[TORQUA-
the words of Jerome are perfectly explicit, distin- TUS.
the words of Jerome are perfectly explicit, distin- TUS.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
, Hamb.
1734,
text of Diodorus has fáïos 'Opbavós, for which we by A. Schneider, l'octriurum Gruec. Fragm.
ought undoubtedly to read with Wesseling, ráños Giessae, 1802, by Brunck, Anal. vet. Poel. Gr.
Nopbavós. ) In the civil wars Norbanus espoused vol. i. , and by Jacobs, Anth. Gruec. vol. i. (Comp.
the Marian party, and was consul in B. C. 83 with Fabric. Bill. Gruec. vol. i. p. 133 ; Bentley, Dis-
Scipio Asiaticus. In this year Sulla crossed over scrtution upon the Epistles of Phuluris, pp. 256,
from Greece to Italy, and marched from Brundisium 257, Lond. 1777. )
into Campania, where Norbanus was waiting for NOTHIPPUS, a tragic poet, with whom we
him, on the Vulturnus at the foot of Mount Tifata, / are only acquainted through a fragment of the
not far from Capua. Sulla at first sent deputies to Morirue of the comic poet Hermippus, who
Norbanus under the pretext of treating respecting a describes Nothippus as an enormous eater. (Athen.
peace, but evidently with the design of tampering viii. p. 344, c, d. )
with his troops ; but they could not effect their pur- NOVATIANUS, according to Philostorgius,
pose, and returned to Sulla after being insulted whose statement, however, has not been generally
and maltreated by the other side. Thereupon a received with confidence, was a native of Phrygia.
general engagement ensued, the issue of which was From the accounts given of his baptism, which his
not long doubtful; the raw levies of Norbanus enemies alleged was irregularly administered in
were unable to resist the first charge of Sulla's consequence of his having been prevented by
veterans, and fed in all directions, and it was not sickness from receiving imposition of hands, it
till they reached the walls of Capua that Norbanus would appear that in early life he was a gentile ;
was able to rally them again. Six or seven thou- but the assertion found in many modern works
sand of his men fell in this battle, while Sulla's that he was devoted to the stoic philosophy is not
loss is said to have been only seventy. Appian, supported by the testimony of any ancient writer.
contrary to all the other authorities, places this. There can be no doubt that he became a presbyter
battle near Canusium in Apulia, but it is not im- of the church at Rome, that he insisted upon the
probable, as Drumann has conjectured (Geschichte rigorous and perpetual exclusion of the Lapsi, the
Röms, vol. ii. p. 459), that he wrote Casilinum, a weak brethren who had fallen away from the faith
town on the Vulturnus. In the following year, under the terrors of persecution, and that upon the
B. C. 82, Norbanus joined the consul Carbo in Cis-election of Cornelius (CORNELIUS], who advocated
alpine Gaul, but their united forces were entirely more charitable opinions, to the Roman see in
defeated by Metellus Pius. (METELLUS, No. 19. ] June, a. D. 251, about sixteen months after the
This may be said to have given the death-blow to the martyrdom of Fabianus, he disowned the authority
Marian party in Italy. Desertion from their ranks of the new pontiff, was himself consecrated bishop
rapidly followed, and Albinovanus, who had been by a rival party, was condemned by the council
entrusted with the command of Ariminum, invited held in the autumn of the same year, and after a
Norbanus and his principal officers to a banquet. vain struggle to maintain his position was obliged
Norbanus suspected treachery, and declined the to give way, and became the founder of a new
invitation ; the rest accepted it and were murdered. sect, who from him derived the name of Noratians.
Norbanus succeeded in making his escape from We are told, moreover, that he was a man of un-
Italy, and fled to Rhodes ; but his person having sociable, treacherous, and wolf-like disposition, that
been demanded by Sulla, he killed himself in the his ordination was performed by three simple
middle of the market-place, while the Rhodians illiterate prelates from an obscure corner of Italy,
were consulting whether they should obey the com- whom he gained to his purpose by a most disrepu-
mands of the dictator. (Appian, B. C. i. 82, 84, table artifice, that these poor men quickly perceived,
86, 91; Liv. Epit. 85 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 25 ; Plut. confessed, and lamented their error, and ibat those
Sull. 27; Oros. v. 20 ; Flor. iii. 21. § 18. ) persons who had at first espoused his cause quickly
2. NORBANUS FLACCUS. (Flaccus. ]
returned to their duty, leaving the schismatic
3. APPIUS NORBANUS, who defeated Antonius almost alone. We must observe that these au-
in the reign of Domitian, is more usually called verse representations proceed from his bitter enemy
Appius Maximus. [MAXIMUS, p. 986, b. ) Cornelius, being contained in a long letter from
4. NORBANUS, praefectus praetorio under Do- that pope to Fabius, of Antioch, preserved in
mitian, was privy to the death of that emperor. Eusebius, that they bear evident marks of personal
(Dion Cass. Ixvii. 15. )
rancour, and that they are contradicted by the
