Clinton
death of Alexander these troops, actuated by a leans to the former opinion.
death of Alexander these troops, actuated by a leans to the former opinion.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
862, vol.
iii.
p.
61).
[C.
P.
M.
)
bable accounts preserved in the authorities above PHILO'MACHUS, artist. (PAYROMACHUS).
referred to, little more can be regarded as trust- PHILOME'LA (biloutta). 1. A daughter
worthy, except that Philolaus was the first who of king Pandion in Attica, who, being dishonoured
published a book on the Pythagorean doctrines, by her brother-in-law Tereus, was metamorphosed
and that Plato read and made use of it. (Böckh, into a nightingale or swallow. (Apollod. iii. 14.
l. c. p. 22. ) Although in the Phaedon and the $ 8; comp. Terecs. )
Gorgias Plato expresses himself as if he had derived 2. The mother of Patroclus (Hygin. Fab. 97),
his knowledge of the doctrines of Philolaus from though it should be observed that she is commonly
hearsay, yet, besides that such a representation called Polymele. (Schol. ad Hom. Od. iv. 313,
would be the more natural and appropriate as put xvii. 134. )
in the mouth of Socrates, who was not a great 3. A daughter of Actor, and the wife of Peleus,
reader, the minuteness and exactitude with which by whom she is said to have been the mother of
the doctrines of Philolaus are referred to, and the Achilles. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 558 ; comp.
obvious allusions to the style in which they were Peleus. )
expressed, show clearly enough that Plato derived 4. One of the daughters of Priam. (Hygin.
his acquaintance with them from writings ; and Fab. 90. )
[L. S. )
the accordance of the extant fragments of Philolaus PHILOMELEIDES (pilounaelons), a king in
with what is found in Plato points to the same
Lesbos who compelled his guests to engage with
result
him in a contest of wrestling, and was conquered
In one passage (viii. 85) Diogenes Laërtius by Odysseus (Hom. Od. iv. 343, xvii. 134). Some
speaks of the work of Philolaus as one book commentators take this name to be a metronymic.
(Bibilov ēv). Elsewhere (iii. 9, viii. 15) he speaks derived from Philomela, No. 2. (L. S. )
of three books, as do A. Gellius and lamblichus. PHILOME'LUS (bundos), a son of Iasion
In all probability, what Philolaus had written was and Demeter, and brother of Plutos, is said to have
comprised in one treatise, divided into three books, invented the chariot when Bootes was placed
though this division was doubtless made not by among the stars by his mother. (Hygin. Poet.
the author, but by the copyists. The first book of Astr. ii. 4. )
(L. S. )
VOL. IIL
## p. 306 (#322) ############################################
306
PHILON.
PHILON.
PHILOMEʼLUS (Aó unaos), one of the wit-, by an insulting speech, on which he was instantly
nesses to the will of Theophrastus, who died Bc. attacked and put to death: and his fate was
287 Ding. Laërt. v. 57). He is perhaps the same quickly followed by that of Agathocles himself.
with Philomelus, mentioned by Numenius, the (Polyb. xv. 33 ; Athen. vi p. 251, e. )
Pythagorco-Platonic philosopher, in connection 6. A native of Cnossus, who commanded a force
with Mnaseas and Timon, as belonging to the school of Cretan mercenaries in the service of Ptolemy
of the sceptics. (Euseb. P. E. xiv. p. 731, ed. Philopator, king of Egypt (Polyb. v. 65. )
1688).
(W. M. G. ) 7. A Thessalian, who accompanied the Achaean
PHILOMENUS. [PHILUMEN US. ]
deputies on their return from the camp of Q. Cae-
PIIILOMNESTUS (Didóunnotos), the author cilius Metellus (B. C. 146), and endeavoured, but
of a work, Tepi Táv év 'P68 Suvoiwv (Athen. p. in vain, to induce the Achaeans to accept the
74, f. ). As Athenaeus, in another passage (x. p. terms offered them by the Roman general. (Polyb.
445, n. ), ascribes the same work to Philodemus, it xl. 4. )
(E. H. B. )
would appear that there is a niistake in the name PHILON ($xwv), literary and ecclesiastical.
of one of these passages.
