In 1830 he
published
a patriotic
lyric entitled (The Appeal, for which he re-
ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat
a line.
lyric entitled (The Appeal, for which he re-
ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat
a line.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
5, 70 B.
C.
; died at Brundisium,
Sept. 21, 19 B. C. He wrote the epic Æneid,
in 12 books; several (Eclogues) or (Bucolics,'
pastoral poems in imitation of the idylls of
Theocritus ; and the 'Georgics,' a didactic poem
on husbandry, in four books. *
Visconti, Ennio Quirino (vis-kon'tē). An
Italian archæologist ; born at Rome, Nov. I,
1751; died Feb. 7, 1818. In his 14th year he
translated into Italian verse the Hecuba) of
Euripides. His greatest work is (Grecian Ico-
nography) (3 vols. , 1808). He visited London
at the invitation of Lord Elgin to inspect the
Elgin Marbles, 1817, and wrote (Memoirs on the
Works of Sculpture from the Parthenon (1818).
Vitet, Ludovic (vē-tā'). A French states-
man, poet, and author, member of the Acad-
emy; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1802; died there,
June 5, 1873. While a journalist on L'Univers,
he wrote three dramatic poems, (The Day of
the Barricades) (1826), (The States of Blois)
(1827), and the Death of Henri III. (1829),
which gave him reputation. Subsequently he
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.
Of his later works the best known are: (Frag-
ments and Mélanges! (1846), artistic, literary,
and archæological criticisms; (Studies of the
History of Art) (1864); (Letters on the Siege
of Paris) (1870–71).
Vitruvius Pollio (vé-trö've-us pol'le-o). A
celebrated Roman military engineer and writer
on architecture. He lived in the Augustan age,
and wrote ten books (Of Architecture, treat-
ing of the construction of temples and public
and private buildings, as also of waterworks,
sun-dials, various machines, etc. The work is
still extant.
Vivien de St. Martin, Louis (viv-yen' de
san mär-tan'). A French geographer; born at
Caen, May 22, 1802. He was one of the found-
ers of the Paris Geographical Society, and from
1863 to 1876 edited the Geographical Year,
an annual review of geographical exploration.
He wrote: Description of Asia Minor) (2
vols. , 1845); “Study on the Grecian and Roman
Geography of India) (3 vols. , 1858–60); “Study
on the Geography of the Primitive Peoples of
Northwestern India according to the Vedic
Hymns) (1860); (The North of Africa in Gre-
cian and Roman Antiquity) (1863); New Dic-
tionary of Universal Geography) (1876-93);
(Universal Atlas of Geography, Modern, An-
cient, and Mediæval (1877).
Vizetelly, Henry Richard. An English pub-
lisher, journalist, and author; born in London,
June 30, 1820; died at Tilford near Farnham,
Jan. I, 1894. He was the first publisher to in-
troduce to English readers (Uncle Tom's Cabin,
and the works of Poe, Zola, and Tolstoy; and
in 1843 founded the Pictorial Times, one of the
pioneer journals of the British pictorial press.
He acted as Paris correspondent of the liustrated
London News (1806-76), and represented the
government at foreign expositions. His earliest
work, (The Story of the Diamond Necklace!
(1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte,
was followed by a translation of Topin's (Man
with the Iron Mask) (1879); (Berlin under the
New Empire) (1879); (Paris in Peril (1882),
a vivid account of the siege of 1870-71; (A
History of Champagne,' a monograph on wines;
(Glances Back through Seventy Years' (1893).
Vlachos, Angelos (vlak'os). A Greek states-
man; born at Athens, 1838. Among his writings
are : The Homeric Question) (1866); (New-
Greek Chrestomathy' (1870); 'Comedies (1870);
Modern Greek-French Dictionary' (1871);
Lyric Poems) (1875).
Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (fö'gel) A Ger-
man photographer and spectrum-analyst; born
at Dobrilugk, Prussia, March 26, 1834. lle
wrote: From the New Witches' Caldron :
Sketches of Spiritism (1880); Photographs
after Nature) (1882); “Progress of Photography
since 1879) (1883); (Chemical Action of Light
and Photography) (2d ed. 1883); Photography
of Colored Objects) (1885); Practical Spectrum
Analysis of Terrestrial Objects) (1889); Artistic
Photography) (1890).
Vogel, Jakob, styled Vogel von Glarus. A
Swiss poet; born at Glarus, Dec. II, 1816. He
is a noted connoisseur and collector of the
poetry of Switzerland. His works are : (Beau-
ties and Terrors of the Swiss Alpine World,
prose (1868); Pictures from the Alps,' poems
(1874); (Reminiscences of the Klönthal' (1878);
(Poems) (14th ed. 1890); My Home: Selected
Poems of Nature) (1893).
Vogel, Otto. A Plattdeutsch dialect poet;
born at Greifswald, Jan. 3, 1838. Among his
Plattdeutsch lays are: Mirror of Pomerania •
From Every Age) (1869) and (Rose-Leaves, en
Strämmel Plattdeutsch. In High German he
wrote (Reproaches : A Garland of Lays) (1887).
Vogelweide, Walther von der. See Walther
von der Vogelweide. *
Vogl, Johann Nepomuk (fõ'gel). An Aus-
trian lyric poet; born in Vienna in 1802. He
published: (Ballads and Romances); (Soldier
Songs); Lyric Poems); and other works.
Vogt, Karl (főkt). A German naturalist;
born at Giessen, July 5, 1817; died May 5, 1895.
He was associated with Agassiz in the writing
of the works on Fossil Fishes, (Studies on
Glaciers, and Natural History of Freshwater
Fishes. Among his independent writings are :
(Text-Book of Geology and Petrifactions
(1846); Physiological Letters) (3 parts, 1846);
(The Ocean and the Mediterranean (1848);
(Researches on Beast-States,' a political satire
(1851); (Old and New from the Life of Animals
and Men (1859); Implicit Faith and Science : A
Polemic against Rudolf Wagner) (4th ed. 1856);
(Text-Book of Practical Comparative Anatomy)
(1888).
## p. 551 (#567) ############################################
VOGUÉ – VOLLMAR
551
Vogüé, Charles Jean Melchior, Marquis
de (võ-gü-ā'). A French archæologist; born at
Paris, Oct. 18, 1829. His studies are mainly in
the departments of the history of religion and
Oriental art. He is author of : (The Churches
of the Holy Land) (1859); (The Temple of
Jerusalem) (1864); "Civil and Religious Archi-
tecture in Central Syria, from the First to the
Sixth Century) (2 vols. , 1865-77); “Semitic In-
scriptions) (1869-77).
Vogüé, Eugène Melchior, Vicomte de. A
French diplomatist and writer, cousin of Charles;
born Feb. 24, 1848. He was in the diplomatic
service, but left it in 1881 to devote his time
to literature. He has published : “Syria, Pal-
estine, Mount Athos) (1876); (Oriental Histo-
ries) (1879); (The Son of Peter the Great' (1884);
(The Russian Romance (1886); (Souvenirs and
Visions) (1887); “Remarks on the Centennial
Exposition' (1889). He is a member of the
French Academy. *
Voigt, Georg (voit). A German historian;
born at Königsberg, April 5, 1827; died at
Leipsic, where he was professor of history,
Aug. 18, 1891. His chief works are: (The
Renaissance of Classic Antiquity; or, The First
Century of Humanism (1859); (Enea Silvio
de' Piccolomini as Pope Pius II. , and his
Times) (3 vols. , 1856-63); (Memorabilia of Gior-
dano de Giano the Minorite (1870); (Histori-
ography of the Expedition of Charles V. against
Tunis, 1535' (1872); Maurice of Saxony, 1541-
47' (1876).
