_Interamna_
(Lirinas) (442).
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - a
8.
)
[173] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xvi.
[174] The freedmen were, in fact, either Roman citizens, or Latins, or
ranged in the number of the _dediticii_; slaves who had, while they were
in servitude, undergone a grave chastisement, if they arrived at
freedom, obtained only the assimilation to the _dediticii_. If, on the
contrary, the slave had undergone no punishment, if he was more than
thirty years of age, if, at the same time, he belonged to his master
according to the law of the quirites, and if the formalities of
manumission or affranchisement exacted by the Roman law had been
observed, he was a Roman citizen. He was only Latin if one of these
circumstances failed. (_Institutes_ of Gaius, I. § 12, 13, 15, 16, 17. )
[175] “Valerius sent upon the lands conquered from the Volsci a colony
of a certain number of citizens chosen from among the poor, both to
serve as a garrison against the enemies, and to diminish at Rome the
party of the seditious. ” (Year of Rome 260. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, VI. 43. )--This great number of colonies, by clearing the
population of Rome of a multitude of indigent citizens, had maintained
tranquillity (452). (Titus Livius, X. 6. )
[176] Modern authors are not agreed on this point, which would require a
long discussion; but we may consider the question as solved in the sense
of our text by Madvig, _Opuscula_, I. pp. 244-254.
[177] “There the people (_populus_) named their magistrates; the
_duumviri_ performed the functions of consuls or prætors, whose title
they sometimes took (_Corpus Inscriptionum Latin. _, _passim_); the
_quinquennales_ corresponded to the censors. Finally, there were
_questors_ and _ediles_. The Senate, as at Rome, was composed of
members, elected for life, to the number of a hundred; the number was
filled up every five years (_lectio senatus_). ” (_Tabula Heracleensis_,
cap. x. _et seq. _)
[178] A certain number of colonies figure in the list given by Dionysius
of Halicarnassus of the members of the confederacy (V. 61).
[179] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iv. § 7.
[180] Because it named its magistrates, struck money (Mommsen,
_Münzwesen_, p. 317), privileges refused to the Roman colonies, and
preserved its own peculiar laws according to the principle: “Nulla
populi Romani lege adstricti, nisi in quam populus eorum fundus factus
est. ” (Aulus Gellius, XVI. xiii. 6. --Compare Cicero, _Oration for
Balbus_, viii. 21. )
[181] Cicero, _Oration on the Agrarian Law_, ii. 27.
[182] Titus Livius, XXVII. 9.
[183] Florus, I. 16.
[184] Titus Livius, VIII. 13, 14.
[185] Titus Livius, VIII. 14. These towns had the right of city without
suffrage; of this number were Capua (in consideration of its knights,
who had refused to take part in the revolt), Cumæ, Fundi, and Formiæ.
[186] Velleius Paterculus, I. 15.
[187] Titus Livius, VIII. 14.
[188] Titus Livius, VIII. 14, _et seq. _--Valerius Maximus, VI. ii. 1.
[189] Florus, I. 16.
[190] Titus Livius, VIII. 26; XXI. 49; XXII. 11.
[191] “Eam solam gentem restare. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 27. )
[192] Cicero, _de Officiis_, iii. 30.
[193] Titus Livius, IX. 24, 28.
[194] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. --Titus Livius, IX. 29.
[195] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 101.
[196] Titus Livius, IX. 31.
[197] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 35.
[198] Now _Lago di Vadimone_ or _Bagnaccio_, situated on the right bank
and three miles from the Tiber, between that river and the Lake
Ciminius, about the latitude of _Narni_.
[199] Titus Livius, IX. 43. --Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, 13. --Festus,
under the word _Præfecturæ_, p. 233.
[200] Titus Livius, IX. 45. --Diodorus Siculus, XX. 101.
[201] Titus Livius, IX. 45; X. 3, 10.
[202] Appian, _Samnite Wars_, § vii. , p. 56, edit. Schweighæuser.
[203] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 10.
[204] Titus Livius, X. 11, _et seq. _
[205] Titus Livius, X. 22, _et seq. _--Polybius, II. 19. --Florus, I. 17.
[206] Volsiniæ, Perusia, and Arretium. (Titus Livius, X. 37. )
[207] Orosius, III. 22. --Zonaras, VII. 2. --Eutropius, II. 9.
[208] Velleius Paterculus, I. 14. --Festus, under the word _Præfecturæ_,
p. 233.
[209] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, _Excerpta_, p. 2335, edit.
