No More Learning

The
ius for the observation of nature, yet its social characteristics of a New England
scope is narrow and simple. «The follow- town are graphically noted: the minis-
ing pages,” says the author, "are arranged ter's revered chief place; "general-train-
somewhat in the order of time, beginning ing day); the temperance movement,
with the first gun and attempts at shoot- started at a time when drunkenness from
ing. Then come the fields, the first hills the rum served at ministerial «installa-
and woods explored, often without a gun
tions was not infrequent, and ending
or any thought of destruction; and next in the total-abstinence societies, and in
the poachers and other odd characters ob- rigid no-license laws for the town.
served at their work. ”
With the railroad came improvements,"
The book opens with a tempting sen- including comforts that were unknown
tence: - «They burned the old gun that luxuries before; and to-day, with morn-
used to stand in the dark corner up in the ing newspapers,
the telegraph, and
garret, close to the stuffed fox that always three daily mails, Quabbin belongs to
grinned so fiercely. ” The narrative goes the great world. ”
on in the same familiar, brisk, hunting-
morning style, carrying the reader far Natural History, by Georges Louis
afield, into damp woods, and over sweet,
le Clerc de Buffon. The Jardin
rich pastures. In conclusion the author
des Plantes in Paris will ever be asso-
writes: "Let us go out of these indoor, ciated with the name of Count Buffon.
narrow, modern days, whose twelve hours In what was then called the King's Gar-
somehow have become shortened, into the den, the greatest naturalist of the eigh-
sunlight and pure wind. A something teenth century, as superintendent under
that the ancients called divine can be appointment by Louis XV. , accomplished
found and felt there still. The book is two colossal undertakings of his
cheerful and wholesome, possessing the
life, – the re-creation of the garden it-
charm of nature itself.
self, and the production of L'Histoire
Naturelle. ) The latter work, published
Gºlde
olden Chersonese, The, by Isabella between 1749 and 1804, in forty-four vol-
Bird Bishop, (1883,) is a record of umes, ranges over the entire field of
travel and adventure in the Malay pen- natural history, from minerals to man.
insula. The author, a veteran traveler, Although borrowing largely from the
has journeyed so widely as to have studies of Aristotle, Descartes, Leibnitz,
gained that sweep of view which lends and others, Buffon introduced an entirely
charm and accuracy to comparison. An new conception in the treatment of his
excellent observer, she groups her effects, subject. He cast aside the conjecture
giving great variety to her descriptions and mysticism that had been so long a
of tropical scenery,– which so often ap- barrier in the path of pure science, and
pears monotonous,- and adding a touch resorted to observation, reason, and ex-
of humor which makes her frank notes periment. To him belongs the honor
interesting. If the style is sometimes of being the first to treat nature histori-
redundant, the narrative is brimful of cally, to make a critical study of each
incident and adventure bravely encoun- separate object, and to classify these
tered by an indefatigable spirit, and pro- objects into species. But at this point
ceeds with a natural and cheery grace. Buffon's researches came to a stop. He
1
the


## p. 74 (#110) #############################################

74
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
1
was too much of an analyst and not The (Geography) is the production of a
enough of a philosopher to catch the judicious and consummate scholar and
grander idea of later scientists,— the re- clear and correct writer; and besides be-
lation of species to each other and the ing an inexhaustible mine for historians,
unity of all nature. Some of the best philologists, and literary men, is very
results of his work are contained in the pleasant reading. Yet it appears to have
enumeration of quadruped animals known been forgotten soon after its publication.
in his time, and the classification of Neither Pliny nor Pausanias refers to it,
quadrupeds, birds, fishes, insects, plants, and Plutarch mentions only the histor-
of the American continent, all unknown ical part. Strabo suspected the existence
in the Old World. One of his most val- of a continent between western Europe
uable contributions to science is his and Asia. «It is very possible,” says he,
history of man as a species. Man had «that, by following the parallel of Athens
been studied as an individual, but to across the Atlantic, we may find in the
Buffon belongs the credit of having dis- temperate zone one or several worlds in-
covered the unity of mankind. The habited by races different from ours. ”
author of this great collection of data,
which served as a foundation for the Friends in Council, by Arthur Helps,
comparative sciences of the nineteenth
comprises two series of readings and
century, has been called “the painter
discourses, which were collected and the
of nature, because of the magnificence
first volume published in England, in
of his style,-a style so attractive as to
1847; the second in 1859. They are cast
set the fashion in his day for the love
in the form of a friendly dialogue, inter-
of nature, and to inspire all classes with
spersed with essays and dissertations, by
the “friends in council. ” They cover a
a passion for natural history.
wid range of topics, from Worry) to
(War,' and from "Criticism) to Pleas-
Geography, A, by Strabo. The author
of
antness. ) In style they are charming, the
describes, having traveled extensively in
few angularities of diction being easily
Asia Minor, Europe, and Africa. He
forgiven by reason of the fascination of
was forty-three or forty-four years old
the wise utterances and the shrewd ob-
when he returned to his birthplace,
servations which pervade the whole. In
Amasea in Cappadocia, where he spent
thought they are carefully worked out
and free from monotony. The author
several years in arranging his materials.
evinces a fine moral feeling and a dis-
The work appeared some time about
the beginning of the Christian era. It is
criminating taste.
divided into seventeen books, of which Essays, Theological and Literary, by
whole;
real encyclopædia, full of interesting de- two volumes of this work contain nine
tails and brief but luminous sketches of theological and nine literary papers.
the history, religion, manners, and polit- | Among the first are «The Moral Signifi-
ical institutions of ancient nations. The cance of Atheism, The Atheistic Es-
first two books form a sort of intro- planation of Religion,' Science and
duction, in which he treats of the char- Theism,' 'What is Revelation ? ) (M. Re.
acter of the science and refutes the nan's Christ, etc. , etc. Mr. Hutton is
errors of Eratosthenes. Then he devotes a theist, owing his belief in theism to his
eight books to Europe, six to Asia, and study of the religious philosophy of F.
the last to Africa. Strabo is very mod- D. Maurice. After he has spoken of
ern in the standpoint from which he skepticism and dogmatism as but differ-
views geography. In his way of looking ent forms of the attempt to accommodate
at it, it is not a mere dry nomenclature, infinite living claims upon us to our human
but an integral picture, not only of the weakness, he says: "It seems to me that
physical phenomena but of all the social it has been the one purpose of all the
and political peculiarities that diversify divine revelation or education of which
the surface of our globe. His work even we have any record, to waken us up out
contains discussions of literary criticism of this perpetually recurring tendency to
of considerable importance; and he has fall back into ourselves,) - i. e. , to self-
very clear notions of the value of an- forgetfulness, and self-surrender to
cient fables and folk-lore as evidence of Higher than ourselves. Among the names
the ideas and wisdom of primitive times. and subjects considered in the literary
.
!
1