Voigt, Johannes. A German historian,
father of Georg; born at Bettenhausen, in
Saxe-Meiningen, Aug. 27, 1786; died at Königs-
berg, Sept. 23, 1863. He is author of Hilde-
brand as Pope Gregory VII. , and his Times)
(1815), in which he regards the reign of Greg.
ory VII. as one of the most noteworthy phe-
nomena of the Middle Ages, and Gregory
himself as a great reformer; (History of the
Lombard League and its Struggle with the
Emperor Frederick I. (1818); History of Prus-
sia from the Earliest Times to the Downfall
of the Domination of the Teutonic Order) (9
vols. , 1827-39); (The Westphalian Vehmgerichte
as related to Prussia) (1836); (Margrave Al-
brecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
(1852); “History of the Teutonic Order in its
Twelve Circles in Germany) (2 vols. , 1857-59).
Voit, Karl von (foit). A German physiolo-
gist; born at Amberg, Bavaria, Oct. 31, 1831.
He was appointed professor of physiology in the
University of Munich in 1863. His first mem-
orable scientific researches (1854) demonstrated
the presence of urea in the muscular tissues
of cholera patients; since then he has studied
almost exclusively the questions of digestion
and assimilation. His principal works are:
Physiologico-Chemical Researches) (Part i. ,
1857); (Researches on the Effects of Common
Salt, Coffee, and Muscular Action, on Diges-
tion) (1860); "Laws of Nutrition in Carnivora)
(1860).
Voiture, Vincent (vwä-tür'). A French poet;
born in Amiens, 1598; died May 26, 1648. His
letters are the chief basis of his literary repu-
tation. He enjoyed the friendship of Cardinal
Mazarin, and through his patronage attained
the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed large
pensions.
Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel (folk'elt). A
German philosopher; born at Lipnik in Galicia,
July 21, 1848. He was made professor of phi-
losophy in the University of Basle, 1883, and
in that of Leipsic, 1894. In his studies he has
sought to reconcile the contradiction between
the ancient and the modern schools of philos-
ophy in their respective theories of the universe.
His chief writings are: (The Unknown and
Pessimism) (1873); (Immanuel Kant's Theory
of Cognition Analyzed in its Fundamental
Principles) (1879); Experience and Thought)
(1886); Æsthetic Questions of the Times)
(1895).
Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm (folk'män). A
German physiologist ; born at Leipsic, June 1,
1801; died April 21, 1877, at Halle, where he
was professor of physiology. He made special
studies of the nervous system and the sense of
sight. Among his works are: (Anatomy of
Animals, Illustrated with Plates! (1831-33);
(Contributions to the Physiology of the Sense
of Sight) (1836); (The Independence of the
Sympathetic System of Nerves) (1842); Dy-
namics of the Blood ( 1850 ); Physiological
Researches in the Department of Optics'
(1863–64); "Elasticity of Muscles? (1856).
Volkmann, Richard von. ["Richard Lean-
der. ”] A German surgeon, story-writer, and
poet; born at Leipsic, Aug. 17, 1830; died Nov.
28, 1889, at Jena, where he was professor of
surgery. Among his professional writings are :
(Diseases of the Motor Organs) (1865); (Man-
ual of Surgery) (1865); “Contributions to Sur-
gery) (1875). He wrote also: (Reveries at
French Firesides,' a series of tales (1871; 22d
ed. 1894); (From Student Times) (1876);
Poems) (3d ed. 1885); (Short Poems) (2d ed.
1889); (Old and New Troubadour Songs (2d
ed. 1890).
Volkmar, Gustav (folk'mär). A German
theological writer; born at Hersfeld, Hesse, Jan.
11, 1809; died Jan. 10, 1893. He was professor
of theology in the University of Zürich. His
principal works are : an edition of 'The Gospel
of Marcion) (1852); Justin Martyr and his
Relation to our Gospels) (1853); (Sources of the
History of Heresies down to the Nicene Council,
vol. i. , Hippolytus and the Philosophumena)
(1853); “Religion of Jesus and its First Develop-
ment) (1857); (Origin of our Gospels) (1866);
(Life and Works of Zwingli) (1870); (Myths of
the Popes) (1873); ( The Synoptics and the His-
torical Facts of the Life of Jesus) (1877); Jesus
of Nazareth and the Early Christian Times)
(1882); (Paul from Damascus to the Epistle to
the Galatians) (1887).
Vollmar, Georg von (föl'mår). A German
socialist, agitator, and author; born at Munich,
## p. 552 (#568) ############################################
VOLLMOLLER - VOSMAER
552
March 7, 1850. He wrote: (The Isolated So-
cialist State) (1880); (The Next Task of the
Social Democracy (1891); “On State Social-
ism' (1892).
Vollmöller, Karl Gustav (föl'mėl-er). A
German philologist; born at Ilsfeld in Wür-
temberg, Oct. 16, 1848. He was appointed pro-
fessor of Romanic and English philology in
the University of Göttingen, 1881. He has
written (Kürenberg and the Nibelungen” (1874);
(Munich's Brutus) (1877); Poem of the Cid'
(1879); (Octavianus) (1883); Monuments of
the English Language and Literature from the
16th to the 18th Century) (1883). He edits the
Critical Annual of the Progress Romanic
Philology (commenced 1892).
Volney, Constantin de, Count (vol-nē' );
family name Chassebæuf (shas-bėf). A dis-
tinguished French philosopher, author, and
traveler; born in Craon (Mayenne), February
1757 ; died in April 1820. He published in
1789 his (Travels in Egypt and Syria' (2 vols. ),
the best description of them to that date. In
1789 he was elected a deputy to the States-
General. In 1791 he produced a work still re-
membered, and on which his fame rests, -
(Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of
Empires. Imprisoned in 1793, on his release
he passed two years in the United States, pub-
lishing in 1803 his Description of the Climate
and Soil of the country. Among his other
works are: (The Natural Law; or, Physical
Principles of Morality) (1793); and (Researches
in Ancient History) (3 vols. , 1814).
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (vol-
tảr'). The renowned French writer, whose name
of Voltaire was assumed ; born in Paris, Nov.
21, 1694; died there, May 30, 1778. His works
include : (Edipus (1718); Artemire) (1721);
(Mariamne) (1722); "La Henriade) (1723), ori-
ginally published as (The League; or, Henry
the Great); (History of Charles XII. (1730 ? );
(Letters on the English (1731); Brutus' (1731);
(Philosophical Letters) (1732 ? ); Zaïre) (1732);
(Eriphyle) (1732); “Adelaide Duguesclin (1734);
(The Temple of Taste) (1734 ? ); (The Death
of Cæsar) (1735 ? ); Elements of Newton's
Philosophy) (1735);. «The Maid of Orleans)
(1736); (Alzire) (1736); “Zulime) (1740); (Ma-
homet) (1741); (The Prodigal Son (1742 ? );
(Mérope) (1743); (Discourse on Man); (The
Princess of Navarre) (1746); "Semiramis);
(Rome Saved) (174-); (Orestes) (1750); Na-
nine); “Century of Louis XIV. ? (1751); Dia-
tribe of Doctor Akakia! ( 1752 ); (Amélie)
(1752); (Poem on Natural Law) (1756); (Can-
dide) (1758); (History of Russia under Peter I.
