He even built a tem- then gave them the signal - - to collect shells,
ple to himself as Jupiter Latiaris, and appointed which he called the spoils of conquered Ocean.
ple to himself as Jupiter Latiaris, and appointed which he called the spoils of conquered Ocean.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) This
Calidius may have been the one who was sent from
Rome, about B. C. 82, to command Murena to de- CA'LIDUS, L. JUʻLIUS (some MSS. have
sist from the devastation of the territories of Mith- Calidius, but this last is a gentile appellation and
ridates. (Appian, Mithr. 65. )
not a cognomen), is pronounced by Cornelius Nepos
3. M. Calidius, son of No. 2 (Pseudo-Ascon. (At 12) worthy of holding the first place among
ad Cic. Verr. Act. i. 13), a celebrated orator, stu- the Roman poets of his day, after the death of
died under Apollodorus of Pergamus, who was also Catullus and Lucretius. This must, of course, be
the teacher of the emperor Augustus. (Euseb. understood to refer to the period immediately an-
Chron. Ol. 179. 2. ) Cicero passes (Brut. 79, 80) terior to the Augustan era. Calidus had great
a high panegyric upon Calidius' oratory, which he possessions in Africa, and was proscribed in conse-
characterizes at considerable length, and particu- quence by Volumnius, one of the creatures of An-
larly praises the clearness and elegance of his style. tony, but his name was erased from the fatal list
But while Calidius explained a thing most lucidly, through the interposition of Atticus. [W. R. ]
and was listened to with the greatest pleasure, he CALI'GULA, the third in the series of Roman
was not so successful in carrying with him the emperors, reigned from A. D. 37 to A. D. 4). His
feelings of his hearers and producing conviction. real name was Caius Caesar, and he received that
Velleius Paterculus (ii. 36) classes him with Cicero, of Caligula in the camp, from caligue, the foot dress
Hortensius, and the other chief orators of his time, of the common soldiers, when he was yet a boy
and Quintilian (xii. 10. § 10) also speaks of the with his father in Germany. As emperor, how-
* subtilitas" of Calidius.
ever, he was always called by his contemporaries
The first oration of Calidius of wbich we have Caius, and he regarded the name of Caligula as an
mention was delivered in B. C. 64, when he accused insult. (Senec. De Constant. 18. ) He was the
Q. Gallius, a candidate for the praetorship, of bri- youngest son of Germanicus, the nephew of Tibe-
bery. Gallius was defended by Cicero, of whose rius, by Agrippina, and was born on the 31st of
oration a few fragments are extant. (Ascon. in August, A. D. 12. (Suet. Cal. 8. ) The place of bis
Orat. in Toy. cand. p. 88, ed. Orelli; Cic. Brut. 80; birth was a matter of doubt with the ancients;
Festus, s. v. Sufes. ) In B. c. 57 Calidius was prae- according to some, it was Tibur, according to
tor, and in that year spoke in favour of restoring others, Treves on the Moselle ; but Suetonius
the house of Cicero, having previously supported has proved from the public documents of Antium
I
a
2 0 2
## p. 564 (#584) ############################################
664
CALIGULA.
CALIGULI.
:
that he was born at that town. Ilis earliest / senate and the people gave the sovereign power to
years were spent in the camp of his father in Caligula alone, in spite of the regulations of Tibe-
Germany, and he grew up among the soldiers, rius. (Suet. Cul. 14; Dion Cass. lix. 1 ; comp.
with whom he became accordingly very popular. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xviii. 6. § 9. ) In regard to all
(Tac. Annal. i. 41, 69; Suet. Cul. 9; Dion Cass. Other points, however, Caligula carried the will of
Lvii. 5. ) Caligula also accompinied his father on Tiberius into execution : he paid to the people and
his Syrian cxpedition, and after his return first the soldiers the sums which the late emperor had
lived with his mother, and, when she was exiled, bequeathed to them, and even increased these
in the house of Livia Augusta. When the latter legacies by his own munificence. After having
died, Caligula, then a youth in his sixteenth ycar, delivered the funeral oration upon Tiberius, he im-
delivered the funeral oration upon her from the mediately fulfilled the duty of piety towards his
Rostra. After this he lived some rears with his mother and his brother: he had their ashes con-
grandmother, Antonia. Caliguling like his two veyed from Pandataria and the Pontian islands to
elder brothers, Nero and Drusus, was hated by Rome, and deposited them in the Mausoleum with
Sejanus, but his favour with Tiberius and his great solemnity. But notwithstanding the feeling
popularity as the son of Germanicus saved him. which prompted him to this act, he pardoned all
(Dion Cass. lviii. 8. )
those who had allowed themselves to be used as
After the fall of Sejanus in A. D. 32, when instruments against the members of his family, and
Caligula had just attained his twentieth year, Ti- ordered the documents which contained the eri-
berius summoned him to come to Capreae. Here dence of their guilt to be burnt in the Forum.
