Under entry Seleucia, theme of, delete pillaged by
Byzantine
fleet, 130.
Cambridge Medieval History - v5 - Contest of Empire and the Papacy
19.
For Courci-sur-Dive read Courci-sur-Dives.
p. 250, 1. 6. For St Vanne's read St Vannes.
INDEX.
p. 663, col. 2. For Courci-sur-Dive read Courci-sur-Dives.
Vol. IV.
p. xvi, Chap. 1, 1. 2. Delete late.
p. 119, 1. 11. For Hubaira read Hubairah.
p. 120, 11. 6-7. For still 7000 men read 7000 men to meet the advancing enemy.
p. 120, 1. 36, p. 124, 1. 10, p. 126, 11. 33, 38, p. 128, 1. 23, p. 133, 1. 5. For Semaluos
read Semalus.
p. 120, n. 2. For "Taiba' read "Țaibah. '
p. 123, passim and p. 124, 1. 6. For Thumāma read Thumămah.
p. 123, 11. 18 and 16 from bottom and p. 124, 1. 7. For īsa read ‘īsà.
p. 126, 1. 9. For Vardan read Bardanes.
p. 127, 11. 11 and 13-14. For Harthama reud Harthamah.
p. 133, 1. 4. For Bugha read Bughā.
p. 135, 11. 3 and 8. For Balāta read Balātah.
p. 138, headline and I. 15. For Khafāja read Khafājah.
p. 234, 1. 5. For a thousand read eleven hundred.
p. 316, last line. For Kerbogha read Karboghā.
p. 359, 1. 7 from bottom. For Bizāʻa read Buzāʻah.
p. 367, 1. 22. For abandoned the Crusade read quitted the army.
p. 375, 1. 7 from bottom. For Bukaia read Buqai'ah.
p. 711, 1. 10 from bottom. For 911 read 912.
p. 899, an. 757. For Paul IV read Paul I.
Index.
p. 913, col 1. Insert entry Andrasus, p. 125 n.
p. 918, col. 1. For Balāța read Balāțah.
p. 920, col. 2. Delete entry Bizā‘a.
p. 922, col. 1. For Bugha read Bughā.
Delete entry Bukaia.
p. 922, col. 2. Insert entry Buqai'ah, the, battle of, 375.
p. 923, col. 1. Insert entry Buzā‘ah, in Syria, 359.
p. 929, col. 1. Under existing entry Constantine, the patrician, delete defeated and
slain, 135.
p. 929, col. 1. Insert new entry Constantine, patrician, defeated and slain in Sicily,
134 sq.
p. 930, col. 2. In entry Corum, for 128, 130 read 128; 130.
p. 936, col. 1. Read Enna (Castrogiovanni), in Sicily, besieged by Saracens, 135 sq. ;
finally captured, 46, 137, 138.
## p. xxiii (#25) ###########################################
Corrigenda
xxiii
p. 940, col. 1. Read Ghamr, Arab prince, 121.
Ghamr, Arab general, 128.
p. 942, col. 2. For Harthama read Harthamah.
p. 944, col. 1. For Hubaira read Hubairah.
p. 945, col. 1. For Ibn Haukal read Ibn Hauqal.
Under entry Ibrāhim ibn al-Aghlab delete 141 ;
Insert entry Ibrāhīm II, Aghlabid emir of Africa, 141.
p. 950, col. 2. Insert entry Karböghå (Qawwām-ad-Daulah Karbuqā), prince of
Mosul, at Antioch, 316, 339
p. 951, col. 1. Delete entry Kerbogha.
For Khafāja read Khafājah.
p. 957, col. 2. Manuel, the strategus, and Manuel, the Magister, are the same person.
p. 958, col. 2. Under entry Maslamah delete sq.
Insert entry Maslamah ibn Hishām, 121.
p. 959, col. 1. Read Melas, river in Cappadocia, Byzantine defeat on, 122.
Melas, river in Bithynia, 131 note.
p. 966, col. 1. Read Omar ibn Hubairah.
p. 973, col. 2. Read Ragusa, in Sicily, raided by Saracens, 137; 138 sq.
Ragusa, in Dalmatia, Robert Guiscard and, 325; etc.
p. 976, col. 1. Under entry Safşaf read 125 sq.
p. 979, col. 1.
Under entry Seleucia, theme of, delete pillaged by Byzantine fleet, 130.
