No More Learning

i. 39, 40; Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxii. 14, p.
Gesenius (d. Phoen. Mon. pp. 401, 407) this name 506; Zonar. viii. 14; Oros. iv. 9. )
is more correctly written Asdrubal, without the 5. A Carthaginian, son-in-law of the great
aspiration, which has been adopted from a mistaken Hamilcar Barca. He appears to have early taken
analogy with Hannibal, Hamilcar, &c. (See Dra- part in public affairs, and distinguished himself
kenborch, ad Liv. xxi. 1. ) The same writer ex- while yet a young man as one of the most influ-
plains it as signifying cujus aurilium est Baal. 1. A ential leaders of the democratic party at Carthage
Carthaginian general, son of Mago, is represented by during the interval between the first and second
Justin as being, together with his father and his Punic wars. Community of interests led to a close
brother, Hamilcar, one of the chief founders of the connection between him and Hamilcar Barca, whose
military power and dominion of Carthage. Accord - daughter he had married, and whom he accom-
ing to that writer he was eleven times invested with panied into Spain in 238 B. C. From thence he
the chief magistracy, which he calls dictatorship was sent back to Africa to take the command in a
(dictatura, by which it is probable that he means the war against the Numidian tribes, whom he com-
chief military command, rather than the office of pletely defeated and reduced to submission. (Diod.
buffete), and four times obtained the honours of a Exc. Hoesch. xxv. 2. p. 510). At what time he
triumph, an institution which is not mentioned on returned to Spain we know not, but we find him
any other occasion as existing at Carthage. But there in B. c. 229, when, after the death of Hamil-
the only wars in which Justin speaks of him as car, he hastened to collect together his scattered
engaged, are one against the Africans, which ap- forces, and was soon after nominated by the govern-
pears to have been on the whole unsuccessful, and ment of Carthage to succeed him as commander-in-
one in Sardinia, in which Hasdrubal himself chief. Hasdrubal does not appear to have been
perished. (Just. xix. 1. ) He left three sons, Han- distinguished so much by his talents for war, as by
nibal, Hasdrubal, and Sappho, who are said to have his political management and dexterity, and espe-
followed up their father's areer of conquest, and cially his conciliating manners: and these qualities,
to have held, together with their cousins, the three as they had first gained him popularity at home,
sons of Hamilcar, the chief direction of all affairs were now also of the utmost service in conciliating
at Carthage ; but their particular actions are not the minds of the Spaniards, and gaining them over
specified. (Id. xix. 2). The chronology of this to the Carthaginian alliance. Still more to increase
part of the Carthaginian history, as related by this disposition, he married the daughter of one of
Justin, is extremely uncertain.
the Spanish chieftains. (Diod. I. c. p. 511. ) At
2. A son of the preceding, of whom nothing the same time, by the foundation of the city of
more is known. (Just. I. c. )
New Carthage, in a situation admirably chosen, on
3. One of the commanders of the great Cartha- account of its excellent port and easy communica-
ginian army which was defeated by Timoleon at tion with Africa, as well as from its proximity to
the river Crimissus, in B. C. 339. [TIMOLEON). the silver mines of Spain, he contributed greatly to
Plutarch, the only author who mentions the names the consolidation of the Carthaginian empire in
of the Carthaginian generals, on this occasion that country. Meanwhile he carried warlike
(Timol. 25) does not tell us what became of them. operations against the more distant and hostile
4. A Carthaginian general in the first Punic tribes ; and these enterprizes, the conduct of which
war, called by Polybius son of Hanno. He is first he entrusted to the young Hannibal, are said to
mentioned as one of the two generals appointed to have been almost uniformly successful. By these
take the field against Regulus in B. c. 256, and means he had already extended the dominion of
who, by their injudicious management, brought Carthage orer a great part of the peninsula, when
Carthage to the brink of ruin. (Polyb. i. 30–31. ) he was assassinated by a blave, whose master he
Though the virtual command of the army was had put to death (B. C. 221). He had held the


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HASDRUBAL.