5. NORBANUS LICINIANUS, one of the infamous circumstance that Novatianus was commissioned in
servants of Domitian, was banished (relegatus) in 250 by the Roman clergy to write a letter in their
the reign of Trajan. (Plin. Ep. iii. 9. )
name to Cyprian which is still extant, by the
6. NORBANUS, banished by Commodus. (Lam- respect and popularity which he unquestionably
prid. Commod. 4. )
enjoyed after his assumption of the episcopal dig-
NO'RTIA or NU'RTIA, an Etruscan divinity, nity, even among those who did not recognise his
who was worshipped at Volsinii, where a nail was authority, and by the fact that a numerous and
driven every year into the wall of her temple, for devoted band of followers espousing his cause
the purpose of marking the number of years. (Liv. formed a separate communion, which spread over
vii. 3 ; Juvenal, x. 74. )
[L. S. ] the whole Christian world, and flourished for more
NOSSIS, a Greek poetess, of Locri in Southern than two hundred years. The career of Novatia-
Italy, lived about B. c. 310, and is the author of nus, after the termination of his struggle with
twelve epigrams of considerable beauty, extant in Cornelius, is unknown ; but we are told by So-
the Greek Anthology. From these we learn that crates (H. E. iv. 28) that he suffered death under
her mother's name was Theuphila, and that she Valerian ; and from Pacianus, who flourished in the
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middle of the fourth century, we learn that the persecution (A. D. 249–257), probably towards
Novatians boasted that their founder was a martyr. the close of A. v. 250. If composed under these
The original and distinguishing tenet of these circumstances, as maintained by Jackson, it refutes
heretics was, as we have indicated above, that no in a most satisfactory manner the charges brought
one who after baptism had, through dread of per- by Cornelius in reference to the conduct of Nova-
secution or from any other cause, fallen away from tianus at this epoch. The author denies that the
the faith, could, however sincere his contrition, again | Mosaic ordinances, with regard to meats, are
be received into the bosom of the church, or entertain binding upon Christians, but strongly recommends
sure hope of salvation. It would appear that subse-moderation and strict abstinence from flesh offered
quently this rigorous exclusion was extended to all to idols.
who had been guilty of any of the greater or mortal III. Epistolae. Two letters, of which the first
sina ; and, if we can trust the expression of St. Am is certainly genuine, written a. D. 250, in the
brose (De Poen. iii. 3), Novatianus himself altoge- name of the Roman clergy to Cyprian, when a
ther rejected the efficacy of repentance, and denied vacancy occurred in the p:ipal see in consequence
that forgiveness could be granted to any sin, whether of the martyrdom of Fabianus, on the 13th of
small or great. There can be no doubt that com. February, A. D. 250.
munion was refused to all great offenders, but we The two best editions of the collected works of
feel inclined to believe that Socrates (H. E. iv. 28) Novatianus are those of Welchman (8vo. Oxon.
represents these opinions, as first promulgated, | 172+), and of Jackson ( 8vo. Lond. 1728). The
more fairly when he states, that Novatianus merely latter is in every respect superior, presenting us with
would not admit that the church had power to for- an excellent text, very useful prolegomena, notes
give and grant participation in her mysteries to and indices. The tracts De Trinitate and De Cibis
great offenders, while at the same time he exhorted | Judaicis will be found in almost all editions of Ter-
them to repentance, and referred their case directly tullian from the Parisian impression of 1545 down-
to the decision of God - views which were likely | wards. (Hieronym. de Viris Ill. 10 ; Philostorg.
to be extremely obnoxious to the orthodox priest- 11. E. viii. 15; Euseb. H. E. vi. 43 ; Pacian. Ep.
hood, and might very readily be exaggerated and 3 ; Ambros, de Poen. iii. 3 ; Cyprian. Ep. 44, 45,
perverted by the intolerance of his own followers, 49, 50, 55, 68 ; Socrat. H. E. iv. 28, v. 22, and
who, full of spiritual pride, arrogated to themselves notes of Valesius ; Sozomen. H. E. vi. 24 ; Lardner,
the title of Katapol, or Puritans, an epithet caught Credibility of Gospel History, c. xlvii ; Schönemann,
up and echoed in scorn by their antagonists. Bibliotheca Patrum Lat. vol. i. $ 5; Bähr, Geschicht.
It is necessary to remark that the individual des Röm. Litterat. Suppl. Band. 2te Abtheil. SS 23,
who first proclaimed such doctrines was not Nova- 24 ; with regard to Novatus, see Cyprian. Ep.
tianus, but an African presbyter under Cyprian, 52. )
(W. R. ]
named Novatus, who took a most active share in NOVATUS. (NovaTIANUS).
the disorders which followed the elevation of Cor- NOVA'TUS, JU'NIUS, published a libellous
nelius. Hence, very naturally, much confusion letter against Augustus under the name of Agrippa,
has arisen between Novatus and Novatianus ; and but was punished only by a pecuniary fine. (Suet.
Lardner, with less than his usual accuracy, persists Aug. 51. )
in considering them as one and the same, although NOVE’LLIUS TORQUATUS.