Schweighæuser.
[210] Polybius, II. 19, 24.
[211] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XII. , XIII. , XIV. --Plutarch, _Pyrrhus, et
seq. _--Florus, I. 18. --Eutropius, II. 11, _et seq. _--Zonaras, VIII. 2.
[212] Valerius Maximus, III. vii. 10.
[213] Appian (_Samnite Wars_, X. iii. , p. 65) says that Pyrrhus advanced
as far as Anagnia.
[214] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xxii.
[215] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIV. --Orosius, IV. 3.
[216] Florus, I. 20.
[217] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. --_Fasti Capitolini_, an. 487.
[218] ROMAN COLONIES. --Third period: 416-488.
_Antium_ (416). A maritime colony (Volsci). _Torre d’Anzo_ or
_Porto d’Anzo_.
_Terracina_ (425). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _)
_Terracina. _
_Minturnæ_ (459). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _) Ruins
near _Trajetta_.
_Sinuessa_ (459). A maritime colony (Campania). (_Via Appia. _) Near
_Rocca di Mondragone_.
_Sena Gallica_ (465). A maritime colony (Umbria, _in agro
Gallico_). (_Via Valeria. _) _Sinigaglia. _
_Castrum Novum_ (465). A maritime colony (Picenum). (_Via
Valeria. _) _Giulia Nuova. _
LATIN COLONIES.
_Cales_ (420). Campania. (_Via Appia. _) _Calvi. _
_Fregellæ_ (426). Volsci. In the valley of the Liris. _Ceprano_(? ).
Destroyed in 629.
_Luceria_ (440). Apulia. _Lucera. _
_Suessa Aurunca_ (441). Aurunci. (_Via Appia. _) _Sessa. _
_Pontiæ_ (441). Island opposite Circeii. _Ponza. _
_Saticula_ (441). On the boundary between Samnium and Campania.
_Prestia_, near _Santa Agata de’ Goti_. Disappeared early.
_Interamna_ (Lirinas) (442). Volsci. _Terame. _ Not inhabited.
_Sora_ (451). On the boundary between the Volsci and the Samnites.
_Sora. _ Already colonised in a previous period.
_Alba Fucensis_ (451). Marsi. (_Via Valeria. _) _Alba_, a village
near _Avezzano_.
_Narnia_ (455). Umbria. (_Via Flaminia. _) _Narni. _ Strengthened in
555.
_Carseoli_ (456). Æqui. (_Via Valeria. _) _Cerita_, _Osteria del
Cavaliere_, near _Carsoli_.
_Venusia_ (463). Frontier between Lucania and Apulia. (_Via
Appia. _) _Venosa. _ Re-fortified in 554.
_Adria_ (or _Hatria_) (465). Picenum. (_Via Valeria_ and
_Salaria_). _Adri. _
_Cosa_ (481). Etruria or Campania. _Ansedonia_(? ), near
_Orbitello_. Re-fortified in 557.
_Pæstum_ (481). Lucania, _Pesto_. Ruins.
_Ariminum_ (486). Umbria, _in agro Gallico_. (_Via Flaminia. _)
_Rimini. _
_Beneventum_ (486). Samnium. (_Via Appia. _) _Benevento. _
[219] Campanians: _Stellatina_. Etruscans: _Tromentina_, _Sabatina_,
_Arniensis_, in 367 (Titus Livius, VI. 5). Latins: _Mœcia_, and
_Scaptia_, in 422 (Titus Livius, VIII. 17). Volsci: _Pomptina_, and
_Publilia_, in 396 (Titus Livius, VII. 15). Ausones: _Ufentina_ and
_Falerna_, in 436 (Titus Livius, IX. 20). Æqui: _Aniensis_ and
_Terentina_, in 455 (Titus Livius, X. 9). Sabines: _Velina_ and
_Quirina_, in 513 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. ).
[220] At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or
deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls
there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according
to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local
magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five
years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a
constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
[221] The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up
by these domains.
[222] Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452,
these remarkable words: “Jam ne _nobilitatis_ quidem suæ plebeios
pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune
expresses himself thus: “Nam _plebeios nobiles_ jam eisdem initiatos
esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus,
cœpisse. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34. )
[223] Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
[224] We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who
transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13. )
[225] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5. --Plutarch, _Cato_, iii.
[226] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 6.
[227] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 9.
[228] Titus Livius, IX. 46.