Many persons of this name occur, of most of
PHILOMU SUS. 1. A freedman of Livius, is whom notices will be found in Jonsius (De Script.
described in an inscription as INAU'R. , that is, in- Ilist. Phil. iii. 4+), and Fabricius (Bibl. Gracc.
aurator, a gilder, one of those artists, or perhaps vol. iv. p. 750, &c. ). To these articles a general
rather artificers, whose employment consisted in reference is made. The philosophers are spoken
covering wooden statues and other objects with of below separately ; but the other persons of this
thin beaten leaves of the precious metals, and who name that deserve particular notice are:-
were called by the Grecks de Toupyoi, and by the 1. Of ATHENS. . While Demetrius prevailed at
Romans Bructcarii Aurifices. (R. Rochette, Lattre Athens, Sophocles of the Sunian district (Lou
à M. Schorn, p. 384, 2nd ed. )
vieus), gnt a law passed, ordaining that no philo
2. The architect of a monument of a certain sopher should teach in Athens, without the express
Cornelia, is designated in the inscription as at the consent of the boule and the people, on pain of
same time a scene-painter and a contractor for death. This had the effect of driving Theophras-
public works (pictor scaenarius, idem redemptor). tus, and all the other philosophers, from Athens.
There are other instances of the union of these two (Diog. Laërt. v. 38. ) Hence Athenaeus erro
professions. (Orelli, Insor. Latin. select. No. 2636; neously represents this law as expressly banishing
R. Rochette, l. c. )
(P. S. ) them (xiii
. p. 610. f. ; compare Pollux, ix. 42,
PHILON (píawv), historical. 1 A Phocian, where the law is said to have been aimed at the
who was charged with the administration of Sophists). This law was opposed by Philon, a
the sacred treasures under PHALAECUS. He was friend of Aristotle, and defended by Demochares,
accused of peculation and embezzlement, and put the nephew of Demosthenes. (Athen. I. c. ) The
to death in consequence, after having been com- exertions of Philon were successful, and next
pelled by the torture to disclose the names of year the philosophers returned, Demochares being
those who had participated in his guilt, B. C. 347. sentenced to pay a fine of five talents. (Diog.
(Diod. xvii. 56. )
Lnërt. 1. c. , where for twvos read Dudvos. )
2. A native of Aeniania in Thessaly, was an The date of this transaction is doubtful. Alexis
officer of the Greek mercenaries in the service of (apud Athen. l. c. ) merely mentions Demetrius,
Alexander, which had been settled by that mon- without enabling us to judge whether it is Phale-
arch in the upper provinces of Asia. After the reus, B. c. 316, or Poliorcetes, B. c. 307.
Clinton
death of Alexander these troops, actuated by a leans to the former opinion. (F. H. vol. ii. p. 169. )
common desire to return to their native country, But he gives references to the opinions of others,
abandoned the colonies in which they had been who think it referable to the time of Demetrius
settled, and assembling to the number of 20,000 Poliorcetes - to whom may be added Ritter. (Hist.
foot and 3000 horse, chose Philon to be their of Ancient Phi'osophy, vol. iii. p. 379. Engl. Transl. )
leader. They were, however, defeated by Python, Jonsius (De Script. Hist. Phil. ) places it as low as
who was sent against them by the regent Perdic- about B. c. 300. It is not improbable that this
cas ; and the remainder submitted to him on Philon is the slave of Aristotle, whom, in his will,
favourable terms, but were afterwards barbarously he ordered to receive his freedoin. (Diog. Laërt.
massacred by the Macedonians in pursuance of the v. 15. )
express orders of Perdiccas (Diod. xviii. 7). The 2. Of BYZANTIUM, a celebrated mechanician, and
fate of Philon himself is not mentioned.
a contemporary of Ctesibius. As much confusion
3. There is a Philon mentioned by Justin (xiii. has arisen regarding the era of these two men, and
4) as obtaining the province of Illyria, in the of Heron the pupil of Ctesibius (see Fabric. Bild.
division Alexander's empire after his death : Graec. vol. iv. pp. 222, 234; Antholog. Graec. ed.
but this is certainly a mistake, and the name is Jacobs, vol. xiii. p. 899 ; Montucla, Histoire des
probably corrupt.