[TORQUA-
the words of Jerome are perfectly explicit, distin- TUS. ]
guishing most clearly between “Novatianus Ro- NOVELLUS, ANTONIUS, was one of Otho's
manae urbis presbyter” and “ Novatus Cypriani principal generals, but possessed no influence with
presbyter. " Indeed, the tenth chapter of his Ca- the soldiery. (Tac. Ilist. i. 87, ii. 12. )
talogue becomes quite unintelligible if we confound NOVENSILES DII, are mentioned in the
them.
solemn prayer which the consul Decius repeated
Jerome informs us that Novatianus composed after the pontifex previous to his devoting himself
treatises De Pascha ; De Subbato; De Circumci- to death for his country. (Liv. viii. 9. ) Instead
sione ; De Sacerdote ; De Oratione ; De Cibis Ju- 1 of Novensiles, we also find the form Novensides,
daicis ; De Instantia ; De Attalo, and many others; whence we may infer that it is some compound of
together with a large volume De Trinitate, exhi- insides. The first word in this compound is said by
biting in a compressed form the opinions of Ter- some to be novus, and by others novem (Arnob.
tullian on this mystery. Of all these the follow- iii. 38, 39); and it is accordingly said that the
ing only are now known to exist :-
Novensiles were nine gods, to whom Jupiter gave
1. De Trinitate s. De Regula Fidei, ascribed by permission to hurl his lightnings. (Arnob. l. c. ;
some to Tertullian, by others to Cyprian, and in- Plin. H. N. ii. 52. ) But this fact, though it may
serted in many editions of their works. That it have applied to the Etruscan religion, nowhere ap-
cannot belong to Tertullian is sufficiently proved pears in the religion of the Romans. We are
by the style and by the mention made of the Sabel- therefore inclined to look upon Novensides as com-
lians, who did not exist in his time, while Jerome posed of nove and insides, so that these gods would
expressly declares that the volume De Trinitate be the opposite of Indigetes, or old native divini-
was not the production of Cyprian, but of Nova- ties; that is, the Novensides are the gods who are
tianus. The piece before us, however, does not newly or recently introduced at Rome, after the
altogether answer his description, since it cannot conquest of some place. For it was customary at
be regarded as a mere transcript of the opinions of Rome after the conquest of a neighbouring town to
Tertullian, but is an independent exposition of the carry its gods to Rome, and there either to establish
orthodox doctrine very distinctly embodied in pure their worship in public, or to assign the care of it to
language and animated style.
some patrician family. This is the explanation of
il. De Cibis Julaicis, written at the request of Cincius Alimentus (ap. Arnob. iii. 38, &c. ), and
the Roman laity at a period when the author had, seems to be quite satisfactory. (L. S. )
apparently, withdrawn from the fury of the Decian NOʻVIA GENS, plebeian, was of very little
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1212
NUMA.
NUMA.
1
matter.
note. Persons of this name are first mentioned in Romulus the senate at first would not allow thie
the last century of the republic, but none of the election of a new king: every senator was to enjoy
Novii obtained the consulship till A. D. 78.
the royal power in rotation as interrex. In this
NOVIUS. 1. Q. Novius, a celebrated writer way a year passed. The people, being treated
of Atellane plays, was a contemporary of Pompo- more oppressively than before, were vehement in
vius, who wrote plays of the same kind, and of the demanding the election of a sovereign to protect
dictator Sulla. (Macrob. Sat. i. 10; Gell. xv. 13. ) them. When the senate permitted it to be held,
The plays of Novius are frequently mentioned by the Romans and Sabines disputed out of which
Nonius Marcellus, and occasionally by the other nation the king should be taken. It was agreed
grammarians. A list of the plays, and the frag- that the former should choose him out of the latter :
inents which are preserved, are given by Bothe. and all voices concurred in naning the wise and
(Poët. Lat. Scenic. Fragmentu, vol. ii. p. 41, &c. ) pious Numa Pompilius of Cures, who had married
2. L. Novius, a colleague and enemy of P. the daughter of Tatius.
Clodius in his tribunate, 1. C. 58. A fragment of " It was a very prevalent belief in antiquity that
a speech of his is preserved by Asconius (in Cic. Norma had derived his knowledge from the Greek
Mil. p. 47, Orelli).
Pythagoras; Polybius and other writers attempted
NOX. [Nyx. )
to show that this was impossible, for chronological
NU'CIUS, NICANDER (Ninavāpos Noukios), reasons, inasmuch as Pythagoras did not come
a native of Corcyra, born about the beginning of into Italy till the reign of Servius Tullius ;
the sixteenth century, who was driven from his but an inpartial critic, who does not believe that
own country by various misfortunes, and took the son of Mnesarehus was the only Pythagoras,
refnge at Venice. Here he was taken into the or that there is any kind of necessity for placing
service of Gerard Veltuyckus, or Veltwick (with Yuma in the twentieth Olympiad, or, in fine, that
whom he had been previously acquainted), who the historical personality of Pythagoras is more
was going as ambassador from the emperor Charles certain than that of Numa, will be pleased with
V. to the court of the Sultan Solyman, A. D. 1515. the old popular opinion, and will not sacrifice it to
He accompanied him not only to Constantinople, chronology.
but also over several other parts of Europe, and “When Numa was assured by the auguries that
wrote an account of his travels, which is still the gods approved of his election, the first care of
extant, and contains much curious and interesting the pious king was turned, not to the rites of the
There is a MS. of this work in the Bod- temples, but to human institutions. He divided
leian library at Oxford (containing two books, the lands which Romulus had conquered and had
but not quite perfect at the end), from which the left open to occupancy. He founded the worship
second book has been edited in Greek with an of Terminus. It was not till after he had done
English translation under the direction of Dr. this that Numa set himself to legislate for religion.
