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Conon, I. a distinguished Athenian commander,
was one of the generals who succeeded Alcibiadcs in
the command of the fleet during the Peloponnesian
War. Having engaged with CaTlicratidas, the Spar-
tan admiral, he lost thirty vessels, and was compelled
to take shelter in the harbor of Mytilene, where he
was blockaded by his opponent. The victory gained
by the Athenians at the Arginusae released him at
length from his situation. Being subsequently ap-
pointed along with five others to the command of a
powerful fleet, he proceeded to the Hellespont, where
Lysanderhad charge of the Lacedaemonian squadron.
The negligence of his fellow-commanders, the result
of overweening confidence in their own strength, led
to the fatal defeat at -Egos Potamos, and the whole
Athenian fleet was taken, except nine vessels of Co-
non's division, with eight of which, thinking that tho
war was now desperate, he sailed to Salamis in the
island of Cyprus. The ninth vessel was sent to
Athens with the tidings of the defeat. In Cyprus,
Conon remained at the court of Evagoras, watching
? ? for an opportunity to prove of service to his country.
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? CON
ookstantIna, a prioress, wife of the Emperor
? j'a'lua.
CoSSTA. NTlNOr-OLlS. Vid. HyZillltinm.
CostTiNTisos (('aim Flavins Valerius Aurelius
Claudius), sumamed the Great, son of the Emperor
Constantius Chlorus, was born A. D. 272, or, according
to some authorities, A. D. 274, at Naisus, a city of Da-
cia Mediterranea. When Constantine's father was
associated in the government by Dioclesian, 'he son
ns retained at court as a kind of hostage, but was
treated with great kindness at first, and was allowed
several opportunities of distinguishing himself. After
the abdication of Dioclesian. Constantius and Gale-
riua were elevated to the rank of Augusli, while two
new Csesars, Severus and Maximin, were appointed
to second them. Constantine was not called to the
succession. Dioclesian, partial to Galerius, his son-
in-law, had left the nomination of the two new Cae-
sars to the latter; and the son of Constantius, whose
popularity and talents had excited the jealousy of
Galerius, and whose departure, although earnestly so-
. icited by his father, was delayed from time to time
jnder the most frivolous pretences, with difficulty at
ength obtained permission to join his parent in the
West, and only escaped the machinations of the em-
peror by travelling with his utmost speed until he
reached the western coast of Gaul. He came just in
rime to join the Roman legions, which were about to
sail under his father's command to Britain, in order to
make war upon the Caledonians. Having subdued
the northern barbarians, Constantius returned to York,
where he died in the month of July, in the year 306.
Galerius, sure of the support of his two creatures, the
Ccsars, had waited impatiently for the death of his
colleague, to unite the whole Roman empire under his
individual sway. But the moderation and justice of
Constantius had rendered him the more dear to his
soldiers from the contrast of these qualities with the
ferocity of his rival. At the moment of his death, the
legions stationed at York, as a tribute of gratitude and
affection to his memory, and, according to some, at his
dying request, saluted his son Constantine with the
title of Caesar, and decorated him with the purple.
Whatever resentment Galerius felt at this, he soon
perceived the danger of engaging in a civil war. As
the eldest of the emperors, and the representative of
Dioclesian, he recognised the authority of the col-
league imposed upon him by the legions. He as-
signed unto him the administration of Gaul and Brit-
am, but gave him only the fourth rank among the
Tilers of the empire, and tho title of Caesar. Under
his official appellation, Constantine administered the
f. referture of Gaul for six years (A. D. 306-312),
perhaps the most glorious, and certainly the most vir-
tuous, period of his life. --The title and rank nf Augus-
tus, which his soldiers had conferred upon Constan-
tine, but which Galerius bad not allowed him to re-
tain, the latter gave to Severus, one of his own Cffisars.