Insert entry Seleucia, Syrian town, pillaged by Byzantine fleet, 130.
For Semaluos read Semalus.
p. 984, col. 2. Under entry Tarsus add to list of emirs ‘Aḥmad, Naşr.
p. 985, col. 1. Under entry Theoctistus, the Logothete, delete uncle and.
p. 988, col. 2. Under entry Turcus, Bardanes, add , 126.
p. 990, col. 1. Delete entry Vardan, Armenian rebel.
VOL. V.
p. 34, 1. 18. For Bardo read Eberhard.
p. 95, 11. 5 and 4 from bottom. For a monk and, like his predecessor, at Cluny.
Sent to Rome by Abbot Hugh read a monk in some south Italian monastery'.
Sent to Rome by his abbot.
p. 95. Add note 1 See March, J. M. , Liber Pontificalis (Barcelona, 1925), p. 154, n. 3.
p. 120, 1. 19. For Adalbert read Adalbero.
p. 338, 1. 15 from bottom. For Limbourg read Limburg.
p. 389, 1. 12. For Gésa read Géza.
p. 643, l. 20. For Daz read Dax.
p. 709, 1. 9. For Fenandus read Ferrandus.
p. 883, 1. 18. For Repgau read Repgow.
## p. xxiv (#26) ############################################
xxiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A. , Fellow of Gonville and Caius
College, Cambridge
vii
.
CHAPTER I.
.
THE REFORM OF THE CHURCH.
By J. P. WHITNEY, D. D. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
Decadence of the Church
1
Nilus; Romuald of Ravenna .
ib.
Richard of St Vannes; Ratherius .
2
Symptoms of reform
3
Instances of corruption; Jaromir of Prague, Farfa
4
Episcopal elections
5
Parishes
7
Early stages of lay patronage
8
Royal encroachments on the Church
9
Evils in the episcopate
10
Simony
ib.
Clerical marriage, and celibacy
11
Secular canons
13
Rome
14
Benedict VIII
15
The Emperor Henry II
16
Benedict IX.
17
The Emperor Conrad II
18
Sylvester III and Gregory VI
19
The Emperor Henry III
20
The Synod of Sutri
21
Clement II
22
Damasus II
23
Leo IX.
24
The Council of Rheims .
26
The work of Leo's pontificate
Victor II
31
Stephen IX
32
St Peter Damian
33
Contested succession to the Papacy
35
Nicholas II
36
Election decree of 1059.
37
Simoniacal ordinations .
38
.
27
## p. xxv (#27) #############################################
Contents
XXV
Events in Milan
Alexander II and Honorius II
Conciliar legislation
Alexander II and Milan
The commune at Milan .
PAGE
39
43
46
47
48
CHAPTER II.
GREGORY VII AND THE FIRST CONTEST BETWEEN EMPIRE
AND PAPACY.
. . . Son Therm
51
53
ib.
55
58
ib.
60
61
64
65
66
67
69
71
72
.
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A.
Election and early life of Pope Gregory VII .
His position under Alexander II
His temperament and character
The Petrine authority
The supremacy of the spiritual power
The situation in 1073
Reconciliation with Henry IV
Contest with the German episcopate
The first decree against lay investiture
The events of the autumn of 1075.
The Council of Worms .
Excommunication of Henry iv
His journey to Canossa
Election of Rudolf as anti-king
The Pope's neutrality
Papal legislation, 1078—1079
Deposition of Henry IV, 1080
Council of Brixen. The anti-Pope Guibert
Alliance of the Pope with Robert Guiscard
Siege of Rome by Henry IV .
Sack of Rome by the Normans
Death of Pope Gregory VII .
Gregory's relations with France, England, and other States
Pope Victor III
Election of Urban II
Extension of the work of Gregory VII
The organisation of the Church
Papal victory in North Italy
Little headway in Germany.
The question of schismatic ordinations
Urban Il's progress through North Italy and France
His last years and death
Pope Paschal II
His character
The end of the schism
Lay investiture; settlements in France and England
The attitude of Henry V
Unsuccessful negotiations between Pope and King
The events of 1111
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
.
81
86
87
88
89
91
92
93
94
95
ib.
96
98
99
100
101
102
## p. xxvi (#28) ############################################
xxvi
Contents
PAGE
The Pope forced to retract his concession to Henry
Henry as heir to the Countess Matilda .