(1759); (Republican Ideas) ( 1762); (On Toler-
ation (1763); (Catechism of the Honest Man)
(1763); (Tales) (1763); (Commentary on Cor-
neille) (1764 ? ); (Agathocles) (1764 ? ); (Julius
Cæsar) (1764), "a translation from the English
of W. Shakespeare (1764); (Irene); (Tan-
crède) (1765); (Socrates) (1765? ); (The Bible at
Last Explained” (1766); Pyrrhonism of His-
tory); “Century of Louis XV. ' (1766 ? ). The au-
thor's habit of secret and anonymous publication
makes his bibliography difficult of compilation.
The dates of (Zadig); (Micromegas); Jean-
not and Colin'; 'The Ingenuous One); and
( The Princess of Babylon, are in doubt. *
Vondel, Joost van den (von'del). A Dutch
dramatic poet; born in Cologne, Nov. 17, 1587;
died in Amsterdam, 1679. His is the greatest
name in Dutch literature, and he has often
been called “The Dutch Shakespeare. He
began his literary career with the drama (Het
Pascha, produced in 1612 before the Rhetori-
cal Chamber, of which he was a member. He
wrote the tragedy (Palamedes,' and (The Am-
sterdam Hecuba, a free version of Seneca
(1625); many translations from the classics and
versions of classical originals. The dramatic
poem (Lucifer,' the greatest of his works, is
considered by many Dutch critics to be an
allegorical account of the revolt of the Nether-
lands against Philip of Spain. His collected
works, together with a life of the poet, were
published at Amsterdam (1850-69) in twelve
volumes. *
Von-Visin, Denis Ivanovich (fon-fés'in).
A Russian poet; born at Moscow, April 14,
1744; died at St. Petersburg, 1792. He wrote:
( The Brigadier, a comedy (1706), which won
for him instant celebrity; it was followed by
his masterpiece, the comedy Mother's Darling
Son) (1782); and the same year appeared his
(Questions to Catherine 11. He left an un-
finished autobiography, Frank Confession of
my Thoughts and Doings.
Vorosmarty or Voeroesmarty, Mihály (vö-
rösh-mar'ty). A celebrated Hungarian writer
and patriot; born in the county of Fejervar in
1800; died in 1856, while engaged on a trans-
lation of Shakespeare. He published King
Solomon,' a drama in 1821, which was followed
by a poem, "The Triumph of Fidelity) (1827);
(King Sigismund, a drama (1824); (The
Flight of Zalan,' an epic poem ; the tragedy
(Kont) (1825). His narrative poems entitled
(Cserhalom,' and (The Enchanted Valley,' es.
tablished his reputation as the first Hungarian
poet of his time. He was a contributor to
Kisfaludy's Aurora, and was for several years
editor of a journal called The Repository of
Science.
In 1830 he published a patriotic
lyric entitled (The Appeal, for which he re-
ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat
a line.
Vosmaer, Carl (vos'mär). A Dutch jour-
nalist, novelist, artist, and writer on art; born at
The Hague, March 20, 1826; died at Montreux,
Switzerland, June 12, 1888. He is best known
outside of his own country as the author of
(The Amazon) (1881), a novel, which was
translated into English, French, and other lan-
guages. Other works are: (Studies on War
and Art) (1856); “Sketches) (1860), verse ; 'Life
of Rembrandt (1869); Franz Hals) (1874);
(Our Contemporary Artists) (1881); a transła-
tion of the Iliad and Odyssey.
## p. 553 (#569) ############################################
VOSS - WACE
553
Voss, Gerhard Johann (fös), usually styled
Vossius. A celebrated Dutch philologist;
born near Heidelberg 1577; died at Amster-
dam, March 17, 1649. In certain departments
of archæophilology he made valuable original
researches; and he was the first to indicate the
historical evolution of the Latin language.
Among his writings are : (Essays on Rhetoric;
or, The Institutes of Oratory, his greatest work
(1606); (The Greek Historians) (1624); (The
Latin Historians ) (1627); (Aristarchus; or, On
the Art of Grammar) (1635); (Of Errors of
Speech and Latino-Barbarous Terms) (1640);
(Heathen Theology) (1642); «The Times of
the Ancient Poets) (1654); Etymology of the
Latin Language) (1662). The Correspondence
of Vossius with Eminent Men) was published
in 1691.
Voss, Heinrich. A German philologist, son
of Johann H. ; born at Otterndorf, Oct. 29,
1779; died Oct. 20, 1822, at Heidelberg, where
he was professor of philology, in succession
to his father. He was a warm friend of Jean
Paul Richter, and his literary executor. He
completed his father's translation of Æschy-
lus (1826); this work, as also the "Corre-
spondence between Heinrich Voss and Jean
Paul' and Communications regarding Goethe
and Schiller, in Letters by Heinrich Voss,'
appeared after his death.
Voss, Isaak V. , son of Gerhard J. ; born at
Leyden, 1618; died at Windsor, England, where
he held a canonry, Feb. 21, 1689. Among his
writings are : (The Seventy Interpreters : Their
Translation and Their Chronology) (1661); “Of
the Singing of Poems and the Power of Rhythm)
(1653); (A Book of Various Observations)
(1685).
Voss, Johann Heinrich. A German poet;
born in Sommersdorf, Mecklenburg, Feb. 20,
1751; died at Heidelberg, March 29, 1826. His
principal original work is the idyl (Luise,
published in complete form in 1795. His fame
is based principally, however, upon his trans-
lations of the classical writers, particularly of
Homer. He translated the Odyssey (1781);
the Niad, together with a revised version of
the Odyssey (1793) ; Virgil (1799) ; Horace and
Hesiod (1806); Theocritus, Bion, and Mos-
chus (1808 ); Tibullus (1810); Aristophanes
( 1821). He is also the author of a number of
lyrical poems. His complete poetical works
were published in Leipsic, 1835.
Voss, Julius von. A German story-writer;
born at Brandenburg, Aug. 24, 1768; died at
Berlin, Nov. 1, 1832. His rapidity of literary
production was almost without a parallel. His
best story is (The Schildburger) (The Fool-
townite: 1823). He wrote a great many com-
edies, farces, and satirical parodies. In (The
Strahlow Haul of Fish) (1822), a popular
piece with songs, in the Berlin patois, he gives
the first example of the Berlinese farce.
Voss, Richard. A German poet; born at
Neugrape in Pomerania, Sept. 2, 1851. Among
his dramatic compositions are: Savonarola
(1878); Magda) (1879); “The Patrician Dame)
(1881); Luigia Sanfelice) (1882); Father Mo-
destus) (1883); ( The Czar's Moor) (1883), after
a fragment by Pushkin ; (Woe to the Besieged)
(1889); (Eve) (1889); Betwixt Two Hearts)
(1893); (At Sedan (1895). In narrative verse
he wrote : (A Hill Asylum (1882); (Roman
Village Tales) (1884); Messalina(1881).