This dignity had been expected by Maxentius, son of
the abdicated Emperor Maximian, the former colleague
of Dioclesian. Indignant at his disappointment, Max-
ratios caused himself to be proclaimed emperor by his
army; and, to colour his usurpation, ho induced his
father to leave his retreat and resume the imperial ti-
tle. A scene of contention followed, scarcely paral-
leled in the annals of Rome. Severus marched against
the two usurpers; but was abandoned by his own
troops, yielded, and was slain. Galerius levied a
? ? great army, and marched into Italy against Max-
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? C O It
OO
? routing edicts of Dioclesian, and to issue * new one,
by which Christianity was encouraged, its teachers
<<">re honoured, and its adherents advanced to places
of trust and influence in the state. After the over-
throw of Maximin by Licinius, and his death at Ni-
comedia, Constantine and his brother-in-law were now
the only two that remained of the six competitors for
the empire; and the peace between them, which had
seemed to be established on so firm a basis, was soon
interrupted by a strife for sole supremacy. In the
first war (A. C. 315) Constantine wrested lllyricum
'roni his competitor. After an interval of eight years
fle contest was renewed. Licinius was beaten before
Adrianople, the 3d July, 323, and Constantine the
Great was recognised as sole master of the Homan
world. --The seat of empire was now transferred to
Byzantium, which took from him the name of Con-
stantinople. Several edicts were issued for the sup-
pression of idolatry; and their churches and property
restored to the Christians, of which they had been de-
prived during the last persecution. A re-construction
of the empire was effected upon a plan entirely new,
and this renovated empire was pervaded by the worship
? nd the institutions of Christianity. That much of
the policy of the statesman was mixed up with, this
patronage of the new religion can easily be imagined.
But still it would be wrong to make him, as some have
done, a mere hypocrite and dissembler. The state of
his religious knowledge, as far as we have any means
of judging, was certainly very inadequate and imper-
fect; but ho was well aware of the characters of the
two conflicting religions, Christianity and Paganism,
and the purity of the former could not but have made
iome impression upon his mind. --The private charac-
ter of Constantine has suffered, in the eyes of posteri-
ty, from the cruel treatment of Crispus, his son by his
first wife, whom he had made the partner of his empire
and the commander of his armies. , Crispus was at the
head of the administration in Gaul, where he gained
the hearts of the people. In the wars against Licinius
he had displayed eingular talents, and had secured vic-
tory to the arms of his father. But, from that moment,
a shameful and unnatural jealousy stifled every paternal
feeling in the bosom of the monarch. He detained
Crispus in his palace, surrounded him with spies and
informers, and at length, in the month of July, 326,
ordered him to be arrested in the midst of a grand
festival, to he carried off to Pola in Islria, and there
put to death. A cousin of Crispus, the son of Licini-
us and Constantino's sister, was at the same time sent,
without trial, without even accusation, to the block.
His mother implored in vain, and died of grief. Faus-
ta, the daughter of Maximian, the wife of Constantine,
and the mother of the three princes who succeeded
him, was shortly after stifled in the bath by order of
her husband. --Constantine died at the age of sixty-
three, at Nicomedia, May 22, 337, after a reign of
thirty-one years from the death of his father, and of
fourteen from the conquest of the empire. (Hclher-
inglon, 11 IK,' of Rome, p. 236, scqq. --Siimondi, Fall
of the Roman Empire, p. 76, teqq. --Encydap, Mc-
iropol. , die. 3, vol. 3, p. 74, seijj. )--Constantino left
three sons, Constantine, Constans, and Constantius,
among whom he divided his empire. The first, who
had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was con-
quered by the armies of his brother Constans, and
killed in the twenty-fifth year of his age, A. D. 340.
? ? Magnenlius, the governor of the provinces of Rhap. lia,
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? COP
CO 1'
provinces Nc otie could bo consul two following
fears; ar. interval of ten years must have elapsed pre-
vious to the second application; yet this regulation
was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected
consul, after the expiration of his office, during the
Cimbrian war. The office of consul became a mere
muter of form under the emperors; although, as far
u appearance went, they who filled the station in-
dulged in much greater pomp than had before been
customary: they wore the toga picla or palmata, and
ha! their fasces wreathed with laurel, which used for-
merly to be done only by those who triumphed. They
also added the securis or axe to the fasces of their lic-
lors. --Cesar introduced a custom, which became a
common one after his time, of appointing consul* for
merely a part of a year. The object was to gratify a
larger number of political partisans. Those chosen
on the first day of January, however, gave name to
the year, and were called ordinarii; the rest were
termed suffecti. Under Commodus there were no
less than twenty-five consuls in the course ot a single
jrear. Constantino renewed the original institution,
and permitted the consuls t'o be a whole year in office.