Cramer, small 4to. , 18+1, London, printed for the He was revered as the author of the Roman cere-
Camden Society. In his introduction, Dr. Cramermonial law. Instructed by the Camena Egeria, who
has given a short analysis of the contents of the was espoused to him in a visible form, and who led
first book. There is another and more complete him into the assemblies of her sisters in the sacred
MS. of Nucius's Travels preserved in the Ambro- grove, he regulated the whole hierarchy ; the pon-
sian library at Milan, consisting of three books, tiffs, who took care, by precept and by chastise-
from which there was, some years ago, an intention ment, that the laws relating to religion should be
on the part of one of the officers of the library of observed both by individuals and by the state ;
editing the work, but the writer is not aware that the augurs, whose calling it was to afford security
this intention has ever been put into execution for the councils of men by piercing into those of
(Compare Dr. Cramer's Introduction to his edi- the gods; the flamens, who ministered in the
tion. )
[W. A. G. ] temples of the supreme deities; the chaste virgins
NUMA MA'RCIUS. ]. The son of Marcus, of Vesta; the Salii, who solemnised the worship of
is described in the legend of Numa Pompilius as the gods with armed dances and songs. He pre-
the most intimate friend of that king. Marcius scribed the rites according to which the people
urged Numa to accept the Roman throne, accom- might offer worship and prayer acceptable to the
panied him from his Sabine country to Rome, gods. To him were revealed the conjurations for
there became a member of the senate, and was compelling Jupiter himself to make known his
chosen hy his royal friend to be the first Pontifex will, by lightnings and the flight of birds: whereas
Maximus, and the depository of all his religious others were forced to wait for these prodigies from
and ecclesiastical enactments. It is related that the favour of the god, who was often silent to
Marcius aspired to the kingly dignity on the death such as were doomed to destruction. This charm
of Pompilius, and that he starved himself to death he learnt from Faunus and Picus, whom, by the
on the election of Tullus Hostilius. (Plut. Num. advice of Egeria, he enticed and bound in chains,
5, 6, 21 ; Liv. j. 20. )
as Midas bound Silenus in the rose garden. From
2. The son of the preceding, is said to have mar- this pious prince the god brooked such boldness.
ried Pompilia, the daughter of Numa Pompilius, At Numa's entreaty he exempted the people from
and to have become by hier the father of Ancus the terrible duty of offering up human sacrifices.
Marcius. Numa Marcius was appointed by Tullus But when the audacious Tullus presumed to imi.
Hostilius praefectus urbi. (Plut. Num. 21, Coriol. tate his predecessor, he was killed by a flash of
; Tac. Ann. vi. 11. )
lightning during his conjurations in the temple of
NUMA POJIPI'LIUS, the second king of Jupiter Elicius. The tbirty-nine years of Numa's
Rome. The legend of this king is so well told by reign, which glided away in quiet happiness, with-
Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 237, &c. ), from out any war or any calamity, afforded no legends
Livy and the ancient authorities, that we cannot do but of such marvels. That nothing might break
better than borrow his words. “On the death of the peace of his days, the ancile fell from heaven,
## p. 1213 (#1229) ##########################################
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when the land was threatened with a pestilence, Eusebius, and from them we may with tolerable
which disappeared as soon as Numa ordained the accuracy learn the peculiar tendency of this new
ceremonies of the Salii. Numa was not a theme of Platonico-Pythagorenn philosophy, and its approxi-
song, like Romulus ; indeed he enjoined that, mation to the doctrines of Plato. Numenius is
among all the Camenae, the highest honours should almost invariably designated as a Pythagorean, but
be paid to Tacita. Yet a story was handed down, bis object was to trace the doctrines of Plato up to
thai, when he was entertaining his guests, the Pythagoras, and at the same time to show that
plain food in the earthenware dishes were turned they were not at variance with the doymas and
on the appearance of Egeria into a banquet fit for mysteries of the Bralımins, Jews, Magi and Egyp-
gods, in vessels of gold, in order that her divinity tians. (See the l'ragm. of the 1st book lepl
might be made manifest to the incredulous. The Táyaloû, ap. Eusch. Pracr. Erang. ix. 7. ) Nu-
temple of Janus, his work, continued always shut: menius called Plato " the Atticising Moses,"
peace was spread over Italy ; until Numa, like the probably on the supposition of some historical
darlings of the gods in the golden age, fell asleep, connexion between them. (Clem. Alex. Strom. i.
full of days. Egeria melted away in tears into a 342; Euseb. l'rurp. Evung. xi. 10. p. 527 ; Suid.
fountain. "
8. v. ) In several of his works, therefore, he had
The sacred books of Numa, in which he pre-based his remarks on passages from the books
scribed all the religious rites and ceremonies, were of Moses, and he had explained one passage about
said to have been buried near him in a separate the life of our Saviour, though without mentioning
tomb, and to have been discovered by accident, five him in a figurative sense. (Orig. adv. Ccls. iv.
hundred years afterwards, by one Terentius, in the p. 198, &c. Spenc. ; comp. i. p. 13; Porphyr. De
consulship of Cornelius and Brebius, B. C. 181. Antr. Nymph. p. 111, &c. ) He had also endea-
By Terentius they were carried to the city-practor voured to inquire into the hidden meaning of the
Petilius, and were found to consist of twelve or Egyptian, perhaps also of Greek mythology. (See
seven books, in Latin, on ecclesiastical law (ile his explanation of Serapis ap.
text of Diodorus has fáïos 'Opbavós, for which we by A. Schneider, l'octriurum Gruec. Fragm.
ought undoubtedly to read with Wesseling, ráños Giessae, 1802, by Brunck, Anal. vet. Poel. Gr.