Mathematiques, vol. i. p. 268), it will be necessary
4. A citizen of Chalcis in Euboea, who appears to attend to the correct date. Athenaeus, the
to have taken a leading part in favour of Antio- mechanician, mentions that Ctesibius dedicated his
chus the Great, as his surrender was made by the work to Marcellus. This Marcellus has been sup-
Romans one of the conditions of the peace con posed to be the illustrious captor of Syracuse,
cluded by them with that monarch, B. c. 190. without any evidence. Again, the epigrammatist
(Polyb. xxi. 14, xxii. 26; Liv. xxxvii. 45, xxxviii. Hedylus speaks (Athen. xi. p. 497, c. ) of Ctesibius
38. )
in connection with a temple to Arsinoë, the wife
6. A follower and flatterer of Agathocles, the and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Hence it has
favourite of Ptolemy Philopator. During the se- I been stated that Ctesibius tiourished about the
dition of the Alexandrians against Agathocles, time of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Euergetes L
Philon had the imprudence to irritate the populace BC. 285—222, and Athenaeus, in that of Archi.
а
## p. 307 (#323) ############################################
PHILON.
307
PHILON.
11
medes, who was slain B. c. 212. The inference To Philon of Byzantium is attributed another
drawn from the hydraulic invention of Ctesibius I work, Περί των επτά θεαμάτων, On the Seven
is untenable, as he might well be employed to Wonders of the World. But Fabricius (Bibl. Graec.
ornament a temple already existing, and there is vol. iv. p. 233) thinks that it is impossible that an
no ground for believing that the Marcellus, to eminent mechanician like Philon Byzantinus could
whom Athenaeus dedicated his work, is the person have written this work, and conjectures that it was
assuined. On the contrary, Philon, and therefore written by Philon Heracleiotes. No one can doubt
the rest, must have lived after the time of Archi- that he is right in his first conjecture, but it seems
medes, as we learn from Tzetzes (Chil. ii. v. 152) more probable that it is the production of a later
that Philon, in one of his works, mentions Archi- rhetorical writer, who gave it the name of Philon
medes. There is no reason, therefore, why we of Byzantium, as that of a man, who, from his life
should reject the express statement of Athenaens and writings, might be supposed to have chosen it
(iv, p. 174, c. ), where he mentions Ctesibius as as a subject for composition. It exists in only one
flourishing in the time of the second Eucrgetes, MS. which, originally in the Vatican, was in 1816,
Ptolemy Physcon, who began to reign B. c. 146. in Paris, No. 389. it was first edited by Allatius,
Fabricius, with odd inconsistency, places the era of. Rome, 1640, with a loose Latin translation, and
Philon at A V. C. 601 – B. C. 153, which is suffi- desultory, though learned notes. It was re-edited
ciently correct. Consequently Heron must be placed from the same MS. by Dionysius Salvagnius Boes-
later. (See Schweighäuser, ad Athenaeum, vol. vii. sius, ambassador from the French court to the
p. 637, &c. ; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 535. ) All pope, and included in his Miscella, printed at
that we know of his history is derived from his Leyden, 1661. This edition has a more correct
own notices in the work to be mentioned imme- translation than that of Allatius, but abounds in
diately; that he had been at Alexandria and typographical errors, there being no fewer than 150
Rhodes, and had profited by his intercourse with in 14 pages. Gronovius reprinted the edition of
the engineers of both places (pp. 51, 80, 84). Allatius, in his Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graecarum,
Among his works is one wherein he took a wide vol. vii. pp. 2645—2686. It was finally reprinted at
range, treating of the formation of harbours, of Leipzig, 1816, edited by J. C. Orelli. This edition,
levers, and the other mechanical powers ; as well which is undoubtedly the best, contains the Greek,
as all other contrivances connected with the be with the translations of both Allatius and Boessius,
sieging and the defending of cities. Hence, Vitru. (with the exception of a fragment of a mutilated
vius (vč. Praefat. ) mentions him among the writers chapter, reprinted from the translation of L. Hol-
on military engineering. Of this, two books, the stein, which originally appeared in Gronovius, ibid.