Among his novels are: Life Tragedy of an
Actress) (1883); (The New Romans) (1885);
(Children of the South) (1888); “Villa Falco-
nieri) (1895). He excels in description of Italian
lowly life.
Vraz, Stanko (fräch). A Croatian poet; born
at Zerovec in Lower Styria, June 30, 1810; died
at Agram, May 24, 1851. Among his works
are: a collection of Slovenian folk-songs from
Styria, Ukraine, Carinthia, and Western Hun-
gary (1839); and (Rose-Apples) (1840), a collec-
tion of love-songs.
Vulpius, Christian August (völ’pe-us). A
German writer; born in Weimar, 1762 ; died in
1827. He was a brother-in-law of Goethe, under
whose direction he became secretary of the
court theatre at Weimar. He published: (Ri-
naldo Rinaldini? (1799), a robber romance;
( Dramatic Histories of Former Times); and
a number of dramatic works. He was sub-
sequently first librarian and overseer of the
cabinet of coins at Weimar.
W
>
Waagen, Gustav Friedrich (vä'gen). A
German historian of art; born at Hamburg,
Feb. II, 1794; died at Copenhagen, July 15,
1868. He wrote: (Art Works and Artists of
England and Paris ) (3 vols. , 1837–39); Art
Works and Artists of Germany) (2 vols. , 1843-
45); “The Treasures of Art in Great Britain)
(3 vols. , 1854); "The Most Notable Art Monu-
ments in Vienna' (2 vols. , 1866–67); (The Col-
lection of Paintings in the Imperial Hermitage
at St. Petersburg (1867).
Wace, Robert. A Norman-French trouvère,
calling himself simply Master Wace; born in
the island of Jersey about 1120; died about
1180. His celebrated works are two long ro-
mances, the Roman de Brut (Brutus), and
the (Roman de Rou) (Rollo), both in Norman
French. The Roman de Brut) is in octosyl-
labic couplets, is presumably founded on Geof.
frey of Monmouth's chronicle, and is of com-
manding literary importance as the source, or
supposed source, from which many subsequent
## p. 554 (#570) ############################################
554
WACHENHUFEN – WAGNER
poets drew their Merlin and King Arthur tales.
The Roman de Rou,' mostly octosyllabic also,
is a chronicle of the Norman dukes.
Wachenhufen, Hans (väch'en-hö-fen). A
German miscellaneous writer; born at Treves,
Dec. 31, 1827. He is author of: (The New
Paris) (1855); Pictures of Travel in Spain
(1857); Journal of the Austro-Italian War)
(1859); Crescent and Double Eagle) (1860);
(Rome and Sahara,' a novel (3d ed. 1867);
(Paris Photographs' (1868); (The Poor Egyp-
tian Man (1871). Among his numerous sto-
ries are: The Heart's Golgotha'; (Only a
Woman); (A Woman's Guilt.
Wachler, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (väch'.
ler). A German historian of literature ; born at
Gotha, April 15, 1767; died at Breslau, April 4,
1838. His principal writings are : (Manual of the
History of Literary Culture) (2 vols. , 1804-5);
(Lectures on the History of German Literature)
(2 vols. , 1818-19); History of Historical Re-
search and Art from the Renaissance) (2 vols. ,
1812–20).
Wachsmuth, Ernst Wilhelm Gottlieb
(vächs'möt). A German historian; born at
Hildesheim, Dec. 28, 1784; died at Leipsic, Jan.
23, 1866. Among his works are: (Outline of a
Theory of History) (1820); 'Hellenic Antiquity)
(4 vols. , 1826–30); History of European Morals)
(5 vols. , 1831-39); History of the Age of the
Revolution (4 vols. , 1846-48); History of Ger-
man Nationality) (3 vols. , 1860-62).
Wachsmuth, Kurt. A German antiquarian;
born at Naumburg on the Saale, April 27, 1837.
He became professor at Marburg in 1864, and
at Leipsic in 1886. His principal works are:
(Timon the Phliasian, and Other Greek Satir-
ists) (1859); (The Doctrine of the Stoics on
Divination and Dæmons) (1860); (Old Greece
in the New) (1864); (The City of Athens in
Antiquity) (2 vols. , 1874-90); (Introduction to
the Study of Ancient Poetry) (1895).
Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich (väk'en-
rõder). A German miscellaneous writer; born
at Berlin, 1773; died there, Feb. 13, 1798. His
works are: (Heart Outpourings of an Art-
Loving Friar) (1797), written in collaboration
with Ludwig Tieck, and received with great
favor by the German artists at Rome; (Franz
Sternbald's Wanderings (1798); "Fantasias on
Art) (1799).
Wackernagel, Jakob (väk'er-nä-gel). A
Swiss philologist; born at Basle, Dec. II, 1853.
He became professor of Greek language and
literature in the University of Basle, 1881. He
wrote: (Origin of Brahmanism) (1877); (The
Study of Classical Antiquity in Switzerland)
(1891); "Palæ-Indian Grammar) (1890).
Wackernagel, Wilhelm. A Swiss linguist
and antiquarian; born at Berlin, April 23,
1806; died Dec. 21, 1869, at Basle, where he
was professor of German language and lit-
erature. His principal writings are : (German
Dictionary) (5th ed, 1878); History of Ger-
man Literature) (1848–55); (Land Laws of the
Schwabenspiegel (1840); (Old German Ser.
mons and Prayers) (1876): (The Little Book
of Wine (1845); and other volumes of poems.
Waddington, William Henry (wod'ing-ton;
F. pron. va-dan-tôn”). A French diplomat,
statesman, and archæologist; born of English
parentage at St. Remi in Eure-et-Loir, Dec.
II, 1826; died at Paris, Jan. 13, 1894. He was
ambassador to England, 1883-93. Among his
writings are: (Travels in Asia Minor in the In-
terest of Numismatics) (1852); (Archæological
Travels in Greece and Asia Minor) (6 vols. ,
1847-77); (Greek and Latin Inscriptions from
Syria' (1870).
Wade, Thomas. An English poet; born in
1805; died Sept. 19, 1875. He was an advanced
Liberal. His chief works are: (Tasso and the
Sisters) (1825); (Woman's Love) (played at
Covent Garden in 1828, and published in 1829);
(The Jew of Arragon) (1830), a tragedy;
Mundi et Cordis Carmina (1835), afterwards
reprinted under the English title, (Songs of
the Universe and Heart. The last-named con-
tained his best work.
Waechter, Karl Georg von (vech'ter). A
German jurist ; born at Marbach on the Neckar,
Dec. 24, 1797 ; died at Connewitz near Leipsic,
Jan. 15, 1880. He is author of: (Disquisitions
on Criminal Law) (1835); (The German Com-
mon Law, Especially Criminal Law) (1844);
a commentary on the Pandects) of the Jus-
tinian Code (2 parts, 1880-81).
Waechter, Oskar von. A German jurist and
publicist; son of Karl G. ; born at Tübingen,
April 29, 1825. He wrote: (Copyright Syste-
matically Laid Down according to the German
Common Law) (1875); (Copyright in Works of
Plastic Art, Photographs, etc. ) (1877); “Ency-
clopædia of the Laws of Exchange (1879-80);
(Vehmgericht and Witchcraft Trials) (1882);
(Old Gold in German Proverbs) (1883); Johann
Jakob Moser) (1885).