Nopbavós. ) In the civil wars Norbanus espoused vol. i. , and by Jacobs, Anth. Gruec. vol. i. (Comp.
the Marian party, and was consul in B. C. 83 with Fabric. Bill. Gruec. vol. i. p. 133 ; Bentley, Dis-
Scipio Asiaticus. In this year Sulla crossed over scrtution upon the Epistles of Phuluris, pp. 256,
from Greece to Italy, and marched from Brundisium 257, Lond. 1777. )
into Campania, where Norbanus was waiting for NOTHIPPUS, a tragic poet, with whom we
him, on the Vulturnus at the foot of Mount Tifata, / are only acquainted through a fragment of the
not far from Capua. Sulla at first sent deputies to Morirue of the comic poet Hermippus, who
Norbanus under the pretext of treating respecting a describes Nothippus as an enormous eater. (Athen.
peace, but evidently with the design of tampering viii. p. 344, c, d. )
with his troops ; but they could not effect their pur- NOVATIANUS, according to Philostorgius,
pose, and returned to Sulla after being insulted whose statement, however, has not been generally
and maltreated by the other side. Thereupon a received with confidence, was a native of Phrygia.
general engagement ensued, the issue of which was From the accounts given of his baptism, which his
not long doubtful; the raw levies of Norbanus enemies alleged was irregularly administered in
were unable to resist the first charge of Sulla's consequence of his having been prevented by
veterans, and fed in all directions, and it was not sickness from receiving imposition of hands, it
till they reached the walls of Capua that Norbanus would appear that in early life he was a gentile ;
was able to rally them again. Six or seven thou- but the assertion found in many modern works
sand of his men fell in this battle, while Sulla's that he was devoted to the stoic philosophy is not
loss is said to have been only seventy. Appian, supported by the testimony of any ancient writer.
contrary to all the other authorities, places this. There can be no doubt that he became a presbyter
battle near Canusium in Apulia, but it is not im- of the church at Rome, that he insisted upon the
probable, as Drumann has conjectured (Geschichte rigorous and perpetual exclusion of the Lapsi, the
Röms, vol. ii. p. 459), that he wrote Casilinum, a weak brethren who had fallen away from the faith
town on the Vulturnus. In the following year, under the terrors of persecution, and that upon the
B. C. 82, Norbanus joined the consul Carbo in Cis-election of Cornelius (CORNELIUS], who advocated
alpine Gaul, but their united forces were entirely more charitable opinions, to the Roman see in
defeated by Metellus Pius. (METELLUS, No. 19. ] June, a. D. 251, about sixteen months after the
This may be said to have given the death-blow to the martyrdom of Fabianus, he disowned the authority
Marian party in Italy. Desertion from their ranks of the new pontiff, was himself consecrated bishop
rapidly followed, and Albinovanus, who had been by a rival party, was condemned by the council
entrusted with the command of Ariminum, invited held in the autumn of the same year, and after a
Norbanus and his principal officers to a banquet. vain struggle to maintain his position was obliged
Norbanus suspected treachery, and declined the to give way, and became the founder of a new
invitation ; the rest accepted it and were murdered. sect, who from him derived the name of Noratians.
Norbanus succeeded in making his escape from We are told, moreover, that he was a man of un-
Italy, and fled to Rhodes ; but his person having sociable, treacherous, and wolf-like disposition, that
been demanded by Sulla, he killed himself in the his ordination was performed by three simple
middle of the market-place, while the Rhodians illiterate prelates from an obscure corner of Italy,
were consulting whether they should obey the com- whom he gained to his purpose by a most disrepu-
mands of the dictator. (Appian, B. C. i. 82, 84, table artifice, that these poor men quickly perceived,
86, 91; Liv. Epit. 85 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 25 ; Plut. confessed, and lamented their error, and ibat those
Sull. 27; Oros. v. 20 ; Flor. iii. 21. § 18. ) persons who had at first espoused his cause quickly
2. NORBANUS FLACCUS. (Flaccus. ]
returned to their duty, leaving the schismatic
3. APPIUS NORBANUS, who defeated Antonius almost alone. We must observe that these au-
in the reign of Domitian, is more usually called verse representations proceed from his bitter enemy
Appius Maximus. [MAXIMUS, p. 986, b. ) Cornelius, being contained in a long letter from
4. NORBANUS, praefectus praetorio under Do- that pope to Fabius, of Antioch, preserved in
mitian, was privy to the death of that emperor. Eusebius, that they bear evident marks of personal
(Dion Cass. Ixvii. 15. )
rancour, and that they are contradicted by the
5. NORBANUS LICINIANUS, one of the infamous circumstance that Novatianus was commissioned in
servants of Domitian, was banished (relegatus) in 250 by the Roman clergy to write a letter in their