fourth and fifth, have come down to us, and are vol. vii. p. 389), the notes of Allatius and others,
printed in the Veterum Mathematicorum Opera, along with some passages from other writers who
of Thevenot, Paris, 1693, wherein Pouchard had treated of the same or similar subjects, the
revised the fragment of Philon, which occurs pp. fragments of the sophist Callinicus, and Adrian the
49–104. The fourth book is headed, ék Tây Tyrian, and an Index Graecitatis. The wonders
Dituvos BedonoKw, and the general subject is treated of are the Hanging Gardens, the Pyramids,
the manufacture of missiles. He mentions in it the statue of Jupiter Olympius, the Walls of Ba-
an invention of his own, which he denominates bylon, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Temple of
oubéans (p. 56). In the fifth book we are shocked Artemis at Ephesus, and, we may presume, from
to find that while recommending a besieging army the prooemium, the Mausoleum ; but the last is
to devastate the open country on the approach of entirely wanting, and we have only a fragment of
an enemy, he advises them to poison the springs the Ephesian temple. The style, though not
and the grain which they cannot dispose of wholly devoid of elegance, is florid and rhetorical.
(p. 103); and what renders this the worse, he Orelli regrets the lost portions, as he thinks that
mentions his having treated of poisons in his book the author had actually beheld the three last won-
on the preparations that should be made for a war. ders. There does not appear to be much ground
What principally attracted attention to this work for this, and the whole seems to have been adopted
in modern times is his notice of the invention of from the reports of others.
Ctesibius (p. 77. &c. ). The instrument described 3. CARPATHIUS (from Carpathus, an island
by him, pamed depótovos, acted on the property of north-east of Crete), or rather CARPASIUS (from
air when condensed, and is, evidently, in principle Carpasia, a town in the north of Cyprus). His
the same with the modern air-gun. The subject birth-place is unknown ; but he derived this cog-
is investigated by Albert Louis Meister in a short nomen from his having been ordained bishop of
treatise entitled De Catapulta polybola Commentatio, Carpasia, by Epiphanius, the well-known bishop of
qua locus Philonis Mechanici, in libro iv. de telorum Constantia. According to the statement of Joannes
constructione extans, illustratur, Gottingae, 1768. and Polybius, bishop of Rhinoscuri, in their life
It has also attracted the notice of Dutens, in his of Epiphanius, Philon, at that time a deacon, was
Origine de Découvertes attribuées aux Modernes, sent, along with some others, by the sister of the
vol i. p. 265, ed. Paris. 1776. Further details of emperors Arcadius and Honorius, to bring Epipha-
this fragment will be found in Fabricius, vol. iv. nius to Rome, that, through his prayers and the
p. 231, &c. According to Montucla, Philon was laying on of hands, she might be saved from a dan-
well skilled in Geometry, and his solution the gerous disease under which she was labouring.
problem of the two mean proportionals (Pappus, Pleased with Philan, Epiphanius not only ordained
Coll
. Math. lib. viii. ), although the saine in prin- him bishop of Carpasia, but gave him charge of
ciple with that of Apollonius, has its peculiar his own diocese during his absence. This was
merits in practice. We learn from Pappus (l. c. ) about the beginning of the fifth century (Cave,
that he wrote a treatise on mechanics, the object of Hist. Litt. p. 210, ed. Genev. ). Philo Carpasius is
which was nearly the same as Heron's. (Montucla, principally' known from his Commentary on the
vol. i. p. 268. )
Canticles, which he treats allegorically. A Latin
X2
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
PHILON.