[229] “The goods of the debtor, not his body, should be responsible for
the debt. Thus all the captured citizens were free, and it was forbidden
for ever to put in bonds a debtor. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 28. )
[230] Ignorance of the calendar, and of the method of fixing the
festivals, left to the pontiffs alone the knowledge of the days when it
was permitted to plead.
[231] “The lawyers, for fear that their services might become useless in
judicial proceedings, invented certain formulæ, in order to make
themselves necessary. ” (Cicero, _Pro Murena_, xi. )
[232] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XI. --Pliny, XVI. x. 37.
[233] Cicero, _Brutus_, C. xiv. --Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 2.
[234] “You see here all the principal senators who set you the example.
They will partake with you the fatigues and perils of war, although the
laws and their age exempt them from carrying arms. ” (_Speech of the
Dictator Postumius to his troops_; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 9. )
[235] Titus Livius, X. , XII. 49.
[236] Valerius Maximus, II. viii. 4, 7.
[237] Plutarch, _Flamininus_, xxviii.
[238] Aur. Victor, _Ill. Men_, xxxvi. and xxvii.
[239] Titus Livius, IX. 10
[240] “A sedition was already rising between the patricians and the
people, and the terror of so sudden a war (with the Tiburtini) stifled
it. ” (Titus Livius, VII. 12. )--“Appius Sabinus, to prevent the evils
which are an inevitable consequence of idleness, joined with want,
determined _to occupy the people in external wars, in order that,
gaining their living for themselves_, by finding on the lands of the
enemy abundant provisions which were not to be had in Rome, they might
render at the same time some service to the State, instead of troubling
at an unseasonable moment the senators in the administration of affairs.
He said that a town which, like Rome, disputed empire with all others,
and was hated by them, could not want a decent pretext for making war;
that, if they would judge the future by the past, they would see clearly
that all the seditions which had hitherto torn the Republic _had never
arrived except in time of peace_, when people no longer feared anything
from without. ” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 43. )
[241] Claudius made war thus in Umbria, and took the town of Camerinum,
the inhabitants of which he sold for slaves. (See Valerius Maximus, VI.
v. § 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. )--Camillus, after the capture of
Veii, caused the free men to be sold by auction. (Titus Livius, V.
22. )--In 365, the prisoners, the greater part Etruscans, were sold in
the same manner. (Titus Livius, VI. 4. )--The auxiliaries of the
Samnites, after the battle of Allifæ (447), were sold as slaves to the
number of 7,000. (Titus Livius, IX. 42. )
[242] “The military port alone contained two hundred and twenty
vessels. ” (Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 96, p. 437, ed. Schweighæuser. )
[243] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 95, p. 436.
[244] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[245] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 130, p. 490.
[246] 5,820,000 francs [£232,800]. (Appian, _Punic Wars_, CXXVII. 486. )
Following the labours of MM. Letronne, Böckh, Mommsen, &c. , we have
admitted for the sums indicated in the course of the present work the
following reckonings:--
The _as_ of copper = 1/10 deniers = 5 centimes.
The _sestertius_ = 0. 975 grammes = 19 centimes.
The _denarius_ = 3. 898 grammes = 75 centimes.
The _great sestertius_ = 100,000 sestertii = 19,000 francs [£760].
The Attic or Euboic _talent_, of 26 kilogrammes,
196 grammes = 5,821 francs [£232 16s. ].
The _mina_, of 436 grammes = 97 francs.
The _drachma_, of 4. 37 grammes = 97 centimes.
The _obolus_, of 0. 73 grammes = 16 centimes.
The Æginetic talent was equivalent to 8,500 Attic drachmas (37
kilogrammes, 2 gr. ) = 8,270 francs [£330 16s. ]. The Babylonic silver
talent is of 33 kilogrammes, 42 = 7,426 francs [£297]. (See, for
details, Mommsen, _Römisches Münzwesen_, pp. 24-26, 55. Hultsch,
_Griechische und Römische Metrologie_, pp. 135-137. )
[247] Nearly 700,000 francs [£28,000]. (Athenæus, XII. lviii. 509, ed.
Schweighæuser. )
[248] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[249] Scylax of Caryanda, _Periplus_, p. 51 _et seq. _, ed. Hudson.
[250] See the work of Heeren, _Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr, und
den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt_, Part I. , Vol. II. ,
secs. v. and vi. , p. 163 _et seq. _, 188 _et seq. _ 3rd edit.
[251] Athenæus informs us that Polemon had composed an entire treatise
on the mantles of the divinities of Carthage. (XII. lviii. 541.
[173] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xvi.