Wagenaar, Jan (vä'gen-är). A Dutch his-
torian; born at Amsterdam, Oct. 3, 1709; died
there, March 1773. His best-known work is
History of the Fatherland) (21 vols. , 1749-60):
the work reaches down to the year 1751. He
wrote also : (Description of the United Prov.
inces of the Netherlands) (12 vols. , 1739);
Description of Amsterdam (3 vols. , 1760-07).
Wagener, Hermann (vä'gen-er). A German
writer on political subjects; born at Segelitz
near Neu-Ruppin, March 8, 1815; died at Berlin,
April 22, 1889. He edited a Lexicon of the
State and Society) (23 vols. , 1858-67); and wrote
(The Policy of Frederick William IV. (1883);
(My Memoirs of the Periods between 1848 and
1866, and from 1873 till Now) (1884).
Wagner, Adolf (väg'ner). A German polit-
ical economist, son of Rudolf; born at Er-
langen, March 25, 1835. The more important
of his writings are: (Contributions to the Study
of Banking (1857); 'Abolition of Private Land-
ownership) (1870); Law in the Apparently
)
(
## p. 555 (#571) ############################################
WAGNER - WALCH
555
Arbitrary Doings Man (1864); ( Text-Book
of Political Economy, written in collaboration
with other economists (Vol. i. , 1876; Vol. vii. ,
(Finance, 1880), in which he upholds socialistic
views, favoring State ownership of railways;
( The Science of Finance and State Socialism)
(1887); (My Conflict with the Baron von Stumm-
Halberg (1895), the last two in defense of
socialism.
Wagner, Ernst. A German novelist; born
at Rossdorf, Feb. 2, 1769; died at Meiningen,
Feb. 25, 1812. Among his more successful novels
are : (Willibald's Views of Life) (1804); "The
Traveling Painters) (1806); Isidora) (1814).
He wrote also Journeys from Abroad Home-
ward) (1808).
Wagner, Heinrich Leopold. A German
poet; born at Strasburg, Feb. 19, 1747 ; died
at Frankfort on the Main, March 4, 1779. He
wrote: Prometheus and Deucalion) (1775), a
farce ridiculing the critics who carped at Goe-
the's (Werther); (Voltaire on the Eve of his
Apotheosis,' a dramatic satire ( 1778 ); (Re-
pentance After the Act,' a drama (1775); “The
Child-Murderess,' a tragedy (1779).
Wagner, Hermann. A German geographer
and statistician, son of Rudolf; born at Er-
langen, June 23, 1840, Among his works are:
(The Earth's Population); (Wall Map of Ger-
many) (1879); (Text-Book of Geography) (2
vols. , 1894-95); “Methodical School Atlas) (6th
ed. 1895).
Wagner, Moritz. A German traveler and
naturalist, brother of Rudolf; born at Bayreuth,
Oct. 3, 1813; died by his own hand at Munich,
May 30, 1887. He traveled in Algeria, the coast-
lands of the Black Sea, the Caucasus, Armenia,
Kurdistan, Persia, North and Central America,
and the West Indies. Among his writings are :
(Travels in the Regency of Algiers) (3 vols. ,
1841); 'The Caucasus and the Land of the Cos-
sacks) (2 vols. , 1847); Journey to Colchis)
(1850); Journey to Ararat and the Armenian
Highlands) (1848); (Travels in Persia and in
the Land of the Kurds) (2 vols. , 1851); “Scien-
tific Travels in Tropical America) (1870); “The
Darwinian Theory, and the Law of Migration
of Organisms) (1868).
Wagner, Paul. A German agricultural chem-
ist; born at Liebenau in Hanover, March 7,
1843. He was named professor of agricultural
chemistry in the University of Darmstadt, 1881.
He is author of: (Text-Book of the Manufac-
ture of Manures) (1877); (Introduction to Ra.
tional Manuring with Phosphoric Acid) (1889);
4 Nitrate Manuring' (1892).
Wagner, Richard. The German musical
composer and poet; born in Leipsic, May 22,
1813; died in Venice, Italy, Feb. 13, 1883. In
addition to the musical compositions upon
which his fame is founded, he has written :
(The Judaic in Music) (1852); (Music of the
Future) (1860); (State and Religion (1864);
(Letters); etc.
Wagner, Rudolf. A distinguished German
physiologist and anthropologist ; born at Bay-
reuth, June 30, 1805; died May 13, 1864, at Göt-
tingen, where he had been professor since 1840.
Among his writings are: (Text-Book of Com-
parative Anatomy) (1834); (Text-Book of
Physiology) (1839); (Hand-Dictionary of Physi-
ology (4 vols. , 1842-53); (Creation of Man
and Soul Substance) (1854); (Of Knowledge
and Belief, with Special Reference to the Fu-
ture of the Soul (1854); (The Struggle Over
the Soul ( 1857 ); (Zoologico-Anthropological
Researches) (1861); Preliminary Studies to-
ward a Scientific Morphology and Physiology
of the Human Brain as an Organ of Soul)
(two parts, 1860-62).
Wahrmund, Adolf (vär'mönt). A German
Orientalist; born at Wiesbaden, June 10, 1827.
His principal works are : Hand-Dictionary of
the Arabic and German Languages) (3 vols. ,
1874-77); Poems) (1880);( Babylonianism, Juda-
ism, and Christianism (1882); (Practical Manual
of the Osmanli-Turkish Language) (2d ed. 1885);
(The Christian School and Judaism' (1885);
(Practical Manual of Modern Arabic) (3d ed.
1886); (The Law of Nomadism) (1887); (The
War of Civilization between Asia and Europe)
(1887); (Monsieur Jourdan, the Paris Botanist,
in the Kara-Bagh: A Comedy in Modern Per-
sian (1889); (Abhâsa: A Tragedy) (1890).
Sept. 21, 19 B. C. He wrote the epic Æneid,
in 12 books; several (Eclogues) or (Bucolics,'
pastoral poems in imitation of the idylls of
Theocritus ; and the 'Georgics,' a didactic poem
on husbandry, in four books. *
Visconti, Ennio Quirino (vis-kon'tē). An
Italian archæologist ; born at Rome, Nov. I,
1751; died Feb. 7, 1818. In his 14th year he
translated into Italian verse the Hecuba) of
Euripides. His greatest work is (Grecian Ico-
nography) (3 vols. , 1808). He visited London
at the invitation of Lord Elgin to inspect the
Elgin Marbles, 1817, and wrote (Memoirs on the
Works of Sculpture from the Parthenon (1818).
Vitet, Ludovic (vē-tā'). A French states-
man, poet, and author, member of the Acad-
emy; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1802; died there,
June 5, 1873. While a journalist on L'Univers,
he wrote three dramatic poems, (The Day of
the Barricades) (1826), (The States of Blois)
(1827), and the Death of Henri III. (1829),
which gave him reputation. Subsequently he
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.
Of his later works the best known are: (Frag-
ments and Mélanges! (1846), artistic, literary,
and archæological criticisms; (Studies of the
History of Art) (1864); (Letters on the Siege
of Paris) (1870–71).