PHILON.
translation, or rather paraphrase of this commentary, I highly improbable that he should have lived to
with ill-assorted interpolations, from the commen- chronicle the reign of Hadrian, who succeeded
tary of Gregorius I. , by Salutatus, was published, A. D. 117, when, according to this computation,
Paris, 1537, and reprinted in the Biblioth. Pat.
bable accounts preserved in the authorities above PHILO'MACHUS, artist. (PAYROMACHUS).
referred to, little more can be regarded as trust- PHILOME'LA (biloutta). 1. A daughter
worthy, except that Philolaus was the first who of king Pandion in Attica, who, being dishonoured
published a book on the Pythagorean doctrines, by her brother-in-law Tereus, was metamorphosed
and that Plato read and made use of it. (Böckh, into a nightingale or swallow. (Apollod. iii. 14.
l. c. p. 22. ) Although in the Phaedon and the $ 8; comp. Terecs. )
Gorgias Plato expresses himself as if he had derived 2. The mother of Patroclus (Hygin. Fab. 97),
his knowledge of the doctrines of Philolaus from though it should be observed that she is commonly
hearsay, yet, besides that such a representation called Polymele. (Schol. ad Hom. Od. iv. 313,
would be the more natural and appropriate as put xvii. 134. )
in the mouth of Socrates, who was not a great 3. A daughter of Actor, and the wife of Peleus,
reader, the minuteness and exactitude with which by whom she is said to have been the mother of
the doctrines of Philolaus are referred to, and the Achilles. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 558 ; comp.
obvious allusions to the style in which they were Peleus. )
expressed, show clearly enough that Plato derived 4. One of the daughters of Priam. (Hygin.
his acquaintance with them from writings ; and Fab. 90. )
[L. S. )
the accordance of the extant fragments of Philolaus PHILOMELEIDES (pilounaelons), a king in
with what is found in Plato points to the same
Lesbos who compelled his guests to engage with
result
him in a contest of wrestling, and was conquered
In one passage (viii. 85) Diogenes Laërtius by Odysseus (Hom. Od. iv. 343, xvii. 134). Some
speaks of the work of Philolaus as one book commentators take this name to be a metronymic.
(Bibilov ēv). Elsewhere (iii. 9, viii. 15) he speaks derived from Philomela, No. 2. (L. S. )
of three books, as do A. Gellius and lamblichus. PHILOME'LUS (bundos), a son of Iasion
In all probability, what Philolaus had written was and Demeter, and brother of Plutos, is said to have
comprised in one treatise, divided into three books, invented the chariot when Bootes was placed
though this division was doubtless made not by among the stars by his mother. (Hygin. Poet.
the author, but by the copyists. The first book of Astr. ii. 4. )
(L. S. )
VOL. IIL
## p. 306 (#322) ############################################
306
PHILON.
PHILON.
PHILOMEʼLUS (Aó unaos), one of the wit-, by an insulting speech, on which he was instantly
nesses to the will of Theophrastus, who died Bc. attacked and put to death: and his fate was
287 Ding. Laërt. v. 57). He is perhaps the same quickly followed by that of Agathocles himself.
with Philomelus, mentioned by Numenius, the (Polyb. xv. 33 ; Athen. vi p. 251, e. )
Pythagorco-Platonic philosopher, in connection 6. A native of Cnossus, who commanded a force
with Mnaseas and Timon, as belonging to the school of Cretan mercenaries in the service of Ptolemy
of the sceptics. (Euseb. P. E. xiv. p. 731, ed. Philopator, king of Egypt (Polyb. v. 65. )
1688).
(W. M. G. ) 7. A Thessalian, who accompanied the Achaean
PHILOMENUS. [PHILUMEN US. ]
deputies on their return from the camp of Q. Cae-
PIIILOMNESTUS (Didóunnotos), the author cilius Metellus (B. C. 146), and endeavoured, but
of a work, Tepi Táv év 'P68 Suvoiwv (Athen. p. in vain, to induce the Achaeans to accept the
74, f. ). As Athenaeus, in another passage (x. p. terms offered them by the Roman general. (Polyb.
445, n. ), ascribes the same work to Philodemus, it xl. 4. )
(E. H. B. )
would appear that there is a niistake in the name PHILON ($xwv), literary and ecclesiastical.
of one of these passages.
