It has been said in sutras like Arya-ratna-rnegha: "the true meaning never becomes manifest or clear merely through
listening
(to a lot of expositions).
Bhavanakrama-Stages-of-Meditation-by-Kamalashila
the emptiness of all phenomena and the non-true existence of all phenomena.
Not only are Tathagatas affected by it but even 'sravakas' and 'pratyeka- buddhas attain to this 'avikalpa-dharmata'<' or the true nature of 'dharrnata' understanding.
"
"Again, 0 kulaputra! observe the inmitable'" quality of our body, of our 'jnana ', of 'buddha-ksetra ', of the accurnulation'" of knowledge, of our aura'" and of the immaculate purity of speech. " You too should generate similar accumulation (of kusala in various 'bhurnis'). This sole effulgence, 0 Kulaputral is the transcendental" glow in all dharmas. 0 Kulaputra! such effulgences of Tathagatas are infinite;" eternally? " born, eternally-Iinked. ? ' countless, numberless, un-provable, inimitable, matchless. Generate accumulation (of 'kusala ') in order to understand them. Also,
"0 Manjusril the 'avarana '"? ' or cover of 'prattksepa'" karma' or negating actions of true dharma is very subtle. He who generates 'sobhana'? ' sanjfia ' or fair cognition and he who generates 'asobhana! " sanjfia ' or unbecoming cognition in the Tathagata-propounded dharma, - both retard'P" the true dharma. Such 'dharrna-pratiksepa' is tantamount to a rebuttal of Tathagata. " So saying at length, he again said: "0 Maitreya! to a person who properly"? cultivates the Six Perfections for 'a bodhisattva's sambodhi or enlightenment, the ignorant ones will say, 'a bodhisattva should learn only 'prajfia-paramita,' what with other perfections? ' They regard the other 'upayaya-paramita'I'" as taboo. How do you regard this, 0 Ajita? l09Was that Kasiraja"" a fool to have given away his flesh in lieu of that of the pigeon to the preying falcon? 'No, my Lord,' said: Maitreya. '! ' The Lord said, '0 Maitreya! did
Whatever has been said in Arya-sarva-dharma-samgrah-
? 22 BHAVANAKRAMA BHAVANAKRAMA-I
23
those kusal-rnulas or root-merits (meritorious practices) pertaining to the Six Perfections, which I garnered while practising the conduct of a bodhisattva do me harm? ' Maitreya replied, 'not at all, my Lord! ' The Lord continued, '0 Ajita! you have practised the proper vows of 'dana-paramita' for sixty 'kalpas'. 112If even you practise 'prajfia-paramita' for sixty 'kalpas,' those ignorant ones will again say, 'a single 'naya '! " or path can lead to bodhi; for example, 'sunyata naya' or the path of emptiness', thishas been said in detail. It is also mentioned in Vairochanabhi-sambodhi: 'This 'jfiana'
f 'sarvajfiata' has 'karuna ' or compassion as its root, it is the 'hetu' or cause of 'bodhichitta ' and is the end':" of 'upayaya'. Therefore, bodhisattvas should always practise both of them. "
This also proves that the Tathagatas are never installed-" in 'nirvana'. So also the Lord will not stay put in 'nirvana' by accepting the wealth of the fruit of such grand enjoyments: "rupa-kaya";! '? "ksetra '! "? and "parivara T'" attained through the efforts of 'dana ' etc. ; nor will these be their station in 'samsara ' owing to the total removal of all their delusion,'! " for 'viparyasa ' or delusion alone is the root of cyclic existence. This 'pratipatti' or realisation born of "prajfia" and 'upayaya ' will aid the stoppage of the consequences+" of superimposition! " and contradiction'P and, give birth to the 'rnadhyama marga' or the Middle Way, because "prajfia ' prevents the consequences of super- imposition and 'upayaya ' prevents the consequences of contradiction. Hence it is said in Arya-dharma-samgeeti: 'Lord Buddha's attributes+" and their expressionl" are conducive to the creation of 'rupa ' - kaya or physical form and not unto the 'abhisamaya'125 of 'dharma' - kaya'126 or subtle form. Again the generation! " or creation affected by the Tathagatas through 'prajfia ' and 'upayaya ' should be followed or pursued in preference to other factors. "
Again, it has been said: "Those who regard dharma as a mere boat should give up dharma too; of course, before that adharma must also be forsaken. " This has been said in order
that belief in opposing or contrary dharmas is abolished and not that no support be taken for the realisation of the objective. Hence, it has been said: "dharma should be accepted but not stuck! " to. " It means that it should not be accepted from the wrong! " end or contrary approach. Whatever has been said about the material fruits of 'dana' etc. has been said only about the 'dana' practised as aforesaid by
people without 'prajna' and for those who are satisfied with it as such, in order to encourage them to practise further root merit, otherwise, it would go contrary to all that has been earlier said in Arya-vimala-kirti-nirdda etc. Thus it is established that 'prajfia ' and 'upayaya ' should both be cultivated. So 'dana-paramita' etc. accompanied by 'prajfia' (wisdom), alone and in no other manner attain an identity, a designation. P? Therefore, one must strive for the generation
of 'prajfia' for sanctifying 'dana' etc. through absorption in
'samadhi' . 131 132
Now, 'srutamayi prajfia ' should be generated first.
Through it one grasps the meaning of 'agama'. 133 Then, through 'chintamayi'" prajfia ' one pierces or analyses the Inrelltgible'" and the dubiousv" meanings. Deciding in this manner one should contemplate on real'F and not unreal':" connotation, otherwise true cognition or ultimate knowledge will not dawn owing to contemplation on the contrary aspect and non-refutation, of doubt. P? In that case, 'bhavana ' will become meaningless as in the case of 'tirthikas '. 140 As the
Lord has said in Samadh iraja also: "If one perceives "nairatrnya T" in all dharmas and, so perceiving, one practises 'bhavana ' or meditation, it will become the 'hetu' or cause of nirvana-fruit; other causes are no-wise for 'santi' or
peace. "
Hence, by means of contemplative wisdom and analysis
through logic and scriptures, one must meditate on the true nature of 'bhutas'. That all things, in the ultimate sense, are non-existent'" has been concluded on the basis of logic and scriptures. As has been stated in the scripture called, Arya- dharma-samgiti: "non-generation alone is true; other dharmas
? 24
BHA. VANA. KRAMA
BHA. VANAKRAMA-I
25
like generation 143are not true. " It is stated as being in accordance with 'paramartha' or the ultimate meaning. Non- generation (i. e. non-true existence) is true. However, in the ultimate analysis, there is neither 'utpada ' (generation or being) nor 'anutpada ' (non-generation or non-being), because that or 'paramartha ' is beyond all classification or label. Again, it is said in the same scripture: "0 kulputra! the attitude or position of the world is dependent on relying! " on 'utpada ' (generation or being) and 'nirodha' or cessation' (non-being). Therefore, the supremely compassionate Tathagata, in order to abolish the world's areas of fear had said for practical reasons, that 'there is birth, there is cessation', and certainly not (for the reason) that, in the ultimate sense, any dharma is born. " It is stated in Arya- Buddha-samgiti also: "What is the query about 'yonisa ',145 what 'yoni? '146It has been said that non-generation is 'yoni' and the query about it is 'yonisa prichha. ? "" And, again: all dharmas are 'chakara! " mukha' because they are without beginning without cessation; also, all dharmas are 'abhava- mukha'"? because they are void or empty by nature. "
Arya-satya-dvya-vibhaga also states: "the commonality of 'anutpada ' or non-generation is the commonality of all dharmas or phenomena. " Prajfia-paramita says: "0 Subhuti, form is devoid of the 'svabhava' (self-existence) of form just as the bounds of 'vijfiana ' (discriminatory cognition) are devoid of the (true) self-existence or svabhava of 'vijnana ' owing to the emptiness of all self-nature. " Hastika-ksya also states: "nothing exists whose generation or birth is possible. Ignorant people look for the possible from the impossible dharmas. " H has been said in Pita-putra-samagama: "all dharmas during the three times (past, present and future) have been identical. All dharmas were 'svabhava-rahita' or without true self-existence in the past and are so in the present also. " Thus should it be examined through 'agama ' (scriptures). It is not possible for others to refute such conclusions from the scriptures through logic established. So, examining through logic must be done.