355
HASDRUBAL.
command in Spain for a period of between eight | in Italy by the great victory of Cannae, was sig-
and nine years. " (Polyb. ii. 1, 13, 36 ; Diod. Hæc. nalised by no decisive results in Spain, Hasdrubal
Hoesch. xxv. 3, p. 511; Appian, Hisp. 4–8; Liv. having apparently confined himself to defensive
xxi. 2; Zonar. viii. 19. )
operations, or to enterprises against the Spanish
According to Fabius (ap. Polyb. ii. 8), Hasdrubal tribes. But when the news of the battle of Cannae
had been so elated by the successes he had obtained reached Carthage, orders were immediately sent to
in Spain, that he repaired to Carthage, with the Hasdrubal to march at once into Italy, in order to
design of overthrowing the constitution of his support and cooperate with the victorious Han-
country, and establishing himself in the possession nibal
, and Himilco was sent with a fresh army to
of unlimited power ; but failing in this object, he supply his place in Spain. But the execution of
returned to Spain, and thenceforth governed that this plan was frustrated by the total defeat of
country with uncontrolled and arbitrary authority. Hasdrubal in a battle with the two Scipios near
Notwithstanding the censure of Polybius, there is the passage of the Iberus ; and this disaster was
certainly nothing in itself improbable in this state followed by the defection of many of the native
ment: the position of Hasdrubal in Spain, like tribes. (Liv. xxiii. 26—29, 32; Zonar. ix. 3. )
that of his predecessor and successor, was in great The Carthaginians now sent to his relief his
measure independent of the government at home, brother Mago, with a force of 12,000 foot, 1500
a fact sufficiently proved by the remarkable circum- horse, and 20 elephants, which had been previously
stance that the celebrated treaty which fixed the destined for the assistance of Hannibal in Italy';
Iberus as the boundary of the two nations was and we henceforward find the two brothers co-
concluded by the Romans, not with the Carthagi- operating in the war in Spain. But our knowledge
nian government, but with Hasdrubal alone. (Po of their proceedings is very imperfect: the Roman
lyb. ii. 13, iii. 27, 29; Liv. xxi. 2, 18, 19. ) A accounts are full of the most palpable and absurd
splendid palace which he erected at New Carthage exaggerations ; and it is utterly impossible to form
was also pointed out as an additional proof of his any thing like a clear conception of the military
assumption of sovereign power. (Polyb. x. 10. operations of either side. Hence a very brief
§ 9. )
notice of the leading events of the war is all that
6. Son of the great Hamilcar Barca, and brother can be here attempted. It may be observed, how-
of the still more famous Hannibal. He is men- ever, that the operations of the generals on both
tioned as being present in the battle in which his sides must naturally have been determined in great
father lost his life, and from which he escaped, measure by the fluctuating policy of the different
together with his brother Hannibal, to the city of Spanish tribes, concerning which we have scarcely
Acra Leuce. (Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxv. 2. ) This any information ; and this circumstance may some-
is the only notice we find of him previous to the times serve to explain changes of fortune which
departure of Hannibal for Italy ; but it is evident would otherwise appear wholly unaccountable.
that he must not only have been trained up in war, In the year 215 we find Hasdrubal and Mago
but must have already given proofs of his ability, employed with their united forces in the siege of
which led his brother to confide to him the im- Iliturgi, when the two Scipios came up to the re-
portant command of the army in Spain, when he lief of the city, totally defeated them, and took
himself set out on his daring march to Italy, B. c. their camp. But this disaster did not prevent
218. The troops left under his command amounted them from soon after forming the siege of Indibilis,
to less than 13,000 foot and 2500 horse, princi- where, it is said, they again experienced the like
pally Africans (Polyb. Üï. 33); but he doubtless ill fortune. (Liv. xxiii. 49. ) The next year, 214,
greatly increased this number' by levies among the was marked by the arrival in Spain of a third
Spaniards themselves. With a part of this force Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal the son of Gisco,
he advanced to support Hanno, who had been left with a considerable army ; but, notwithstanding
in charge of the province between the Iberus and this reinforcement, nothing memorable was etfected.