the young man concealed so well his feelings at the Those who had been condemned to imprisonment
injuries inficted upon his mother and brothers, as by Tiberius were released, and those who had been
well as at the wrongs which he himself had suf- exiled were recalled to their country. He restored
fered, that he did not utter a sound of complaint, to the magistrates their full power of jurisdiction
and behaved in such a submissive manner, that without appeal to his person, and he also en-
those who witnessed his conduct declared, that dearoured to revive the old character of the comitia
there never was such a cringing slave to so bad a by allowing the people to discuss and decide the
master. (Suet. Cal. 10; Tac. Annal. vi. 20. ) But matters brought before them, as in former times.
his savage and voluptuous character was neverthe- Towards foreign princes who had been stripped
less seen through by Tiberius. About the same of their power and their revenues by his predeces-
time he married Junia Claudilla (Claudia), the sor, he behaved with great generosity. Thus
daughter of M. Silanus, an event which Dion Cas- Agrippa, the grandson of Herod, who had been put
sius (lviij. 25) assigns to the year a. D. 35. Soon in chains by Tiberius, was released and restored to
afterwards he obtained the quaestorship, and on his kingdom, and Antiochus IV. of Commagene
the death of his brother Drusus was made augur in received back his kingdom, which was increased
his stead, having been created pontiff two years by the maritime district of Cilicia.
before. (Dion Cass. Iriji. 8; Suet. Cal. 12. ) On the first of July A. D. 37, Caligula entered
After the death of his wife, in March A. D. 36, upon his first consulship together with Claudius,
Caligula began seriously to think in what manner his father's brother, and held the office for two
he might secure the succession to himself, of which months. Soon after this he was seized by a serious
Tiberius had held out hopes to him, without how- illness in consequence of his irregular mode of liv-
ever deciding anything. (Dion Cass. lviii. 23; | ing. He was, indeed, restored to health, but from
Tac. Annal. vi. 45, &c. ) In order to ensure his that moment appeared an altered man. Hitherto
success, he seduced Ennia Naeria, the wife of the joy of the people at his accession seemed to be
Macro, who had then the command of the praeto perfectly justified by the justice and moderation he
rian cohorts. He promised to marry her if he shewed during the first months of his reign, but
should succeed to the throne, and contrived to gain from henceforward he appears more like a diabolical
the consent and co-operation of Macro also, who than a human being-he acts completely like a
according to some accounts introduced his wife to madman. A kind of savageness and gross volup-
the embraces of the voluptuous youth. (Suet. Cal. tuousness had always been prominent features in
12; Tac. Annal. ri. 45; Dion Cass. lviii. 28; his character, but still we are not justified in sup
Philo, Legat. ad Cai. p. 998, ed. Paris, 1640. ) posing, as many do, that he merely threw off the
Tiberius died in March A. D. 37, and there can be mask which had hitherto concealed his real dispo-
little doubt but that Caligula either caused or accele sition; it is much more probable that his illness
rated his death. In aftertimes he often boasted of destroyed his mental powers, and thus let loose all
having attempted to murder Tiberius in order to the veiled passions of his soul, to which he now
arenge the wrongs which his family had suffered yielded without exercising any control orer them.
from him. There were reports that Caligula had Immediately after his recovery he ordered Tibe-
administered to Tiberius a slow poison, or that he rius, the grandson of his predecessor, whom he had
had withheld from him the necessary food during raised before to the rank of princeps juventutis, to
his illness, or lastly, that he had suffocated him be put to death on the pretext of his having wished
with a pillow. Some again said, that he had been the emperor not to recover from his illness ; and
assisted by Macro, while Tacitus (Annıl. vi. 50) those of his friends who had vowed their lives for
mentions Macro alone as the guilty person. (Suet. his recovery, were now compelled to carry their
Tib. 73, Cal. 12; Dion Cass. lviii. 28. ) When vow into effect by putting an end to their existence.
the body of Tiberius was carried from Misenum to He also commanded several members of his own
Rome, Caligula accompanied it in the dress of a family, and among them his grandmother Antonia,
moumer, but he was saluted by the people at Rome Macro, and his wife Ennia Naevia, to make away
with the greatest enthusiasm as the son of Ger- with themselves. His thirst for blood seemed to
manicus. Tiberius in his will had appointed his increase with the number of his victims, and mur-
grandson Tiberius as coheir to Caligula, but the dering soon ceased to be the consequence of his
## p. 565 (#585) ############################################
CALIGULA.
565
CALIGU'LA.
hatred; it became a matter of pleasure and amuse- to invite men of all classes to avail themselves of
ment with him. Once during a public fight of it. On the birth of his daughter by Caesonia, he
wild beasts in the Circus, when there were no more regularly acted the part of a beggar in order to
criminals to enter the arena, he ordered persons to obtain money to rear her. lle also made known
be taken at random from among the spectators, and that he would receive presents on new year's day,
to be thrown before the wild beasts, but that they and on the first of January he posted himself in
might not be able to cry out or curse their de- tbe vestibule of his palace, to accept the presents
stroyer, he ordered their tongues to be cut out. that were brought him by crowds of people. Things
Often when he was taking his meals, he would like these gradually engendered in him a love of
order men to be tortured to death before his eyes, woney itself without any view to the ends it is to
that he might have the pleasure of witnessing their serve, and he is said to have sometimes taken a
agony. Once when, during a horse-race, the people delight in rolling himself in heaps of gold. After
were more favourably disposed to one of his com- Italy and Rome were exhausted by his extortions,
petitors than to himself, he is said to have ex- his love of money and his avarice compelled him to
claimed, “Would that the whole Roman people seek other resources.