Now about logic, briefly. Is the generation of 'bhavas ' (things, phenomena, etc. ) without cause or with cause? It cannot be without cause because it is occasionally noticeable. In the absence of any reliance on 'karana ' or cause and because of the (intervening) interval, why should not things generate (themselves) always and everywhere as if in
'utpada-kala ' or an era of creation? If there is no interval from the time of non-generation, there will be no generation (of things) even at the time of generation. Thus there is no generation without cause. There is no generation with cause either. There can be no creation or being from an imaginary, permanent 'hetu' like an 'iswara'P" as believed by tirthikas'
(heretics) because creation is noticeable (as occurring) at intervals ('kramasa'). Of 'avikala "? ' or constant causes the result cannot be occasional owing to its nirapeksattvata'? or (independent) constancy. 'Iswara', etc. being self-competent need not depend on any other (cause) for. assistance as he is permanent. There need be no dependence for the independent. These 'Iswara' etc. being devoid of omnipotence
are non-existent in essence like the son of a barren woman. A thing having capacity for 'artha-kriya'l53 is incapable of generating any act in an occasional sequence as has been already discussed. There is no simultaneous creation either, because, by creating everything at the same time, if it can repeat such creation later on also then, owing to a repetition of its omnipotent nature, there will arise the possibility of the
creation of things as before. If there is no repetition and the
previous nature is abandoned, the possibility of 'anityata' or
impermanence would arise.
Hence, nothing by the designation of 'nitya' or
permanent exists. The Lord has said, "There is a super- irnposition" of 'asata'! " (the non-existent). Belief in such artificial or non-existent things as 'akasa',15(, 'nirodh'"? and nirvana (space, cessation and release), etc. is super- imposition. " Therefore, there is none of the creation or
"utpada ' from 'nitya' or permanence; neither is there any from 'anitya' or impermanence, because owing to the
? 26 BHA vANAI<RAMA
nothingness of these during the past and the future no creation is possible from them; otherwise too, it would be a creation without cause or 'hetu'? As there is no creation in similar or dissimilar times, there can be no creation from the present time also. Thus there is no simultaneity of generating time; otherwise, for causal reasons, it will give rise to simultaneity of generation or creation also. There is no generation from variation in time either, because if it takes place - after a difference in time, there could be generation in the past also. If, in regarding creation as from 'avyavadhana'P" or non-interval, interval occurs, all 'ksanas' or moments will merge into one 'ksat)a'159 and, in
consequence, a 'kalpa ' will (also) squeeze into 'ksana' just as the linking of atoms in all directions will reduce the 'pinda '160 or mass also to a mere atom. Linkage with a single part makes
a moment alive (savayava). '? ' Things are not self-created either owing to this premise being at par with the non-cause postulate and the concept of the creator being self- contradictory. There is no possibility of generating from both because of the conjunction of the drawbacks of both postulates.
Hence things are without any substantial existence, i. e. unrelated in the ultimate sense. This is not contrary to the (teachings of) scriptures even though in an apparent or illusory sense, creation does appear to exist. So the Lord has said: 'Things exist only in 'samvrita' and not 'paramartha '; The delusion about the 'nissvabhava' of things is called the 'samvriti satya' . 162
Such-like logic has also been endorsed by the Lord in sutras like Salistamba? By itself, from another or from both and without cause, there can be no creation.
Now, let us examine by another argument. 'Bhavas' are of two kinds; with form and without form. Of these, pitched, etc. which have form are not of one 'svabhava ' (entity, nature) being composed of different atoms. Being situated fore and aft and when divided into directions like east, etc. the atom's existence is not established. And, being in (a state
BHA VANAKRAMA-I 27
00 conglomeration, they cannot be said to possess different self-existence or 'svabhava'. There is no other existence of a thing barring single (existence) and multiple (existence). Therefore, things with form are 'nissabhava' or non-existent in the ultimate sense like a form seen in a dream. This has been stated by the Lord in Arya Lankavatara: "0 maharnati (the greatly wise); even the horns of a cow, when divided into atoms, do not exist. Even atoms cannot retain atomic qualities or characteristics when divided. "
Things which are without form are equally non-existent (in essence), when similarly examined. So also things outwardly appearing as blue etc. though not truly existent are only 'vijfiana skandhal'" or an aggregate of cognition, though without form but appearing as blue. The Lord has said, "there are no apparent forms; only the mind sees itself (i. e. its own superimposed reflection). ", Therefore, the blue etc. being seen in different shapes and because of the received and the recepient being incapable of the same existing nature as a consequence of the contradiction between the one and the many, the 'one' cannot be of the nature of 'many'. When the non-existence of the one is proved, the existence of the many is also impossible, because the 'many' is only a conglomeration of the 'one's',
If these manifestations of form etc. are falsel64 or insubstantial and are accepted as such, 'vijnana ' itself will become false because the cognition of the form will be no different from form itself. 'Vijfiana' or cognition has no other form apart from its own manifest form. Forms etc. do not shine by themselves but when they are cognised as false, cognition itself becomes false. That is why the Lord has said: "all cognition is maya or illusory" . 165So the one and the many being non-existent are not true in the ultimate sense. The Lord has said this very thing in Lankavatara: "The nature of things is like the reflection in a mirror which is devoid of both singularity and plurality; although it (i. e. the reflection) appears to be there but, in fact, it is not there. " Devoid of "ekattva ' or singularity and 'anyattva' or multiplicity, it is
? 28
BHA. VANAKRAMA
BHA VANAKRAMA-I 29 Thus staying in 'samatha ' collections like 'sila '! " etc. ,
bowing to all Buddhas and bodhisattvas at a spot convenient to the mind after indicating' papa '174and commending 'purrya'T" keeping in view 'mahakaruna' which aims at the welfare of the entire world, with body erect (but at ease), sitting on a congenial seat (or in the comfortable posture of 'sukhasana')! " assuming the lotus pose, one should practise 'samadhi' or meditational repose.
First of all mind should be briefly fixed on all aspects of the object of contemplation so that it becomes a solid or massed object (to reflect on). In brief, an object is of two kinds: with form and without form. In order to ward off the defect of deviation! " of an adikarmika' or novice initiate, it is proper to have a small or brief 'alambana'? " only. When one has mastered 'rnanaskara ' or mental actualisation one can take to a larger or detailed 'alambana' by refining or rectifying the process through the differentiations of 'skandha ' and 'dhatu' ete. As has been said in Arya-samadhi- nirmochana etc. : "the yogis have many kinds of 'alambanas' like the eighteen types of 'sunyata. '? "
Here also, for the good of sentient beings, the Lord has spokenabout'vastubhedal'"in'abhtdharrnaT"etc. in accordance with the differences between the formless (vastu or thing) and the corporeal (things) in brief, medium and detailed manners. For the removal of superimpositions and falsities, the thing or the object should be regarded as a mere mass or collection of 'skandha ' and 'dhatu '. Thus being assured of the collection with respect to all things, the mind should again and again be brought around to concentrate on that (massed aspect of things).
In case the mind, in between, deviates and gets outward- prone due to 'raga' or attachment, one must silence such aberration by reflecting on the 'asubha ' or unwholesome (responsible for deviation) and stabilise the mind again and again: The sequence of reflection on 'asubha' has not been mentioned here in detail for fear of dilation. When the mind appears to be disinterested, one should reflect on the
neither one nor many. 'Buddhi' or intellect does not take over the nature of existence of that which it examines. Therefore, these are said to be "nirabhilasa T " and 'nissvabhava ' i. e. unbiased and without essence. "
By determining the (true) meaning of things in this manner through deliberative intellect one must generate meditative wisdom in order to manifest the true meaning of things.
It has been said in sutras like Arya-ratna-rnegha: "the true meaning never becomes manifest or clear merely through listening (to a lot of expositions). Experience comes only to such as those who practise 'pratipatti',"? or through comprehension. The cover of darkness lying over the 'samyaka' or true meaning cannot be removed without the dawn of the clear light of 'jfiana '. If meditation is done profusely the clear knowledge of the hidden meaning is also born. If 'jfiana ' comes to those who contemplate on 'asubha' and 'prithvi-kritsna'l'" only, what then to speak of those who meditate on 'bhutas 'I" The success of meditation as the harbinger of the fruit of true knowledge has been described in Arya-samadharaja: "I tell you, I put it across to you that as much as a person may analyse or indulge in logic so much will his mind be moulded in accordance with the conclusion he arrives at. " This has been said in detail. Hence, he who wants to' manifest truth or wishes to grasp the essence of things should practise 'bhavana', - meditation.