the Pyrenees, against Cn. Scipio ; but that general The Roman accounts indeed speak of two succes-
was defeated, and his army destroyed before he sive victories gained by Cn. Scipio, but followed
could arrive, and he was obliged to content himself (as usual) by no apparent results. (Liv. xxiv. 41,
with cutting off a body of the Roman soldiers who 42. ) of the campaign of 213 no particulars are
were attached to the fleet. (Polyb. iii. 76; Liv. recorded by Livy; but according to Appian (Hisp.
xxi. 61. ) The next spring (B. c. 217) he advanced 15), Hasdrubal was employed during a part of this
from New Carthage, where he had wintered, with year in Africa, having been sent for by the govern-
the intention of dispossessing Cn. Scipio of the ment at home to carry on the war against the re-
province north of the Iberus; but the loss of his volted Numidians, which he brought to a successful
fleet, which was almost destroyed by that of the termination, and then returned to Spain. The
Romans, appears to have paralysed his movements, following year (B. C. 212) was at length marked
and he did not even cross the Iberus. Before the by a decisive success on the part of the Carthagi.
end of the season, P. Scipio joined his brother with nians. The two Scipios appear to have roused
large reinforcements from Rome, and they now themselves to make a great effort, and dividing
assumed the offensive, and crossed the Iberus, with their forces, marched to attack the separate Car-
out Bostar, who had been despatched by Hasdrubalthaginian armies at the same time. The result
to oppose them, venturing to meet them in the was fatal : Cn. Scipio, who was opposed to Has-
field. " No decisive action took place before the drubal, was at once paralysed by the defection of
winter ; but Bostar, by suffering the Spanish hos 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries, who were gained
tages to fall into the hands of the Romans (Bostar over by the Carthaginian general: meanwhile his
No. 3], gave a shock to the Carthaginian influence brother Publius had fallen in an engagement with
throughout Spain which it hardly recovered. the Numidian cavalry of Hasdrubal son of Gisco
(Polyb. iii. 95—99; Liv. xxii. 19-22. ) The and Mago; and those two generals having hastened
campaign of the next year, 216, which was marked to join their forces with those of the son of Barca,
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356
HASDRUBAL.
HASDRUBAL.
Cn. Scipio was surrounded by their united armies, heavy loss. The defeat, however, can hardly have
his camp taken, and he himself slain, with the been so complete as it is represented by the Roman
greater part of his troops. (Liv. uv. 32–36; writers, for it appears that Hasdrubal carried off
Appian, Hisp. 16. )
his treasure and his elephants in safety, and with-
This victory appeared to be decisive of the fate drew unmolested towards the more northern pro-
of the war in Spain ; and we do not see what now vinces of Spain. Here he held a consultation with
remained to prevent Hasdrubal from setting out on the other two generals (his brother Mago and Has
his march to Italy. Yet we hear of no measures drubal the son of Gisco), at which it was agreed
tending to this result, and are unable to account that he himself should proceed to Italy, leaving his
for the loss of so valuable an opportunity. But the two colleagues to make head against Scipio in
history of this part of the war has been so effectually Spain. (Polyb. x. 31–40 ; Liv. xxvii. 17-20. )
disguised, that it is impossible to conjecture the Of the expedition of Hasdrubal to Italy, though
truth. It appears that the remains of the Roman it is one of the most important events of the war,
armies had been collected together by a Roman we have very little real knowledge. The line of
knight, named L.
