and his successors, entitled ncpl paoMuv (" Of
Kings"). This work formed one of the principal
sources whence Quiiitus Curtius drew the materials
of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed
his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in
Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his
days. It is on account of his residence in this part of
the East that some authors give him the epithet of
"the Syrian. " Besides his History of Alexander,
Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which
is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch.
(Bonamy, Recherckes sur I'kiatoricn Timagent. --
Mem. de I'Acad. dcs Inscr. , &c. , vol. 13, p. 35. )
Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan-
dreen and f imageries the Syrian, but in this he is
wrong. (Sc/ioll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 75. )
TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustalhius (ml 11. ,
34,163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quin-
tilian (2, 13). of Cylhnus. He was a contemporary
of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin. , 35, 9, 36), and must,
consequently, have lived about Olymp 96. The most
important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10,
36). --Timantlies has not been so much brought for-
ward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius;
but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he
was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems
ID have thrown a large share of intellect and thought
'j;to his productions. He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples. One of these was
displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the
sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the
tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar
awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted
relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va-
rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have
reached its utmost expression in the face of Mcnelaus;
out that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter,
heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance
of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess-
ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of
the father with bis mantle, and left his agony to the
imagination of the spectators. --In Fuseli's Lecture on
Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the
subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course
of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M.