He turned his eyes to Gaul,
had only one head. "
and under the pretence of a war against the Ger-
But his cruelty was not greater than his volup- mans, he marched, in A. D. 40, with an army to
tuousness and obscenity. Ile carried on an inces-Gaul to extort money from the wealthy inhabitants
tuous intercourse with his own sisters, and when of that country. Executions were as frequent here
Drusilla, the second of them, died, he raved like a as they had been before in Italy. Lentulus Gae-
madman with grief, and commanded her to be tulicus and Aemilius Lepidus were accused of hav-
worshipped as a divinity. No Roman lady was ing formed a conspiracy and were put to death,
safe from his attacks, and his marriages were as and the two sisters of Caligula were sent into exile
disgracefully contracted as they were ignominiously as guilty of adultery and accomplices of the con-
dissolved. The only woman that exercised a last- spiracy. Ptolemaeus, the son of king Juba, was
ing influence over him was Caesonin. A point exiled merely on account of his riches, and was
which still more shews the disordered state of his afterwards put to death. It would be endless and
brain is, that in his self-veneration he went so far disgusting to record here all the acts of cruelty, in-
as to consider himself a god : he would appear sanity, and avarice, of which his whole reign, with
in public sometimes in the attire of Bacchus, Apol- the exception of the first few months, forms one
lo, or Jupiter, and even of Venus and Diana ; he uninterrupted succession. He concluded his pre-
would frequently place himself in the temple datory campaign in Gaul by leading his army to
of Castor and Pollux, between the statues of the coast of the ocean, as if he would cross over to
these divinities, and order the people who entered Britain ; he drew them up in battle array, and
the temple to worship him.
He even built a tem- then gave them the signal - - to collect shells,
ple to himself as Jupiter Latiaris, and appointed which he called the spoils of conquered Ocean.
priests to attend to his worship and offer sa- After this he returned to Rome, where he acted
crifices to him. This temple contained his statue with still greater cruelty than before, because he
in gold, of the size of life, and his statue was thought the honours which the senate conferred
dressed precisely as he was. The wealthiest Ro upon him too insignificant and too human for a
mans were appointed his priests, but they had to god like him. Several conspiracies were formed
purchase the honour with immense sums of money. against him, but were discovered, until at length
He sometimes officiated as his own priest, making Cassius Chaerea, tribune of a praetorian cohort,
his horse Incitatus, which he afterwards raised to Cornelius Sabinus, and others, entered into one
the consulship, bis colleague. No one but a com-
which was crowned with success. Four months
plete madman would have been guilty of things after his return from Gaul, on the 24th of January
like these.
A. D. 41, Caligula was murdered by Chaerea near
The sums of money which he squandered almost the theatre, or according to others, in his own
surpass belief. During the first year of his reign palace while he was hearing some boys rehearse the
he nearly drained the treasury, although Tiberius part they were to perform in the theatre. His wife
had left in it the sum of 720 millions of sesterces. and daughter were likewise put to death. His
One specimen may serve to shew in what sense body was secretly conveyed by his friends to the
less manner he spent the money. That he might horti Lamiani, half burnt, and covered over with a
be able to boast of having marched over the sea as light turf. Subsequently, however, his sisters,
over dry land, he ordered a bridge of boats to be after their return from exile, ordered the body to
constructed across the channel between Baiae and be taken out, and had it completely burnt and
Puteoli, a distance of three Roman miles and six buried. (Sueton. Culigula ; Dion Cass. lib. lix. ;
hundred paces. After it was covered with earth Joseph. Ant. xix, ); Aurel. Vict. De Caes. 3;
and houses built upon it, he rode across it in tri- Zonar. x. 6. )
umph, and gave a splendid banquet on the middle In the coin annexed the obverse represents the
of the bridge. In order to amuse himself on this head of Caligula, with the inscription c. CAESAR
occasion in his usual way, he ordered numbers of AVG. GERM. P. M. TR. POT. , and the reverse that
the spectators whom he had invited to be thrown of Augustiis, with the inscription DivVS AVG.
into the sea.
As the regular revenues of the state
[L. S. ]
were insufficient to supply him with the means of
such mad extravagance, he had recourse to rob-
beries, public sales of his estates, unheard-of taxes,
and every species of extortion that could be de
vised. In order that no means of getting money
might remain untried, he established a public
brothel in his own palace, and sent out his servants
I
PATER PATRIAE.
PRESSE
U. S.
## p. 566 (#586) ############################################
566
CALLIAS.
CALLIAS.