Marcius, who established his his march was necessarily different from that pur-
camp to the north of the Iberus ; and was able to sued by Hannibal, for Scipio was in undisputed
defend it against the attacks of the enemy; but possession of the province north of the Iberus, and
the accounts (copied by Livy from Claudius Qua- had secured the passes of the Pyrenees on that
drigarius and Valerius of Antium) of his great side ; hence Hasdrubal, after recruiting his army
victories over the Carthaginian armies, and his with fresh troops, levied among the northern Spa-
capture of their camps, are among the most glaring niards, crossed the Pyrenees near their western
exaggerations with which the history of this war extremity, and plunged into the heart of Gaul.
has been encumbered by the Roman annalists. What were his relations with the Gallic tribes-
Still more palpably absurd is the story that the whether the period spent by him among them was
Roman praetor, Claudius Nero, landing in Spain occupied in peace or war-we know not ; but, be-
with a force of 6000 men, found Hasdrubal en fore he reached the foot of the Alps, many of them
camped in so disadvantageous a position, that his had been induced to join bim, and the mention
whole army must have fallen into the power of among these of the Arverni shows how deep into
Claudius, had he not deluded that general by a pre- the country he had penetrated. The chronology is
tended negotiation, under cover of which he drew also very obscure. It is certain that the battle of
off his forces. (Liv. xxv. 37-39, xxvi. 17; comp. Baecula was fought in B. C. 209, but wbether Has
Appian, Hisp. 17, and Zonar. ix. 5, 7; and see drubal crossed the Pyrenees the same year we have
some judicious remarks on this part of Livy's no evidence: he musi, at all events, have spent
history by a soldier and a statesman in Raleigh's one winter in Gaul, as it was not till the spring of
History of the World, book 5, ch. 13, sect. 11. ) 207 that he crossed the Alps, and descended into
All that is certain is, that when the youthful P. Italy. The passage of the Alps appears to have
Scipio (the son of that Publius who had fallen in presented but trifling difficulties, compared with
the preceding year) landed in Spain in 211, he what his brother Hannibal had encountered eleven
found the whole country south of the Iberus in the years before ; and he arrived in Italy so much
undisputed possession of the Carthaginian generals. earlier than he was expected, that the Romans had
Their three armies were, however, separated in dis- no army in Cisalpine Gaul ready to oppose him.
tant quarters of the peninsula, probably engaged in Unfortunately, instead of taking advantage of this,
establishing their dominion over the native tribes : to push on at once into the heart of Italy, he al-
while the more settled Carthaginian province was lowed himself to be engaged in the siege of Pla-
comparatively neglected. Of this disposition centia, and lost much precious time in fruitless
Scipio ably availed himself, and by a sudden blow, efforts to reduce that colony. When at length he
made himself master of New Carthage, the heart abandoned the enterprise, he continued his march
of the enemy's dominion, and the place where their upon Ariminum, having previously sent messengers
principal stores had been collected. (Polyb. x. 7 to Hannibal to apprise him of his movements, and
-20, Liv. xxvi. 20, 41-48; Appian, Hisp. concert measures for their meeting in Umbria. But
19-24. )
his despatches fell into the hands of the Roman
Hasdrubal had been occupied in the siege of a consul, C. Nero, who instantly marched with a light
small town of the Carpetanians, at the time that detachment of 7000 men to join his colleague,
this blow was struck: we know nothing of the M. Livius, in his camp at Sena, where his ariny
measures which either he or his colleagues adopted was now in presence of Hasdrubal. Emboldened
in consequence ; but we are told that the conquest by this reinforcement, the two consuls proceeded to
of New Carthage co-operating with the personal offer battle to the Carthaginian general; but Has-
popularity of Scipio, caused the defection of many drubal, perceiving their augmented forces, declined
of the Spanish tribes from the alliance of Carthage, the combat, and retreated towards Ariminum. The
among others that of Indibilis and Mandonius, Romans pursued him, and he found himself com-
two of the most influential, and hitherto the most pelled to give them battle on the right bank of the
faithful of her supporters. Hasdrubal, alarmed at Metaurus. It is admitted by his enemies that on
this increasing disaffection, determined to bring this occasion Hasdrubal displayed all the qualities