Deaths of Paschal II and Gelasius II
Pope Calixtus II
The Concordat of Worms
The enhanced position of the Papacy
103
104
105
ib.
107
109
CHAPTER III.
GERMANY UNDER HENRY IV AND HENRY V.
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A.
Regency of Agnes the Empress-mother
Anno's coup d'état at Kaiserswerth
Short regency of Adalbert of Bremen
The royal office
“Princes” of the Kingdom
The countryside and the towns
Alliance of the towns with the king
The growth of feudalism
The royal domain .
Alliance with the Episcopate
The complication of Italy
Henry IV's policy
His character
The peculiar position of Saxony
The revolt of Duke Otto of Bavaria
The Saxon revolt of 1073
Henry's victory on the Unstrut, 1075
His challenge to the Pope
His excommunication and its results
The Diet of Tribur
Canossa
Election of Rudolf as anti-king
The division of Germany
Henry's successful diplomacy
His final breach with the Pope
Death of Rudolf. Herman of Salm as anti-king
The end of the Saxon revolt .
The climax of Henry's power, 1088—1090
His disastrous expedition to Italy, 1090--1097
The First Crusade
Peace in Germany
The revolt of Henry V
Last days and death of Henry IV
Causes of his failure
The rise of new noble families in Germany
The character of Henry V
His forced reliance on the nobles
Henry's first expedition to Italy; victory over the Pope
Archbishop Adalbert of Mayence .
112
115
ib.
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
144
145
146
147
148
149
151
ib.
152
154
155
156
158
## p. xxvii (#29) ###########################################
Contents
xxvii
PAGE
The revolts of 1113 and 1115
Henry's second expedition to Italy
Ecclesiastical opposition in Germany
The Diet of Würzburg
The Concordat of Worms
Independence of the duchies .
Last years and death of Henry V
The election of his successor .
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
CHAPTER IV.
(A)
THE CONQUEST OF SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY
BY THE NORMANS.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON, Archiviste Paléographe.
Condition of Byzantine Italy .
167
Arrival of the Normans
169
Defeat of the Byzantines
171
Robert Guiscard
172
Defeat of Pope Leo IX
173
Reconciliation with the Papacy
174
Treaty of Melfi
175
Capture of Bari
176
Conquest of Sicily
177
Estrangement from the Papacy
178
Discord among the Normans.
179
Alliance with the Papacy
180
Eastern ambitions of Guiscard
181
Capture of Rome; death of Guiscard
182
Weakness of Guiscard's son
183
(B)
THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY.
C
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON.
Roger II of Sicily
Creation of the kingdom of Sicily
Defeat of Pope Innocent II.
East and West allied against Roger
Norman conquests in Africa ,
Death of Roger II
Early difficulties of William I
His victory.
Treaty of Benevento
Alliance with the Papacy against the Empire
Revolt of Norman nobles
Death of William I
Minority of William II .
Marriage-alliance with the Hohenstaufen
184
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
.
.
.
## p. xxviii (#30) ##########################################
xxviii
Contents
Eastern schemes of William II
Death of William II
Tancred and Henry VI .
Victory of Henry VI
Organisation of the Norman Kingdom
Admixture of East and West
Decay of the royal house
PAGE
199
200
201
202
203
206
207
CHAPTER V.
THE ITALIAN CITIES TILL c. 1200.
Direum
By C. W. PREVITÉ-Orton, M. A. , Fellow and Librarian
of St John's College, Cambridge.
The medieval town
The towns in non-Lombard Italy
The towns in Lombard Italy .
Ecclesiastical institutions
Development under the Carolingian Empire.
Fortification of the cities; episcopal government
Growth of collective action
Proto-communes in the South
Classes in the northern cities
Lanzo and Erlembald of Milan
Foundation of the Communes
Cultural and political influences
Supersession of feudal and state authorities
Conquest of the Contado
The rural communes
Development of commerce
Inter-city wars
The Tuscan communes
Florence
Umbria .
Lombardy
Milan
Emilia
The Trevisan March
The regalia; imperial diplomas
Counts, viscounts, and bishops
The consuls and other officials
The Councils. Growth of city law
The milites and consorzerie
The pedites and gilds
Internal strife
The Podestà .
Cominerce and banking
Corporate life. The blood-feud
Contrasts in the communes
208
209
210
ib.
212
213
214
216
217
219
220
222
223
224
225
ib.