[174] The freedmen were, in fact, either Roman citizens, or Latins, or
ranged in the number of the _dediticii_; slaves who had, while they were
in servitude, undergone a grave chastisement, if they arrived at
freedom, obtained only the assimilation to the _dediticii_. If, on the
contrary, the slave had undergone no punishment, if he was more than
thirty years of age, if, at the same time, he belonged to his master
according to the law of the quirites, and if the formalities of
manumission or affranchisement exacted by the Roman law had been
observed, he was a Roman citizen. He was only Latin if one of these
circumstances failed. (_Institutes_ of Gaius, I. § 12, 13, 15, 16, 17. )
[175] “Valerius sent upon the lands conquered from the Volsci a colony
of a certain number of citizens chosen from among the poor, both to
serve as a garrison against the enemies, and to diminish at Rome the
party of the seditious. ” (Year of Rome 260. ) (Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, VI. 43. )--This great number of colonies, by clearing the
population of Rome of a multitude of indigent citizens, had maintained
tranquillity (452). (Titus Livius, X. 6. )
[176] Modern authors are not agreed on this point, which would require a
long discussion; but we may consider the question as solved in the sense
of our text by Madvig, _Opuscula_, I. pp. 244-254.
[177] “There the people (_populus_) named their magistrates; the
_duumviri_ performed the functions of consuls or prætors, whose title
they sometimes took (_Corpus Inscriptionum Latin. _, _passim_); the
_quinquennales_ corresponded to the censors. Finally, there were
_questors_ and _ediles_. The Senate, as at Rome, was composed of
members, elected for life, to the number of a hundred; the number was
filled up every five years (_lectio senatus_). ” (_Tabula Heracleensis_,
cap. x. _et seq. _)
[178] A certain number of colonies figure in the list given by Dionysius
of Halicarnassus of the members of the confederacy (V. 61).
[179] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iv. § 7.
[180] Because it named its magistrates, struck money (Mommsen,
_Münzwesen_, p. 317), privileges refused to the Roman colonies, and
preserved its own peculiar laws according to the principle: “Nulla
populi Romani lege adstricti, nisi in quam populus eorum fundus factus
est. ” (Aulus Gellius, XVI. xiii. 6. --Compare Cicero, _Oration for
Balbus_, viii. 21. )
[181] Cicero, _Oration on the Agrarian Law_, ii. 27.
[182] Titus Livius, XXVII. 9.
[183] Florus, I. 16.
[184] Titus Livius, VIII. 13, 14.
[185] Titus Livius, VIII. 14. These towns had the right of city without
suffrage; of this number were Capua (in consideration of its knights,
who had refused to take part in the revolt), Cumæ, Fundi, and Formiæ.
[186] Velleius Paterculus, I. 15.
[187] Titus Livius, VIII. 14.
[188] Titus Livius, VIII. 14, _et seq. _--Valerius Maximus, VI. ii. 1.
[189] Florus, I. 16.
[190] Titus Livius, VIII. 26; XXI. 49; XXII. 11.
[191] “Eam solam gentem restare. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 27. )
[192] Cicero, _de Officiis_, iii. 30.
[193] Titus Livius, IX. 24, 28.
[194] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. --Titus Livius, IX. 29.
[195] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 101.
[196] Titus Livius, IX. 31.
[197] Diodorus Siculus, XX. 35.
[198] Now _Lago di Vadimone_ or _Bagnaccio_, situated on the right bank
and three miles from the Tiber, between that river and the Lake
Ciminius, about the latitude of _Narni_.
[199] Titus Livius, IX. 43. --Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, 13. --Festus,
under the word _Præfecturæ_, p. 233.
[200] Titus Livius, IX. 45. --Diodorus Siculus, XX. 101.
[201] Titus Livius, IX. 45; X. 3, 10.
[202] Appian, _Samnite Wars_, § vii. , p. 56, edit. Schweighæuser.
[203] Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 10.
[204] Titus Livius, X. 11, _et seq. _
[205] Titus Livius, X. 22, _et seq. _--Polybius, II. 19. --Florus, I. 17.
[206] Volsiniæ, Perusia, and Arretium. (Titus Livius, X. 37. )
[207] Orosius, III. 22. --Zonaras, VII. 2. --Eutropius, II. 9.
[208] Velleius Paterculus, I. 14. --Festus, under the word _Præfecturæ_,
p. 233.
[209] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, _Excerpta_, p. 2335, edit.
Schweighæuser.
[210] Polybius, II. 19, 24.