matters to the issue of a decisive battle, with the of a consummate general, but his forces were
view of afterwards putting in execution his long- greatly inferior to those of the enemy, and his
meditated advance to Italy. But while he was still Gaulish auxiliaries were of little service. The gal-
engaged in his preparations for this purpose, and lant resistance of his Spanish and Ligurian troops is
was collecting a supply of money from the rich attested by the heavy loss of the Romans; but all
silver mines of Andalusia, he was attacked by was of no avail, and, seeing the battle irretrierably
Scipio in his camp at Baecula, and, notwithstanding lost, he rushed into the midst of the enemy, and
the strength of his position, was forced from it with fell sword in hand, in a manner, says Livy, worthy


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HASDRUBAL
of the son of Hamilcar and the brother of Hannibal. to the Numidians to pursue the enemy, and, bring-
The loss on bis side had amounted, according to ing up his cavalry to the centre of the field, by a
Polybius, to 10,000 men, while it is exaggerated well-timed charge upon the rear of the Roman in-
by the Roman writers (who appear anxious to fantry, at the same time that they were engaged
make the battle of the Metaurus a compensation both in front and flank with Hannibal's African
for that of Cannae), to more than 50,000. But the and Spanish foot, effectually decided the fortune of
amount of loss is unimportant ; the battle was de- the day. (Polyb. iii. 115–118 ; Liv. xxii. 46-
cisive of the fate of the war in Italy. (Polyb. xi. 48. ) Appian, whose account of the battle of
1-3; Liv. xxvii. 36, 39, 43—49; Appian, Hisp. Cannae (Annib. 20—24) differs very much from
28, Annib. 52, 53 ; Zonar. ix. 9; Oros. iv. 18 ; that of Polybius, and is far less probable, assigns
Eutrop. iii. 18. ). The consul, C. Nero, hastened the command of the left wing of the Carthaginian
back to Apulia almost as speedily as he had come, army to Hanno, and that of the right to Mago, and
and is said to have announced to Hannibal the does not mention Hasdrubal at all. It is more
defeat and death of his brother, by throwing down singular, that after this time his name does not
before his camp the severed head of Hasdrubal. occur again either in Polybius or Livy,
(Liv. xxvii. 51. )
9. Surnamed the Balà (Calvus), commander of
The merits of Hasdrubal as a general are known the Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in the Se-
to us more by the general admission of his enemies, cond Punic War, B. C. 215. The revolt of Hump-
who speak of him as a worthy rival of his father sicora in Sardinia having excited in the government
and his brother, than from any judgment we can of Carthage hopes of recovering that important
ourselves form from the imperfect and perverted island, they placed under the command of Hasdru-
accounts that have been transmitted to us. Of his bal a fleet and army equal to those sent into Spain
personal character we know nothing: not a single under Mago, with which he put to sea ; but a storm
anecdote, not a single individual trait, has been drove his armament to the Balcaric islands, where
preserved to us by the Roman writers of the man he was obliged to remain some time in order to
who for so many years maintained the struggle refit. Meanwhile, affairs in Sardinia had taken an
against some of their ablest generals. We can only unfavourable turn, notwithstanding which, he
conjecture, from some of the events of the Spanish landed his forces in the island, and uniting them
war, that he possessed to a great degree the same with those of Hampsicora, marched straight upon
power over the minds of men that was evinced by Caralis, when they were met by the Roman pretor,
other members of his family ; and his conduct T. Manlius. A pitched battle ensued, which ended
towards the subject tribes seems to have been re- in the total defeat of the Carthaginian army. Has-
garded as presenting a favourable contrast to that drubal himself was made prisoner, and carried in
of his namesake, the son of Gisco. (Polyb. ix. triumph to Rome by Manlius. (Liv. xxiii. 32, 34,
11. )
40, 41; Zonar. ix. 4; Eutrop. iii. 13. )
7. A member of the senate of Carthage, who, 10. Son of Gisco, one of the Carthaginian generals
according to Zonaras (viii. 22), took the lead in in Spain during the Second Punic War. He is first
recommending the rejection of the demands of mentioned as arriving in that country, with a con-
Rome, and the declaration of war, when the Romansiderable army, in B. c. 214, and as co-operating
embassy arrived at Carthage, after the fall of Sa- with Hasdrubal and Mago, the two sons of Ha-
guntum, B. c. 219. He is not mentioned by any milcar, in the campaign of that year. But, not-
other writer.