## p. 75 (#111) #############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
75
Percival, Thoreau, Swinburne, Chaucer,
Emerson, Pope, and the early English
authors, or rather upon some of their
critics and editors. Characterizations like
these abound: (I have sometimes won-
dered that the peep-shows, which Nature
provides in such endless variety for her
children, and to which we are admitted
on the one condition of having eyes,
should be so generally neglected. » «He
(Winter) is a better poet than Autumn
when he has a mind; but like a truly
great one, as he is, he brings you lown
to your bare manhood, and bids you un-
derstand him out of that, with no ad-
ventitious helps of association, or he will
none of you. ” “All the batteries of noise
are spiked! » «The earth is clothed with
innocence with a garment; every
wound of the landscape is healed.
What was unsightly before has been
covered gently with a soft splendor; as
if, Cowley would have said, Nature had
cleverly let fall her handkerchief to hide
it. ” The essay upon Chaucer was always
a favorite with that admirable critic,
Prof. F. J. Child; and to him Lowell
dedicated the volume which was pub-
lished in 1874.
»
as
essays are Wordsworth, Shelley, Brown-
ing, the poetry of the Old Testament,
Clough, Arnold, Tennyson, and Haw-
thorne. As a whole these are marked
by depth of insight, breadth of view,
and nicety of judgment. They show
high scholarship, and an innate gift for
criticism highly trained; and they are
very interesting reading
Li
iberty, On, by John Stuart Mill.
(1858. ) A small work on individual
freedom under social and political law.
It had been planned and written as a
short essay in 1854, and during the next
three years it was enlarged into a vol-
ume, as the joint work of the author
and his wife; but according to Mr. Mill's
protestation, more her book than his.
His own description of it is, that it is
a philosophic text-book of this twofold
principle:-(1) The importance, to man
and society, of the existence of a large
variety in types of character, the many
different kinds of persons actually found
where human nature develops all its pos-
sibilities; and (2) the further importance
of giving full freedom of opinion and of
development to individuals of every class
and type.
Mr. Mill thought he saw the
possibility of democracy becoming a
system of suppression of freedom, com-
pulsion upon individuals to act and to
think all in one way; a tyranny in fact
of the populace, not less degrading to
human nature and damaging to human
progress than any of which mankind has
broken the yoke. A reply to Mill's
views was made by Sir J. F. Stephen
in his Liberty, Fraternity, and Equal-
ity' (1874. ) Stephen attempted to so re-
analyze and re-state the democratic ideas
as to show that Mill's fears were need-
less.
M: Study Windows, by James Russell
Lowell, contains a series of bio-
graphical, critical, and poetical essays,
in whose kaleidoscopic variety of theme
continual brilliancy illuminates an almost
perfect symmetry of literary form. The
charming initial essay, My Garden Ac-
quaintance,' treats of the familiar visits
of the birds at Elmwood. This is fol-
lowed by a similar essay entitled A
Good Word for Winter. ) "On a Certain
Condescension in · Foreigners) is the
third; and a review of the Life of
Josiah Quincy) follows. Then come crit-
ical essays upon the lives and works of
Carlyle, Abraham Lincoln, James Gates
English Humorists of the Eighteenth
peace Thackeray, is a collection of lect-
ures, delivered in England in 1851, in
America during 1852-53, and published in
1853. Studying these pages, the reader
finds himself living in the society of the
poets, essayists, and novelists of the pre-
ceding century, as a friend conversant
with their faults and signal merits. As
twelve authors are packed into six lect-
ures, a characteristic disproportion is
manifest. Swift is belittled in forty
pages; a like space suffices to hit off in a
rapid touch-and-go manner the qualities
of Prior, Gay, and Pope. A page and a
half disposes of Smollett to make room for
Hogarth and Fielding: Addison, Steele,
Sterne, Congreve, and Goldsmith, receive
about equal attention. These papers are
the record of impressions made upon a
mind exceptionally sensitive to literary
values, and reacting invariably with ori-
ginal force and suggestiveness. Written
for popular presentation, they are con-
versational in tone, and lighted up with
swift flashes of poignant wit and humor
Some of their characterizations are very
striking: as that of Gay, helplessly de-
pendent upon the good offices of the Duke
.