[211] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XII. , XIII. , XIV. --Plutarch, _Pyrrhus, et
seq. _--Florus, I. 18. --Eutropius, II. 11, _et seq. _--Zonaras, VIII. 2.
[212] Valerius Maximus, III. vii. 10.
[213] Appian (_Samnite Wars_, X. iii. , p. 65) says that Pyrrhus advanced
as far as Anagnia.
[214] Cicero, _Oration for Balbus_, xxii.
[215] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIV. --Orosius, IV. 3.
[216] Florus, I. 20.
[217] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. --_Fasti Capitolini_, an. 487.
[218] ROMAN COLONIES. --Third period: 416-488.
_Antium_ (416). A maritime colony (Volsci). _Torre d’Anzo_ or
_Porto d’Anzo_.
_Terracina_ (425). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _)
_Terracina. _
_Minturnæ_ (459). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (_Via Appia. _) Ruins
near _Trajetta_.
_Sinuessa_ (459). A maritime colony (Campania). (_Via Appia. _) Near
_Rocca di Mondragone_.
_Sena Gallica_ (465). A maritime colony (Umbria, _in agro
Gallico_). (_Via Valeria. _) _Sinigaglia. _
_Castrum Novum_ (465). A maritime colony (Picenum). (_Via
Valeria. _) _Giulia Nuova. _
LATIN COLONIES.
_Cales_ (420). Campania. (_Via Appia. _) _Calvi. _
_Fregellæ_ (426). Volsci. In the valley of the Liris. _Ceprano_(? ).
Destroyed in 629.
_Luceria_ (440). Apulia. _Lucera. _
_Suessa Aurunca_ (441). Aurunci. (_Via Appia. _) _Sessa. _
_Pontiæ_ (441). Island opposite Circeii. _Ponza. _
_Saticula_ (441). On the boundary between Samnium and Campania.
_Prestia_, near _Santa Agata de’ Goti_. Disappeared early.
_Interamna_ (Lirinas) (442). Volsci. _Terame. _ Not inhabited.
_Sora_ (451). On the boundary between the Volsci and the Samnites.
_Sora. _ Already colonised in a previous period.
_Alba Fucensis_ (451). Marsi. (_Via Valeria. _) _Alba_, a village
near _Avezzano_.
_Narnia_ (455). Umbria. (_Via Flaminia. _) _Narni. _ Strengthened in
555.
_Carseoli_ (456). Æqui. (_Via Valeria. _) _Cerita_, _Osteria del
Cavaliere_, near _Carsoli_.
_Venusia_ (463). Frontier between Lucania and Apulia. (_Via
Appia. _) _Venosa. _ Re-fortified in 554.
_Adria_ (or _Hatria_) (465). Picenum. (_Via Valeria_ and
_Salaria_). _Adri. _
_Cosa_ (481). Etruria or Campania. _Ansedonia_(? ), near
_Orbitello_. Re-fortified in 557.
_Pæstum_ (481). Lucania, _Pesto_. Ruins.
_Ariminum_ (486). Umbria, _in agro Gallico_. (_Via Flaminia. _)
_Rimini. _
_Beneventum_ (486). Samnium. (_Via Appia. _) _Benevento. _
[219] Campanians: _Stellatina_. Etruscans: _Tromentina_, _Sabatina_,
_Arniensis_, in 367 (Titus Livius, VI. 5). Latins: _Mœcia_, and
_Scaptia_, in 422 (Titus Livius, VIII. 17). Volsci: _Pomptina_, and
_Publilia_, in 396 (Titus Livius, VII. 15). Ausones: _Ufentina_ and
_Falerna_, in 436 (Titus Livius, IX. 20). Æqui: _Aniensis_ and
_Terentina_, in 455 (Titus Livius, X. 9). Sabines: _Velina_ and
_Quirina_, in 513 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. ).
[220] At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or
deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls
there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according
to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local
magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five
years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a
constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
[221] The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up
by these domains.
[222] Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452,
these remarkable words: “Jam ne _nobilitatis_ quidem suæ plebeios
pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune
expresses himself thus: “Nam _plebeios nobiles_ jam eisdem initiatos
esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus,
cœpisse. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34. )
[223] Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
[224] We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who
transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13. )
[225] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5. --Plutarch, _Cato_, iii.
[226] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 6.
[227] Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 9.
[228] Titus Livius, IX. 46.