CALIPPUS. [CALIPPUS. )
V. H. xiv. 16. ) They enjoyed the hereditary digo
CALLAESCHRUS. (ANTISTATES. ) nity of torch-bearer at the Eleusinian mysteries,
CALLAICUS, a surname of D. Junius Brutus. and claimed descent from 'Triptolemus. (Xen. Hell.
[Brutus, No. 15. ]
vi. 3. $ 6. )
CALLAS. (Calas. ]
1. HirPONICUS I. , the first of the family on re-
CALLATIA NUS, DEMEẤTRIUS (Anus cord, is mentioned by Plutarch (Sol. 15, comp. Pol.
Tplos Kaldatıavós), the author of a geographical Praec. 13) as one of the three to whom Solon,
work on Europe and Asia (περί Ευρώπης και shortly before the introduction of his σεισάχθεια,
Aoias) in twenty books, which is frequently re- B. C. 594, imparted his intention of diminishing
ferred to by the ancients. (Diog. Laërt. v. 83; the amount of debt while he abstained froin inter-
Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Artıkúpa ; Strab. i. p. 60; ference with landed property. Of this information
Dionys. Hal. de comp. Verb. 4; Lucian. Macrob. they are said to have made a fraudulent usc, and
10; Schol. ad Theocrit. i. 65, X. 19; Marcian. to have enriched themselves by the purchase of
Heracl. passim. )
(L. S. ] large estates with borrowed money. Böckh thinks,
CALLI'ADÉS (Karlıárns), is mentioned by however (Publ. Econ. of Athens, b. iv. ch. 3), that
Herodotus (viji. 51) as archon eponymus of Athens this story against Hipponicus may have originated
at the time of the occupation of the city by the in the envy of his countrymen.
Persian army, B. C. 480.
(E. E. ) 2. Callias I. , son of Phaenippus and probably
CALLI'ADES (Kaldáôns), a comic poet, who nephew of the above, is mentioned by Herodotus
is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 577), but (vi. 121) as a strong opponent of Peisistratus, and
about whom nothing further is known, than that as the only man in Athens who ventured to buy
a comedy entitled "Ayrola was ascribed by scme to the tyrant's property on cach occasion of his expul-
Diphilus and by others to Calliades. (Athen. ix. sion. On the same authority, if indeed the chapter
p. 401. ) From the former passage of Athenaeus be not an interpolation (vi. 122 ; see Larcher, ad
it must be inferred, that Calliades was a contem- loc. ), we learn, that he spent much money in keep-
porary of the archon Eucleides, B. C. 403, and ing horses, was a conqueror at the Olympic and
that accordingly he belonged to the old Attic Pythian games, at the former in B. c. 564 (Schol.
comedy, whereas the fact of the Agnoea being ad Aristoph. Av. 283), and gave large dowries to
disputed between him and Diphilus shews that he his daughters, allowing them-a good and wise
was a contemporary of the latter, and accordingly departure from the usual practice-to marry any
was a poet of the new Attic comedy. For this of the Athenians they pleased.
reason Meineke (Hist. Crit. Com. Gr. p. 450) is 3. Hipponicus II. , surnamed Ammon, son of
inclined to believe that the name Calliades in Callias I. , is said to have increased his wealth con-
Athenaeus is a mistake for Callias. [L. S. ] siderably by the treasures of a Persian general,
CALLI'ADES (Kardons), the name of two which had been entrusted to Diomnestus, a man
artists, a painter spoken of by Lucian ( Dial. Meretr. of Eretria, on the first invasion of that place by
8, p. 300), and a statuary, who made a statue of the Persians. The invading army being all de
the courtezan Neaera. (Tatian, ad Graec. 55. ) The stroyed Diomnestus kept the money; but his heirs,
age and country of both are unknown. (Plin. on the second Persian invasion, transmitted it to
H. N. xxxiv, 8. 6. 19. )
[W. I. ] Hipponicus at Athens, and with him it ultimately
CALLI'ANAX (Kaldıávat), a physician, who remained, as all the captive Eretrians (comp. He
probably lived in the third century B. C. He was rod. vi. 118) were sent to Asia. This story is
one of the followers of Herophilus, and appears to given by Athenaeus (xii. pp. 536, f. , 537, a. ) on
have been chiefly known for the roughness and the authority of Heracleides of Pontus; but it is
brutality of his manners towards his patients. Some open to much suspicion from its inconsistency with
of his answers have been preserved by Galen. To the account of Herodotus, who mentions only one
one of his patients who said he was about to die, I invasion of Eretria, and that a successful one B. C.
he replied by the verse, Ei un oe AMTW kallimais 490. (Herod. vi. 99-101. ) Possibly the anec-
dysivato : and to another who expressed the same dote, like that of Callias AQKKÓT NOUTOS below, was
fear he quoted the verse from Homer (1. xxi. 107), one of the modes in which the gossips of Athens
Κάτθανε και Πάτροκλος, όπερ σέο πολλών αμείνων. | accounted for the large fortune of the family.
(Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. “ Epid. VI. ” iv. 9. 4. CalliAS II. , son of No. 3, was present in
vol. xvii. pt. ï.
Calidius may have been the one who was sent from
Rome, about B. C. 82, to command Murena to de- CA'LIDUS, L. JUʻLIUS (some MSS. have
sist from the devastation of the territories of Mith- Calidius, but this last is a gentile appellation and
ridates. (Appian, Mithr. 65. )
not a cognomen), is pronounced by Cornelius Nepos
3. M. Calidius, son of No. 2 (Pseudo-Ascon. (At 12) worthy of holding the first place among
ad Cic. Verr. Act. i. 13), a celebrated orator, stu- the Roman poets of his day, after the death of
died under Apollodorus of Pergamus, who was also Catullus and Lucretius. This must, of course, be
the teacher of the emperor Augustus. (Euseb. understood to refer to the period immediately an-
Chron. Ol. 179. 2. ) Cicero passes (Brut. 79, 80) terior to the Augustan era. Calidus had great
a high panegyric upon Calidius' oratory, which he possessions in Africa, and was proscribed in conse-
characterizes at considerable length, and particu- quence by Volumnius, one of the creatures of An-
larly praises the clearness and elegance of his style. tony, but his name was erased from the fatal list
But while Calidius explained a thing most lucidly, through the interposition of Atticus. [W. R. ]
and was listened to with the greatest pleasure, he CALI'GULA, the third in the series of Roman
was not so successful in carrying with him the emperors, reigned from A. D. 37 to A. D. 4). His
feelings of his hearers and producing conviction. real name was Caius Caesar, and he received that
Velleius Paterculus (ii. 36) classes him with Cicero, of Caligula in the camp, from caligue, the foot dress
Hortensius, and the other chief orators of his time, of the common soldiers, when he was yet a boy
and Quintilian (xii. 10. § 10) also speaks of the with his father in Germany. As emperor, how-
* subtilitas" of Calidius.
ever, he was always called by his contemporaries
The first oration of Calidius of wbich we have Caius, and he regarded the name of Caligula as an
mention was delivered in B. C. 64, when he accused insult. (Senec. De Constant. 18. ) He was the
Q. Gallius, a candidate for the praetorship, of bri- youngest son of Germanicus, the nephew of Tibe-
bery. Gallius was defended by Cicero, of whose rius, by Agrippina, and was born on the 31st of
oration a few fragments are extant. (Ascon. in August, A. D. 12. (Suet. Cal. 8. ) The place of bis
Orat. in Toy. cand. p. 88, ed. Orelli; Cic. Brut. 80; birth was a matter of doubt with the ancients;
Festus, s. v. Sufes. ) In B. c. 57 Calidius was prae- according to some, it was Tibur, according to
tor, and in that year spoke in favour of restoring others, Treves on the Moselle ; but Suetonius
the house of Cicero, having previously supported has proved from the public documents of Antium
I
a
2 0 2
## p. 564 (#584) ############################################
664
CALIGULA.
CALIGULI.
:
that he was born at that town. Ilis earliest / senate and the people gave the sovereign power to
years were spent in the camp of his father in Caligula alone, in spite of the regulations of Tibe-
Germany, and he grew up among the soldiers, rius. (Suet. Cul. 14; Dion Cass. lix. 1 ; comp.
with whom he became accordingly very popular. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xviii. 6. § 9. ) In regard to all
(Tac. Annal. i. 41, 69; Suet. Cul. 9; Dion Cass. Other points, however, Caligula carried the will of
Lvii. 5. ) Caligula also accompinied his father on Tiberius into execution : he paid to the people and
his Syrian cxpedition, and after his return first the soldiers the sums which the late emperor had
lived with his mother, and, when she was exiled, bequeathed to them, and even increased these
in the house of Livia Augusta. When the latter legacies by his own munificence. After having
died, Caligula, then a youth in his sixteenth ycar, delivered the funeral oration upon Tiberius, he im-
delivered the funeral oration upon her from the mediately fulfilled the duty of piety towards his
Rostra. After this he lived some rears with his mother and his brother: he had their ashes con-
grandmother, Antonia. Caliguling like his two veyed from Pandataria and the Pontian islands to
elder brothers, Nero and Drusus, was hated by Rome, and deposited them in the Mausoleum with
Sejanus, but his favour with Tiberius and his great solemnity. But notwithstanding the feeling
popularity as the son of Germanicus saved him. which prompted him to this act, he pardoned all
(Dion Cass. lviii. 8. )
those who had allowed themselves to be used as
After the fall of Sejanus in A. D. 32, when instruments against the members of his family, and
Caligula had just attained his twentieth year, Ti- ordered the documents which contained the eri-
berius summoned him to come to Capreae. Here dence of their guilt to be burnt in the Forum.