## p. 76 (#112) #############################################

76
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
and Duchess of Queensberry, to a pam- the volume, on mental discipline in edu-
pered lapdog, fat and indolent; and that cation, and also an essay on the scientific
of Steele, whose happy-go-lucky ups and study of human nature. Other essays on
downs and general lovableness consti- studies in science are: Tyndall on physics,
tuted a temperament after Thackeray's Huxley on zoology, Dr. James Paget on
own heart. His admiration for Fielding, physiology, Herbert Spencer on political
his acknowledged master in the art of education, Faraday on education of the
fiction, is very interesting. The English judgment, Henfrey on botany, Dr. Bar-
Humorists) will long remain the most in- nard on early mental training, Whewell on
viting sketch in literature of the period science in educational history, and Hodg.
and the writers considered.
son on economic science. The wealth of
suggestion, stimulus to study, and guid-
Ethical and Social Subjects, Studies ance of interest in these chapters, give the
New and old in, by Frances Power
volume a permanent value both to the
Cobbe. (1865. ) The various essays here
educator and to studious readers gener-
collected are developments of the views
ally. It is a book, moreover, the counsels
of morals presented in the author's earlier
of which have been accepted; and its
works, while she was greatly influenced,
prophecies, of advantage to follow from
among other forces, by the mind of Theo-
giving science an equal place with litera-
dore Parker, whose works she edited. A
ture as a means of culture, have been
strong and original thinker, fearless, pos-
abundantly fulfilled.
sessing a clear and simple style, Miss
Cobbe makes all her work interesting.
With the essay upon (Christian Ethics
A spects of Fiction, AND OTHER VENT-
URES IN CRITICISM (1896), by Brander
and the Ethics of Christ) - which have
Matthews, is a collection of crisp articles
to her view little in common — the series
relating largely to novelists and novel-
begins. In her paper on "Self-Develop- writing. A clever practitioner in the art
ment and Self-Abnegation,' she main-
of short-story writing, the author speaks
tains that self-development is the saner, here as of and to the brothers of his own
nobler duty of man. Her titles, (The
craft, with an eye especially for good
Sacred Books of the Zoroastrians,' (The
technique, that artistic sense of propor-
Philosophy of the Poor-Laws,) (The Mor-
tion and presentation so dear to his own
als of Literature,) Decemnovenarianism)
half-Gallicized taste. "The Giſt of Story-
(the spirit of the nineteenth century); Telling,' (Cervantes, Zola, Kipling &
(Hades,' and The Hierarchy of Art,'
Co. ,' are brilliant analyses, fresh, ori-
indicate the range of her interests. The
ginal, pregnant, and spiced with a just
(Rights of Man and the Claims of Brutes,)
measure of sparkling wit; by means of
affords a vigorous and humane protest
his close study of the history of fiction,
against vivisection. It should be remem-
he often brings the traits and practices
bered that an early essay of Miss Cobbe
of older authors to illuminate by a felici-
on "Intuitive Morals) has been pro-
tous application those of contemporary
nounced by the most philosophic critics
novelists, discovering permanent canons
the ablest brief discussion of the subject
of art in fresh, elusive guises. A lighter
in English. Her breadth of view, ripe
vein of humor and observation renders
culture, profoundly religious though un-
sectarian spirit, and excellence of style, Antiquity of Jests) an interesting and
the paper in Pen and Ink) upon the
make her writings important and help- amusing bypath of research. (Studies
ful.
of the Stage) is the fruit of many years'
Culture Demanded by Modern Life. intimacy with the history of the stage and
A Series of Addresses and Argu- stage conventions, aided, enriched, and
ments on the Claims of Scientific Educa- deepened by an experience with such
tion. Edited by E. L. Youmans. (1867. ) present methods of stagecraft behind the
A book of importance as a landmark footlights as falls to the lot of a practical
indicating the expansion of education to playwright. Mr. Matthews writes of (The
embrace science with literature, as both Old Comedies' and 'The American Stage)
knowledge of highest value and a means in a happy tone of reminiscence and sym-
of mental discipline not second to any pathetic observation. (The French Dram-
other. Dr. Youmans, to whose service atists of the Nineteenth Century,' the best
in this direction American culture owes work accessible on the subject in English,
a deep debt, supplied an Introduction to is a scholarly contribution to the history