Herein, the yogi should first cultivate 'samatha"? or calm in order to stabilise the mind. Being 'chanchala ' or flippant like water, the mind cannot become poised without the basis of "samatha '. Nor can a person whose mind is not 'samahita "? "or tranquil can understand the truth of things Cyatha bhutama '), the essence. The Lord said, "one with a tranquil mind understands the 'yatha-bhuta '. Tranquillity comes quickly to a person indifferent towards the desire for gain etc. and to one who is of correct disposition, is of the nature of dukha-awareness! " ete. and is on the path of 'veerya'172or effort. Hence 'dana' etc. have been mentioned repeatedly in Arya-sandhi-nirmochana etc.
? 30
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31
advantages of meditation and concentrate on one's interest on it. Whenever faults of deviation or distraction appear, one must quieten down one's disinterestedness. When owing to having been overcome by 'styana'182 and 'middha'T" one's mind does not get clearly absorbed in holding on to the prop or 'alambana', then either through contemplation Cbhavana') on a luminous cognition C'aloks samjfia') or through a mental visualisation of a supremely joyous object like Buddha etc. and by so calming down 'Iaya' or mental lethargy, one should again firmly hold on to the 'alambana'.
When the mind looks naughty in between through some remembrance of a previous joy or enjoyment one should reflect on the 'samvega '184of 'anityata' or transitoriness and calm down its naughtiness. Then, one must try to persuade the mind towards that very prop (alarnbana) without 'abhisamskara'l'" or variation.
When the mind, shorn of both lethargy and insolence appears to be properly engaged of its own volition. l'" then, through suspension of 'abhoga'P" or effort, detachment should be practised. When 'satyabhoga '! " or true effort (after pacifying 'laxity etc. ) is practised in a state of 'sama- pravritti'P? or balance, 'viksepa "? "or mental confusion (i. e. complicated samadhi-state) occurs, (i. e. the mind is disturbed) .
When the mind, without 'abhisamskara' or variation and of its own volition, becomes engaged in that very 'alambana' one should consider 'samatha ' or abiding calm as achieved. The nature of 'samatha ' is the one-pointedness of the mind, a characteristic common to all types of tranquillity, its 'alambana' is not fixed, though: The Lord has spoken of this path in Arya-prajfiaparamita etc. also. He says, "(the sekeer) fixes Csthapita') his mind there, establishes Csamsthapita') it, pinpoints Cavasthapita') it, houses Cupasthapita') it, controls ('damana') it, calms ('santa') it, stills ('vyupasanta') it, concentrates Cekagra ') and rests in meditative equipose Csamahita')". Th~s described in nine nomenclatures.
Now, here 'sthapayati' means 'binds the mind to the
'alambana': 'sarnsthapayati' means 'to engage the mind to that prop or 'alambana' systematically; 'avasthapayati' means 'on discovering confusion, removes it; 'upa-sthapayati means 'again fixes the mind to that very 'alambana' after removing 'viksepa', 'damayati' means 'generates 'rati' or desire for the prop; 'sainayati' means 'subdues 'a-rati' or non-desire (for alambana) after observing the faults of 'viksepa ' (deviation)'; 'vyupasamayati ' means, 'calms down indolence and do- nothing-ness that have crept in', 'ekoti-karoti' means 'tries to
enter the 'alambana' without 'abhisamskara', 'samadadhati' means 'practises 'upeksa' after attaining tranquillity of mind or 'chitta-sarnata', that is, practises withdrawal from the world or 'sarnanvakarana '. '? ' These are the meanings (of the above terms) as given by Arya Maitreya and by former acharyas.
Briefly speaking, all samadhis have six faults? " sloth,'? ' forsaking the 'alambana "? ' mental lethargy. ! " insolence. l'" non-effort"? and effort. '? " To overcome or wipe out these 'dosas' one must meditate on the eight eraser-samskaras,"? which are faith,2oo desire to act,"? ' industriousness. >" alacrity. t'" non-forgetfulness,201 alertriess. v'" mental refinernent-? " and equanimity. v" Of these, the first four are an antidote to 'kausidya' or sloth. Thus, through 'sraddha' or faith, accompanied by indications of the generation of correct knowledge-? " of the efficacy of sarnadhi, the yogi's will to
practise it is born; from will or desire C'abhilasa) one should commence the cultivation of 'veerya ' or effort. Through effort one attains bodily and mental activity. Activeness of body and mind removes slothfulness. Therefore, 'sraddha ' etc. should be contemplated upon for the sake of warding off 'kausidya ' or sloth etc. 'Smriti ' or non-forgetfulness is the opposite of the giving up of 'alambana'. 'Samprajfiaya ' or awareness is the opposite of mental lethargy and insolence, because it clearly exposes the reality of both. If mental lethargy and insolence are not subdued, the fault of 'anabhoga'<? ' accurs. As opposite to it, 'chetana ' or mental
alertness should be contemplated upon. When mental sloth and insolence are romoved and the mind becomes calm, the
? 32 BHAVANAKRAMA BHAVANAKRAMA-I 33
fault of 'abhoga'210 accurs. To oppose it, one must contemplate on 'upeksa' or detachment.
Sarnadhi, comprising these eight eraser samskaras, is most efficacious. It generates qualities like 'riddhi"! etc. Hence it is said in surra: "a person equipped with the eight eraser samskaras contemplates on the state of 'riddhi'. Such concentration of the mind accompanied by more and more of activity-" with the association of such qualities or 'gunas' as
'alambana' attains the designation of 'dhyana ', 'arupi- samapatti'<" and 'vimoksa ' . 214
In this manner when 'upeksa' or detachment is accompanied by 'vedana? " or awareness and becomes rational and meaningful it is called 'anagamya ',216inaccessible or un-definable, because 'chitta' or mind is the 'prayoga' or subject of the First Dhyana. "? To be free from 'kama trisna' (hankering after desires) and 'papa-dharma' (evil proclivities of the mind), to keep linked with logic, reflectiveness, joy, happiness and inner bliss is designated as First Dhyana. Also, the first dhyana being devoid of 'vitarka ' is called
'dhyanantara' or mid-dhyana. When it is without 'vichara' or reflection and 'vitarka' or reason and becomes free from the desire of staying in the First Dhyana stage, is accompanied by the bliss of the joy of devotion and of spirituality, it is called Second Dhyana, When it becomes free from the desire of staying in the Second Dhyana stage and accompanied by joy, detachment, recollectedness and awareness - 'sukha ' 'upeksa ', 'smriti' and 'samprajarrya ' - it is called Third Dhyana, When it is free from the desire of staying in the Third Dhyana stage and is accompanied by non-dukha, non-sukha feelings, 'upeksa and' smriti', it is called Fourth Dhyana. Thus, the mind should be linked with'arupya smapatti' or
formless meditation and dominant218 'ayatanas'219 or entrances of release etc. in accordance with the distinctions of 'alambana' and 'akara'220 or form.
So, after stabilizing the mind in the 'alambana', one should analyse with (discriminating) wisdom so that, through the bliss of the dawn of the light of 'jfiana', the seed of the
delusion is totally eradicated; otherwise, as in the case if 'tirthikas', there can be no removal of klesas merely through 'samadhi'. As has been said in Samadhiraja-sutra: "bhavana' may be practised in such samadhi but it will not spell the loss of 'atma-samjfia '> ' or body-consciousness. It will again agitate the 'klesas' as during 'undreka+? samadhi' bhavana or over-mentalisation in meditational process. "
'Prajna-bhavana-krama' or the sequence of meditation on 'prajfia has been briefly indicated in Arya Lankavatara: "on taking to the 'chitta-matra? " (path), one should not dwell in 'bahyartha' or only apparent meaning (of phenomenon); by stabilizing oneself on the 'alambana' of 'tathata? " one should go beyond the bounds of 'mind only'. After crossing over the mind only path one should go beyond the 'nirabhasa '. 225"
The yogi who stays in the 'nirabhasa ' or a state 'of non- fallacious appearances' will see 'mahayana '. Purified by 'pranldhana ' or vows, the state of satiety is stilled. One cannot experience the noble non-soul-" soul 'jfiana ' in a state of 'nirabhasa'.
This is what the aforesaid means: at first the yogi should reflect over those external meanings which have been superimposed by others over dharmas with form, that is, whether they are different from cognition Cvijfiana ') or that they are vijfiana itself appearing as such as if in the dream state. Then, he should consider them with respect to their atoms in accordance with 'vijriana; observing the atoms in their parts, the yogi will not find those superimposed meanings. Not finding them there, he will so conclude that all this is mind only and that there is no external meaning or substance at all. Therefore, it has been said: "one should not imagine external meanings on ascending the mind-only path". That is, one must give up 'vikalpas' or superimposed nomenclatures of dharmas with form. To reflect on those 'bhavas ' or phenomena with apparent or super-imposed meanings leads to the disappearance of those meanings.