[229] “The goods of the debtor, not his body, should be responsible for
the debt. Thus all the captured citizens were free, and it was forbidden
for ever to put in bonds a debtor. ” (Titus Livius, VIII. 28. )
[230] Ignorance of the calendar, and of the method of fixing the
festivals, left to the pontiffs alone the knowledge of the days when it
was permitted to plead.
[231] “The lawyers, for fear that their services might become useless in
judicial proceedings, invented certain formulæ, in order to make
themselves necessary. ” (Cicero, _Pro Murena_, xi. )
[232] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XI. --Pliny, XVI. x. 37.
[233] Cicero, _Brutus_, C. xiv. --Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 2.
[234] “You see here all the principal senators who set you the example.
They will partake with you the fatigues and perils of war, although the
laws and their age exempt them from carrying arms. ” (_Speech of the
Dictator Postumius to his troops_; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 9. )
[235] Titus Livius, X. , XII. 49.
[236] Valerius Maximus, II. viii. 4, 7.
[237] Plutarch, _Flamininus_, xxviii.
[238] Aur. Victor, _Ill. Men_, xxxvi. and xxvii.
[239] Titus Livius, IX. 10
[240] “A sedition was already rising between the patricians and the
people, and the terror of so sudden a war (with the Tiburtini) stifled
it. ” (Titus Livius, VII. 12. )--“Appius Sabinus, to prevent the evils
which are an inevitable consequence of idleness, joined with want,
determined _to occupy the people in external wars, in order that,
gaining their living for themselves_, by finding on the lands of the
enemy abundant provisions which were not to be had in Rome, they might
render at the same time some service to the State, instead of troubling
at an unseasonable moment the senators in the administration of affairs.
He said that a town which, like Rome, disputed empire with all others,
and was hated by them, could not want a decent pretext for making war;
that, if they would judge the future by the past, they would see clearly
that all the seditions which had hitherto torn the Republic _had never
arrived except in time of peace_, when people no longer feared anything
from without. ” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 43. )
[241] Claudius made war thus in Umbria, and took the town of Camerinum,
the inhabitants of which he sold for slaves. (See Valerius Maximus, VI.
v. § 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XV. )--Camillus, after the capture of
Veii, caused the free men to be sold by auction. (Titus Livius, V.
22. )--In 365, the prisoners, the greater part Etruscans, were sold in
the same manner. (Titus Livius, VI. 4. )--The auxiliaries of the
Samnites, after the battle of Allifæ (447), were sold as slaves to the
number of 7,000. (Titus Livius, IX. 42. )
[242] “The military port alone contained two hundred and twenty
vessels. ” (Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 96, p. 437, ed. Schweighæuser. )
[243] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 95, p. 436.
[244] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[245] Appian, _Punic Wars_, VIII. 130, p. 490.
[246] 5,820,000 francs [£232,800]. (Appian, _Punic Wars_, CXXVII. 486. )
Following the labours of MM. Letronne, Böckh, Mommsen, &c. , we have
admitted for the sums indicated in the course of the present work the
following reckonings:--
The _as_ of copper = 1/10 deniers = 5 centimes.
The _sestertius_ = 0. 975 grammes = 19 centimes.
The _denarius_ = 3. 898 grammes = 75 centimes.
The _great sestertius_ = 100,000 sestertii = 19,000 francs [£760].
The Attic or Euboic _talent_, of 26 kilogrammes,
196 grammes = 5,821 francs [£232 16s. ].
The _mina_, of 436 grammes = 97 francs.
The _drachma_, of 4. 37 grammes = 97 centimes.
The _obolus_, of 0. 73 grammes = 16 centimes.
The Æginetic talent was equivalent to 8,500 Attic drachmas (37
kilogrammes, 2 gr. ) = 8,270 francs [£330 16s. ]. The Babylonic silver
talent is of 33 kilogrammes, 42 = 7,426 francs [£297]. (See, for
details, Mommsen, _Römisches Münzwesen_, pp. 24-26, 55. Hultsch,
_Griechische und Römische Metrologie_, pp. 135-137. )
[247] Nearly 700,000 francs [£28,000]. (Athenæus, XII. lviii. 509, ed.
Schweighæuser. )
[248] Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
[249] Scylax of Caryanda, _Periplus_, p. 51 _et seq. _, ed. Hudson.
[250] See the work of Heeren, _Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr, und
den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt_, Part I. , Vol. II. ,
secs. v. and vi. , p. 163 _et seq. _, 188 _et seq. _ 3rd edit.
[251] Athenæus informs us that Polemon had composed an entire treatise
on the mantles of the divinities of Carthage. (XII. lviii. 541.