## p. 77 (#113) #############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
77
was
never
an
1
of the French stage from the Romantic exclaims despairingly, shortly before her
movement to the present day. A lifelong death, — when, although far advanced in
familiarity with French people and lit- consumption, she is planning a chef-
erature gives the judgments of Professor d'æuvre. She
unselfcon-
Matthews especial convincingness. scious, and her book reveals her long-
His Americanisms and Briticisms) con- ings, her petty vanities, and her childish
tains a series of telling strokes at the crudities, as well as her versatile and
provincialism that still characterizes some brilliant talents.
aspects of our literature.
Cuo
uore, by Edmondo de Amicis. A series
of delightfully written sketches, de-
Journal, The (“Le Journal'), of Marie
scribing the school life of a boy of twelve,
Bashkirtseff, which appeared in Paris
in the year 1882, in the third grade of
in 1885, and was abridged and translated
the public schools of Turin. They are
into English in 1889, was called by
said to be the genuine impressions of a
Gladstone «a book without a parallel. ”
boy, written each day of the eight months
Like Rousseau's Confessions, it claims
of actual school life; the father, in edit-
to be an absolutely candid expression of
individual experience. But the Journal)
ing them, not altering the thought, and
preserving as far as possible the words
was written avowedly to win posthumous
of the son. "Interspersed are the monthly
fame; and the reader wonders if the
gifted Russian girl who wrote it had not
stories told by the schoolmaster, and let-
ters from the father, mother, and sister,
too thoroughly artistic a temperament
to the boy. The stories of the lives of
for matter-of-fact statement. The child
the national heroes are given, as well as
she portrays is always interpreted by
a maturer mind.
Marie is genuinely
essays on The School, The Poor, Grati-
tude, Hope, etc. ; all inculcating the love
unhappy, and oppressed with modern
of country, of one's fellow-beings, of
unrest; but she studies her troubles as if
honor, honesty, and generosity. The title,
they belonged to some one else, and is
"Cuore) (heart), well expresses the con-
interested rather than absorbed by them.
tents of the book - actions caused by the
After a preface summarizing her birth
in Russia of noble family, and her early
best impulses of a noble heart. Although
it is dedicated to children, older persons
years with an adoring mother, grand-
mother, and aunt, she begins the Jour-
cannot read the book without pleasure
and profit.
nal' at the age of twelve, when she is
passionately in love with Count H-
Gallery of Celebrated Women (Ga-
whom she knows only by sight. A few
lerie des Femmes Célèbres), by
years later a handsome Italian engages C. A. Sainte-Beuve. This compilation
her vanity rather than her heart. But, of essays is drawn from the Causeries
as she herself vaguely felt, her struggle du Lundi? (Monday Chats) by M. Sainte-
for self-expression unfits her formar- Beuve, in his own day the greatest liter-
riage. From the age of three years she ary critic of the century. The range of
cherished inordinate ambition, and felt subjects treated extends from Madame de
herself destined to become great either Sévigné and Madame de Lafayette, of the
as singer, or writer, or artist, or queen classic age of French literature, through
of society. Admiration was essential to the violent periods of the Revolution and
her, and she records compliments to her the Empire as illustrated by Madame
beauty or her erudition with equal pleas- Roland and Madame de Rémusat, well
Her life was a curious mixture of into the time of the Second Empire in
the interests of an attractive society girl the person of Madame Guizot, wife of the
with those of a serious student. The historian. Thanks to the peculiar meth-
twenty-four years that the diary covers ods of criticism introduced by the Roman-
were crowded with ambitions and par- tic movement, which, awakening a taste
tial successes. Her chronic discontent for what was ancient and exotic, neces-
was due to the disproportion between sitated a careful historical knowledge of
her aspirations and her achievements. time, place, and environment, M. Sainte-
In spite of the encouragement which her Beuve was enabled both accurately and
brilliant work received in the Julian minutely to depict the literary efforts, and
studio, she suspected herself of medi- consequent claims to future consideration,
ocrity. “The canvas is there, everything of each of the various types of woman
is ready, I alone am wanting," she which he has treated in this book. The
ure.


## p. 78 (#114) #############################################

78
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
pioneer critics of the new school — as
Mesdames de Staël, de Barante, and even
the capable Villemain — had contented
themselves with seeing in literature sim-
ply the expression of society; but Sainte-
Beuve pushed farther on, regarding it
also as the expression of the personality
of its authors as determined by the influ-
ences of heredity, of physical constitution,
of education, and especially of social and
intellectual environment. This introduces
one not only into an understanding of the
motives of the public acts and writings
of the authors he treats, but also into the
quiet domesticity of their homes. It has
fallen to the lot of but few men equi-
tably and dispassionately to judge of fem-
inine effort and achievement in letters,
but the general favor accorded to Sainte-
Beuve proves sufficiently that he is pre-
eminent among those few. True, by some
he has here been reproached for lack of
enthusiasm; but this, it would seem, is but
another way of congratulating him on hav-
ing broken the old cut-and-dried method
of supplementing analysis with a series of
exclamation points. Analysis, then, and
explanation and comment, rather than
dogmatic praise or blame, are what may
be found in the Gallery. '
>
(Confessions) leaves little to be desired;
in this respect surpassing many of Rous-
seau's earlier works. It abounds in fine
descriptions of nature, in pleasing ac-
counts of rural life, and in interesting
anecdotes of the peasantry. The influence
of the Confessions, unlike that of Rous-
seau's earlier works, was not political nor
moral, but literary. He may be called
from this work the father of French Ro-
mantisme. Among those who acknowl-
edged his influence were Bernardin de St.
Pierre, Châteaubriand, George Sand, and
the various authors who themselves in-
dulged in confessions of their own, - like
De Musset, Vigny, Hugo, Lamartine, and
Madame de Staël, as well as many in
Germany, England, and other countries.
Confessions of an English Opium:
Eater, by Thomas De Quincey.
These Confessions, first published in the
London Magazine during 1821, start with
the plain narrative of how his approach
to starvation when a runaway schoolboy,
wandering about in Wales and afterwards
in London, brought on the chronic ailment
whose relief De Quincey found in opium-
eating; and how he at times indulged in
the drug for its pleasurable effects, but
struggled against this fascinating enthrall-
ment with a religious zeal
and
untwisted, almost to its final links, the
accursed chain. ” Then follow nightmare
experiences, with a certain Malay who
reappeared to trouble him from time to
time, in the opium dreams; and also with
young woman, Ann, whom he had
known in his London life. But the story's
chief fascination lies in its gorgeous and
ecstatic visions or experiences of some
transcendental sort, while under the influ-
ence of the drug; the record of Titanic
struggles to get free from it, and the pa-
thetic details of sufferings that counter-
balanced its delights.
The Confessions of an English Opium-
Eater) is one of the most brilliant books
in literature. As an English critic has
said, “It is not opium in De Quincey, but
De Quincey in opium, that wrote the "Sus-
piria) and the Confessions. ) » All the
essays are filled with the most unexpected
inventions, the most gorgeous imagery,
and, strange to say, with a certain in-
sistent good sense. As a rhetorician De
Quincey stands unrivaled.
Confes
onfessions of Saint Augustine, The.
This fai work, ritten in 397, is
divided into thirteen books. The first ten
a
Confe
onfessions, by Jean Jacques Rousseau.
The Confessions) of Rousseau were
written during the six most agitated years
of his life, from 1765 to 1770; and his state
of health at this time, both mental and
bodily, may account for some of the pe-
culiarities of this famous work. The first
six books were not published until 1781,
and the second six not until 1788.
Ac-
cording to more than one critic, the "Con-
fessions, however charming as literature,
are to be taken as documentary evidence
with great reserve. They form practi-
cally a complete life of Rousseau from
his earliest years, in which he discloses
not only all his own weaknesses, but the
faults of those who had been his iends
and intimates. In the matter of his many
love affairs he is unnecessarily frank, and
his giving not only details but names has
been severely condemned. The case is all
the worse, if, as has been supposed, these
love affairs are largely imaginary. As the
first half of the Confessions) is, in the
main, a romance with picturesque embel-
lishments, the second half has little more
foundation in fact, with its undue melan-
choly and its stories of imaginary spies
and enemies. In the matter of style, the