Many persons of this name occur, of most of
PHILOMU SUS. 1. A freedman of Livius, is whom notices will be found in Jonsius (De Script.
described in an inscription as INAU'R. , that is, in- Ilist. Phil. iii. 4+), and Fabricius (Bibl. Gracc.
aurator, a gilder, one of those artists, or perhaps vol. iv. p. 750, &c. ). To these articles a general
rather artificers, whose employment consisted in reference is made. The philosophers are spoken
covering wooden statues and other objects with of below separately ; but the other persons of this
thin beaten leaves of the precious metals, and who name that deserve particular notice are:-
were called by the Grecks de Toupyoi, and by the 1. Of ATHENS. . While Demetrius prevailed at
Romans Bructcarii Aurifices. (R. Rochette, Lattre Athens, Sophocles of the Sunian district (Lou
à M. Schorn, p. 384, 2nd ed. )
vieus), gnt a law passed, ordaining that no philo
2. The architect of a monument of a certain sopher should teach in Athens, without the express
Cornelia, is designated in the inscription as at the consent of the boule and the people, on pain of
same time a scene-painter and a contractor for death. This had the effect of driving Theophras-
public works (pictor scaenarius, idem redemptor). tus, and all the other philosophers, from Athens.
There are other instances of the union of these two (Diog. Laërt. v. 38. ) Hence Athenaeus erro
professions. (Orelli, Insor. Latin. select. No. 2636; neously represents this law as expressly banishing
R. Rochette, l. c. )
(P. S. ) them (xiii
. p. 610. f. ; compare Pollux, ix. 42,
PHILON (píawv), historical. 1 A Phocian, where the law is said to have been aimed at the
who was charged with the administration of Sophists). This law was opposed by Philon, a
the sacred treasures under PHALAECUS. He was friend of Aristotle, and defended by Demochares,
accused of peculation and embezzlement, and put the nephew of Demosthenes. (Athen. I. c. ) The
to death in consequence, after having been com- exertions of Philon were successful, and next
pelled by the torture to disclose the names of year the philosophers returned, Demochares being
those who had participated in his guilt, B. C. 347. sentenced to pay a fine of five talents. (Diog.
(Diod. xvii. 56. )
Lnërt. 1. c. , where for twvos read Dudvos. )
2. A native of Aeniania in Thessaly, was an The date of this transaction is doubtful. Alexis
officer of the Greek mercenaries in the service of (apud Athen. l. c. ) merely mentions Demetrius,
Alexander, which had been settled by that mon- without enabling us to judge whether it is Phale-
arch in the upper provinces of Asia. After the reus, B. c. 316, or Poliorcetes, B. c. 307.
Clinton
death of Alexander these troops, actuated by a leans to the former opinion. (F. H. vol. ii. p. 169. )
common desire to return to their native country, But he gives references to the opinions of others,
abandoned the colonies in which they had been who think it referable to the time of Demetrius
settled, and assembling to the number of 20,000 Poliorcetes - to whom may be added Ritter. (Hist.
foot and 3000 horse, chose Philon to be their of Ancient Phi'osophy, vol. iii. p. 379. Engl. Transl. )
leader. They were, however, defeated by Python, Jonsius (De Script. Hist. Phil. ) places it as low as
who was sent against them by the regent Perdic- about B. c. 300. It is not improbable that this
cas ; and the remainder submitted to him on Philon is the slave of Aristotle, whom, in his will,
favourable terms, but were afterwards barbarously he ordered to receive his freedoin. (Diog. Laërt.
massacred by the Macedonians in pursuance of the v. 15. )
express orders of Perdiccas (Diod. xviii. 7). The 2. Of BYZANTIUM, a celebrated mechanician, and
fate of Philon himself is not mentioned.
a contemporary of Ctesibius. As much confusion
3. There is a Philon mentioned by Justin (xiii. has arisen regarding the era of these two men, and
4) as obtaining the province of Illyria, in the of Heron the pupil of Ctesibius (see Fabric. Bild.
division Alexander's empire after his death : Graec. vol. iv. pp. 222, 234; Antholog. Graec. ed.
but this is certainly a mistake, and the name is Jacobs, vol. xiii. p. 899 ; Montucla, Histoire des
probably corrupt.
