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369, and again in B. C. 367. (Liv.
republic. It disappears from history even before vi. 36, 42. )
the time of the Samnite wars. This famıly seems ll. SER. CORNELIUS SER, P. M. N. MALUGI-
to have been originally the same as that of Cossus, NENSIS, magister equitum to the dictator F. Quinc-
since we find at first both surnames united. (See tius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus, B. C. 361, who
No. 1. ) Afterwards, however, the Cossi and Ma- was appointed to conduct the war against the
luginenses became two separate families. (Cossus. ] Gauls. (Liv. vii. 9. ) [CAPITOLINUS, QUINCTIUS,
1. SER. CORNELIUS P. P. Cossus MaLUGI- No. 7. )
NENSIS, consul B. C. 485 with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, MALUS (Mános), a son of Amphictyon or of
in which year Sp. Cassius was condemned. Ma- Amyrus, said to have given the name to the town of
luginenses carried on war against the Veientes with Malieus. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Mallets. ) [L. S. )
success. (Liv. ii. 41; Dionys. viii. 77, 82. ) MAMAEA, JU'LIA, the daughter of Julia
2. L. CORNELIUS SER, F. P. N. MALUGINexsis, Maesa, the niece of Septimius Severus, the first
consul B. C. 459 with Q. Fabius Vibulanus. The cousin of Caracalla, the aunt of Elagabalus, the
consuls of this year carried on war against the wife of Gessius Marcianus, the mother of Alex-
Volsci and the Aequi with great glory and success. ander Severus. (See genealogical table prefixed to
According to some accounts Maluginensis took CARACALLA. ) She was a native of Emesa in
Antium, and we learn from the triumphal Fasti Syria, and seems, after the accession of Septimius
that he obtaired a triumph for his victory over the Severus, to have lived at Rome, under the pro-
Antiates. (Liv. iii. 22–24 ; Dionys. X. 20, 21 ; tection of her aunt Julia Domna. At all events it
Diod. xi. 86. ) He is mentioned as one of the is clear that she must have been at court in A. D.
defenders in the senate of the second decemvirate 204, otherwise the report, which at one time gained
in B. C. 419, because his brother Marcus was one general credit, that Alexander as well as Elagabalus
of the number (Liv. iii. 40; Dionys, xi. 15); but was in reality the son of Caracalla, could never
if we can rely upon the Fasti, in which Marcus is have been circulated. We know nothing of her
called L. F. SER. N. , we must understand frater subsequent history, until the period when she
and åder pós to mean first cousin, and not brother. accompanied Elagabalus to Rome. From that
3. M. CORNELIUS L. F. Ser. N. MALUGINEN- time forward she became remarkable on account of
sis, a member of the second decemvirate. (See the diligence with which she protected the person
No. 2. ) (Liv. iü. 35, 40, 41 ; Dionys. x. 58, xi. of her son from the treachery of his cousin, and the
15, 23. )
exemplary zeal with which she guarded the purity
4. M. CORNELIUS M. F. MALUGINENSIS, consul of his mind in the midst of a very hot-bed of vice
B. C. 436 with L. Papirius Crassus. (Liv. iv. 21; and debauchery. The high principles which she
Diod. xii. 46. )
instilled were fully developed after his elevation to
5. P. CORNELIUS M. F. M. N. MALUGINENSIS, the throne, and proved a blessing to mankind
one of the consular tribunes, B. C. 404. (Liv. iv. during his short reign. But the character of
61; Diod. xiv. 19. )
Mamaea was not without serious defects. Extreme
6. P. CORNELIUS P. P. M. N. MALUGINENSIS, pride, and a jealousy of power which could brook
consular tribune in B. C. 397 (Liv. v. 16 ; Diod. no rival, led her to treat with great harshness and
xiv. 15), and magister equitum to the dictator M. indignity one, at least, of her daughters-in-law.
Furius Camillus in B. C. 396. At least the Fasti Her counsels, swayed by an inordinate desire to
Capitolini name Muluginensis as the magister equi- accumulate money, induced Severus to adopt a
tum in this year ; but Livy (v. 19) and Plutarch system of ill-judged parsimony towards his soldiers,


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910
MAMERCINUS.