## p. 79 (#115) #############################################

3
.
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
79
Te desired
Yo Ros
>
pis in the
tas a
Er PC
att Rear
- Be warm
French
0 KÅT
minutes
Samuti
ele:
092,---
S MAT
Oro
contain an account of his life down to
his mother's death, and give a thrilling
picture of the career of a profligate and an
idolater who was to become a Father of
the Church. We have in them the story
of his childhood, and the evil bent of his
nature even then; of his youth and its
uncontrollable passions and vices; of his
first fall at the age of sixteen, his subse-
quent struggle and relapses, and the un-
tiring efforts of his mother, Saint Monica,
to save him. Side by side with the pict-
ures he paints of his childhood (the little
frivolities of which he regards as crimes),
and of his wayward youth and manhood,
we have his variations of belief and his
attempts to find an anchor for his faith
among the Manichæans and Neo-Platon-
ists, and in other systems that at first
fascinated and then repelled him, until
the supreme moment of his life arrived,-
bis conversion at the age of thirty-two.
There are many noble but painful pict-
ures of these inward wrestlings, in the
eighth and ninth books. The narrative
is intermingled with prayers (for the
Confessions are addressed to God), with
meditations and instructions, several of
which have entered into the liturgies of
every section of the Christian Church.
The last three books treat of questions
that have little connection with the life of
the author: of the opening chapters of
Genesis, of prime matter, and the myster-
ies of the First Trinity. They are, in
fact, an allegorical explanation of the Mo-
saic account of the Creation. According
to St. Augustine, the establishment of his
Church, and the sanctification of man,
is the aim and end God has proposed to
himself in the creation.
Oor
bed 13
400 per
sebut
arter
T:
is
rdian
Heras,
are very valuable. They give (Apostolic
Fathers) (A. D. 95-180); (Fathers of the
Third Century) (180-325); Post-Nicene
Greek Fathers) (325-750); (Post-Nicene
Latin Fathers) (325-590). To supplement
the Ante-Nicene Library, Dr. Philip
Schaff edited a “Select Library of Nicene
and Post-Nicene Fathers,' 14 vols. , be-
ginning with Augustine and ending with
Chrysostom. This covers some of the
most important, and is of great value.
A second series of 14 vols. , beginning
with the historians Eusebius and Socrates,
and ending with Ephraem Syrus, is in
course of publication.
Hippocrates, The Genuine Works of.
(English Translation, 1849. Best
complete edition, with French Transla-
tion of Littré, 10 vols. , 1839-61. ) The
most celebrated physician of antiquity,
known as the Father of Medicine, was
born 460 B. C. , of the family of Priest-
physicians, claiming descent from Æscu-
lapius. He has the great distinction of
having been the first to put aside the
traditions of early ignorance and super-
stition, and to base the practice of med-
icine on the study of nature. He main-
tained, against the universal religious
view, that diseases must be treated as
subject to natural laws; and his obser-
vations on the natural history of disease,
as presented in the living subject, show
him to have been a master of clinical
research. His accounts of phenomena
show great power of graphic description.
In treating disease he gave chief atten-
tion to diet and regimen, expecting
nature to do the larger part. His ideas
of the very great influence of climate,
both on the body and the mind, were a
profound anticipation of modern knowl-
edge.
He reflected in medicine the en-
lightenment of the great age in Greece
of the philosophers and dramatists.
Galen, Complete Works of, 158–200
A. D. (Best modern edition by C.
G. Kühn, 20 vols. , 1821-33. ) Galen's posi-
tion and influence in medicine date from
exceptionally brilliant practice, largely at
Rome, in the years 170–200 A. D.
For
the time in which he lived he was a
great scientific physician. He practiced
dissection (not of the human body, but
of lower animals), and not only made
observations with patient skill, but gave
clear and accurate expositions. He
brought into a well-studied system all
the medical knowledge of the time, with
Ebre
signhot
14. 4. 75
be
these
Geros
S
r:: :
of Time
od
t cu
E (hܪ
20
crt
Fathers, The Christian: A COLLECTION
OF THE WORKS OF, PRIOR TO 325
A. D. , by Drs. A. Roberts and J. Don-
aldson. (24 vols. , 1867–72. ) A work giv-
ing in English translation the writings of
the leading Christian authors for three
centuries after Christ.
It includes apo-
cryphal gospels, liturgies, apologies, or
defenses, homilies, commentaries, and a
variety of theological treatises; and is of
great value for learning what Christian
life and thought and custom were, from
the time of the Apostles to the Council
of Nicæa. The collection is appropriately
called (The Ante-Nicene Library. For
a concise popular account, the four small
volumes by Rev. G. A. Jackson, under
the title of Christian Literature Primers,'
tity
De,
inc. II