226
227
228
ib.
229
230
ib.
.
ib.
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
## p. xxix (#31) ############################################
Contents
xxix
CHAPTER VI.
ISLĀM IN SYRIA AND EGYPT, 750—1100.
By William B. STEVENSON, D. Litt. , Professor of Semitic
Languages in the University of Glasgow.
Disintegration of the Caliphate
Shi'ite dynasties
Saif-ad-Daulah of Aleppo
Greek attacks on Syria .
The Fățimites conquer Egypt
The Qarmațians in Syria
The Caliphate and the Empire
History of Aleppo.
The Emperor Basil II
Caliphate of Hakim
Ruin of the Holy Sepulchre
Egypt and Syria.
The Greeks in Syria
Caliphate of Mustansir .
Emergence of the Turks
Turkish conquest of Syria
Recognition of the Abbasid Caliphs
The Turks in Palestine .
Turkish dissensions
Eve of the First Crusade
PAGE
242
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
253
254
255
256
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
CHAPTER VII.
THE FIRST CRUSADE,
By Professor William B. STEVENSON, D. Litt.
Muslim attack on Europe
Africa, Italy, and Sicily
Leadership of the Pope.
Pilgrimages to Jerusalem
Peril of the Eastern Empire
Purpose of the First Crusade
Pope Urban II's appeal.
Leaders of the Crusade .
First arrivals in Constantinople
Disaster in Asia Minor.
Persecution of Jews on the Rhine .
Pictorial numbers.
Policy of the Emperor Alexius
Latins as allies of the Eastern Empire
Godfrey of Bouillon
Bohemond of Taranto
Robert of Flanders
265
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
275
276
277
ib.
279
280
ib.
282
ib.
C. MED, H. VOL. V.
## p. xxx (#32) #############################################
XXX
Contents
PAGE
283
ib.
ib.
Raymond of Toulouse
Robert of Normandy
Treaty with Alexius
Siege of Nicaea
March through Asia Minor
Alliance with the Armenians
Inter-national rivalries .
Siege of Antioch
Battle with Karböghã
Bohemond, Prince of Antioch
March to Jerusalem
Godfrey, Prince of Jerusalem
Numbers of the Crusaders
Peter the Hermit ,
285
286
287
288
289
293
294
295
296
297
299
.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, 1099—1291.
By CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.
p. 250, 1. 6. For St Vanne's read St Vannes.
INDEX.
p. 663, col. 2. For Courci-sur-Dive read Courci-sur-Dives.
Vol. IV.
p. xvi, Chap. 1, 1. 2. Delete late.
p. 119, 1. 11. For Hubaira read Hubairah.
p. 120, 11. 6-7. For still 7000 men read 7000 men to meet the advancing enemy.
p. 120, 1. 36, p. 124, 1. 10, p. 126, 11. 33, 38, p. 128, 1. 23, p. 133, 1. 5. For Semaluos
read Semalus.
p. 120, n. 2. For "Taiba' read "Țaibah. '
p. 123, passim and p. 124, 1. 6. For Thumāma read Thumămah.
p. 123, 11. 18 and 16 from bottom and p. 124, 1. 7. For īsa read ‘īsà.
p. 126, 1. 9. For Vardan read Bardanes.
p. 127, 11. 11 and 13-14. For Harthama reud Harthamah.
p. 133, 1. 4. For Bugha read Bughā.
p. 135, 11. 3 and 8. For Balāta read Balātah.
p. 138, headline and I. 15. For Khafāja read Khafājah.
p. 234, 1. 5. For a thousand read eleven hundred.
p. 316, last line. For Kerbogha read Karboghā.
p. 359, 1. 7 from bottom. For Bizāʻa read Buzāʻah.
p. 367, 1. 22. For abandoned the Crusade read quitted the army.
p. 375, 1. 7 from bottom. For Bukaia read Buqai'ah.
p. 711, 1. 10 from bottom. For 911 read 912.
p. 899, an. 757. For Paul IV read Paul I.
Index.
p. 913, col 1. Insert entry Andrasus, p. 125 n.
p. 918, col. 1. For Balāța read Balāțah.
p. 920, col. 2. Delete entry Bizā‘a.
p. 922, col. 1. For Bugha read Bughā.