MAMERCINUS.
Colore ou
MA
T
MA
DEVIL
PAAU,
HOUSICA
Como
COIN OF JULIA MAMAEA.
and thus gave rise to the mutiny which proved warmly supported the agrarian law: in each year
fatal both to herself and to her son, who is said it was no doubt the execution of the Cassian law
to have upbraided her with his dying breath as which he endeavoured to carry into effect. In this
the cause of his destruction. Their death took year he was to some extent successful. Without
place in Gaul, early in the year a. D. 235. (For disturbing the occupiers of the public land, some
authorities, see CARACALLA; ELAGABALUS; land which had been taken from the Volsci in the
Severus. )
[W. R. ] preceding year was assigned to the plebs, and a
colony sent to Antium. Mamercus carried on war
against the Sabines again in this year. (Liv. iii.
1; Dionys. ix. 59; Diod. xi. 74; comp. Niebuhr,
Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. pp. 229, 230. )
3. MAM. AEMILIUS M. F. MAMERCINUS, con-
sular tribune in B. C. 438. (Liv. iv. 16 ; Diod.
xii. 38. ) In B. c. 437 he was nominated dictator,
to prosecute the war against the Veientines and
Fidenates, because Fidenae had revolted in the
previous year to Lar Tolumnius, the king of Veji.
He appointed L. Quinctius Cincinnatus his magister
MAMERCI'NUS 0: MAMERCUS, the most equitum, and gained a brilliant victory over the
ancient family of the patrician Aemilia Gens, and forces of the enemy, and obtained a triumph in
one of the most distinguished of all the Roman consequence. (Liv. iv. 17-20; Eutrop. i. 19;
families in the early ages of the republic. The Lydus, de Magistr. i. 38.
) It was in this battle
family professed to derive its name from Mamercus that Lar Tolumnius is said by Livy to have been
in the reign of Numa, to whom indeed all the killed in single combat by Cornelius Cossus ; but
Aemilii traced their origin. [MAMERCUS; A EMILIA it is very doubtful whether this event happened in
Gens. ] This family, like many of the other dis- this year. (See Cossus, No. 2. ) Indeed the
tinguished families in early Roman history, dis- conquest of the Fidenates and the death of Lar
appears about the time of the Samnite wars. The Tolumnius is referred by Niebuhr to B. c. 426, in
name Mamercus was very early used as a prae- which year Aemilius Mamercinus is stated to have
nomen in the Aemilia gens, and continued to be so been dictator for the third time. And it is not
employed, especially by the Aemilii Lepidi, long improbable, as Niebuhr remarks, that “ some
after the family of this name had become extinct. member of the Aemilian house found matter in
In the same way we find that Cossus, which was legendary traditions for an apocryphal panegyric
originally a family-name of the Cornelii, was re- on this Aemilius: in this panegyric more dictator-
vived as a praenomen by the Cornelii Lentuli
, ships were probably ascribed to him than he ever
after the family of the Cossi had sunk into oblivion. really filled, and the exploits achieved under his
(Cossus. )
auspices, as well as his own, were referred to
1. L. AEMILIUS MAM. F. MAMERCUS, consul definite years, which they did not belong to. (Hist.
for the first time in B. c. 484 with K. FABIUS of Rome, vol. ii. p. 458. ).