## p. 80 (#116) #############################################

80
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
a
as
a
a mastery of the foundation truths of vigorous conflict with the ancient scheme
medicine which made him the great of authority. Diderot, as the head of the
authority for centuries. He made less movement, D'Alembert his coadjutor,
advance upon the notions of Hippocra- Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau, Buffon, Helvé-
tes in physiology and therapeutics than tius, Holbach, Raynal, etc. , with other
might have been expected, and his pa- famous persons of the day, as Goethe,
thology was largely speculative; but his Garrick, the Empress Catherine II. , - are
works ruled all medical study for centu- here vividly depicted, with wide knowl-
ries. The Arabs translated him in the edge of books and of life, great skill in
ninth century; and when Avicenna sup- reading character, facility in disentan-
plied in his Canonthe text-book used gling causes and results, and broad philo-
in European universities from the twelfth sophical perception of the historic position
to the seventeenth centuries, it was still of the age. Anglo-Saxon readers find
Galen (and Hippocrates) whose doctrine this work less one-sided than Taine's
was taught.
on the same subject. Appended to the
book is a translation of the greater part
Garrison, William Lloyd, The Story
Of His LIFE, TOLD BY His Chili)-
of “Rameau's Nephew,' Diderot's fa-
REN (Wendell Phillips Garrison and
mous dialogue.
Francis Jackson Garrison), was published Gray, Thomas The Letters of puba
the
lished after his death by his friend
anniversary of the “Boston Mob) which Mason in 1775, constitute not the least
played so dramatic a part in their fa- brilliant title of this author to the fame
ther's life.
of a great letter-writer, in a century of
The account given of the great aboli- letter-writers. The letters contain
tionist's family antecedents is quite full, series of minute sketches of the poet's
and his whole career circumstantially life, and afford an insight into the end-
presented; though not mere ag- less choosing and refining of his super-
glomeration of facts and incidents, for sensitive taste. His daily noting of the
the threads of his development are as direction of the wind, his chronological
sedulously kept together as in a novel. lists, his confession that he would like
The ample space of the work permits to lie upon his back for hours and read
the reproduction of historic documents, new romances by Marivaux and Crébil-
addresses, articles from the Liberator, lon, his careful annotations in books,
and other periodicals, and some very val- alternate with discussions of his own
uable portraits. No less interesting, as theory of verse and of poetical language,
presenting a near view of a phase of or criticisms on his friends. A certain
national development, are the records playfulness, as distinct from humor on the
of Garrison's missions abroad and efforts one hand as from wit on the other, gives
to secure legislative recognition of the these epistles an air of careless ease and
cause for which he stood. The reform- cheerfulness quite unique and individual.
er's character, as here revealed, shows Writing to Walpole, a martyr to the
his great humanitarian schemes to have gout, he says: “The pain in your feet I
been the inevitable outcome of a can bear. ” Concerning the contemporary
sitive conscience, a humane spirit, and French he says: «Their atheism is a
an overpowering sense of justice. The little too much, too shocking to be re-
work pretends to ornate literary joiced at. They were bad enough
style, but recognizes its own value to when they believed everything. ) The
be in historic fullness, accuracy, and pregnant obiter dicta, «Froissart is the
sympathy with its subject.
Herodotus of a barbarous age, and Jer-
emy Taylor is the Shakespeare of di-
Diderot and the Encyclopedists, by
vines, are well-known illustrations of
John Morley. This examination of
his keen critical perception. These let-
the life, the work, and the influence of
ters have held their own since they ap-
(the most encyclopædic head that ever
peared, as models of epistolary style, easy,
existed » (as Grimm termed Diderot), and
unaffected, and brilliant.
his fellow-workers, is an admirable mon-
ograph. Fof all the literary preparation Apologia pro Wita Sua Cardinal New-
French
justification of his re-
pédie) was the symbol: it spread through ligious career, was published in 1865.
the world a set of ideas that entered into The occasion of his writing it was the
sen-
no
.
»