Having thus reflected over dharmas with form, one should analyse dharmas without form. One who remains only
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a 'chitta-matriri' cannot become a 'grahaka' or receiver in the absence of that which could be the 'grahya' or the receivable as the recepient has always to depend on an object which is to be received. Therefore, it must be concluded that the mind is devoid of the functions of the both the 'grahya' and the 'grahaka ': it is 'advya' or non-dual. 'Advya ' is defined as "sticking on to the prop of 'tathata', one must go beyond the 'chittmatra ' stage too". The attitude of the 'receiver' should beover-stepped. It means that the non-cognisance of duality should be based on the knowledge of duality.
In this manner, after crossing over the 'chitta-matra ' stage, one should also go beyond the non-dual cognition stage, because there is no generation of 'bhavas' either by themselves or through another agent and the' grahya' and the grahaka ' are illusionary, non-existent. Because they are dissimilar'" from what they appear, their truth or reality is also not opposite. In 'advya jiiana'228or non-dual compre- hension also, the feeling of existence in substance should be abandoned which means that one should stay in the 'nirabhasa jfiana' or non-apparent knowledge of 'advya' or non-duality. By so doing, the mind gets stabilized in the realisation of the 'riissvabhavata ' of all dharmas. Such a person, owing to his access to the 'paramatattva' or the ultimate essence (of things), enters 'nirvikalpa samadhi' or immaculate absorption.
When the yogi is established in the' nirabhasa jnana of the non-dual cognition he also gets established in the 'paramtattva? " - the ultimate or supreme essence (reality); he sees 'rnahayana '. Realising the 'paramatattva' is called Mahayana. His 'paramtattva darsana ' or experiencing the ultimate reality is this that, analysing all dharmas or phe- nomena with the eye of 'prajfia', he sees the truth in the light of 'samyaka jiiana'230or ultimate knowledge. So it is said in the sutra: "what is 'parrnartha darsanama ' or seeing the supreme or ultimate truth of things? (it is) the non-seeing of all dharmas. " Herein is indicated such type of 'non-seeing' (as described above) and not the non-seeing (blindness) or
ignorance of those who, with eyes shut like the born blind, see nothing owing to the bafflement=" of 'pratyayas ' and non-mentalisation of phenomena.
The yogi will remain in bondage, like a person who has arisen from 'asarijyi' samapattii,m owing to the non-removal of 'vasana ' or desire for fixation in things born of contrariety Cviparyasa'), because in 'bhavas' themselves are created the basic fixations of the 'klesa' mass or mental defilements of 'raga'233(attachment, addiction) etc. : It has been said in Arya- satya-dvaya-nirdesa etc. : "the root of 'raga' etc. is fixation in 'bhavas'," What has been said in Avikalpa-pravesa-dharani ete. (about the yogi 'stopping through non-mentalisation such things as the objects of form etc. refers to that 'anupalabdhi' (absence of substantial existence) which comes only through an examination with 'prajfia ' and the non-mentalisation of that alone; it does not merely refer to the absence of mentalisation. Fixation in 'rupa' or form etc. , which has been there from time immemorial, cannot be eradicated, like 'asanjrii samapatti' etc. merely by abandoning mentalisation. "
It is not possible to remove the 'rnanasikara ' or mentalisation generated by previous 'abhinivesa ' or fixations in 'rupa' (form) ete. without the removal of doubts just as there can be no extinction of the fact of burning unless fire is removed. It is not possible to take out these false 'vikalpas' or contrary alternatives of form etc. from the mind as though plucking out a thorn with our own hands. How, then (to do it)? (It is done) by removing the seeds of doubt. The yogi, after examining through the eyes of 'prajfia' these seeds of doubt and their formerly acquired form etc. and such as those whose non-acquiredness is experienced in the moment of acquirement, can of course remove them like the cognition of the serpent in the rope and in no other manner. Similarly, when the seed of doubt is removed, one can abandon the mentalisation of the objects of form etc. also and in no other manner. Were it not so then, in the absence of the glow of samadhi and not seen even by the eye of wisdom, the yogi's doubt about the existence of form etc. is not removed like
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that of a person in a blind well (of ignorance) feeling doubts about the pots etc. lying in the house. When such doubt is not removed, he will become a person whose 'timir-dosa'<" or clouded eyesight is not removed and who remains susceptible to fixation in false insubstantial forms, which cannot be castigated by anyone. Therefore, by clasping the mind with the hand of 'samadhi' and with the help of the very subtle weapon of 'prajfia' one should eradicate the seeds of the disease of false 'vikalpas' or alternatives present in the mind; just as uprooted trees do not again take root in the earth so also will false 'vikalpas' be not born in the mind. Hence, in order to remove the 'avarana' or the overlying crust of false appearances the Lord has pointed out the 'yuganadha-v- vahi-marga (two-fold single path) of 'samatha' (equipoise) and 'vipasyana' (insight), because "these two are the cause of absolute knowledge Cavikalpa-jfiana '). " As is said in the sutra: "Samadhi is attained through staying in 'Sila'; through sarnadhi comes "prajfia bhavana or contemplation on wisdom; through 'prajna ' comes absolute knowledge; a person with absolute knowledge attains the wealth of 'Sila'. "
In this manner, when the mind has been stabilized in the 'alambana' through equipoise ('samatha'), the glow of ultimate 'jfiana' is born after deliberation through 'prajna'. When this glow shines, the cover (avarana) is lifted like the disappearance of darkness. Therefore, both these 'samatha' and prajfia', like the eye and the light, are mutually beneficial in the generation of right knowledge. There is no contradiction between the two as between light and darkness inspite of the difference in their' gunas' or characteristics. 'Samadhi' is not of the nature of darkness. What is it, then? It is of the nature of the concentration of mind. "Being in equipoise, it knows the reality (of things). " In accordance with this assertion, iti. e. 'samadhi' gets totally identified with 'prajfia', it is not contradictory to it. When a 'sarnahita' or a person of staid mind examines with his 'prajfia' there will be no acquirernent=" of all dharmas. That, in itself, is the supreme non-acquirementv? or perception. Such a
staidness=" indicating stage of the yogi is (a state of) 'anabhoga? " or total-satiety, because nothing beyond it remains to be experienced. 'Santa' or tranquil (state) is the cessation of all such contrary frauds-'? as those of 'bhava'v" or is-ness and 'abhava? ? or is-not-ness.
Thus, when the yogi does not find any inherent existence of things after examining through 'prajfia ' (wisdom), he experiences no contrariety of 'bhavas ' nor does he experience the 'vikalpa' of 'abhava'. If is-ness or 'bhava' is noticed anywhere, its stoppage or cessation will produce an alternative (vikalpa '), However, if by examining through 'prajfia ' the yogi discovers no is-ness of things in the three/" times, how can there be any opposing alternative of the same as is-not-ness or 'abhava ? So, other 'vikalpas ' also will not touch him owing to the perrneableness=" of 'vikalpas ' of 'bhava ' and 'abhava '. There can be no 'vyapaka >" or a permeable-" entity. So, this is the supreme immaculate yoga. For a yogi stabilized in that (i. e. immaculate yoga) all contradictions or alternatives having been eradicated, his 'jfieyavarana? " or cover of cognition and 'klesavarana? " or cover of mental defilement are totally destroyed. It has been said in Arya satya-dvya nirdesa etc. also that the root of 'klesavarana ' is the superimposition of 'bhava ' etc. on uncreated, non-existent things or phenomena.
Through this yoga practice by removing all contrarities of 'is-ness', all contradictions of 'is-ness' etc. , the ignorance- natured roots of 'klesavaranas' are totally destroyed. As has been stated in Arya satya-dvaya nirdesa: "0 Manjusril how can 'klesa' or mental defilement be suppressed? " How are 'klesas' discovered? ' Manjusri replied, 'in the ultimate sense, there is a false superimposition (on things) through 'samvrita'v" or the apparent over totally unborn, uncreated and non-existent dharmas. This false superimposition gives rise to 'samkalpa' and 'vikalpa '250 premise and counter- premise; 'sankalpa' and 'vikalpa ' give rise to 'ayonisa rnansikara ">' or un-meditational mentalisation, which gives rise to 'atma-samaropa' or the superimposition of a self (or
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entity on phenomena); 'atma-samaropa ' gives rise to 'dristi- paryuthhana<" or sight distraction; this sight-distraction generates 'klesas. 0 devaputra! in the ultimate sense, he alone is un-superimposed who realises all dharmas to be totally unborn, uncreated. He who, in the ultimate sense, is un-superimposed is without 'vikalpa '. He who is free from 'vikalpa ' is meditationally balanced. He who is medita- tionally balanced can never have self-superimposition. He who is free from the superimposition of a self does not suffer from 'dhyana pariyuthhana '. In the ultimate sense, 'dristi- paryuthhana ' or sight-distraction does not take place till one sees 'nirvana'. So his 'klesa' must be seen as 'vineeta ' or highly subdued, staid as he is in the 'anutpada ' or uncreated realm.