VIBULANUS, conquered the Volsci and Aequi, ac- But, returning to the ancient authorities, we find
cording to Livy, but suffered a defeat from them, that Aemilius Mamercinus is put down as dictator
according to the statement of Dionysius, who also a second time in B. C. 433 with A. Postumius Tu-
says that Mamercus was in consequence ashamed bertus as his magister equitum. He was appointed
to go into the city for the purpose of holding the to the dictatorship through fear of an impending
comitia. (Liv. ii. 42 ; Dionys. viii. 83—87 ; Diod. war in Etruria, but this passed off, and he had no
xi. 38. ) He was consul a second time in B. C. occasion to leave the city. In this year he carried
478 with C. Servilius Structus Ahala, and defeated a law limiting to eighteen months the duration of
the Veientines before the walls of their city with the censorship, which had formerly lasted for five
great slaughter. He subsequently concluded a years. This measure was received with great ap-
treaty with them on terms which the senate re probation by the people ; but the censors then in
garded as too favourable, and was in consequence office were so enraged at it, that they removed him
denied the honour of a triumph. (Liv. ii. 49; from his tribe, and reduced him to the condition of
Dionys. ix. 16, 17; Diod. xi. 52. ) He was consul | an aerarian. (Liv. iv. 23, 24. ) He is named as
a third time in B. C. 473 with Vopiscus Julius dictator a third time in B. C. 426 with A. Cornelius
Julus. For the events of this year see Julus, Cossus as his magister equitum. It was probably
No. 3, where the authorities are given. We learn in this year, as we have already stated, that he
from Dionysius (ix. 51) that he supported in B. C. conquered the Veientines and Fidenates, and took
470 the agrarian law, on account of his hostility to Fidenae, not in his first dictatorship, though Livy
the senate for having denied him a triumph. and other ancient authorities speak of a victory
2. TIB. AEMILIUS L. f. Mam. N. MAMERCUS, gained over these people in each of these years.
son of No. 1, was consul in B. c. 470 with L. Va- (Liv. iv. 31–34 ; Oros. ii. 13; Diod. xii. 80. )
lerius Potitus. Their year of office was one of 4. M'. AEMILIUS MAM. F. M. N. MAMER-
considerable agitation, on account of the agrarian CINUS, son of No. 3, was consul in B. C. 410 with
law and the trial of App. Claudius. Tib. Mamercus C. Valerius Potitus Volusus. (Liv. iv. 53 ; Diod.
supported the law along with his father, because xiii. 76. ) He was also three times consular tribune,
the latter had been wronged by the senate. first in B. C. 405, a second time in B. C. 403, and a
[No. 1. ] He also led an army into the country of third time in B. C. 401. (Liv. iv. 61, v. 1, 10. )
the Sabines, but did not perform anything of 5. C. AEMILIUS TIB. F. Tib. N. MAMERCINUS,
consequence. (Liv. ii. 61, 62 ; Dionys. ix. 51, consular tribune in' B. C. 394, carried on the war
55 ; Diod. xi. 69. ) He was consul a second time with his colleague Sp. Postumius Albinus against
in B. C. 467 with 'Q. Fabius Vibulanus, and again the Aequi. He was consular tribune again in B. C


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MAMERCINUS.
911
MAMERTINUS.
391, when, in conjunction with his colleague MAMERCUS (Mauepkos), according to one
C. Lucretius, he conquered the people of Volsinii. tradition a son of king Numa, who chose this name
(Liv, v. 26, 28, 32 ; Diod. xiv. 97, 107. ) because one of the so118 of Pythagoras likewise bore
6. L. Aemilius Mam. f. M. n. MAMERCINUS, | it. (Plut. Num. 8 ; Paul. Diac. p. 23, ed. Müller. )
son of No. 3, was consular tribune seven times, Another tradition made Mamercus a son of Mars
first in B. C. 391 (Fast. Capit. ), a second time in and Sylvia. (Plut. Parull. Gr. et Rom. 26. )
389, a third time in 387, a fourth time in 363, a Festus says that Mamercus was a praenomen
fifth time in 382, a sixth time in 380, and a among the Oscans, who called the god Mars, Mamers.
seventh time in 377. (Liv. vi. 1, 5, 21, 22, 27, But it would seem that Marcius or Mamercus was
32. )
the common name for indigenous boothsayers and
7. L. AEMILIUS L. P. Mam. N. MAMERCINUS, founders of new forms of religious worship, for it
son of No. 6, was magister equitum to the dictator occurs in many instances of this kind. (Hartung,
M. Furius Camillus, B. c. 368. He was consul in Die Rel. der Köm, vol. i. p. 129. ) (L. S.