No More Learning

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IACCHUS.
515
JACOBUS.
MEDES.
iii. 10. $ ); Hygin. Fab. 195; Schol. ad Hom. Il. Semele, nay, in some traditions Iacchus is called a
xviii. 486. ) Respecting his treasures see Aga son of Bacchus, but in others the two are con-
(L. S. ] founded and identified. (Soph. Antig. 1115, &c. ,
HYRMINE ('T pulvn), a daughter of Neleus, 1154 ; Strab. x. p. 468 ; Virg. Edog. vi. 15; Ov.
or Nycteus, or, according to others, of Epeius and Met. iv. 15. ) He is also identified with the infernal
Anaxiroe. She was the wife of Phorbas, and the Zagreus, the son of Zeus and Persephone. (Schol.
mother of Augeas and Actor. (Schol
. ad Apollon. ad Pind. Isthm. vii. 3, ad Eurip. 'Orest. 95. 2, ad
Rhod. i. 173 ; Paus. v. 1. $ 4; Eustath. ad Hom. Aristoph. Ran. 401, 479 ; Arrian, L. c. ) At Athens
p. 303. ) The Argonaut Tiphys is likewise called a statue of lacchus, bearing a torch in his hand,
a son of Phorbas and Hyrmine. (Hygin. Fab. was seen by the side of those of Demeter and Cora.
14. )
[L. S. ] (Paus. i. 2. § 4, 37. § 3. ) At the celebration of the
HYRNE'THO (Tpunow), a daughter of Teme great Eleusinian mysteries in honour of Demeter,
nus, and wife of Deiphontes. Her tomb and a Persephone, and lacchus, the statue of the last di-
heroum, with a sacred grove, were shown at Epi- vinity, carrying a torch and adorned with a myrtle
daurus and Argos. (Paus. ii. 23, § 3, 28. $ 3 ; wreath, was carried on the sixth day of the festival
Apollod. ii. 8. 5. )
(L. S. ) (the 20th of Boedromion) from the temple of De
HY'RTACUS ("Tptakos), a Trojan, the hus- meter across the Thriasian plain to Eleusis, accom-
band of Arisbe, and father of Asius and Nisus, who panied by a nunierous and riotous procession of the
are hence called Hyrtacides. (Hom. Il. ii. 837, initiated, who sang the lacchus, carried mystic
&c. ; A pollod. iii. 12, 5; Virg. Aen. ix. 177,406. ) baskets, and danced amid the sounds of cymbals
A second personage of this name occurs in Virgil
. and trumpets. (Schol. ad Pind. Isthm. vii. 3; Plut.
(Aen. v. 492. )
(L. S. )
Themist. 15, Camill. 19; Herod. viii. 65; Athen.
HYSMON ("Touwv), an Eleian athlete, who v. p. 213 ; Virg. Georg. i. 166. ) In some traditions
began when a boy to practise the pentathlon as a Iacchus is described as the companion of Baubo or
cure for rheumatism, and who was victorious in that Babo, at the time when she endeavoured to cheer
kind of contest, once in the Olympian games, and the mourning Demeter by lascivious gestures ; and
once in the Nemean: from the Isthmian games the it is perhaps in reference to this Jacchus that
Eleians were excluded. His statue in the Altis at Suidas and Hesychius call lacchus ñpws Tis. [L. S. ]
Olympia, representing him as holding old-fashioned JACOʻBUS ('lákwbos). l. Of ALEXANDRIA,
halteres, was the work of Cleon. (Paus. vi. 3. $ 4. ) called Psychristus or PsycoCHRISTUS, a physi-
[Cleon. )
[P. S. ] cian who lived in the reign of the emperor Leo I.
HYSTASPES ('Totkotns; in Persian, Gosh- Thrax (A. D. 457–474), mentioned by Photius
tasp, Gustasp, Histasp, or Wistasp). 1. The son (Bibl. Cod. 242), and by Tillemont, who has sup-
of Arsames, and father of Dareius I. , was a member plied many references respecting him. (Hist. des
of the Persian royal house of the Achaemenidae. Emp. vol. vi. 376. )
He was satrap of Persis under Cambyses, and pro- 2. BARADAEUS. (See No. 7. ]
bably under Cyrus also. He accompanied Cyrus 3. Bishop of Batne or BATNAE (Bárın or
on his expedition against the Massagetae ; but he Batval), a town now called Saruj, in the district of
was sent back to Persis, to keep watch over his Sarug or Saruj, in Osrhoene, about 30 miles E. of
eldest son Dareius, whom Cyrus, in consequence of Birtha, on the Euphrates. Jacobus is variously
a drcam, suspected of meditating treason. [DA- designated from his bishopric Batnaeus and SA-
REIUS. ] Besides Dareius, Hystaspes had two
He is also called SAPIENS or the
sons, Artabanus and Artanes. (Herod. i. 209, Wise. He was born about A. D. 452, at Curta-
210, iii. 70, iv. 83, vii. 224. ) Ammianus Mar- mum, near the Euphrates. His parents had long
cellinus (xxiii. 6) makes him a chief of the Ma- been childless, and his birth was regarded as an
gians, and tells a story of his studying in India answer to prayer. When he grew up he became
under the Brahmins. His name occurs in the eminent for learning and eloquence, and when in
inscriptions at Persepolis. (Grotefend, Beilage zu his 68th year A. d. 519, was chosen bishop of
Heeren's Ideen. )
Batnae. He died in less than three years after his
2. The son of Dareius I. and Atossa, commanded elevation to the bishopric, A. D. 5:22, aged 70. He
the Bactrians and Sacae in the army of his brother has been charged by Renaudot with holding the
Xerxes. (Herod. vii. 64. )