Coksus, a Roman deity, the god of counsel, as his
oame denotes. His altar was in the Circus Maximus,
and was always covered, except on his festival-day,
(he 18th August, called Consualia. Horse and chariot
races were celebrated on this occasion, and the work-
iiig-horscs, mules, and asses were crowned with dow-
ers, and allowed to rest. {Dion. Hal. , 1, 33. --Plut. ,
Quasi. Rom. , 48. ) Hence Consus has probably been
confounded with Neptunus Equestris. It was at the
Consualia that the Sabine maidens were carried off by
the Romans. (KeightUy's Mythology, p. 529 )
Cop. *, a small town of Bceotia, on the northern
? bore of the Lake Copais, and giving name to -that
piece of water. It was a town of considerable an-
tiquity, being noticed by Homer in the Catalogue of
the ships. (72. , 2, 602 ) Pausanias remarks here the
temples of Bacchus, Ceres, and Serapis (9. 24. --
Compare Thueyd. , 4,94. --Strab. , 406 and 410). Sir
W. Gell points out, to the north of Kardilza (the an-
cient Acraephia), "a triangular island, on which arc
the walls of the ancient Copse, and more distant, on
mother island, the village of Topolias, which gives the
present name to the lake. " (GeWs Itin. , p. 143. )
And Dodwoll speaks of a low insular tongue of land
projecting from the foot of Ptous, and covered with
the ruins of a small ancient city, the walls of which
ire seen encircling it to the water's edge. (DodwcWs
Tour, vol. 2, p. 56. )
Capita I. acus, a lake of Bceotia, which, as Strabo
informs us, received different appellations from the
different towns aituated along its shores. At Haliar-
tus it was called Haliartius Lacus (Strabo, 410); at
Orcbomenus, Orchomenius. (P/in. , 16,36. ) Pindar
and Homer distinguish it by the name of Cephissus.
That of Copais, however, finally prevailed, as Copaj
was situate near the deepest part of it. It is by far
the most considerable lake of Greece, being not less
than three hundred and eighty stadia, or forty-seven
anies in circuit, according to Strabo (407). Pau-
-ariiai states, that it was navigable from the mouth of
the Cephissus to Copes (9, 24). As this considera-
ble extent of water had no apparent discharge, it
sometimes threatened to inundate the whole surround-
ing country. Tradition indeed asserted, that near
? ? Cope there stood, in the time of Cecrops, two ancient
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? COR
COR
it stood some distance back in a plain. UnJer the
Pharaohs its true name appears to have been Chem-
ims, and it would seem to have been at that time
merely a place connected with the religious traditions
of the Egyptian nation. Under the Ptolemies, on the
other hand, not only the appellation for the place as-
sumed more of a Greek form, but the city itself rose
into commercial importance. The Arabian Gulf be-
ginning to be navigated by the Greeks, and traffic be-
ing pushed from this quarter as far as India, Coptus
Became the centre of communication between this lat-
ter country and Alexandrea, through the harbour of
Berenice on the Red Sea. It was well situated for
such a purpose, since the Arabian chain of mountains,
which elsewhere forms a complete barrier along the
coast, has here an opening which, after various wind-
ings, conducts to the shore of the Red Sea. Along this
route the caravans proceeded; and camels were also
employed between Coptus and the Nile. The road
from Coptus to Berenice was the work of Ptolemy
Philadelphia, and 258 miles in length. It was raised
above the level of the surrounding country. --Coptus
was destroyed by the Emperor Dioclesian, for having
sided with his opponent Achilleus. (Tkcophan. ,
Chronogr. , p. 4, ed. Paris. --Euseb. , Chron. , p. 178. )
Its favourable situstion for commerce, however, soon
caused it again to arise, and Hieroclcs speaks of Cop-
tus in the sixth century. --The modern name is Keft
or Kuypt, a name which exhibits, according to some,
the simple form of that word which the Greeks cor-
rupted or improved into JEgyptus. Plutarch states
(De Is. el Os. , p. 356. --Op. , ed. Retake, vol. 7, p.
405), that Isis, upon receiving the news of the death
of Osiris, cut off one of her locks here, and that hence
the place was called Coptus, this term signifying, in
(tie Egyptian language, want or privation. Mannert
suggests, that Coptus may have denoted in the Egyp-
tian tongue a mixed population, a name well suited
to the inhabitants of a large commercial city; and he
conjectures, that the modern appellation of Kopts, as
given to the present mingled population, which is sup-
posed tj be descended in part from the ancient Egyp-
tians, may have reference to the same idea. (Man-
ner/, Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 865.
)
Cora, a town of Latium, southwest of Anagnia. It
was a place of great antiquity, and has preserved its
name unchanged to the present day. Virgil (Mn. , 6,
773) makes it to have been a colony from Alba, while
Pliny (3, 5) says, it was founded by Dardanus, a Tro-
jan. Cora suffered greatly during the contest with
Spartacus, being taken and sacked by one of his wan-
dering bands. (Flor. , 3, 20. ) It apparently, how-
ever, recovered from this devastation, as there are
some fine remains of ancient buildings to be seen
Sere, which must have been erected in the reigns of
Tiberius and Claudius. But Propertius and Lucan
speak of Cora as the seat of ruin and desolation.