"Again, 0 kulaputra! observe the inmitable'" quality of our body, of our 'jnana ', of 'buddha-ksetra ', of the accurnulation'" of knowledge, of our aura'" and of the immaculate purity of speech. " You too should generate similar accumulation (of kusala in various 'bhurnis'). This sole effulgence, 0 Kulaputral is the transcendental" glow in all dharmas. 0 Kulaputra! such effulgences of Tathagatas are infinite;" eternally? " born, eternally-Iinked. ? ' countless, numberless, un-provable, inimitable, matchless. Generate accumulation (of 'kusala ') in order to understand them. Also,
"0 Manjusril the 'avarana '"? ' or cover of 'prattksepa'" karma' or negating actions of true dharma is very subtle. He who generates 'sobhana'? ' sanjfia ' or fair cognition and he who generates 'asobhana! " sanjfia ' or unbecoming cognition in the Tathagata-propounded dharma, - both retard'P" the true dharma. Such 'dharrna-pratiksepa' is tantamount to a rebuttal of Tathagata. " So saying at length, he again said: "0 Maitreya! to a person who properly"? cultivates the Six Perfections for 'a bodhisattva's sambodhi or enlightenment, the ignorant ones will say, 'a bodhisattva should learn only 'prajfia-paramita,' what with other perfections? ' They regard the other 'upayaya-paramita'I'" as taboo. How do you regard this, 0 Ajita? l09Was that Kasiraja"" a fool to have given away his flesh in lieu of that of the pigeon to the preying falcon? 'No, my Lord,' said: Maitreya. '! ' The Lord said, '0 Maitreya! did
Whatever has been said in Arya-sarva-dharma-samgrah-
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those kusal-rnulas or root-merits (meritorious practices) pertaining to the Six Perfections, which I garnered while practising the conduct of a bodhisattva do me harm? ' Maitreya replied, 'not at all, my Lord! ' The Lord continued, '0 Ajita! you have practised the proper vows of 'dana-paramita' for sixty 'kalpas'. 112If even you practise 'prajfia-paramita' for sixty 'kalpas,' those ignorant ones will again say, 'a single 'naya '! " or path can lead to bodhi; for example, 'sunyata naya' or the path of emptiness', thishas been said in detail. It is also mentioned in Vairochanabhi-sambodhi: 'This 'jfiana'
f 'sarvajfiata' has 'karuna ' or compassion as its root, it is the 'hetu' or cause of 'bodhichitta ' and is the end':" of 'upayaya'. Therefore, bodhisattvas should always practise both of them. "
This also proves that the Tathagatas are never installed-" in 'nirvana'. So also the Lord will not stay put in 'nirvana' by accepting the wealth of the fruit of such grand enjoyments: "rupa-kaya";! '? "ksetra '! "? and "parivara T'" attained through the efforts of 'dana ' etc. ; nor will these be their station in 'samsara ' owing to the total removal of all their delusion,'! " for 'viparyasa ' or delusion alone is the root of cyclic existence. This 'pratipatti' or realisation born of "prajfia" and 'upayaya ' will aid the stoppage of the consequences+" of superimposition! " and contradiction'P and, give birth to the 'rnadhyama marga' or the Middle Way, because "prajfia ' prevents the consequences of super- imposition and 'upayaya ' prevents the consequences of contradiction. Hence it is said in Arya-dharma-samgeeti: 'Lord Buddha's attributes+" and their expressionl" are conducive to the creation of 'rupa ' - kaya or physical form and not unto the 'abhisamaya'125 of 'dharma' - kaya'126 or subtle form. Again the generation! " or creation affected by the Tathagatas through 'prajfia ' and 'upayaya ' should be followed or pursued in preference to other factors. "
Again, it has been said: "Those who regard dharma as a mere boat should give up dharma too; of course, before that adharma must also be forsaken. " This has been said in order
that belief in opposing or contrary dharmas is abolished and not that no support be taken for the realisation of the objective. Hence, it has been said: "dharma should be accepted but not stuck! " to. " It means that it should not be accepted from the wrong! " end or contrary approach. Whatever has been said about the material fruits of 'dana' etc. has been said only about the 'dana' practised as aforesaid by
people without 'prajna' and for those who are satisfied with it as such, in order to encourage them to practise further root merit, otherwise, it would go contrary to all that has been earlier said in Arya-vimala-kirti-nirdda etc. Thus it is established that 'prajfia ' and 'upayaya ' should both be cultivated. So 'dana-paramita' etc. accompanied by 'prajfia' (wisdom), alone and in no other manner attain an identity, a designation. P? Therefore, one must strive for the generation
of 'prajfia' for sanctifying 'dana' etc. through absorption in
'samadhi' . 131 132
Now, 'srutamayi prajfia ' should be generated first.
Through it one grasps the meaning of 'agama'. 133 Then, through 'chintamayi'" prajfia ' one pierces or analyses the Inrelltgible'" and the dubiousv" meanings. Deciding in this manner one should contemplate on real'F and not unreal':" connotation, otherwise true cognition or ultimate knowledge will not dawn owing to contemplation on the contrary aspect and non-refutation, of doubt. P? In that case, 'bhavana ' will become meaningless as in the case of 'tirthikas '. 140 As the
Lord has said in Samadh iraja also: "If one perceives "nairatrnya T" in all dharmas and, so perceiving, one practises 'bhavana ' or meditation, it will become the 'hetu' or cause of nirvana-fruit; other causes are no-wise for 'santi' or
peace. "
Hence, by means of contemplative wisdom and analysis
through logic and scriptures, one must meditate on the true nature of 'bhutas'. That all things, in the ultimate sense, are non-existent'" has been concluded on the basis of logic and scriptures. As has been stated in the scripture called, Arya- dharma-samgiti: "non-generation alone is true; other dharmas
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like generation 143are not true. " It is stated as being in accordance with 'paramartha' or the ultimate meaning. Non- generation (i. e. non-true existence) is true. However, in the ultimate analysis, there is neither 'utpada ' (generation or being) nor 'anutpada ' (non-generation or non-being), because that or 'paramartha ' is beyond all classification or label. Again, it is said in the same scripture: "0 kulputra! the attitude or position of the world is dependent on relying! " on 'utpada ' (generation or being) and 'nirodha' or cessation' (non-being). Therefore, the supremely compassionate Tathagata, in order to abolish the world's areas of fear had said for practical reasons, that 'there is birth, there is cessation', and certainly not (for the reason) that, in the ultimate sense, any dharma is born. " It is stated in Arya- Buddha-samgiti also: "What is the query about 'yonisa ',145 what 'yoni? '146It has been said that non-generation is 'yoni' and the query about it is 'yonisa prichha. ? "" And, again: all dharmas are 'chakara! " mukha' because they are without beginning without cessation; also, all dharmas are 'abhava- mukha'"? because they are void or empty by nature. "
Arya-satya-dvya-vibhaga also states: "the commonality of 'anutpada ' or non-generation is the commonality of all dharmas or phenomena. " Prajfia-paramita says: "0 Subhuti, form is devoid of the 'svabhava' (self-existence) of form just as the bounds of 'vijfiana ' (discriminatory cognition) are devoid of the (true) self-existence or svabhava of 'vijnana ' owing to the emptiness of all self-nature. " Hastika-ksya also states: "nothing exists whose generation or birth is possible. Ignorant people look for the possible from the impossible dharmas. " H has been said in Pita-putra-samagama: "all dharmas during the three times (past, present and future) have been identical. All dharmas were 'svabhava-rahita' or without true self-existence in the past and are so in the present also. " Thus should it be examined through 'agama ' (scriptures). It is not possible for others to refute such conclusions from the scriptures through logic established. So, examining through logic must be done.