[P. S. ] Monophysite doctrine, but Assemani defends him
from the charge, and vindicates his orthodoxy. His
works, of which many are extant, were written in
I. J.
Syriac: they comprehended a Liturgy, of which a
Latin version is given by Renaudot; a Baptismal
IACCHUS ("lakxos), the solemn name of the Service; Homilies, some in prose and some metrical ;
mystic Bacchus at Athens and Eleusis,
The on the saints of the Old and New Testament, and
Phrygian Bacchus was looked upon in the Eleusinian the incarnation, death, burial, and resurrection of
mysteries as a child, and as such he is described as Jesus Christ; and Letters. A Letter, which he wrote
the son of Demeter (Deo or Calligeneia) and Zeus, during an invasion of the eastern frontier by the
and as the brother of Cora, that is, the male Cora Persian king, Cavades, or Cabadis, in the beginning
or Corus. (Aristoph. Ran. 338 ; Soph. Antig. 1121, of the 6th century, encouraged the inhabitants to
&c. ; Orph. Hymn. 51, 11. ) His name was de resist the invaders. The memory of Jacobus is
rived from the boisterous festive song which is reverenced both in the Maronite and Jacobite
likewise called lacchus. (Aristoph. Ran. 321, churches.
He is not to be confounded with the
400; Herod. viii. 65; Arrian, Anal. ii. 16. ) From Jacobus, a Syrian saint, mentioned by Procopius
these statements (comp. Schol. ud Aristoph. Ran. (de Bello Persico, i. 7) who lived about half a
326), it is clear that the ancients distinguished century before the bishop of Batnae. (Assemani,
lacchus, the son of Zeus and Demeter, from the Bibl. Orient. vol. i. p. 274, 283, &c. ; Renaudot,
Theban Bacchus (Dionysus), the son of Zeus and | Liturgiue Orientales, vol. ii. p. 356, &c. ; Cave,
RUGENSIS.
VOL. IL
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346
JACOBUS.
JACOBUS.
p. 161. )
Ilist. Litt. vol. i. p. 525 ; Acta Sunctor. Aug. vol. ii. nearly sixty years, dying A. D. 710. He was
perhaps present at a synod convened by the patri-
4. Á monk of the monastery of COCCINOBAPHUS, arch of the Jacobites A. D. 706; but the passage in
about the time of the emperor Alexius Comnenus which this is recorded is obscure and ambiguous.
(A. D. 1081—1118). He was a man of great His memory is highly reverenced, and he has a
jearning and an elegant writer. Several of his place in the calendar both of the Maronite and
homilies are extant in MS. , and one of them, In Jacobite churches, and his opinions are cited with
Nativitatem B. Mariae, is given both in the ori- great regard by subsequent Syriac writers. He
ginal Greek and in a Latin version, in the Auctarium wrote Commentaries on the Scriptures, and a Com-
Novum of Combéfis, vol. i. p. 1583. Allatius mentary on the Isagoge of Porphyry; also a work
ascribes this homily, but with hesitation, to another called Chronicon, or Annales, which is not known
Jacobus, archbishop of Bulgaria, who lived about to be extant; a Liturgy; a Baptismal Service ;
the middle of the 13th century. (Fabric. Bibl. Ecclesiastical Canons, and Letters. He was the
Graec. vol. x. pp. 277, 278, 279, 282, 318, vol. xi. author of a Syriuc Grammar, and to him is ascribed
p. 637 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. p. 186. )
the restoration of the purity of the Syriac tongue,
5. COMMENTATOR. (See No. 8. )
which had begun to degenerate. He translated the
6. DIACONUS (the Deacon) or of Edessa. It Praedica menta, Analytica, and De Elocutione Ora-
is doubtful of what church Jacobus was deacon. toria of Aristotle, and the Homiliae Epithroniae of
Baronius contends for Heliopolis in Coele-Syria, Severus of Antioch ; and, perhaps, the works of
but Pagi and Assemani think he belonged rather some other of the Greek fathers. Several of his
to Edessa. He appears to have lived about the works are extant: a Latin version of his Liturgy
middle of the 5th century, and is known only as is given in the Liturgiae Orientales (vol. ii. p. 371)
the author of Vita S. Pelagiae Meretricis Antiochiae, of Renaudot, who has impugned the orthodoxy of
“ The Life of Saint Pelagia, the Harlot of Antioch,” | Jacobus, but he is vindicated by Asscmani. (Re-
written in Greek, of which a Latin version, by one naudot, Liturgiae Orientales, l. c. , and notes on pp.