[Proper! . , 4, U. --Luean, 7, 392--Nibby, Viag. An-
tig. , vol. 2, p. 207. -- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
105)
Ciracrsium, a maritime town of Pamphylia, south-
east of Side. It is described by Strabo as a strong
and important fortress, situate on a steep rock. Pom-
pey took Coraeesium in the piratical war. It is
also incidentally noticed by Livy (33, 20. -- Com-
pare Seylax, p. 40. --Plin. , 5, 27). Hierocles as-
signs Coraeesium to Pamphylia, and D'Anville's map
? ? agrees with this. Others, however, to Cilicia; and
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? C "K
V|>tieJ lo the harbour beneath the double summits.
(WordsKortk, I. c. ) Corfu forms at the present day
<<>ne of the Ionian islands, and is ira most important of
the number. It is 70 miles in length by 30 in breadth,
and contains a population of 30,000 souls. The olive
COR
arrives at greater perfection here than in any other part
of Greece; but the oil obtained from it is acrid. --Corfu
wao for a long time considered as the stronghold of It-
*lv against tho attacks of the Mussulmans. The fol-
owing is a sketch of the history of this island. Its
earlier periods are enveloped in the mist of uncertainty
and conjecture. A colony of Colchians is said to have
settled there about 1. 149 years before our era. It was
afterward governed by kings of whom little is known.
Homer has, indeed, immortalized the name of Alci-
noiis. But it is not easy to draw a map of the Ho-
meric Pbaeacia, which shall coincide in its details with
the localities of Corfu ; nor will the topographer find
it a simple task to discover the natural objects con-
nected in tho Odyssey with the city of the Phsacian
king. In process of time, Coreyra, enriched and ag-
grandized by its maritime superiority, became one of
the most powerful nations in Greece. (Thucyd. , 1, 1. )
The Corinthians, under Chersicrates, formed a settle-
ment here in 753 B. C. ,and 415 years afterward it was
captured by Agatbocles of Syracuse, who gave it to
his daughter Lanessa upon her marriage with Pyrrhus
of Epirus. It was occupied by the troops of the II-
lyrian queen Teuta, about fifty-eight years after its
seizure by Agathocles, but was soon after taken from
her by the Romans, under the consul Cn. Flavius;
and, although it had the privileges of a free city, it
remained under the Romans for many centuries. In
the time of Strabo it wss reduced to extreme misery,
owing to the vices of its administration and its want of
moderation in prosperity. Corfu has for several cen-
tnnes been celebrated for its powerful fortresses, to
which great additions were made by the French, and
tnbsequently by the English, in the hanJs of which
latter people it, together with the other Ionian islands,
at present remains. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1, p. 36,
K11)--H. An island in the Adriatic, on the coast of
Illyncum, termed Nigra (" Biack"), in Greek UiXaiva,
lo distinguish it from the more celebrated island of the
same name. It is now Curzola. Apollonius accounts
for the epithet just mentioned from the dark masses of
wood with which it was crowned. (Argon. , 4, 571. )
Scymnus attributes to this island the honour of hav-
ing received a colony from Cnidus in Asia Minor.
(Scymn. , v. 426. --Compare Scylax, p. 8. --Strabo,
315. )'
Cortidbi, a city of Hispania Bietica, on the riirht
bank of the river Banis. 'and about 1800 stadia from
the sea. The river being navigable to this quarter,
Corduba became, in consequence, a large and opulent
commercial place. It was the birthplace of both the
Senccas, and of the poet Lucan. and is now Cordova
(Strob. , 141. --Pirn. , 3, 3. --Wernsdorf, Poet. Lot.
Min. , vol. 5. pt. 3, p. 1366. )
Core I. (K6py, "the maiden"), an Attic name for
Proserpina. Some, not very correctly, derive the term
from Kf/pu, "to cut," &. C, and make it have reference
lo the " harvest. " (Jonrnal Royal Institution, No.
1, p. 59. )--II. A Corinthian female, said to have been
Ihe inventress of plaster-casts. (Athenag. , Leg pro
Christ. , 14, p. 59 -- SiUig, Vict. Art. , s. p. )
CoCTiNiosr, the capital of the Peligni, in Italy, about
? ? Arec miles from the Aternus. During the Social war
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? COMNTHI ISTHMUS.