the young man concealed so well his feelings at the Those who had been condemned to imprisonment
injuries inficted upon his mother and brothers, as by Tiberius were released, and those who had been
well as at the wrongs which he himself had suf- exiled were recalled to their country. He restored
fered, that he did not utter a sound of complaint, to the magistrates their full power of jurisdiction
and behaved in such a submissive manner, that without appeal to his person, and he also en-
those who witnessed his conduct declared, that dearoured to revive the old character of the comitia
there never was such a cringing slave to so bad a by allowing the people to discuss and decide the
master. (Suet. Cal. 10; Tac. Annal. vi. 20. ) But matters brought before them, as in former times.
his savage and voluptuous character was neverthe- Towards foreign princes who had been stripped
less seen through by Tiberius. About the same of their power and their revenues by his predeces-
time he married Junia Claudilla (Claudia), the sor, he behaved with great generosity. Thus
daughter of M. Silanus, an event which Dion Cas- Agrippa, the grandson of Herod, who had been put
sius (lviij. 25) assigns to the year a. D. 35. Soon in chains by Tiberius, was released and restored to
afterwards he obtained the quaestorship, and on his kingdom, and Antiochus IV. of Commagene
the death of his brother Drusus was made augur in received back his kingdom, which was increased
his stead, having been created pontiff two years by the maritime district of Cilicia.
before. (Dion Cass. Iriji. 8; Suet. Cal. 12. ) On the first of July A. D. 37, Caligula entered
After the death of his wife, in March A. D. 36, upon his first consulship together with Claudius,
Caligula began seriously to think in what manner his father's brother, and held the office for two
he might secure the succession to himself, of which months. Soon after this he was seized by a serious
Tiberius had held out hopes to him, without how- illness in consequence of his irregular mode of liv-
ever deciding anything. (Dion Cass. lviii. 23; | ing. He was, indeed, restored to health, but from
Tac. Annal. vi. 45, &c. ) In order to ensure his that moment appeared an altered man. Hitherto
success, he seduced Ennia Naeria, the wife of the joy of the people at his accession seemed to be
Macro, who had then the command of the praeto perfectly justified by the justice and moderation he
rian cohorts. He promised to marry her if he shewed during the first months of his reign, but
should succeed to the throne, and contrived to gain from henceforward he appears more like a diabolical
the consent and co-operation of Macro also, who than a human being-he acts completely like a
according to some accounts introduced his wife to madman. A kind of savageness and gross volup-
the embraces of the voluptuous youth. (Suet. Cal. tuousness had always been prominent features in
12; Tac. Annal. ri. 45; Dion Cass. lviii. 28; his character, but still we are not justified in sup
Philo, Legat. ad Cai. p. 998, ed. Paris, 1640. ) posing, as many do, that he merely threw off the
Tiberius died in March A. D. 37, and there can be mask which had hitherto concealed his real dispo-
little doubt but that Caligula either caused or accele sition; it is much more probable that his illness
rated his death. In aftertimes he often boasted of destroyed his mental powers, and thus let loose all
having attempted to murder Tiberius in order to the veiled passions of his soul, to which he now
arenge the wrongs which his family had suffered yielded without exercising any control orer them.
from him. There were reports that Caligula had Immediately after his recovery he ordered Tibe-
administered to Tiberius a slow poison, or that he rius, the grandson of his predecessor, whom he had
had withheld from him the necessary food during raised before to the rank of princeps juventutis, to
his illness, or lastly, that he had suffocated him be put to death on the pretext of his having wished
with a pillow. Some again said, that he had been the emperor not to recover from his illness ; and
assisted by Macro, while Tacitus (Annıl. vi. 50) those of his friends who had vowed their lives for
mentions Macro alone as the guilty person. (Suet. his recovery, were now compelled to carry their
Tib. 73, Cal. 12; Dion Cass. lviii. 28. ) When vow into effect by putting an end to their existence.
the body of Tiberius was carried from Misenum to He also commanded several members of his own
Rome, Caligula accompanied it in the dress of a family, and among them his grandmother Antonia,
moumer, but he was saluted by the people at Rome Macro, and his wife Ennia Naevia, to make away
with the greatest enthusiasm as the son of Ger- with themselves. His thirst for blood seemed to
manicus. Tiberius in his will had appointed his increase with the number of his victims, and mur-
grandson Tiberius as coheir to Caligula, but the dering soon ceased to be the consequence of his
## p. 565 (#585) ############################################
CALIGULA.
565
CALIGU'LA.
hatred; it became a matter of pleasure and amuse- to invite men of all classes to avail themselves of
ment with him. Once during a public fight of it. On the birth of his daughter by Caesonia, he
wild beasts in the Circus, when there were no more regularly acted the part of a beggar in order to
criminals to enter the arena, he ordered persons to obtain money to rear her. lle also made known
be taken at random from among the spectators, and that he would receive presents on new year's day,
to be thrown before the wild beasts, but that they and on the first of January he posted himself in
might not be able to cry out or curse their de- tbe vestibule of his palace, to accept the presents
stroyer, he ordered their tongues to be cut out. that were brought him by crowds of people. Things
Often when he was taking his meals, he would like these gradually engendered in him a love of
order men to be tortured to death before his eyes, woney itself without any view to the ends it is to
that he might have the pleasure of witnessing their serve, and he is said to have sometimes taken a
agony. Once when, during a horse-race, the people delight in rolling himself in heaps of gold. After
were more favourably disposed to one of his com- Italy and Rome were exhausted by his extortions,
petitors than to himself, he is said to have ex- his love of money and his avarice compelled him to
claimed, “Would that the whole Roman people seek other resources.