Vitruvius Pollio (vé-trö've-us pol'le-o). A
celebrated Roman military engineer and writer
on architecture. He lived in the Augustan age,
and wrote ten books (Of Architecture, treat-
ing of the construction of temples and public
and private buildings, as also of waterworks,
sun-dials, various machines, etc. The work is
still extant.
Vivien de St. Martin, Louis (viv-yen' de
san mär-tan'). A French geographer; born at
Caen, May 22, 1802. He was one of the found-
ers of the Paris Geographical Society, and from
1863 to 1876 edited the Geographical Year,
an annual review of geographical exploration.
He wrote: Description of Asia Minor) (2
vols. , 1845); “Study on the Grecian and Roman
Geography of India) (3 vols. , 1858–60); “Study
on the Geography of the Primitive Peoples of
Northwestern India according to the Vedic
Hymns) (1860); (The North of Africa in Gre-
cian and Roman Antiquity) (1863); New Dic-
tionary of Universal Geography) (1876-93);
(Universal Atlas of Geography, Modern, An-
cient, and Mediæval (1877).
Vizetelly, Henry Richard. An English pub-
lisher, journalist, and author; born in London,
June 30, 1820; died at Tilford near Farnham,
Jan. I, 1894. He was the first publisher to in-
troduce to English readers (Uncle Tom's Cabin,
and the works of Poe, Zola, and Tolstoy; and
in 1843 founded the Pictorial Times, one of the
pioneer journals of the British pictorial press.
He acted as Paris correspondent of the liustrated
London News (1806-76), and represented the
government at foreign expositions. His earliest
work, (The Story of the Diamond Necklace!
(1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte,
was followed by a translation of Topin's (Man
with the Iron Mask) (1879); (Berlin under the
New Empire) (1879); (Paris in Peril (1882),
a vivid account of the siege of 1870-71; (A
History of Champagne,' a monograph on wines;
(Glances Back through Seventy Years' (1893).
Vlachos, Angelos (vlak'os). A Greek states-
man; born at Athens, 1838. Among his writings
are : The Homeric Question) (1866); (New-
Greek Chrestomathy' (1870); 'Comedies (1870);
Modern Greek-French Dictionary' (1871);
Lyric Poems) (1875).
Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (fö'gel) A Ger-
man photographer and spectrum-analyst; born
at Dobrilugk, Prussia, March 26, 1834. lle
wrote: From the New Witches' Caldron :
Sketches of Spiritism (1880); Photographs
after Nature) (1882); “Progress of Photography
since 1879) (1883); (Chemical Action of Light
and Photography) (2d ed. 1883); Photography
of Colored Objects) (1885); Practical Spectrum
Analysis of Terrestrial Objects) (1889); Artistic
Photography) (1890).
Vogel, Jakob, styled Vogel von Glarus. A
Swiss poet; born at Glarus, Dec. II, 1816. He
is a noted connoisseur and collector of the
poetry of Switzerland. His works are : (Beau-
ties and Terrors of the Swiss Alpine World,
prose (1868); Pictures from the Alps,' poems
(1874); (Reminiscences of the Klönthal' (1878);
(Poems) (14th ed. 1890); My Home: Selected
Poems of Nature) (1893).
Vogel, Otto. A Plattdeutsch dialect poet;
born at Greifswald, Jan. 3, 1838. Among his
Plattdeutsch lays are: Mirror of Pomerania •
From Every Age) (1869) and (Rose-Leaves, en
Strämmel Plattdeutsch. In High German he
wrote (Reproaches : A Garland of Lays) (1887).
Vogelweide, Walther von der. See Walther
von der Vogelweide. *
Vogl, Johann Nepomuk (fõ'gel). An Aus-
trian lyric poet; born in Vienna in 1802. He
published: (Ballads and Romances); (Soldier
Songs); Lyric Poems); and other works.
Vogt, Karl (főkt). A German naturalist;
born at Giessen, July 5, 1817; died May 5, 1895.
He was associated with Agassiz in the writing
of the works on Fossil Fishes, (Studies on
Glaciers, and Natural History of Freshwater
Fishes. Among his independent writings are :
(Text-Book of Geology and Petrifactions
(1846); Physiological Letters) (3 parts, 1846);
(The Ocean and the Mediterranean (1848);
(Researches on Beast-States,' a political satire
(1851); (Old and New from the Life of Animals
and Men (1859); Implicit Faith and Science : A
Polemic against Rudolf Wagner) (4th ed. 1856);
(Text-Book of Practical Comparative Anatomy)
(1888).
## p. 551 (#567) ############################################
VOGUÉ – VOLLMAR
551
Vogüé, Charles Jean Melchior, Marquis
de (võ-gü-ā'). A French archæologist; born at
Paris, Oct. 18, 1829. His studies are mainly in
the departments of the history of religion and
Oriental art. He is author of : (The Churches
of the Holy Land) (1859); (The Temple of
Jerusalem) (1864); "Civil and Religious Archi-
tecture in Central Syria, from the First to the
Sixth Century) (2 vols. , 1865-77); “Semitic In-
scriptions) (1869-77).
Vogüé, Eugène Melchior, Vicomte de. A
French diplomatist and writer, cousin of Charles;
born Feb. 24, 1848. He was in the diplomatic
service, but left it in 1881 to devote his time
to literature. He has published : “Syria, Pal-
estine, Mount Athos) (1876); (Oriental Histo-
ries) (1879); (The Son of Peter the Great' (1884);
(The Russian Romance (1886); (Souvenirs and
Visions) (1887); “Remarks on the Centennial
Exposition' (1889). He is a member of the
French Academy. *
Voigt, Georg (voit). A German historian;
born at Königsberg, April 5, 1827; died at
Leipsic, where he was professor of history,
Aug. 18, 1891. His chief works are: (The
Renaissance of Classic Antiquity; or, The First
Century of Humanism (1859); (Enea Silvio
de' Piccolomini as Pope Pius II. , and his
Times) (3 vols. , 1856-63); (Memorabilia of Gior-
dano de Giano the Minorite (1870); (Histori-
ography of the Expedition of Charles V. against
Tunis, 1535' (1872); Maurice of Saxony, 1541-
47' (1876).
Voigt, Johannes. A German historian,
father of Georg; born at Bettenhausen, in
Saxe-Meiningen, Aug. 27, 1786; died at Königs-
berg, Sept. 23, 1863. He is author of Hilde-
brand as Pope Gregory VII. , and his Times)
(1815), in which he regards the reign of Greg.
ory VII. as one of the most noteworthy phe-
nomena of the Middle Ages, and Gregory
himself as a great reformer; (History of the
Lombard League and its Struggle with the
Emperor Frederick I. (1818); History of Prus-
sia from the Earliest Times to the Downfall
of the Domination of the Teutonic Order) (9
vols. , 1827-39); (The Westphalian Vehmgerichte
as related to Prussia) (1836); (Margrave Al-
brecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
(1852); “History of the Teutonic Order in its
Twelve Circles in Germany) (2 vols. , 1857-59).
Voit, Karl von (foit). A German physiolo-
gist; born at Amberg, Bavaria, Oct. 31, 1831.
He was appointed professor of physiology in the
University of Munich in 1863. His first mem-
orable scientific researches (1854) demonstrated
the presence of urea in the muscular tissues
of cholera patients; since then he has studied
almost exclusively the questions of digestion
and assimilation. His principal works are:
Physiologico-Chemical Researches) (Part i. ,
1857); (Researches on the Effects of Common
Salt, Coffee, and Muscular Action, on Diges-
tion) (1860); "Laws of Nutrition in Carnivora)
(1860).