V COR
I'lie art of perforating rocks was well understood and
dexterously practised both in Italy and Greece at a
very early period, and, therefore, no difficulty of this
kind could have occasioned the abandonment of so
useful a project, though Pausanias is of a different opin-
ion. It was afterward begun with the greatest energy,
and abandoned without any plausible motive, as no doubt
the quantity of rock or earth to be removed, and all
the associated impediments, must have been the sub-
ject of previous calculation. And if Demetrius was
really convinced that the level of the Corinthian Gulf
was higher than that of the Saronic, and that the ad-
jacent shore, with the neighbouring islands, would be
inundated by the union of the two seas, those who came
after him would not have persevered in so destructive
an undertaking. Sesostris, and afterward Darius,
wero in the same manner deterred from finishing a ca-
nal from the lied Sea to the Nile, by an apprehension
that Egypt would be inundated. (. Siml,. , 38. --Id. , 804. )
Dio Cassius tells nearly the same story about digging
the isthmus as that which is related to travellers at
this day. He says that blood issued from the ground;
that groans and lamentations were heard, and terrible ap-
paritions seen. In order to stimulate the perseverance
of the people, Nero took a spade and dug himself. (Dio
Cast. , 63, 16. --Compare Suet. , Vit. Ncr. , 19. -- Lu-
cian, de pcrfoss. Isthm. ) Lucian informs us, that Ne-
ro was said to have been deterred from proceeding, by
a representation made to him, similar to that which De-
metrius received respecting the unequal levels of the
two seas. He adds, however, a more probable reason ?
the troubles, namely, that were excited by Vindex in
S11, and which occasioned the emperor's hasty re-
turn from Greece t3 Italy. (Lucian, dc per/on. Itthm.
--Op. , cd. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 298. ) It is probable, as
far as the supernatural appearances went, that the
priests at Delphi had some influence in checking the
enterprise. " (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 184. ) Trav-
ellers inform us, that some remains of the canal under-
taken by the Roman emperor are yet visible, reaching
from the sea, northeast of Lechseum, about half a mile
across the isthmus. It terminates on the southeast
sijc, whew solid rock occurs, which, as Dr. Clarke
thinks, must have opposed an insurmountable obsta-
cle. (Trail. , vol. 6, p. 562. ) Sir W. Gcll remarks, that
the vestiges of the canal may be traced from the port
or bay of Schcenus, along a natural hollow at the foot
of a line of fortifications. There are also several pits,
probably sunk to ascertain the nature of the soil, through
which the canal was to be earned. The ground, how-
ever, is so high, that tho undertaking would be attend-
ed with enormous expense. (Itin. of the Morta, p.
208. )--We hear also of various attempts made to raise
fortifications across the Isthmus for the Peloponnesus
when threatened with invasion. The first undertaking
was made before the battle of Salamis, when, as He-
rodotus relates, the Peloponnesian confederates, hav-
ing blocked up the Scironian way, collected together a
vast multitude, who worked night and day, without in-
termission, on the fortifications. Every kind of mate-
rial, such as stones, bricks, and timber, were employ-
ed, and the insterstices filled up with earth and sand.
'Hrodot. , 8, 73. ) Many years after, the Lacedemo-
nians and their allies endeavoured to fortify the isth-
mus from Cenchres to Lechxum against Epaminon-
das; but this measure was rendered fruitless by the
conduct and skill of that general, who forced a pas-
? ? sage across the Oneian Mountains. (Xen. , Hist. Gr.
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? CUKINTHUS.
UTOy pnisjed by that prince, who added Ambracia,
Anactonum, and Leucas to the maritime dependencies
of the Corinthians. (&r<jio,i. c. --Ariftot. , Poiit. , 5,
9. ) Cypselus was succeeded by bis son Penander.
Oa the d<<ath of this latter, after a reign of forty-four
Tews, according to Aristotle, his nephew Psammeti-
tnui came to the throne, but lived only three years. At
i. s decease Corinth regained its independence, when a
xoderate aristocracy was established, under which the
repubb; enjoyed a state of tranquillity and prosperity
jEequalled by any other city of Greece. We are told
by Thucydides, that the Corinthians were the first to
build war-galleys or triremes; and the earliest naval
engagement, according to the same historian, was
fought by their fleet and that of the Corcyreans, who
had been alienated from their mother-state by the
cruelty and impolicy of Periander. (Thucyd. ,1,13. --
Compare Herodot. , 3, 48. ) The arts of painting and
sculpture, more especially that of casting in bronze, at,
uined to the highest perfection at Corinth, and rendered
this city the ornament of Greece, until it was stripped
oy the rapacity of a Roman general.