Mathematiques, vol. i. p. 268), it will be necessary
4. A citizen of Chalcis in Euboea, who appears to attend to the correct date. Athenaeus, the
to have taken a leading part in favour of Antio- mechanician, mentions that Ctesibius dedicated his
chus the Great, as his surrender was made by the work to Marcellus. This Marcellus has been sup-
Romans one of the conditions of the peace con posed to be the illustrious captor of Syracuse,
cluded by them with that monarch, B. c. 190. without any evidence. Again, the epigrammatist
(Polyb. xxi. 14, xxii. 26; Liv. xxxvii. 45, xxxviii. Hedylus speaks (Athen. xi. p. 497, c. ) of Ctesibius
38. )
in connection with a temple to Arsinoë, the wife
6. A follower and flatterer of Agathocles, the and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Hence it has
favourite of Ptolemy Philopator. During the se- I been stated that Ctesibius tiourished about the
dition of the Alexandrians against Agathocles, time of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Euergetes L
Philon had the imprudence to irritate the populace BC. 285—222, and Athenaeus, in that of Archi.
а
## p. 307 (#323) ############################################
PHILON.
307
PHILON.
11
medes, who was slain B. c. 212. The inference To Philon of Byzantium is attributed another
drawn from the hydraulic invention of Ctesibius I work, Περί των επτά θεαμάτων, On the Seven
is untenable, as he might well be employed to Wonders of the World. But Fabricius (Bibl. Graec.
ornament a temple already existing, and there is vol. iv. p. 233) thinks that it is impossible that an
no ground for believing that the Marcellus, to eminent mechanician like Philon Byzantinus could
whom Athenaeus dedicated his work, is the person have written this work, and conjectures that it was
assuined. On the contrary, Philon, and therefore written by Philon Heracleiotes. No one can doubt
the rest, must have lived after the time of Archi- that he is right in his first conjecture, but it seems
medes, as we learn from Tzetzes (Chil. ii. v. 152) more probable that it is the production of a later
that Philon, in one of his works, mentions Archi- rhetorical writer, who gave it the name of Philon
medes. There is no reason, therefore, why we of Byzantium, as that of a man, who, from his life
should reject the express statement of Athenaens and writings, might be supposed to have chosen it
(iv, p. 174, c. ), where he mentions Ctesibius as as a subject for composition. It exists in only one
flourishing in the time of the second Eucrgetes, MS. which, originally in the Vatican, was in 1816,
Ptolemy Physcon, who began to reign B. c. 146. in Paris, No. 389. it was first edited by Allatius,
Fabricius, with odd inconsistency, places the era of. Rome, 1640, with a loose Latin translation, and
Philon at A V. C. 601 – B. C. 153, which is suffi- desultory, though learned notes. It was re-edited
ciently correct. Consequently Heron must be placed from the same MS. by Dionysius Salvagnius Boes-
later. (See Schweighäuser, ad Athenaeum, vol. vii. sius, ambassador from the French court to the
p. 637, &c. ; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 535. ) All pope, and included in his Miscella, printed at
that we know of his history is derived from his Leyden, 1661. This edition has a more correct
own notices in the work to be mentioned imme- translation than that of Allatius, but abounds in
diately; that he had been at Alexandria and typographical errors, there being no fewer than 150
Rhodes, and had profited by his intercourse with in 14 pages. Gronovius reprinted the edition of
the engineers of both places (pp. 51, 80, 84). Allatius, in his Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graecarum,
Among his works is one wherein he took a wide vol. vii. pp. 2645—2686. It was finally reprinted at
range, treating of the formation of harbours, of Leipzig, 1816, edited by J. C. Orelli. This edition,
levers, and the other mechanical powers ; as well which is undoubtedly the best, contains the Greek,
as all other contrivances connected with the be with the translations of both Allatius and Boessius,
sieging and the defending of cities. Hence, Vitru. (with the exception of a fragment of a mutilated
vius (vč. Praefat. ) mentions him among the writers chapter, reprinted from the translation of L. Hol-
on military engineering. Of this, two books, the stein, which originally appeared in Gronovius, ibid.