Voiture, Vincent (vwä-tür'). A French poet;
born in Amiens, 1598; died May 26, 1648. His
letters are the chief basis of his literary repu-
tation. He enjoyed the friendship of Cardinal
Mazarin, and through his patronage attained
the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed large
pensions.
Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel (folk'elt). A
German philosopher; born at Lipnik in Galicia,
July 21, 1848. He was made professor of phi-
losophy in the University of Basle, 1883, and
in that of Leipsic, 1894. In his studies he has
sought to reconcile the contradiction between
the ancient and the modern schools of philos-
ophy in their respective theories of the universe.
His chief writings are: (The Unknown and
Pessimism) (1873); (Immanuel Kant's Theory
of Cognition Analyzed in its Fundamental
Principles) (1879); Experience and Thought)
(1886); Æsthetic Questions of the Times)
(1895).
Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm (folk'män). A
German physiologist ; born at Leipsic, June 1,
1801; died April 21, 1877, at Halle, where he
was professor of physiology. He made special
studies of the nervous system and the sense of
sight. Among his works are: (Anatomy of
Animals, Illustrated with Plates! (1831-33);
(Contributions to the Physiology of the Sense
of Sight) (1836); (The Independence of the
Sympathetic System of Nerves) (1842); Dy-
namics of the Blood ( 1850 ); Physiological
Researches in the Department of Optics'
(1863–64); "Elasticity of Muscles? (1856).
Volkmann, Richard von. ["Richard Lean-
der. ”] A German surgeon, story-writer, and
poet; born at Leipsic, Aug. 17, 1830; died Nov.
28, 1889, at Jena, where he was professor of
surgery. Among his professional writings are :
(Diseases of the Motor Organs) (1865); (Man-
ual of Surgery) (1865); “Contributions to Sur-
gery) (1875). He wrote also: (Reveries at
French Firesides,' a series of tales (1871; 22d
ed. 1894); (From Student Times) (1876);
Poems) (3d ed. 1885); (Short Poems) (2d ed.
1889); (Old and New Troubadour Songs (2d
ed. 1890).
Volkmar, Gustav (folk'mär). A German
theological writer; born at Hersfeld, Hesse, Jan.
11, 1809; died Jan. 10, 1893. He was professor
of theology in the University of Zürich. His
principal works are : an edition of 'The Gospel
of Marcion) (1852); Justin Martyr and his
Relation to our Gospels) (1853); (Sources of the
History of Heresies down to the Nicene Council,
vol. i. , Hippolytus and the Philosophumena)
(1853); “Religion of Jesus and its First Develop-
ment) (1857); (Origin of our Gospels) (1866);
(Life and Works of Zwingli) (1870); (Myths of
the Popes) (1873); ( The Synoptics and the His-
torical Facts of the Life of Jesus) (1877); Jesus
of Nazareth and the Early Christian Times)
(1882); (Paul from Damascus to the Epistle to
the Galatians) (1887).
Vollmar, Georg von (föl'mår). A German
socialist, agitator, and author; born at Munich,
## p. 552 (#568) ############################################
VOLLMOLLER - VOSMAER
552
March 7, 1850. He wrote: (The Isolated So-
cialist State) (1880); (The Next Task of the
Social Democracy (1891); “On State Social-
ism' (1892).
Vollmöller, Karl Gustav (föl'mėl-er). A
German philologist; born at Ilsfeld in Wür-
temberg, Oct. 16, 1848. He was appointed pro-
fessor of Romanic and English philology in
the University of Göttingen, 1881. He has
written (Kürenberg and the Nibelungen” (1874);
(Munich's Brutus) (1877); Poem of the Cid'
(1879); (Octavianus) (1883); Monuments of
the English Language and Literature from the
16th to the 18th Century) (1883). He edits the
Critical Annual of the Progress Romanic
Philology (commenced 1892).
Volney, Constantin de, Count (vol-nē' );
family name Chassebæuf (shas-bėf). A dis-
tinguished French philosopher, author, and
traveler; born in Craon (Mayenne), February
1757 ; died in April 1820. He published in
1789 his (Travels in Egypt and Syria' (2 vols. ),
the best description of them to that date. In
1789 he was elected a deputy to the States-
General. In 1791 he produced a work still re-
membered, and on which his fame rests, -
(Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of
Empires. Imprisoned in 1793, on his release
he passed two years in the United States, pub-
lishing in 1803 his Description of the Climate
and Soil of the country. Among his other
works are: (The Natural Law; or, Physical
Principles of Morality) (1793); and (Researches
in Ancient History) (3 vols. , 1814).
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (vol-
tảr'). The renowned French writer, whose name
of Voltaire was assumed ; born in Paris, Nov.
21, 1694; died there, May 30, 1778. His works
include : (Edipus (1718); Artemire) (1721);
(Mariamne) (1722); "La Henriade) (1723), ori-
ginally published as (The League; or, Henry
the Great); (History of Charles XII. (1730 ? );
(Letters on the English (1731); Brutus' (1731);
(Philosophical Letters) (1732 ? ); Zaïre) (1732);
(Eriphyle) (1732); “Adelaide Duguesclin (1734);
(The Temple of Taste) (1734 ? ); (The Death
of Cæsar) (1735 ? ); Elements of Newton's
Philosophy) (1735);. «The Maid of Orleans)
(1736); (Alzire) (1736); “Zulime) (1740); (Ma-
homet) (1741); (The Prodigal Son (1742 ? );
(Mérope) (1743); (Discourse on Man); (The
Princess of Navarre) (1746); "Semiramis);
(Rome Saved) (174-); (Orestes) (1750); Na-
nine); “Century of Louis XIV. ? (1751); Dia-
tribe of Doctor Akakia! ( 1752 ); (Amélie)
(1752); (Poem on Natural Law) (1756); (Can-
dide) (1758); (History of Russia under Peter I.
(1759); (Republican Ideas) ( 1762); (On Toler-
ation (1763); (Catechism of the Honest Man)
(1763); (Tales) (1763); (Commentary on Cor-
neille) (1764 ? ); (Agathocles) (1764 ? ); (Julius
Cæsar) (1764), "a translation from the English
of W. Shakespeare (1764); (Irene); (Tan-
crède) (1765); (Socrates) (1765? ); (The Bible at
Last Explained” (1766); Pyrrhonism of His-
tory); “Century of Louis XV. ' (1766 ? ). The au-
thor's habit of secret and anonymous publication
makes his bibliography difficult of compilation.
The dates of (Zadig); (Micromegas); Jean-
not and Colin'; 'The Ingenuous One); and
( The Princess of Babylon, are in doubt. *
Vondel, Joost van den (von'del). A Dutch
dramatic poet; born in Cologne, Nov. 17, 1587;
died in Amsterdam, 1679. His is the greatest
name in Dutch literature, and he has often
been called “The Dutch Shakespeare. He
began his literary career with the drama (Het
Pascha, produced in 1612 before the Rhetori-
cal Chamber, of which he was a member. He
wrote the tragedy (Palamedes,' and (The Am-
sterdam Hecuba, a free version of Seneca
(1625); many translations from the classics and
versions of classical originals. The dramatic
poem (Lucifer,' the greatest of his works, is
considered by many Dutch critics to be an
allegorical account of the revolt of the Nether-
lands against Philip of Spain. His collected
works, together with a life of the poet, were
published at Amsterdam (1850-69) in twelve
volumes. *
Von-Visin, Denis Ivanovich (fon-fés'in).