Now about logic, briefly. Is the generation of 'bhavas ' (things, phenomena, etc. ) without cause or with cause? It cannot be without cause because it is occasionally noticeable. In the absence of any reliance on 'karana ' or cause and because of the (intervening) interval, why should not things generate (themselves) always and everywhere as if in
'utpada-kala ' or an era of creation? If there is no interval from the time of non-generation, there will be no generation (of things) even at the time of generation. Thus there is no generation without cause. There is no generation with cause either. There can be no creation or being from an imaginary, permanent 'hetu' like an 'iswara'P" as believed by tirthikas'
(heretics) because creation is noticeable (as occurring) at intervals ('kramasa'). Of 'avikala "? ' or constant causes the result cannot be occasional owing to its nirapeksattvata'? or (independent) constancy. 'Iswara', etc. being self-competent need not depend on any other (cause) for. assistance as he is permanent. There need be no dependence for the independent. These 'Iswara' etc. being devoid of omnipotence
are non-existent in essence like the son of a barren woman. A thing having capacity for 'artha-kriya'l53 is incapable of generating any act in an occasional sequence as has been already discussed. There is no simultaneous creation either, because, by creating everything at the same time, if it can repeat such creation later on also then, owing to a repetition of its omnipotent nature, there will arise the possibility of the
creation of things as before. If there is no repetition and the
previous nature is abandoned, the possibility of 'anityata' or
impermanence would arise.
Hence, nothing by the designation of 'nitya' or
permanent exists. The Lord has said, "There is a super- irnposition" of 'asata'! " (the non-existent). Belief in such artificial or non-existent things as 'akasa',15(, 'nirodh'"? and nirvana (space, cessation and release), etc. is super- imposition. " Therefore, there is none of the creation or
"utpada ' from 'nitya' or permanence; neither is there any from 'anitya' or impermanence, because owing to the
? 26 BHA vANAI<RAMA
nothingness of these during the past and the future no creation is possible from them; otherwise too, it would be a creation without cause or 'hetu'? As there is no creation in similar or dissimilar times, there can be no creation from the present time also. Thus there is no simultaneity of generating time; otherwise, for causal reasons, it will give rise to simultaneity of generation or creation also. There is no generation from variation in time either, because if it takes place - after a difference in time, there could be generation in the past also. If, in regarding creation as from 'avyavadhana'P" or non-interval, interval occurs, all 'ksanas' or moments will merge into one 'ksat)a'159 and, in
consequence, a 'kalpa ' will (also) squeeze into 'ksana' just as the linking of atoms in all directions will reduce the 'pinda '160 or mass also to a mere atom. Linkage with a single part makes
a moment alive (savayava). '? ' Things are not self-created either owing to this premise being at par with the non-cause postulate and the concept of the creator being self- contradictory. There is no possibility of generating from both because of the conjunction of the drawbacks of both postulates.
Hence things are without any substantial existence, i. e. unrelated in the ultimate sense. This is not contrary to the (teachings of) scriptures even though in an apparent or illusory sense, creation does appear to exist. So the Lord has said: 'Things exist only in 'samvrita' and not 'paramartha '; The delusion about the 'nissvabhava' of things is called the 'samvriti satya' . 162
Such-like logic has also been endorsed by the Lord in sutras like Salistamba? By itself, from another or from both and without cause, there can be no creation.
Now, let us examine by another argument. 'Bhavas' are of two kinds; with form and without form. Of these, pitched, etc. which have form are not of one 'svabhava ' (entity, nature) being composed of different atoms. Being situated fore and aft and when divided into directions like east, etc. the atom's existence is not established. And, being in (a state
BHA VANAKRAMA-I 27
00 conglomeration, they cannot be said to possess different self-existence or 'svabhava'. There is no other existence of a thing barring single (existence) and multiple (existence). Therefore, things with form are 'nissabhava' or non-existent in the ultimate sense like a form seen in a dream. This has been stated by the Lord in Arya Lankavatara: "0 maharnati (the greatly wise); even the horns of a cow, when divided into atoms, do not exist. Even atoms cannot retain atomic qualities or characteristics when divided. "
Things which are without form are equally non-existent (in essence), when similarly examined. So also things outwardly appearing as blue etc. though not truly existent are only 'vijfiana skandhal'" or an aggregate of cognition, though without form but appearing as blue. The Lord has said, "there are no apparent forms; only the mind sees itself (i. e. its own superimposed reflection). ", Therefore, the blue etc. being seen in different shapes and because of the received and the recepient being incapable of the same existing nature as a consequence of the contradiction between the one and the many, the 'one' cannot be of the nature of 'many'. When the non-existence of the one is proved, the existence of the many is also impossible, because the 'many' is only a conglomeration of the 'one's',
If these manifestations of form etc. are falsel64 or insubstantial and are accepted as such, 'vijnana ' itself will become false because the cognition of the form will be no different from form itself. 'Vijfiana' or cognition has no other form apart from its own manifest form. Forms etc. do not shine by themselves but when they are cognised as false, cognition itself becomes false. That is why the Lord has said: "all cognition is maya or illusory" . 165So the one and the many being non-existent are not true in the ultimate sense. The Lord has said this very thing in Lankavatara: "The nature of things is like the reflection in a mirror which is devoid of both singularity and plurality; although it (i. e. the reflection) appears to be there but, in fact, it is not there. " Devoid of "ekattva ' or singularity and 'anyattva' or multiplicity, it is
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BHA. VANAKRAMA
BHA VANAKRAMA-I 29 Thus staying in 'samatha ' collections like 'sila '! " etc. ,
bowing to all Buddhas and bodhisattvas at a spot convenient to the mind after indicating' papa '174and commending 'purrya'T" keeping in view 'mahakaruna' which aims at the welfare of the entire world, with body erect (but at ease), sitting on a congenial seat (or in the comfortable posture of 'sukhasana')! " assuming the lotus pose, one should practise 'samadhi' or meditational repose.
First of all mind should be briefly fixed on all aspects of the object of contemplation so that it becomes a solid or massed object (to reflect on). In brief, an object is of two kinds: with form and without form. In order to ward off the defect of deviation! " of an adikarmika' or novice initiate, it is proper to have a small or brief 'alambana'? " only. When one has mastered 'rnanaskara ' or mental actualisation one can take to a larger or detailed 'alambana' by refining or rectifying the process through the differentiations of 'skandha ' and 'dhatu' ete. As has been said in Arya-samadhi- nirmochana etc. : "the yogis have many kinds of 'alambanas' like the eighteen types of 'sunyata. '? "
Here also, for the good of sentient beings, the Lord has spokenabout'vastubhedal'"in'abhtdharrnaT"etc. in accordance with the differences between the formless (vastu or thing) and the corporeal (things) in brief, medium and detailed manners. For the removal of superimpositions and falsities, the thing or the object should be regarded as a mere mass or collection of 'skandha ' and 'dhatu '. Thus being assured of the collection with respect to all things, the mind should again and again be brought around to concentrate on that (massed aspect of things).
In case the mind, in between, deviates and gets outward- prone due to 'raga' or attachment, one must silence such aberration by reflecting on the 'asubha ' or unwholesome (responsible for deviation) and stabilise the mind again and again: The sequence of reflection on 'asubha' has not been mentioned here in detail for fear of dilation. When the mind appears to be disinterested, one should reflect on the
neither one nor many. 'Buddhi' or intellect does not take over the nature of existence of that which it examines. Therefore, these are said to be "nirabhilasa T " and 'nissvabhava ' i. e. unbiased and without essence. "
By determining the (true) meaning of things in this manner through deliberative intellect one must generate meditative wisdom in order to manifest the true meaning of things.
It has been said in sutras like Arya-ratna-rnegha: "the true meaning never becomes manifest or clear merely through listening (to a lot of expositions). Experience comes only to such as those who practise 'pratipatti',"? or through comprehension. The cover of darkness lying over the 'samyaka' or true meaning cannot be removed without the dawn of the clear light of 'jfiana '. If meditation is done profusely the clear knowledge of the hidden meaning is also born. If 'jfiana ' comes to those who contemplate on 'asubha' and 'prithvi-kritsna'l'" only, what then to speak of those who meditate on 'bhutas 'I" The success of meditation as the harbinger of the fruit of true knowledge has been described in Arya-samadharaja: "I tell you, I put it across to you that as much as a person may analyse or indulge in logic so much will his mind be moulded in accordance with the conclusion he arrives at. " This has been said in detail. Hence, he who wants to' manifest truth or wishes to grasp the essence of things should practise 'bhavana', - meditation.
Herein, the yogi should first cultivate 'samatha"? or calm in order to stabilise the mind. Being 'chanchala ' or flippant like water, the mind cannot become poised without the basis of "samatha '. Nor can a person whose mind is not 'samahita "? "or tranquil can understand the truth of things Cyatha bhutama '), the essence. The Lord said, "one with a tranquil mind understands the 'yatha-bhuta '. Tranquillity comes quickly to a person indifferent towards the desire for gain etc. and to one who is of correct disposition, is of the nature of dukha-awareness! " ete. and is on the path of 'veerya'172or effort. Hence 'dana' etc. have been mentioned repeatedly in Arya-sandhi-nirmochana etc.