## p. 81 (#117) #############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
81
accusation by Charles Kingsley that he Mrs. Oldfield, Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Brace-
had been, in all but the letter, a Romanist girdle, Betterton, Kynaston, Mountford,
while preaching from the Anglican pulpit and others. His record is valuable also
at Oxford. This accusation was incor- as revealing the relations between the
porated in an article by Kingsley upon stage and the State, indicated by the
Queen Elizabeth, published in January various laws and restrictions in regard to
1864, in a magazine of wide circulation. the drama.
In Newman's preface to his Apology) The Apology) is brimful of personal
he quotes from this article a pivotal par- gossip. Cibber talks a great deal about
agraph:–«Truth, for its own sake, has himself, his friends, his enemies, his plays,
never been a virtue with the Roman his acting, but in a good-humored, non-
clergy. Father Newman informs us that chalant way. The ill-nature of Pope, who
it need not and on the whole ought not had placed him in the Dunciad, only
to be; that cunning is the weapon which moves him to an airy protest. Altogether
heaven has given to the saints wherewith his autobiography reveals an interesting
to withstand the brute male force of the eighteenth-century type of character,
wicked world, which marries and is given witty, worldly, without a gleam of spirit-
in marriage. Whether his notion be doc- uality, almost non-moral, yet withal kindly
trinally correct or not, it is at least his- and companionable. Such, by his own
torically so. ” A correspondence ensued confession, was the man who became poet-
between Kingsley and Newman, which laureate to George II.
appeared later in the shape of a pamphlet.
Kingsley replied in another pamphlet. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: A NARRA-
Newman then deemed the time ripe for
TIVE OF THE EVENTS OF HIS LIFE,
a full and searching justification of his
by James Dyke Campbell. (1894. ) A
position, and of the position of his brother
thoroughly independent and original nar-
clergy. The Apologia appeared the next
rative of the events of Coleridge's life,
year. In it Newman endeavors to show carefully sifting the familiar material
that from his childhood his development
and supplementing it by fresh researches,
was a natural, logical, instinctive progress izing comment; a definitive biography
but studiously avoiding critical or moral-
toward the Catholic Church; that the laws
of his nature, and not intellectual trickery ridge book of special value is Coleridge
of the poet and the man. Another Cole-
or sophistry, led him to Rome. His reason
was one with his heart, his heart with his
and the English Romantic School, by
reason. Yet he does not neglect the recital
Alois Brandl; the English edition by
of the external influences which marked the
Lady Eastlake, 1887.
in his religious life. For this rea-
Narrated
light in connection with the Political,
upon the religious England of the first Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of
half of the century; and especially upon his Time. By David Masson. (7 vols. ,
its concentrated expression, the Oxford 1858-94. Revised and enlarged edition of
movement. Its supreme value, however, Vol. i. , 1881. ) A thorough and minute
is its intimate revelation of a luminous (Life of Milton,' with a new political,
spirituality, of a personality of lofty refine- ecclesiastical, and literary history of Mil-
ment and beauty.
ton's whole time, 1608-74. The work em-
braces not only the history of England,
Apology for his Life. Colley Cibber's but the connections of England with
autobiography was published in 1740, Scotland and Ireland, and with foreign
when the author, poet-laureate, actor, and countries, through the civil wars, the
man-about-town was in his seventieth Commonwealth, the Protectorates of Ol-
year. In the annals of the stage this curi- iver and Richard Cromwell, the period
ous volume holds an important place, as following of anarchy, and the first four-
throwing light upon dramatic conditions teen years of the Restoration. It claims
in London after the Restoration, when the to be, and unquestionably is, the faithful
theatre began to assume its modern as- fulfillment of a large design to make a
pect. Cibber, born in 1671, had become history of England's most interesting
a member of a London company when and most momentous period, from ori-
only eighteen years of age.
ginal and independent studies;
Cibber gives a very full account of fa- mere setting for the biography of Mil-
mous contemporary actors and actresses: ton, but a work of independent search
son the
Apologia "casts remarkable's in Milton, John, the Life of.
not a
XXX-6


## p. 82 (#118) #############################################

82
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
and largely too of broad Pilgrim charac Goeth
and method from first to last, to which during the period of his own service. The
the inquirer can turn for accurate infor- descriptions of battles are technical, not
mation in regard to any important fact sensational; the effort being to give the
of the entire Milton period.
facts, not to paint pictures, while the
The Pilgrim Fathers took refuge in outlines of campaigns and policies afford
Holland the very year of Milton's birth; valuable historical material. Maps and
the age was the age of Puritanism; Mil- indices add to the usefulness of the work.
ton was the very genius of Puritanism,
oethe, Autobiography of, with a sub-
ter and mind; the Westminster Assembly,
title, “Truth and Poetry (Wahrheit
by which Scotch Calvinism
und Dichtung) from My Own Life,' has
was made
dominant in England, was a notable
appeared in various forms since its first
publication.
fact, side by side with the Long Parlia-
To the translation of John
ment, from July ist, 1643, to February 22d,
Oxenford is subjoined Goethe's Annals,
1649; Presbyterianism found advantage
or Day and Year Papers) (1749–1822),
from this Assembly to plant its organ-
which supplement the Autobiography
ization on English soil; the less vigor-
The Autobiography' begins with the
ous and more truly English system of
author's birth, ends some time after his
independency, conspicuously represented
important Italian journey in 1786, and
by the Pilgrims to New England, won
belongs in construction to the didactic
a place in the history; and
period of his career, not having been
over all
rose that Commonwealth, which runs in
completed as late as 1816. Indeed, it
the name of Cromwell, and to the gov-
ends quite abruptly, as though the pur-
erning body of which — the great Coun-
pose to add the later chapters of his life
cil of State – Milton was secretary from
had been formed, but never realized.
To characterize this human document
March 15th, 1649, to December 26th, 1659.
To all these large and significant mat-
would be to characterize Goethe, for into
ters Professor Masson addressed himself
it he has poured his whole mind at its
with masterly research; and in due con-
earliest and at its ripest. From his wealth
of material he selects with boldness and
nection brings upon the scene all the
insight. Not only does he record bis
great figures of the time. He uses the
utmost pains also to tell the story of
estimates of men and places, but he lets
Milton's powerful prose writings, his
the reader into the inner places of his
vigorous and independent thinking in
being, disclosing his friendships, his
those great works which are one of the
methods of creation, and the operations
richest mines of interest and inspiration
of his regal mind. Poet, thinker, critic,
in the whole of English literature.
and original observer - all appear.
Not
only has Professor Masson given every-
Many important personages are intro-
duced, and such matters are discussed as
thing knowable about Milton, but he has
shown the truest appreciation of the
usually occupy the autobiographer. It
mind and character of the great poet,
is, however, because it reveals Goethe
and of the varied aspects of the great
the man as do none of his other works,
in which he played so conspicuous
that the book is so profoundly interest-
age
ing.
a part.
Frederick the Great, History of, by
Grant, U. S. , Personal Memoirs of;
Thomas Carlyle. (1858–65. ) A work
1885, has had an enormous sale. It of grand proportions and masterly execu-
is one of the most simple and effective tion, a monument at once of the lofty
of the many memoirs by soldiers. Tracing genius of Carlyle and of the kingly great-
his own career from childhood, through- ness of Frederick II. of Prussia. It was
out his student days, his business life, the founded on the most thorough examina.
Mexican War, and his civilian period in tion of all available materials, and with
the West, and outlining his conduct of the Carlyle's ardent faith in kingship was
Federal forces during the Civil War, he made as laudatory as the most zealous
closes the account with the end of the of Prussians could desire. The graphic
strife. Among the most valuable features power and humor of the work occasioned
of a work which takes first rank as a Emerson's declaration that it was the
military autobiography, are the author's wittiest book ever written. ) The scenes
estimates of the leaders who had to do of Frederick's battle-fields were visited
with the affairs of the armies and nation by Carlyle; and from his fidelity and
a