Delete entry Bukaia.
p. 922, col. 2. Insert entry Buqai'ah, the, battle of, 375.
p. 923, col. 1. Insert entry Buzā‘ah, in Syria, 359.
p. 929, col. 1. Under existing entry Constantine, the patrician, delete defeated and
slain, 135.
p. 929, col. 1. Insert new entry Constantine, patrician, defeated and slain in Sicily,
134 sq.
p. 930, col. 2. In entry Corum, for 128, 130 read 128; 130.
p. 936, col. 1. Read Enna (Castrogiovanni), in Sicily, besieged by Saracens, 135 sq. ;
finally captured, 46, 137, 138.
## p. xxiii (#25) ###########################################
Corrigenda
xxiii
p. 940, col. 1. Read Ghamr, Arab prince, 121.
Ghamr, Arab general, 128.
p. 942, col. 2. For Harthama read Harthamah.
p. 944, col. 1. For Hubaira read Hubairah.
p. 945, col. 1. For Ibn Haukal read Ibn Hauqal.
Under entry Ibrāhim ibn al-Aghlab delete 141 ;
Insert entry Ibrāhīm II, Aghlabid emir of Africa, 141.
p. 950, col. 2. Insert entry Karböghå (Qawwām-ad-Daulah Karbuqā), prince of
Mosul, at Antioch, 316, 339
p. 951, col. 1. Delete entry Kerbogha.
For Khafāja read Khafājah.
p. 957, col. 2. Manuel, the strategus, and Manuel, the Magister, are the same person.
p. 958, col. 2. Under entry Maslamah delete sq.
Insert entry Maslamah ibn Hishām, 121.
p. 959, col. 1. Read Melas, river in Cappadocia, Byzantine defeat on, 122.
Melas, river in Bithynia, 131 note.
p. 966, col. 1. Read Omar ibn Hubairah.
p. 973, col. 2. Read Ragusa, in Sicily, raided by Saracens, 137; 138 sq.
Ragusa, in Dalmatia, Robert Guiscard and, 325; etc.
p. 976, col. 1. Under entry Safşaf read 125 sq.
p. 979, col. 1.
Under entry Seleucia, theme of, delete pillaged by Byzantine fleet, 130.
Insert entry Seleucia, Syrian town, pillaged by Byzantine fleet, 130.
For Semaluos read Semalus.
p. 984, col. 2. Under entry Tarsus add to list of emirs ‘Aḥmad, Naşr.
p. 985, col. 1. Under entry Theoctistus, the Logothete, delete uncle and.
p. 988, col. 2. Under entry Turcus, Bardanes, add , 126.
p. 990, col. 1. Delete entry Vardan, Armenian rebel.
VOL. V.
p. 34, 1. 18. For Bardo read Eberhard.
p. 95, 11. 5 and 4 from bottom. For a monk and, like his predecessor, at Cluny.
Sent to Rome by Abbot Hugh read a monk in some south Italian monastery'.
Sent to Rome by his abbot.
p. 95. Add note 1 See March, J. M. , Liber Pontificalis (Barcelona, 1925), p. 154, n. 3.
p. 120, 1. 19. For Adalbert read Adalbero.
p. 338, 1. 15 from bottom. For Limbourg read Limburg.
p. 389, 1. 12. For Gésa read Géza.
p. 643, l. 20. For Daz read Dax.
p. 709, 1. 9. For Fenandus read Ferrandus.
p. 883, 1. 18. For Repgau read Repgow.
## p. xxiv (#26) ############################################
xxiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A. , Fellow of Gonville and Caius
College, Cambridge
vii
.
CHAPTER I.
.
THE REFORM OF THE CHURCH.
By J. P. WHITNEY, D. D. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
Decadence of the Church
1
Nilus; Romuald of Ravenna .
ib.
Richard of St Vannes; Ratherius .
2
Symptoms of reform
3
Instances of corruption; Jaromir of Prague, Farfa
4
Episcopal elections
5
Parishes
7
Early stages of lay patronage
8
Royal encroachments on the Church
9
Evils in the episcopate
10
Simony
ib.
Clerical marriage, and celibacy
11
Secular canons
13
Rome
14
Benedict VIII
15
The Emperor Henry II
16
Benedict IX.
17
The Emperor Conrad II
18
Sylvester III and Gregory VI
19
The Emperor Henry III
20
The Synod of Sutri
21
Clement II
22
Damasus II
23
Leo IX.
24
The Council of Rheims .