withstanding the union of their three armies, they
8. An officer of high rank in the army of Han- were able to effect nothing decisive. The outline
nibal. He is first mentioned as being entrusted by of the events which marked the Spanish war from
that general with the care of transporting his army this year until the departure of Hasdrubal the son
over the Po (Polyb. iii. 66); and we afterwards of Hamilcar to Italy, has been already given in
find him employed in preparing the arrangements the life of the latter (No. 6), and it seems un-
for the well-known stratagem by which Hannibal necessary to recapitulate it, in order to point out
eluded the vigilance of Fabius, and effected his the share which the son of Gisco took in the suc-
escape from Campania through the passes of the cesses or reverses of the Carthaginian arms. From
Apennines. (Id. iü. 93 ; Liv. xxi. 16. ) He at an early period of the war, dissensions arose be
this time held the chief direction of all military tween the three generals, which doubtless con-
works (o él lectoUPY V Tetayuéros); but there tributed not a little to the fluctuations of its
is little doubt that it is the same person whom we success, and which appear to have risen to a still
afterwards find in command of Hannibal's camp greater height after the defeat and death of the two
at Geronium on the occasion of his action with Mi- Scipios (B. C. 212) had left them apparently un-
nucius (Polyb. iii. 102), and who also commanded disputed masters of Spain. The particular part
the left wing of the Carthaginian army at the battle which the son of Gisco took in these is nowhere
of Cannae (B. c. 216). On that memorable day, mentioned, but it is difficult to avoid the conjecture
Hasdrubal rendered the most important services. that they were in great part owing to his jealousy
The Spanish and Gaulish horse under his command, of the sons of Hamilcar; and Polybius expressly
after an obstinate combat, obtained the victory over charges him (ix. 11, x. 35, 36) with alienating the
the Roman cavalry to which they were opposed, minds of the Spaniards by his arrogance and
cut to pieces the greater part of them, and dispersed rapacity, among others that of Indibilis, one of the
the rest. As soon as he saw his victory in this chiefs who had been most faithfully attached to
quarter complete, Hasdrubal hastened to recal his the Carthaginian cause. (INDIBILIS. )
troops from the pursuit, and led them to the sup- When Hasdrubal the son of Hamilcar, after his
'port of the Numidian cavalry of the right wing, defeat at Baecula by Scipio (B. C 209), moved
against whom the Roman allies had hitherto main-northwards across the Tagus, he was joined by his
tained their ground, but took to flight on perceiving two colleagues, and, at the council of war held by
the approach of Hasdrubal. He thereupon left it them, it was agreed, that while the son of Hamilcar
1
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HASDRUBAL.
HASDRUBAL
:
should prosecute his march to Italy, the son of horrible scheme: the camp of Hasdrubal and that
Gisco should confine bimself to the defence of Lu- of Syphax were set on fire at the same time, while
sitania and the western provinces of Spain, taking they weré surrounded by the enemy's troops :
care to avoid a battle with Scipio. (Liv. xxvi. thousands of their men perished in the fames, ihe
20. ) This accounts for his inaction during the rest fell by the sword of the enemy in the darkness
following year. In the summer of 207 we hear of and confusion : out of 90,000 men, it is sid that
him in the extreme south, near Gades, where he a few fugitives alone escaped, to tell the tale of this
was joined by Mago with the remains of his army, fearful massacre. Among these, however, was
after his defeat by M. Silanus. (Mago. ) But Hasdrubal bimself, who hastened from the scene of
though Scipio followed Mago to the south, and en- the disaster to Carthage, where he succeeded in
deavoured to bring Hasdrubal to a batile, that persuading the senate once more to try the fortune
general evaded his designs, and the campaign came of war. Syphax hnd also escaped, and was soon
to a close without any decisive action. The next able to raise another army of Numidians, with
year (206) having greatly augmented his army by which he again joined Hasdrubal. But their
fresh Ievies, Hasdrubal found himself at the head united forces were a second time overthrown by
of a force of 70,000 foot and 4500 horse, with Scipio ; and while Syphax fled once more into
which he and Mago no longer hesitated to meet Numidia, Hasdrubal returned to Carthage, B. C.