He turned his eyes to Gaul,
had only one head. "
and under the pretence of a war against the Ger-
But his cruelty was not greater than his volup- mans, he marched, in A. D. 40, with an army to
tuousness and obscenity. Ile carried on an inces-Gaul to extort money from the wealthy inhabitants
tuous intercourse with his own sisters, and when of that country. Executions were as frequent here
Drusilla, the second of them, died, he raved like a as they had been before in Italy. Lentulus Gae-
madman with grief, and commanded her to be tulicus and Aemilius Lepidus were accused of hav-
worshipped as a divinity. No Roman lady was ing formed a conspiracy and were put to death,
safe from his attacks, and his marriages were as and the two sisters of Caligula were sent into exile
disgracefully contracted as they were ignominiously as guilty of adultery and accomplices of the con-
dissolved. The only woman that exercised a last- spiracy. Ptolemaeus, the son of king Juba, was
ing influence over him was Caesonin. A point exiled merely on account of his riches, and was
which still more shews the disordered state of his afterwards put to death. It would be endless and
brain is, that in his self-veneration he went so far disgusting to record here all the acts of cruelty, in-
as to consider himself a god : he would appear sanity, and avarice, of which his whole reign, with
in public sometimes in the attire of Bacchus, Apol- the exception of the first few months, forms one
lo, or Jupiter, and even of Venus and Diana ; he uninterrupted succession. He concluded his pre-
would frequently place himself in the temple datory campaign in Gaul by leading his army to
of Castor and Pollux, between the statues of the coast of the ocean, as if he would cross over to
these divinities, and order the people who entered Britain ; he drew them up in battle array, and
the temple to worship him.
He even built a tem- then gave them the signal - - to collect shells,
ple to himself as Jupiter Latiaris, and appointed which he called the spoils of conquered Ocean.
priests to attend to his worship and offer sa- After this he returned to Rome, where he acted
crifices to him. This temple contained his statue with still greater cruelty than before, because he
in gold, of the size of life, and his statue was thought the honours which the senate conferred
dressed precisely as he was. The wealthiest Ro upon him too insignificant and too human for a
mans were appointed his priests, but they had to god like him. Several conspiracies were formed
purchase the honour with immense sums of money. against him, but were discovered, until at length
He sometimes officiated as his own priest, making Cassius Chaerea, tribune of a praetorian cohort,
his horse Incitatus, which he afterwards raised to Cornelius Sabinus, and others, entered into one
the consulship, bis colleague. No one but a com-
which was crowned with success. Four months
plete madman would have been guilty of things after his return from Gaul, on the 24th of January
like these.
A. D. 41, Caligula was murdered by Chaerea near
The sums of money which he squandered almost the theatre, or according to others, in his own
surpass belief. During the first year of his reign palace while he was hearing some boys rehearse the
he nearly drained the treasury, although Tiberius part they were to perform in the theatre. His wife
had left in it the sum of 720 millions of sesterces. and daughter were likewise put to death. His
One specimen may serve to shew in what sense body was secretly conveyed by his friends to the
less manner he spent the money. That he might horti Lamiani, half burnt, and covered over with a
be able to boast of having marched over the sea as light turf. Subsequently, however, his sisters,
over dry land, he ordered a bridge of boats to be after their return from exile, ordered the body to
constructed across the channel between Baiae and be taken out, and had it completely burnt and
Puteoli, a distance of three Roman miles and six buried. (Sueton. Culigula ; Dion Cass. lib. lix. ;
hundred paces. After it was covered with earth Joseph. Ant. xix, ); Aurel. Vict. De Caes. 3;
and houses built upon it, he rode across it in tri- Zonar. x. 6. )
umph, and gave a splendid banquet on the middle In the coin annexed the obverse represents the
of the bridge. In order to amuse himself on this head of Caligula, with the inscription c. CAESAR
occasion in his usual way, he ordered numbers of AVG. GERM. P. M. TR. POT. , and the reverse that
the spectators whom he had invited to be thrown of Augustiis, with the inscription DivVS AVG.
into the sea.
As the regular revenues of the state
[L. S. ]
were insufficient to supply him with the means of
such mad extravagance, he had recourse to rob-
beries, public sales of his estates, unheard-of taxes,
and every species of extortion that could be de
vised. In order that no means of getting money
might remain untried, he established a public
brothel in his own palace, and sent out his servants
I
PATER PATRIAE.
PRESSE
U. S.
## p. 566 (#586) ############################################
566
CALLIAS.
CALLIAS.