## p. 83 (#119) #############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
83
wonderful power of description, the mili-
tary student can see the battles as they
were fought almost as if he were an eye-
witness. Both England and Germany
recognized the extraordinary merits of
Carlyle's work. On the first two volumes
of the six the author received within a
few months nearly $15,000.
Forty. one Years in India, by Lord
Roberts of Kandahar, was published
in 1897, and became immediately popular;
passing through sixteen editions within
three months. The work is a volumi-
nous autobiography, tracing the life of the
author from his days as a subaltern until
his promotion to the position of com-
mander-in-chief of the British forces in
India, and written with the candor of an
observer whose experiences have trained
him to make broad generalizations in
varied fields. With no attempt at melo-
dramatic presentation, the account of the
highly colored life of India during the
critical period covered is both vivid and
striking Valuable notes are given upon
governmental policies, international com-
plications, and the affairs with the many
Indian peoples; while religious, educa-
tional, commercial, and sanitary matters
are treated with sufficient fullness. Lord
Roberts came into close touch with all
the leading minds who have shaped In-
dian affairs during the last half-century.
and perhaps the most valuable pages of
his book are those which describe these
great men. A full appendix and index
increase the availability of the work.
Fox, Charles James, The Early His-
tory of, by G. O. Trevelyan, ap-
peared in 1880. Following the method of
his admirable Life and Letters of Lord
Macaulay, the author makes a profound
study of the social and political environ-
ment of the youthful Fox as he entered
upon his brilliant career. The loose
morals of the times, and the prevalent
political corruption, are reviewed with
dispassionate candor. With charm of
language, and the fascination of a ro-
mance, are presented the great but too
often venal minds which shaped the
course of public action during the Geor-
gian era; and a review of the Parlia-
mentary measures which made or marred
the careers of men, the success of cabi-
nets, and the fate of issues of national
moment.
Altogether, Fox is presented as a young
man of remarkable astuteness and vigor
of intellect, a born orator and leader, and,
considering his corrupt environment, a
force making for political probity.
Faraday as a Discoverer, by John Tyn-
dall, appeared in 1868, less than a
year after Faraday's death. The volume
is not a «life» in the ordinary sense,
but rather a calm estimate of the scien-
tist's work, with incidental views of the
spirit in which it was done, and intro-
ducing such personal traits as serve to
complete the picture of the philosopher,
if inadequate fully to present the idea
of the man. The study, which reveals
the author as at once a graceful writer
and an accomplished savant, is approached
from the point of view of an intimate
coadjutor and friend. In Faraday's nota-
ble career, his achievements in mag-
netism and electricity are presented as
being among the most remarkable; while
his connection with the Royal Institution
proved distinguished no less for the dis-
coveries which he there made than for
his lucid discussions of scientific ques-
tions. Of his own relation to Faraday,
Tyndall says, with modesty, beauty, and
feeling: “It was my wish to play the
part of Schiller to this Goethe. ) And
again: «You might not credit me were
I to tell you how lightly I value the
honor of being Faraday's successor com-
pared with the honor of having been
Faraday's friend.
His friendship was
energy and inspiration; his (mantle) is
a burden almost too heavy to be borne. »
France and England in North Amer.
ica: A SERIES OF HISTORICAL NAR-
RATIVES (7, in 9 volumes), by Francis
Parkman. A magnificent frontispiece to
the history of the United States; in con-
ception and execution a performance of
the highest character, interest, and value;
for genius and fidelity in research per-
haps never surpassed; graphic narrative
bringing back the continental stretches
of untrodden forest, the stealthy savage,
the scheming soldier, the mission planted
in the wilderness, the pioneers of settle-
ment and the heroes of conquest, colonies
founded upon the ideas of opposed Eu-
ropean powers, the struggles of policy or
of arms to widen control and make pos-
session more secure, and the movements
of world-destiny which turned and over-
turned to decide under what flag and
along what paths empire should take
her westward course . from sea to sea, or
broaden down from the lakes to the gulf.


## p. 84 (#120) #############################################

84
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
books ever added to the libraries of the
world.