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advantages of meditation and concentrate on one's interest on it. Whenever faults of deviation or distraction appear, one must quieten down one's disinterestedness. When owing to having been overcome by 'styana'182 and 'middha'T" one's mind does not get clearly absorbed in holding on to the prop or 'alambana', then either through contemplation Cbhavana') on a luminous cognition C'aloks samjfia') or through a mental visualisation of a supremely joyous object like Buddha etc. and by so calming down 'Iaya' or mental lethargy, one should again firmly hold on to the 'alambana'.
When the mind looks naughty in between through some remembrance of a previous joy or enjoyment one should reflect on the 'samvega '184of 'anityata' or transitoriness and calm down its naughtiness. Then, one must try to persuade the mind towards that very prop (alarnbana) without 'abhisamskara'l'" or variation.
When the mind, shorn of both lethargy and insolence appears to be properly engaged of its own volition. l'" then, through suspension of 'abhoga'P" or effort, detachment should be practised. When 'satyabhoga '! " or true effort (after pacifying 'laxity etc. ) is practised in a state of 'sama- pravritti'P? or balance, 'viksepa "? "or mental confusion (i. e. complicated samadhi-state) occurs, (i. e. the mind is disturbed) .
When the mind, without 'abhisamskara' or variation and of its own volition, becomes engaged in that very 'alambana' one should consider 'samatha ' or abiding calm as achieved. The nature of 'samatha ' is the one-pointedness of the mind, a characteristic common to all types of tranquillity, its 'alambana' is not fixed, though: The Lord has spoken of this path in Arya-prajfiaparamita etc. also. He says, "(the sekeer) fixes Csthapita') his mind there, establishes Csamsthapita') it, pinpoints Cavasthapita') it, houses Cupasthapita') it, controls ('damana') it, calms ('santa') it, stills ('vyupasanta') it, concentrates Cekagra ') and rests in meditative equipose Csamahita')". Th~s described in nine nomenclatures.
Now, here 'sthapayati' means 'binds the mind to the
'alambana': 'sarnsthapayati' means 'to engage the mind to that prop or 'alambana' systematically; 'avasthapayati' means 'on discovering confusion, removes it; 'upa-sthapayati means 'again fixes the mind to that very 'alambana' after removing 'viksepa', 'damayati' means 'generates 'rati' or desire for the prop; 'sainayati' means 'subdues 'a-rati' or non-desire (for alambana) after observing the faults of 'viksepa ' (deviation)'; 'vyupasamayati ' means, 'calms down indolence and do- nothing-ness that have crept in', 'ekoti-karoti' means 'tries to
enter the 'alambana' without 'abhisamskara', 'samadadhati' means 'practises 'upeksa' after attaining tranquillity of mind or 'chitta-sarnata', that is, practises withdrawal from the world or 'sarnanvakarana '. '? ' These are the meanings (of the above terms) as given by Arya Maitreya and by former acharyas.
Briefly speaking, all samadhis have six faults? " sloth,'? ' forsaking the 'alambana "? ' mental lethargy. ! " insolence. l'" non-effort"? and effort. '? " To overcome or wipe out these 'dosas' one must meditate on the eight eraser-samskaras,"? which are faith,2oo desire to act,"? ' industriousness. >" alacrity. t'" non-forgetfulness,201 alertriess. v'" mental refinernent-? " and equanimity. v" Of these, the first four are an antidote to 'kausidya' or sloth. Thus, through 'sraddha' or faith, accompanied by indications of the generation of correct knowledge-? " of the efficacy of sarnadhi, the yogi's will to
practise it is born; from will or desire C'abhilasa) one should commence the cultivation of 'veerya ' or effort. Through effort one attains bodily and mental activity. Activeness of body and mind removes slothfulness. Therefore, 'sraddha ' etc. should be contemplated upon for the sake of warding off 'kausidya ' or sloth etc. 'Smriti ' or non-forgetfulness is the opposite of the giving up of 'alambana'. 'Samprajfiaya ' or awareness is the opposite of mental lethargy and insolence, because it clearly exposes the reality of both. If mental lethargy and insolence are not subdued, the fault of 'anabhoga'<? ' accurs. As opposite to it, 'chetana ' or mental
alertness should be contemplated upon. When mental sloth and insolence are romoved and the mind becomes calm, the
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fault of 'abhoga'210 accurs. To oppose it, one must contemplate on 'upeksa' or detachment.
Sarnadhi, comprising these eight eraser samskaras, is most efficacious. It generates qualities like 'riddhi"! etc. Hence it is said in surra: "a person equipped with the eight eraser samskaras contemplates on the state of 'riddhi'. Such concentration of the mind accompanied by more and more of activity-" with the association of such qualities or 'gunas' as
'alambana' attains the designation of 'dhyana ', 'arupi- samapatti'<" and 'vimoksa ' . 214
In this manner when 'upeksa' or detachment is accompanied by 'vedana? " or awareness and becomes rational and meaningful it is called 'anagamya ',216inaccessible or un-definable, because 'chitta' or mind is the 'prayoga' or subject of the First Dhyana. "? To be free from 'kama trisna' (hankering after desires) and 'papa-dharma' (evil proclivities of the mind), to keep linked with logic, reflectiveness, joy, happiness and inner bliss is designated as First Dhyana. Also, the first dhyana being devoid of 'vitarka ' is called
'dhyanantara' or mid-dhyana. When it is without 'vichara' or reflection and 'vitarka' or reason and becomes free from the desire of staying in the First Dhyana stage, is accompanied by the bliss of the joy of devotion and of spirituality, it is called Second Dhyana, When it becomes free from the desire of staying in the Second Dhyana stage and accompanied by joy, detachment, recollectedness and awareness - 'sukha ' 'upeksa ', 'smriti' and 'samprajarrya ' - it is called Third Dhyana, When it is free from the desire of staying in the Third Dhyana stage and is accompanied by non-dukha, non-sukha feelings, 'upeksa and' smriti', it is called Fourth Dhyana. Thus, the mind should be linked with'arupya smapatti' or
formless meditation and dominant218 'ayatanas'219 or entrances of release etc. in accordance with the distinctions of 'alambana' and 'akara'220 or form.
So, after stabilizing the mind in the 'alambana', one should analyse with (discriminating) wisdom so that, through the bliss of the dawn of the light of 'jfiana', the seed of the
delusion is totally eradicated; otherwise, as in the case if 'tirthikas', there can be no removal of klesas merely through 'samadhi'. As has been said in Samadhiraja-sutra: "bhavana' may be practised in such samadhi but it will not spell the loss of 'atma-samjfia '> ' or body-consciousness. It will again agitate the 'klesas' as during 'undreka+? samadhi' bhavana or over-mentalisation in meditational process. "
'Prajna-bhavana-krama' or the sequence of meditation on 'prajfia has been briefly indicated in Arya Lankavatara: "on taking to the 'chitta-matra? " (path), one should not dwell in 'bahyartha' or only apparent meaning (of phenomenon); by stabilizing oneself on the 'alambana' of 'tathata? " one should go beyond the bounds of 'mind only'. After crossing over the mind only path one should go beyond the 'nirabhasa '. 225"
The yogi who stays in the 'nirabhasa ' or a state 'of non- fallacious appearances' will see 'mahayana '. Purified by 'pranldhana ' or vows, the state of satiety is stilled. One cannot experience the noble non-soul-" soul 'jfiana ' in a state of 'nirabhasa'.
This is what the aforesaid means: at first the yogi should reflect over those external meanings which have been superimposed by others over dharmas with form, that is, whether they are different from cognition Cvijfiana ') or that they are vijfiana itself appearing as such as if in the dream state. Then, he should consider them with respect to their atoms in accordance with 'vijriana; observing the atoms in their parts, the yogi will not find those superimposed meanings. Not finding them there, he will so conclude that all this is mind only and that there is no external meaning or substance at all. Therefore, it has been said: "one should not imagine external meanings on ascending the mind-only path". That is, one must give up 'vikalpas' or superimposed nomenclatures of dharmas with form. To reflect on those 'bhavas ' or phenomena with apparent or super-imposed meanings leads to the disappearance of those meanings.
Having thus reflected over dharmas with form, one should analyse dharmas without form. One who remains only
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a 'chitta-matriri' cannot become a 'grahaka' or receiver in the absence of that which could be the 'grahya' or the receivable as the recepient has always to depend on an object which is to be received. Therefore, it must be concluded that the mind is devoid of the functions of the both the 'grahya' and the 'grahaka ': it is 'advya' or non-dual. 'Advya ' is defined as "sticking on to the prop of 'tathata', one must go beyond the 'chittmatra ' stage too". The attitude of the 'receiver' should beover-stepped. It means that the non-cognisance of duality should be based on the knowledge of duality.