26
The work of Leo's pontificate
Victor II
31
Stephen IX
32
St Peter Damian
33
Contested succession to the Papacy
35
Nicholas II
36
Election decree of 1059.
37
Simoniacal ordinations .
38
.
27
## p. xxv (#27) #############################################
Contents
XXV
Events in Milan
Alexander II and Honorius II
Conciliar legislation
Alexander II and Milan
The commune at Milan .
PAGE
39
43
46
47
48
CHAPTER II.
GREGORY VII AND THE FIRST CONTEST BETWEEN EMPIRE
AND PAPACY.
. . . Son Therm
51
53
ib.
55
58
ib.
60
61
64
65
66
67
69
71
72
.
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A.
Election and early life of Pope Gregory VII .
His position under Alexander II
His temperament and character
The Petrine authority
The supremacy of the spiritual power
The situation in 1073
Reconciliation with Henry IV
Contest with the German episcopate
The first decree against lay investiture
The events of the autumn of 1075.
The Council of Worms .
Excommunication of Henry iv
His journey to Canossa
Election of Rudolf as anti-king
The Pope's neutrality
Papal legislation, 1078—1079
Deposition of Henry IV, 1080
Council of Brixen. The anti-Pope Guibert
Alliance of the Pope with Robert Guiscard
Siege of Rome by Henry IV .
Sack of Rome by the Normans
Death of Pope Gregory VII .
Gregory's relations with France, England, and other States
Pope Victor III
Election of Urban II
Extension of the work of Gregory VII
The organisation of the Church
Papal victory in North Italy
Little headway in Germany.
The question of schismatic ordinations
Urban Il's progress through North Italy and France
His last years and death
Pope Paschal II
His character
The end of the schism
Lay investiture; settlements in France and England
The attitude of Henry V
Unsuccessful negotiations between Pope and King
The events of 1111
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
.
81
86
87
88
89
91
92
93
94
95
ib.
96
98
99
100
101
102
## p. xxvi (#28) ############################################
xxvi
Contents
PAGE
The Pope forced to retract his concession to Henry
Henry as heir to the Countess Matilda .
Deaths of Paschal II and Gelasius II
Pope Calixtus II
The Concordat of Worms
The enhanced position of the Papacy
103
104
105
ib.
107
109
CHAPTER III.
GERMANY UNDER HENRY IV AND HENRY V.
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A.
Regency of Agnes the Empress-mother
Anno's coup d'état at Kaiserswerth
Short regency of Adalbert of Bremen
The royal office
“Princes” of the Kingdom
The countryside and the towns
Alliance of the towns with the king
The growth of feudalism
The royal domain .
Alliance with the Episcopate
The complication of Italy
Henry IV's policy
His character
The peculiar position of Saxony
The revolt of Duke Otto of Bavaria
The Saxon revolt of 1073
Henry's victory on the Unstrut, 1075
His challenge to the Pope
His excommunication and its results
The Diet of Tribur
Canossa
Election of Rudolf as anti-king
The division of Germany
Henry's successful diplomacy
His final breach with the Pope
Death of Rudolf. Herman of Salm as anti-king
The end of the Saxon revolt .
The climax of Henry's power, 1088—1090
His disastrous expedition to Italy, 1090--1097
The First Crusade
Peace in Germany
The revolt of Henry V
Last days and death of Henry IV
Causes of his failure
The rise of new noble families in Germany
The character of Henry V
His forced reliance on the nobles
Henry's first expedition to Italy; victory over the Pope
Archbishop Adalbert of Mayence .
112
115
ib.
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
144
145
146
147
148
149
151
ib.
152
154
155
156
158
## p. xxvii (#29) ###########################################
Contents
xxvii
PAGE
The revolts of 1113 and 1115
Henry's second expedition to Italy
Ecclesiastical opposition in Germany
The Diet of Würzburg
The Concordat of Worms
Independence of the duchies .
Last years and death of Henry V
The election of his successor .
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
CHAPTER IV.
(A)
THE CONQUEST OF SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY
BY THE NORMANS.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON, Archiviste Paléographe.
Condition of Byzantine Italy .
167
Arrival of the Normans
169
Defeat of the Byzantines
171
Robert Guiscard
172
Defeat of Pope Leo IX
173
Reconciliation with the Papacy
174
Treaty of Melfi
175
Capture of Bari
176
Conquest of Sicily
177
Estrangement from the Papacy
178
Discord among the Normans.