Eustachius, is given by Surius, in his De Probatis 380, &c. ; Assemani, Bibl. Orient. vol. i. p. 468,
Sanctorum Vitis, ad diem VIII. Octobr. The little &c. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 524. )
that is known of Jacobus is gleaned from this work. 9. Of Edessa, the DEACON. (Sée No. 6. ]
(Compare Baronius, Annal. Eccles. ad Ann. 451, 10. INTERPRES LIBRORUM. [See No. 8. ]
cap. cxxvii. ; Pagi, Critice in Baronium ; Assemani, II. Magnus or the Great. [See No. 13. )
Bibl. Orient. vol. i. p. 258. )
12. Of NIMUZA (Ninoúča), a Syrian hermit,
7. Of Edessa, the elder, called also by a Latin-whose austerities are described in the Philotheus
ized form of bis Syrian cognomen BARADAEUS, of Theodoret. Jacobus was living, and above ninety
and by the Greeks Zanzalus (Zavčanos), a word years of age, when Theodoret wrote the work, to
which Nicephorus Callisti interprets as meaning wards the middle of the 5th century. (Theodor.
poor," was originally a monk in the monastery Philotheus 8. Historia Religiosa, c. 25. )
of Phasilta. and was elevated to the bishopric of 13. Of Nisibis, commonly designated MAGNUS,
Edessa A. D. 541. He took a leading part in the the Great (ó péyas, Theodoret. ), was born at Nisi-
Monophysite council, in which Paulus was elected bis, or, as it is sometimes called, Antiocheia ad Myg-
patriarch of Antioch of their party. He succeeded donium or Mygdonica, an important town of the
in uniting the various subdivisions of the Mono- Eastern Empire in Mesopotamia on the frontier
physites into one sect, and they have received from toward Persia. The time of his birth is not ascer-
him the name of Jacobites. He died A. D. 578. The tained ; it was probably in the latter half of the
Nestorians speak of him as patriarch of the Jacob- third century. He embraced a life of solitude and
ites, but this is not correct : he never attained any asceticism, living on the mountains, sleeping in
higher dignity than that of bishop of Edessa ; the thickets and under the open sky in spring, summer,
error has probably arisen from his great influence in and autumn, and seeking the shelter of a cave
his party, and from his having given name to them. during the rigour of the winter. Theodoret
Both Jacobites and Nestorians have the most ab- ascribes to him the gift of prophecy and other mi-
surd and exaggerated stories respecting him : the raculous powers. After a journey into Persia,
Jacobites affirm that he ordained two patriarchs, apparently to promote the spread of Christianity
one archbishop, twenty bishops, and a hundred there, and to encourage its professors, he returned
thousand priests and deacons: the Nestorians that to the neighbourhood of Nisibis, of which he was
he ordained eighty thousand priests and deacons. afterwards made bishop. On this appointment he
He has a place in the calendar of the Jacobites. left his solitude for the city, but continued his
He composed an Anaphora or Liturgy, of which a hard fare and coarse clothing. He was the friend
Latin version is given in the Liturgiae Orientales of and benefactor of the poor, the guardian of widows
Renaudot, vol. ii. p. 333. Cave and others ascribe and orphans and the protector of the injured.
to him the Catechesis of the Jacobites, which is The famous Ephraem, when expelled from home by
one of their symbolic books; but Assemani has his father, an idolatrous priest, because he refused
shown that it is of later date. (Niceph. Callist. to participate in his idolatrous practices, found a
H. E. xviii. 52 ; Assemani, Bibl. Orient. vol. ii. p. refuge with Jacobus. The Menaea of the Greeks
62, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lilt. vol. i. p. 524 ; Renaudot, ascribe to him the conversion of many idolators.
l. c. and notes on p. 342. )
If this statement has any foundation in fact, it
8. Of Edessa, the younger, known also by the may possibly have reference to his journey into
designations of Doctor, and COMMENTATOR, and Persia already mentioned. According to Gennadius,
INTERPRES LIBRORUM. He appears to have been he was one of the sufferers in the great persecution
appointed to the bishopric of Edessa a. D. 651. The under the successors of Diocletian. Jacobus attended
date and place of his birth are not mentioned, but the council of Nice, A. D. 325, and distinguished him-
he must have been comparatively young at the self as one of the champions of the Consubstantial
time of his elevation to his bishopric, for he held it | party. (Labbe, Concilia, vol. ii. col. 56. ) Some


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JACOBUS.