CALIPPUS. [CALIPPUS. )
V. H. xiv. 16. ) They enjoyed the hereditary digo
CALLAESCHRUS. (ANTISTATES. ) nity of torch-bearer at the Eleusinian mysteries,
CALLAICUS, a surname of D. Junius Brutus. and claimed descent from 'Triptolemus. (Xen. Hell.
[Brutus, No. 15. ]
vi. 3. $ 6. )
CALLAS. (Calas. ]
1. HirPONICUS I. , the first of the family on re-
CALLATIA NUS, DEMEẤTRIUS (Anus cord, is mentioned by Plutarch (Sol. 15, comp. Pol.
Tplos Kaldatıavós), the author of a geographical Praec. 13) as one of the three to whom Solon,
work on Europe and Asia (περί Ευρώπης και shortly before the introduction of his σεισάχθεια,
Aoias) in twenty books, which is frequently re- B. C. 594, imparted his intention of diminishing
ferred to by the ancients. (Diog. Laërt. v. 83; the amount of debt while he abstained froin inter-
Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Artıkúpa ; Strab. i. p. 60; ference with landed property. Of this information
Dionys. Hal. de comp. Verb. 4; Lucian. Macrob. they are said to have made a fraudulent usc, and
10; Schol. ad Theocrit. i. 65, X. 19; Marcian. to have enriched themselves by the purchase of
Heracl. passim. )
(L. S. ] large estates with borrowed money. Böckh thinks,
CALLI'ADÉS (Karlıárns), is mentioned by however (Publ. Econ. of Athens, b. iv. ch. 3), that
Herodotus (viji. 51) as archon eponymus of Athens this story against Hipponicus may have originated
at the time of the occupation of the city by the in the envy of his countrymen.
Persian army, B. C. 480.
(E. E. ) 2. Callias I. , son of Phaenippus and probably
CALLI'ADES (Kaldáôns), a comic poet, who nephew of the above, is mentioned by Herodotus
is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 577), but (vi. 121) as a strong opponent of Peisistratus, and
about whom nothing further is known, than that as the only man in Athens who ventured to buy
a comedy entitled "Ayrola was ascribed by scme to the tyrant's property on cach occasion of his expul-
Diphilus and by others to Calliades. (Athen. ix. sion. On the same authority, if indeed the chapter
p. 401. ) From the former passage of Athenaeus be not an interpolation (vi. 122 ; see Larcher, ad
it must be inferred, that Calliades was a contem- loc. ), we learn, that he spent much money in keep-
porary of the archon Eucleides, B. C. 403, and ing horses, was a conqueror at the Olympic and
that accordingly he belonged to the old Attic Pythian games, at the former in B. c. 564 (Schol.
comedy, whereas the fact of the Agnoea being ad Aristoph. Av. 283), and gave large dowries to
disputed between him and Diphilus shews that he his daughters, allowing them-a good and wise
was a contemporary of the latter, and accordingly departure from the usual practice-to marry any
was a poet of the new Attic comedy. For this of the Athenians they pleased.
reason Meineke (Hist. Crit. Com. Gr. p. 450) is 3. Hipponicus II. , surnamed Ammon, son of
inclined to believe that the name Calliades in Callias I. , is said to have increased his wealth con-
Athenaeus is a mistake for Callias. [L. S. ] siderably by the treasures of a Persian general,
CALLI'ADES (Kardons), the name of two which had been entrusted to Diomnestus, a man
artists, a painter spoken of by Lucian ( Dial. Meretr. of Eretria, on the first invasion of that place by
8, p. 300), and a statuary, who made a statue of the Persians. The invading army being all de
the courtezan Neaera. (Tatian, ad Graec. 55. ) The stroyed Diomnestus kept the money; but his heirs,
age and country of both are unknown. (Plin. on the second Persian invasion, transmitted it to
H. N. xxxiv, 8. 6. 19. )
[W. I. ] Hipponicus at Athens, and with him it ultimately
CALLI'ANAX (Kaldıávat), a physician, who remained, as all the captive Eretrians (comp. He
probably lived in the third century B. C. He was rod. vi. 118) were sent to Asia. This story is
one of the followers of Herophilus, and appears to given by Athenaeus (xii. pp. 536, f. , 537, a. ) on
have been chiefly known for the roughness and the authority of Heracleides of Pontus; but it is
brutality of his manners towards his patients. Some open to much suspicion from its inconsistency with
of his answers have been preserved by Galen. To the account of Herodotus, who mentions only one
one of his patients who said he was about to die, I invasion of Eretria, and that a successful one B. C.
he replied by the verse, Ei un oe AMTW kallimais 490. (Herod. vi. 99-101. ) Possibly the anec-
dysivato : and to another who expressed the same dote, like that of Callias AQKKÓT NOUTOS below, was
fear he quoted the verse from Homer (1. xxi. 107), one of the modes in which the gossips of Athens
Κάτθανε και Πάτροκλος, όπερ σέο πολλών αμείνων. | accounted for the large fortune of the family.
(Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. “ Epid. VI. ” iv. 9. 4. CalliAS II. , son of No. 3, was present in
vol. xvii. pt. ï.