In this manner, after crossing over the 'chitta-matra ' stage, one should also go beyond the non-dual cognition stage, because there is no generation of 'bhavas' either by themselves or through another agent and the' grahya' and the grahaka ' are illusionary, non-existent. Because they are dissimilar'" from what they appear, their truth or reality is also not opposite. In 'advya jiiana'228or non-dual compre- hension also, the feeling of existence in substance should be abandoned which means that one should stay in the 'nirabhasa jfiana' or non-apparent knowledge of 'advya' or non-duality. By so doing, the mind gets stabilized in the realisation of the 'riissvabhavata ' of all dharmas. Such a person, owing to his access to the 'paramatattva' or the ultimate essence (of things), enters 'nirvikalpa samadhi' or immaculate absorption.
When the yogi is established in the' nirabhasa jnana of the non-dual cognition he also gets established in the 'paramtattva? " - the ultimate or supreme essence (reality); he sees 'rnahayana '. Realising the 'paramatattva' is called Mahayana. His 'paramtattva darsana ' or experiencing the ultimate reality is this that, analysing all dharmas or phe- nomena with the eye of 'prajfia', he sees the truth in the light of 'samyaka jiiana'230or ultimate knowledge. So it is said in the sutra: "what is 'parrnartha darsanama ' or seeing the supreme or ultimate truth of things? (it is) the non-seeing of all dharmas. " Herein is indicated such type of 'non-seeing' (as described above) and not the non-seeing (blindness) or
ignorance of those who, with eyes shut like the born blind, see nothing owing to the bafflement=" of 'pratyayas ' and non-mentalisation of phenomena.
The yogi will remain in bondage, like a person who has arisen from 'asarijyi' samapattii,m owing to the non-removal of 'vasana ' or desire for fixation in things born of contrariety Cviparyasa'), because in 'bhavas' themselves are created the basic fixations of the 'klesa' mass or mental defilements of 'raga'233(attachment, addiction) etc. : It has been said in Arya- satya-dvaya-nirdesa etc. : "the root of 'raga' etc. is fixation in 'bhavas'," What has been said in Avikalpa-pravesa-dharani ete. (about the yogi 'stopping through non-mentalisation such things as the objects of form etc. refers to that 'anupalabdhi' (absence of substantial existence) which comes only through an examination with 'prajfia ' and the non-mentalisation of that alone; it does not merely refer to the absence of mentalisation. Fixation in 'rupa' or form etc. , which has been there from time immemorial, cannot be eradicated, like 'asanjrii samapatti' etc. merely by abandoning mentalisation. "
It is not possible to remove the 'rnanasikara ' or mentalisation generated by previous 'abhinivesa ' or fixations in 'rupa' (form) ete. without the removal of doubts just as there can be no extinction of the fact of burning unless fire is removed. It is not possible to take out these false 'vikalpas' or contrary alternatives of form etc. from the mind as though plucking out a thorn with our own hands. How, then (to do it)? (It is done) by removing the seeds of doubt. The yogi, after examining through the eyes of 'prajfia' these seeds of doubt and their formerly acquired form etc. and such as those whose non-acquiredness is experienced in the moment of acquirement, can of course remove them like the cognition of the serpent in the rope and in no other manner. Similarly, when the seed of doubt is removed, one can abandon the mentalisation of the objects of form etc. also and in no other manner. Were it not so then, in the absence of the glow of samadhi and not seen even by the eye of wisdom, the yogi's doubt about the existence of form etc. is not removed like
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that of a person in a blind well (of ignorance) feeling doubts about the pots etc. lying in the house. When such doubt is not removed, he will become a person whose 'timir-dosa'<" or clouded eyesight is not removed and who remains susceptible to fixation in false insubstantial forms, which cannot be castigated by anyone. Therefore, by clasping the mind with the hand of 'samadhi' and with the help of the very subtle weapon of 'prajfia' one should eradicate the seeds of the disease of false 'vikalpas' or alternatives present in the mind; just as uprooted trees do not again take root in the earth so also will false 'vikalpas' be not born in the mind. Hence, in order to remove the 'avarana' or the overlying crust of false appearances the Lord has pointed out the 'yuganadha-v- vahi-marga (two-fold single path) of 'samatha' (equipoise) and 'vipasyana' (insight), because "these two are the cause of absolute knowledge Cavikalpa-jfiana '). " As is said in the sutra: "Samadhi is attained through staying in 'Sila'; through sarnadhi comes "prajfia bhavana or contemplation on wisdom; through 'prajna ' comes absolute knowledge; a person with absolute knowledge attains the wealth of 'Sila'. "
In this manner, when the mind has been stabilized in the 'alambana' through equipoise ('samatha'), the glow of ultimate 'jfiana' is born after deliberation through 'prajna'. When this glow shines, the cover (avarana) is lifted like the disappearance of darkness. Therefore, both these 'samatha' and prajfia', like the eye and the light, are mutually beneficial in the generation of right knowledge. There is no contradiction between the two as between light and darkness inspite of the difference in their' gunas' or characteristics. 'Samadhi' is not of the nature of darkness. What is it, then? It is of the nature of the concentration of mind. "Being in equipoise, it knows the reality (of things). " In accordance with this assertion, iti. e. 'samadhi' gets totally identified with 'prajfia', it is not contradictory to it. When a 'sarnahita' or a person of staid mind examines with his 'prajfia' there will be no acquirernent=" of all dharmas. That, in itself, is the supreme non-acquirementv? or perception. Such a
staidness=" indicating stage of the yogi is (a state of) 'anabhoga? " or total-satiety, because nothing beyond it remains to be experienced. 'Santa' or tranquil (state) is the cessation of all such contrary frauds-'? as those of 'bhava'v" or is-ness and 'abhava? ? or is-not-ness.
Thus, when the yogi does not find any inherent existence of things after examining through 'prajfia ' (wisdom), he experiences no contrariety of 'bhavas ' nor does he experience the 'vikalpa' of 'abhava'. If is-ness or 'bhava' is noticed anywhere, its stoppage or cessation will produce an alternative (vikalpa '), However, if by examining through 'prajfia ' the yogi discovers no is-ness of things in the three/" times, how can there be any opposing alternative of the same as is-not-ness or 'abhava ? So, other 'vikalpas ' also will not touch him owing to the perrneableness=" of 'vikalpas ' of 'bhava ' and 'abhava '. There can be no 'vyapaka >" or a permeable-" entity. So, this is the supreme immaculate yoga. For a yogi stabilized in that (i. e. immaculate yoga) all contradictions or alternatives having been eradicated, his 'jfieyavarana? " or cover of cognition and 'klesavarana? " or cover of mental defilement are totally destroyed. It has been said in Arya satya-dvya nirdesa etc. also that the root of 'klesavarana ' is the superimposition of 'bhava ' etc. on uncreated, non-existent things or phenomena.
Through this yoga practice by removing all contrarities of 'is-ness', all contradictions of 'is-ness' etc. , the ignorance- natured roots of 'klesavaranas' are totally destroyed. As has been stated in Arya satya-dvaya nirdesa: "0 Manjusril how can 'klesa' or mental defilement be suppressed? " How are 'klesas' discovered? ' Manjusri replied, 'in the ultimate sense, there is a false superimposition (on things) through 'samvrita'v" or the apparent over totally unborn, uncreated and non-existent dharmas. This false superimposition gives rise to 'samkalpa' and 'vikalpa '250 premise and counter- premise; 'sankalpa' and 'vikalpa ' give rise to 'ayonisa rnansikara ">' or un-meditational mentalisation, which gives rise to 'atma-samaropa' or the superimposition of a self (or
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entity on phenomena); 'atma-samaropa ' gives rise to 'dristi- paryuthhana<" or sight distraction; this sight-distraction generates 'klesas. 0 devaputra! in the ultimate sense, he alone is un-superimposed who realises all dharmas to be totally unborn, uncreated. He who, in the ultimate sense, is un-superimposed is without 'vikalpa '. He who is free from 'vikalpa ' is meditationally balanced. He who is medita- tionally balanced can never have self-superimposition. He who is free from the superimposition of a self does not suffer from 'dhyana pariyuthhana '. In the ultimate sense, 'dristi- paryuthhana ' or sight-distraction does not take place till one sees 'nirvana'. So his 'klesa' must be seen as 'vineeta ' or highly subdued, staid as he is in the 'anutpada ' or uncreated realm.