the reign of Trajan. (Plin. Ep. iii. 9. )
name to Cyprian which is still extant, by the
6. NORBANUS, banished by Commodus. (Lam- respect and popularity which he unquestionably
prid. Commod. 4. )
enjoyed after his assumption of the episcopal dig-
NO'RTIA or NU'RTIA, an Etruscan divinity, nity, even among those who did not recognise his
who was worshipped at Volsinii, where a nail was authority, and by the fact that a numerous and
driven every year into the wall of her temple, for devoted band of followers espousing his cause
the purpose of marking the number of years. (Liv. formed a separate communion, which spread over
vii. 3 ; Juvenal, x. 74. )
[L. S. ] the whole Christian world, and flourished for more
NOSSIS, a Greek poetess, of Locri in Southern than two hundred years. The career of Novatia-
Italy, lived about B. c. 310, and is the author of nus, after the termination of his struggle with
twelve epigrams of considerable beauty, extant in Cornelius, is unknown ; but we are told by So-
the Greek Anthology. From these we learn that crates (H. E. iv. 28) that he suffered death under
her mother's name was Theuphila, and that she Valerian ; and from Pacianus, who flourished in the
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middle of the fourth century, we learn that the persecution (A. D. 249–257), probably towards
Novatians boasted that their founder was a martyr. the close of A. v. 250. If composed under these
The original and distinguishing tenet of these circumstances, as maintained by Jackson, it refutes
heretics was, as we have indicated above, that no in a most satisfactory manner the charges brought
one who after baptism had, through dread of per- by Cornelius in reference to the conduct of Nova-
secution or from any other cause, fallen away from tianus at this epoch. The author denies that the
the faith, could, however sincere his contrition, again | Mosaic ordinances, with regard to meats, are
be received into the bosom of the church, or entertain binding upon Christians, but strongly recommends
sure hope of salvation. It would appear that subse-moderation and strict abstinence from flesh offered
quently this rigorous exclusion was extended to all to idols.
who had been guilty of any of the greater or mortal III. Epistolae. Two letters, of which the first
sina ; and, if we can trust the expression of St. Am is certainly genuine, written a. D. 250, in the
brose (De Poen. iii. 3), Novatianus himself altoge- name of the Roman clergy to Cyprian, when a
ther rejected the efficacy of repentance, and denied vacancy occurred in the p:ipal see in consequence
that forgiveness could be granted to any sin, whether of the martyrdom of Fabianus, on the 13th of
small or great. There can be no doubt that com. February, A. D. 250.
munion was refused to all great offenders, but we The two best editions of the collected works of
feel inclined to believe that Socrates (H. E. iv. 28) Novatianus are those of Welchman (8vo. Oxon.
represents these opinions, as first promulgated, | 172+), and of Jackson ( 8vo. Lond. 1728). The
more fairly when he states, that Novatianus merely latter is in every respect superior, presenting us with
would not admit that the church had power to for- an excellent text, very useful prolegomena, notes
give and grant participation in her mysteries to and indices. The tracts De Trinitate and De Cibis
great offenders, while at the same time he exhorted | Judaicis will be found in almost all editions of Ter-
them to repentance, and referred their case directly tullian from the Parisian impression of 1545 down-
to the decision of God - views which were likely | wards. (Hieronym. de Viris Ill. 10 ; Philostorg.
to be extremely obnoxious to the orthodox priest- 11. E. viii. 15; Euseb. H. E. vi. 43 ; Pacian. Ep.
hood, and might very readily be exaggerated and 3 ; Ambros, de Poen. iii. 3 ; Cyprian. Ep. 44, 45,
perverted by the intolerance of his own followers, 49, 50, 55, 68 ; Socrat. H. E. iv. 28, v. 22, and
who, full of spiritual pride, arrogated to themselves notes of Valesius ; Sozomen. H. E. vi. 24 ; Lardner,
the title of Katapol, or Puritans, an epithet caught Credibility of Gospel History, c. xlvii ; Schönemann,
up and echoed in scorn by their antagonists. Bibliotheca Patrum Lat. vol. i. $ 5; Bähr, Geschicht.
It is necessary to remark that the individual des Röm. Litterat. Suppl. Band. 2te Abtheil. SS 23,
who first proclaimed such doctrines was not Nova- 24 ; with regard to Novatus, see Cyprian. Ep.
tianus, but an African presbyter under Cyprian, 52. )
(W. R. ]
named Novatus, who took a most active share in NOVATUS. (NovaTIANUS).
the disorders which followed the elevation of Cor- NOVA'TUS, JU'NIUS, published a libellous
nelius. Hence, very naturally, much confusion letter against Augustus under the name of Agrippa,
has arisen between Novatus and Novatianus ; and but was punished only by a pecuniary fine. (Suet.
Lardner, with less than his usual accuracy, persists Aug. 51. )
in considering them as one and the same, although NOVE’LLIUS TORQUATUS.