fourth and fifth, have come down to us, and are vol. vii. p. 389), the notes of Allatius and others,
printed in the Veterum Mathematicorum Opera, along with some passages from other writers who
of Thevenot, Paris, 1693, wherein Pouchard had treated of the same or similar subjects, the
revised the fragment of Philon, which occurs pp. fragments of the sophist Callinicus, and Adrian the
49–104. The fourth book is headed, ék Tây Tyrian, and an Index Graecitatis. The wonders
Dituvos BedonoKw, and the general subject is treated of are the Hanging Gardens, the Pyramids,
the manufacture of missiles. He mentions in it the statue of Jupiter Olympius, the Walls of Ba-
an invention of his own, which he denominates bylon, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Temple of
oubéans (p. 56). In the fifth book we are shocked Artemis at Ephesus, and, we may presume, from
to find that while recommending a besieging army the prooemium, the Mausoleum ; but the last is
to devastate the open country on the approach of entirely wanting, and we have only a fragment of
an enemy, he advises them to poison the springs the Ephesian temple. The style, though not
and the grain which they cannot dispose of wholly devoid of elegance, is florid and rhetorical.
(p. 103); and what renders this the worse, he Orelli regrets the lost portions, as he thinks that
mentions his having treated of poisons in his book the author had actually beheld the three last won-
on the preparations that should be made for a war. ders. There does not appear to be much ground
What principally attracted attention to this work for this, and the whole seems to have been adopted
in modern times is his notice of the invention of from the reports of others.
Ctesibius (p. 77. &c. ). The instrument described 3. CARPATHIUS (from Carpathus, an island
by him, pamed depótovos, acted on the property of north-east of Crete), or rather CARPASIUS (from
air when condensed, and is, evidently, in principle Carpasia, a town in the north of Cyprus). His
the same with the modern air-gun. The subject birth-place is unknown ; but he derived this cog-
is investigated by Albert Louis Meister in a short nomen from his having been ordained bishop of
treatise entitled De Catapulta polybola Commentatio, Carpasia, by Epiphanius, the well-known bishop of
qua locus Philonis Mechanici, in libro iv. de telorum Constantia. According to the statement of Joannes
constructione extans, illustratur, Gottingae, 1768. and Polybius, bishop of Rhinoscuri, in their life
It has also attracted the notice of Dutens, in his of Epiphanius, Philon, at that time a deacon, was
Origine de Découvertes attribuées aux Modernes, sent, along with some others, by the sister of the
vol i. p. 265, ed. Paris. 1776. Further details of emperors Arcadius and Honorius, to bring Epipha-
this fragment will be found in Fabricius, vol. iv. nius to Rome, that, through his prayers and the
p. 231, &c. According to Montucla, Philon was laying on of hands, she might be saved from a dan-
well skilled in Geometry, and his solution the gerous disease under which she was labouring.
problem of the two mean proportionals (Pappus, Pleased with Philan, Epiphanius not only ordained
Coll
. Math. lib. viii. ), although the saine in prin- him bishop of Carpasia, but gave him charge of
ciple with that of Apollonius, has its peculiar his own diocese during his absence. This was
merits in practice. We learn from Pappus (l. c. ) about the beginning of the fifth century (Cave,
that he wrote a treatise on mechanics, the object of Hist. Litt. p. 210, ed. Genev. ). Philo Carpasius is
which was nearly the same as Heron's. (Montucla, principally' known from his Commentary on the
vol. i. p. 268. )
Canticles, which he treats allegorically. A Latin
X2
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
PHILON.
PHILON.
translation, or rather paraphrase of this commentary, I highly improbable that he should have lived to
with ill-assorted interpolations, from the commen- chronicle the reign of Hadrian, who succeeded
tary of Gregorius I. , by Salutatus, was published, A. D. 117, when, according to this computation,
Paris, 1537, and reprinted in the Biblioth. Pat.