179
Alliance with the Papacy
180
Eastern ambitions of Guiscard
181
Capture of Rome; death of Guiscard
182
Weakness of Guiscard's son
183
(B)
THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY.
C
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON.
Roger II of Sicily
Creation of the kingdom of Sicily
Defeat of Pope Innocent II.
East and West allied against Roger
Norman conquests in Africa ,
Death of Roger II
Early difficulties of William I
His victory.
Treaty of Benevento
Alliance with the Papacy against the Empire
Revolt of Norman nobles
Death of William I
Minority of William II .
Marriage-alliance with the Hohenstaufen
184
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
.
.
.
## p. xxviii (#30) ##########################################
xxviii
Contents
Eastern schemes of William II
Death of William II
Tancred and Henry VI .
Victory of Henry VI
Organisation of the Norman Kingdom
Admixture of East and West
Decay of the royal house
PAGE
199
200
201
202
203
206
207
CHAPTER V.
THE ITALIAN CITIES TILL c. 1200.
Direum
By C. W. PREVITÉ-Orton, M. A. , Fellow and Librarian
of St John's College, Cambridge.
The medieval town
The towns in non-Lombard Italy
The towns in Lombard Italy .
Ecclesiastical institutions
Development under the Carolingian Empire.
Fortification of the cities; episcopal government
Growth of collective action
Proto-communes in the South
Classes in the northern cities
Lanzo and Erlembald of Milan
Foundation of the Communes
Cultural and political influences
Supersession of feudal and state authorities
Conquest of the Contado
The rural communes
Development of commerce
Inter-city wars
The Tuscan communes
Florence
Umbria .
Lombardy
Milan
Emilia
The Trevisan March
The regalia; imperial diplomas
Counts, viscounts, and bishops
The consuls and other officials
The Councils. Growth of city law
The milites and consorzerie
The pedites and gilds
Internal strife
The Podestà .
Cominerce and banking
Corporate life. The blood-feud
Contrasts in the communes
208
209
210
ib.
212
213
214
216
217
219
220
222
223
224
225
ib.
226
227
228
ib.
229
230
ib.
.
ib.
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
## p. xxix (#31) ############################################
Contents
xxix
CHAPTER VI.
ISLĀM IN SYRIA AND EGYPT, 750—1100.
By William B. STEVENSON, D. Litt. , Professor of Semitic
Languages in the University of Glasgow.
Disintegration of the Caliphate
Shi'ite dynasties
Saif-ad-Daulah of Aleppo
Greek attacks on Syria .
The Fățimites conquer Egypt
The Qarmațians in Syria
The Caliphate and the Empire
History of Aleppo.
The Emperor Basil II
Caliphate of Hakim
Ruin of the Holy Sepulchre
Egypt and Syria.
The Greeks in Syria
Caliphate of Mustansir .
Emergence of the Turks
Turkish conquest of Syria
Recognition of the Abbasid Caliphs
The Turks in Palestine .
Turkish dissensions
Eve of the First Crusade
PAGE
242
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
253
254
255
256
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
CHAPTER VII.
THE FIRST CRUSADE,
By Professor William B. STEVENSON, D. Litt.
Muslim attack on Europe
Africa, Italy, and Sicily
Leadership of the Pope.
Pilgrimages to Jerusalem
Peril of the Eastern Empire
Purpose of the First Crusade
Pope Urban II's appeal.
Leaders of the Crusade .
First arrivals in Constantinople
Disaster in Asia Minor.
Persecution of Jews on the Rhine .
Pictorial numbers.
Policy of the Emperor Alexius
Latins as allies of the Eastern Empire
Godfrey of Bouillon
Bohemond of Taranto
Robert of Flanders
265
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
275
276
277
ib.
279
280
ib.
282
ib.
C. MED, H. VOL. V.
## p. xxx (#32) #############################################
XXX
Contents
PAGE
283
ib.
ib.
Raymond of Toulouse
Robert of Normandy
Treaty with Alexius
Siege of Nicaea
March through Asia Minor
Alliance with the Armenians
Inter-national rivalries .
Siege of Antioch
Battle with Karböghã
Bohemond, Prince of Antioch
March to Jerusalem
Godfrey, Prince of Jerusalem
Numbers of the Crusaders
Peter the Hermit ,
285
286
287
288
289
293
294
295
296
297
299
.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, 1099—1291.
By CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.