[TORQUA-
the words of Jerome are perfectly explicit, distin- TUS. ]
guishing most clearly between “Novatianus Ro- NOVELLUS, ANTONIUS, was one of Otho's
manae urbis presbyter” and “ Novatus Cypriani principal generals, but possessed no influence with
presbyter. " Indeed, the tenth chapter of his Ca- the soldiery. (Tac. Ilist. i. 87, ii. 12. )
talogue becomes quite unintelligible if we confound NOVENSILES DII, are mentioned in the
them.
solemn prayer which the consul Decius repeated
Jerome informs us that Novatianus composed after the pontifex previous to his devoting himself
treatises De Pascha ; De Subbato; De Circumci- to death for his country. (Liv. viii. 9. ) Instead
sione ; De Sacerdote ; De Oratione ; De Cibis Ju- 1 of Novensiles, we also find the form Novensides,
daicis ; De Instantia ; De Attalo, and many others; whence we may infer that it is some compound of
together with a large volume De Trinitate, exhi- insides. The first word in this compound is said by
biting in a compressed form the opinions of Ter- some to be novus, and by others novem (Arnob.
tullian on this mystery. Of all these the follow- iii. 38, 39); and it is accordingly said that the
ing only are now known to exist :-
Novensiles were nine gods, to whom Jupiter gave
1. De Trinitate s. De Regula Fidei, ascribed by permission to hurl his lightnings. (Arnob. l. c. ;
some to Tertullian, by others to Cyprian, and in- Plin. H. N. ii. 52. ) But this fact, though it may
serted in many editions of their works. That it have applied to the Etruscan religion, nowhere ap-
cannot belong to Tertullian is sufficiently proved pears in the religion of the Romans. We are
by the style and by the mention made of the Sabel- therefore inclined to look upon Novensides as com-
lians, who did not exist in his time, while Jerome posed of nove and insides, so that these gods would
expressly declares that the volume De Trinitate be the opposite of Indigetes, or old native divini-
was not the production of Cyprian, but of Nova- ties; that is, the Novensides are the gods who are
tianus. The piece before us, however, does not newly or recently introduced at Rome, after the
altogether answer his description, since it cannot conquest of some place. For it was customary at
be regarded as a mere transcript of the opinions of Rome after the conquest of a neighbouring town to
Tertullian, but is an independent exposition of the carry its gods to Rome, and there either to establish
orthodox doctrine very distinctly embodied in pure their worship in public, or to assign the care of it to
language and animated style.
some patrician family. This is the explanation of
il. De Cibis Julaicis, written at the request of Cincius Alimentus (ap. Arnob. iii. 38, &c. ), and
the Roman laity at a period when the author had, seems to be quite satisfactory. (L. S. )
apparently, withdrawn from the fury of the Decian NOʻVIA GENS, plebeian, was of very little
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1212
NUMA.
NUMA.
1
matter.
note. Persons of this name are first mentioned in Romulus the senate at first would not allow thie
the last century of the republic, but none of the election of a new king: every senator was to enjoy
Novii obtained the consulship till A. D. 78.
the royal power in rotation as interrex. In this
NOVIUS. 1. Q. Novius, a celebrated writer way a year passed. The people, being treated
of Atellane plays, was a contemporary of Pompo- more oppressively than before, were vehement in
vius, who wrote plays of the same kind, and of the demanding the election of a sovereign to protect
dictator Sulla. (Macrob. Sat. i. 10; Gell. xv. 13. ) them. When the senate permitted it to be held,
The plays of Novius are frequently mentioned by the Romans and Sabines disputed out of which
Nonius Marcellus, and occasionally by the other nation the king should be taken. It was agreed
grammarians. A list of the plays, and the frag- that the former should choose him out of the latter :
inents which are preserved, are given by Bothe. and all voices concurred in naning the wise and
(Poët. Lat. Scenic. Fragmentu, vol. ii. p. 41, &c. ) pious Numa Pompilius of Cures, who had married
2. L. Novius, a colleague and enemy of P. the daughter of Tatius.
Clodius in his tribunate, 1. C. 58. A fragment of " It was a very prevalent belief in antiquity that
a speech of his is preserved by Asconius (in Cic. Norma had derived his knowledge from the Greek
Mil. p. 47, Orelli).
Pythagoras; Polybius and other writers attempted
NOX. [Nyx. )
to show that this was impossible, for chronological
NU'CIUS, NICANDER (Ninavāpos Noukios), reasons, inasmuch as Pythagoras did not come
a native of Corcyra, born about the beginning of into Italy till the reign of Servius Tullius ;
the sixteenth century, who was driven from his but an inpartial critic, who does not believe that
own country by various misfortunes, and took the son of Mnesarehus was the only Pythagoras,
refnge at Venice. Here he was taken into the or that there is any kind of necessity for placing
service of Gerard Veltuyckus, or Veltwick (with Yuma in the twentieth Olympiad, or, in fine, that
whom he had been previously acquainted), who the historical personality of Pythagoras is more
was going as ambassador from the emperor Charles certain than that of Numa, will be pleased with
V. to the court of the Sultan Solyman, A. D. 1515. the old popular opinion, and will not sacrifice it to
He accompanied him not only to Constantinople, chronology.
but also over several other parts of Europe, and “When Numa was assured by the auguries that
wrote an account of his travels, which is still the gods approved of his election, the first care of
extant, and contains much curious and interesting the pious king was turned, not to the rites of the
There is a MS. of this work in the Bod- temples, but to human institutions. He divided
leian library at Oxford (containing two books, the lands which Romulus had conquered and had
but not quite perfect at the end), from which the left open to occupancy. He founded the worship
second book has been edited in Greek with an of Terminus. It was not till after he had done
English translation under the direction of Dr. this that Numa set himself to legislate for religion.