the enemy in the field. They were attacked by 203. (Polyb. xiv. 1—8 ; Liv. xxix. 35, xxx. 3–
Scipio at a place called by Polybius Elinga, by 8 ; Appian, Pun. 13--23; Zonar. ir. 12. ) This
Livy Silpia, situated apparently in the mining dis is the last notice of himn that occurs in Polybius or
trict of Bactica, and, after a long and obstinate Livy, according to Appian, on the contrary, he
combat, totally defeated. This battle, which seems avoided returning to Carthage, from apprehension
to have been one of the most striking instances of of the popular fury, and assembled a force of mer-
Scipio's military genius, was decisive of the war in cenary and Numidian troops, with which he kept
Spain ; Hasdrubal and Mago, with the remains of the field on his own account, having been con-
their scattered army, took refuge within the walls demned to death for his ill success by the Car-
of Gades. (Polyb. xi. 20—24 ; Liv. xxviii. 1-3, thaginian government. Notwithstanding this, he
12-16 ; Appian, Hisp. 24—28. ) The former continued to concert measures, and co-operate with
appears to have henceforth abandoned all hopes of his successor, Hanno the son of Hamilcar; and on
prosecuting the war in Spain, and turned all his the arrival of Hannibal from Italy his sentence was
attention to Africa, where Scipio had already rerersed, and the troops he bad collected placed
entered into negotiations with Syphax, the power under the command of that general. But the po
ful king of the Massaesylians. Hasdrubal, alarmed pular feeling against him had not subsided : he was
at these overtures, hastened in person to the court compelled to conceal himself within the city, and,
of the Numidian king, where it is said he arrived on some occasion of a sudden outbreak of party
at the same time with Scipio hiniself, and spent violence, he was pursued by his enemies, and with
some days in friendly intercourse with his dreaded difficulty escaped to the tomb of his family, where
adversary. (Liv. xxviii. 17, 18 ; Appian, Hisp. he put an end to his life by poison. His head was
30. ) He was, however, successful in detaching cut off and paraded in triumph by the populace
Syphax from his meditated alliance with Rome, a through the city. (Appian, Pun. 24, 29, 30, 36,
success said to have been owing in great part to 38 ; Zonar. ix. 12, 13. )
the charms of his daughter Sophonisba, whom he Il. A Hasdrubal, who must be distinct from
gave in marriage to the Numidian prince ; but this the preceding, is mentioned by Livy and Appian as
same measure had the effect of completing the commanding the Carthaginian fleet in Africa in
alienation of Masinissa, prince of the Massylians, B. C. 203. According to the Roman accounts he
to whom Sophonisba had been previously promised. was guilty of a flagrant violation of the law of
Hasdrubal, however, did not regard his enmity in nations by attacking the quinquereme in which the
comparison with the friendship of Syphax, whom ambassadors sent by Scipio were returning to his
he not long after instigated to invade the territories camp: they, however, made their escape to the
of Masinise, and expel that prince from the whole land. He had previously been engaged in an
of his hereditary dominions. (Liv. xxix. 23, 31 ; attack upon the Roman squadron under Cn. Octa-
Appian, Pun. 10-12; Zonar. ix. 11, 12. ) vius, which, together with a large fleet of trans-
Such was the state of affairs when Scipio landed ports, had been wrecked on the coast near Car-
in Africa, in B. C. 204. Hasdrubal, who was at thage. (Liv.