Cramer, small 4to. , 18+1, London, printed for the He was revered as the author of the Roman cere-
Camden Society. In his introduction, Dr. Cramermonial law. Instructed by the Camena Egeria, who
has given a short analysis of the contents of the was espoused to him in a visible form, and who led
first book. There is another and more complete him into the assemblies of her sisters in the sacred
MS. of Nucius's Travels preserved in the Ambro- grove, he regulated the whole hierarchy ; the pon-
sian library at Milan, consisting of three books, tiffs, who took care, by precept and by chastise-
from which there was, some years ago, an intention ment, that the laws relating to religion should be
on the part of one of the officers of the library of observed both by individuals and by the state ;
editing the work, but the writer is not aware that the augurs, whose calling it was to afford security
this intention has ever been put into execution for the councils of men by piercing into those of
(Compare Dr. Cramer's Introduction to his edi- the gods; the flamens, who ministered in the
tion. )
[W. A. G. ] temples of the supreme deities; the chaste virgins
NUMA MA'RCIUS. ]. The son of Marcus, of Vesta; the Salii, who solemnised the worship of
is described in the legend of Numa Pompilius as the gods with armed dances and songs. He pre-
the most intimate friend of that king. Marcius scribed the rites according to which the people
urged Numa to accept the Roman throne, accom- might offer worship and prayer acceptable to the
panied him from his Sabine country to Rome, gods. To him were revealed the conjurations for
there became a member of the senate, and was compelling Jupiter himself to make known his
chosen hy his royal friend to be the first Pontifex will, by lightnings and the flight of birds: whereas
Maximus, and the depository of all his religious others were forced to wait for these prodigies from
and ecclesiastical enactments. It is related that the favour of the god, who was often silent to
Marcius aspired to the kingly dignity on the death such as were doomed to destruction. This charm
of Pompilius, and that he starved himself to death he learnt from Faunus and Picus, whom, by the
on the election of Tullus Hostilius. (Plut. Num. advice of Egeria, he enticed and bound in chains,
5, 6, 21 ; Liv. j. 20. )
as Midas bound Silenus in the rose garden. From
2. The son of the preceding, is said to have mar- this pious prince the god brooked such boldness.
ried Pompilia, the daughter of Numa Pompilius, At Numa's entreaty he exempted the people from
and to have become by hier the father of Ancus the terrible duty of offering up human sacrifices.
Marcius. Numa Marcius was appointed by Tullus But when the audacious Tullus presumed to imi.
Hostilius praefectus urbi. (Plut. Num. 21, Coriol. tate his predecessor, he was killed by a flash of
; Tac. Ann. vi. 11. )
lightning during his conjurations in the temple of
NUMA POJIPI'LIUS, the second king of Jupiter Elicius. The tbirty-nine years of Numa's
Rome. The legend of this king is so well told by reign, which glided away in quiet happiness, with-
Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 237, &c. ), from out any war or any calamity, afforded no legends
Livy and the ancient authorities, that we cannot do but of such marvels. That nothing might break
better than borrow his words. “On the death of the peace of his days, the ancile fell from heaven,
## p. 1213 (#1229) ##########################################
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when the land was threatened with a pestilence, Eusebius, and from them we may with tolerable
which disappeared as soon as Numa ordained the accuracy learn the peculiar tendency of this new
ceremonies of the Salii. Numa was not a theme of Platonico-Pythagorenn philosophy, and its approxi-
song, like Romulus ; indeed he enjoined that, mation to the doctrines of Plato. Numenius is
among all the Camenae, the highest honours should almost invariably designated as a Pythagorean, but
be paid to Tacita. Yet a story was handed down, bis object was to trace the doctrines of Plato up to
thai, when he was entertaining his guests, the Pythagoras, and at the same time to show that
plain food in the earthenware dishes were turned they were not at variance with the doymas and
on the appearance of Egeria into a banquet fit for mysteries of the Bralımins, Jews, Magi and Egyp-
gods, in vessels of gold, in order that her divinity tians. (See the l'ragm. of the 1st book lepl
might be made manifest to the incredulous. The Táyaloû, ap. Eusch. Pracr. Erang. ix. 7. ) Nu-
temple of Janus, his work, continued always shut: menius called Plato " the Atticising Moses,"
peace was spread over Italy ; until Numa, like the probably on the supposition of some historical
darlings of the gods in the golden age, fell asleep, connexion between them. (Clem. Alex. Strom. i.
full of days. Egeria melted away in tears into a 342; Euseb. l'rurp. Evung. xi. 10. p. 527 ; Suid.
fountain. "
8. v. ) In several of his works, therefore, he had
The sacred books of Numa, in which he pre-based his remarks on passages from the books
scribed all the religious rites and ceremonies, were of Moses, and he had explained one passage about
said to have been buried near him in a separate the life of our Saviour, though without mentioning
tomb, and to have been discovered by accident, five him in a figurative sense. (Orig. adv. Ccls. iv.
hundred years afterwards, by one Terentius, in the p. 198, &c. Spenc. ; comp. i. p. 13; Porphyr. De
consulship of Cornelius and Brebius, B. C. 181. Antr. Nymph. p. 111, &c. ) He had also endea-
By Terentius they were carried to the city-practor voured to inquire into the hidden meaning of the
Petilius, and were found to consist of twelve or Egyptian, perhaps also of Greek mythology. (See
seven books, in Latin, on ecclesiastical law (ile his explanation of Serapis ap.