A Russian poet; born at Moscow, April 14,
1744; died at St. Petersburg, 1792. He wrote:
( The Brigadier, a comedy (1706), which won
for him instant celebrity; it was followed by
his masterpiece, the comedy Mother's Darling
Son) (1782); and the same year appeared his
(Questions to Catherine 11. He left an un-
finished autobiography, Frank Confession of
my Thoughts and Doings.
Vorosmarty or Voeroesmarty, Mihály (vö-
rösh-mar'ty). A celebrated Hungarian writer
and patriot; born in the county of Fejervar in
1800; died in 1856, while engaged on a trans-
lation of Shakespeare. He published King
Solomon,' a drama in 1821, which was followed
by a poem, "The Triumph of Fidelity) (1827);
(King Sigismund, a drama (1824); (The
Flight of Zalan,' an epic poem ; the tragedy
(Kont) (1825). His narrative poems entitled
(Cserhalom,' and (The Enchanted Valley,' es.
tablished his reputation as the first Hungarian
poet of his time. He was a contributor to
Kisfaludy's Aurora, and was for several years
editor of a journal called The Repository of
Science.
In 1830 he published a patriotic
lyric entitled (The Appeal, for which he re-
ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat
a line.
Vosmaer, Carl (vos'mär). A Dutch jour-
nalist, novelist, artist, and writer on art; born at
The Hague, March 20, 1826; died at Montreux,
Switzerland, June 12, 1888. He is best known
outside of his own country as the author of
(The Amazon) (1881), a novel, which was
translated into English, French, and other lan-
guages. Other works are: (Studies on War
and Art) (1856); “Sketches) (1860), verse ; 'Life
of Rembrandt (1869); Franz Hals) (1874);
(Our Contemporary Artists) (1881); a transła-
tion of the Iliad and Odyssey.
## p. 553 (#569) ############################################
VOSS - WACE
553
Voss, Gerhard Johann (fös), usually styled
Vossius. A celebrated Dutch philologist;
born near Heidelberg 1577; died at Amster-
dam, March 17, 1649. In certain departments
of archæophilology he made valuable original
researches; and he was the first to indicate the
historical evolution of the Latin language.
Among his writings are : (Essays on Rhetoric;
or, The Institutes of Oratory, his greatest work
(1606); (The Greek Historians) (1624); (The
Latin Historians ) (1627); (Aristarchus; or, On
the Art of Grammar) (1635); (Of Errors of
Speech and Latino-Barbarous Terms) (1640);
(Heathen Theology) (1642); «The Times of
the Ancient Poets) (1654); Etymology of the
Latin Language) (1662). The Correspondence
of Vossius with Eminent Men) was published
in 1691.
Voss, Heinrich. A German philologist, son
of Johann H. ; born at Otterndorf, Oct. 29,
1779; died Oct. 20, 1822, at Heidelberg, where
he was professor of philology, in succession
to his father. He was a warm friend of Jean
Paul Richter, and his literary executor. He
completed his father's translation of Æschy-
lus (1826); this work, as also the "Corre-
spondence between Heinrich Voss and Jean
Paul' and Communications regarding Goethe
and Schiller, in Letters by Heinrich Voss,'
appeared after his death.
Voss, Isaak V. , son of Gerhard J. ; born at
Leyden, 1618; died at Windsor, England, where
he held a canonry, Feb. 21, 1689. Among his
writings are : (The Seventy Interpreters : Their
Translation and Their Chronology) (1661); “Of
the Singing of Poems and the Power of Rhythm)
(1653); (A Book of Various Observations)
(1685).
Voss, Johann Heinrich. A German poet;
born in Sommersdorf, Mecklenburg, Feb. 20,
1751; died at Heidelberg, March 29, 1826. His
principal original work is the idyl (Luise,
published in complete form in 1795. His fame
is based principally, however, upon his trans-
lations of the classical writers, particularly of
Homer. He translated the Odyssey (1781);
the Niad, together with a revised version of
the Odyssey (1793) ; Virgil (1799) ; Horace and
Hesiod (1806); Theocritus, Bion, and Mos-
chus (1808 ); Tibullus (1810); Aristophanes
( 1821). He is also the author of a number of
lyrical poems. His complete poetical works
were published in Leipsic, 1835.
Voss, Julius von. A German story-writer;
born at Brandenburg, Aug. 24, 1768; died at
Berlin, Nov. 1, 1832. His rapidity of literary
production was almost without a parallel. His
best story is (The Schildburger) (The Fool-
townite: 1823). He wrote a great many com-
edies, farces, and satirical parodies. In (The
Strahlow Haul of Fish) (1822), a popular
piece with songs, in the Berlin patois, he gives
the first example of the Berlinese farce.
Voss, Richard. A German poet; born at
Neugrape in Pomerania, Sept. 2, 1851. Among
his dramatic compositions are: Savonarola
(1878); Magda) (1879); “The Patrician Dame)
(1881); Luigia Sanfelice) (1882); Father Mo-
destus) (1883); ( The Czar's Moor) (1883), after
a fragment by Pushkin ; (Woe to the Besieged)
(1889); (Eve) (1889); Betwixt Two Hearts)
(1893); (At Sedan (1895). In narrative verse
he wrote : (A Hill Asylum (1882); (Roman
Village Tales) (1884); Messalina(1881).
Among his novels are: Life Tragedy of an
Actress) (1883); (The New Romans) (1885);
(Children of the South) (1888); “Villa Falco-
nieri) (1895). He excels in description of Italian
lowly life.
Vraz, Stanko (fräch). A Croatian poet; born
at Zerovec in Lower Styria, June 30, 1810; died
at Agram, May 24, 1851. Among his works
are: a collection of Slovenian folk-songs from
Styria, Ukraine, Carinthia, and Western Hun-
gary (1839); and (Rose-Apples) (1840), a collec-
tion of love-songs.
Vulpius, Christian August (völ’pe-us). A
German writer; born in Weimar, 1762 ; died in
1827. He was a brother-in-law of Goethe, under
whose direction he became secretary of the
court theatre at Weimar. He published: (Ri-
naldo Rinaldini? (1799), a robber romance;
( Dramatic Histories of Former Times); and
a number of dramatic works. He was sub-
sequently first librarian and overseer of the
cabinet of coins at Weimar.
W
>
Waagen, Gustav Friedrich (vä'gen). A
German historian of art; born at Hamburg,
Feb. II, 1794; died at Copenhagen, July 15,
1868. He wrote: (Art Works and Artists of
England and Paris ) (3 vols. , 1837–39); Art
Works and Artists of Germany) (2 vols. , 1843-
45); “The Treasures of Art in Great Britain)
(3 vols. , 1854); "The Most Notable Art Monu-
ments in Vienna' (2 vols. , 1866–67); (The Col-
lection of Paintings in the Imperial Hermitage
at St. Petersburg (1867).
Wace, Robert. A Norman-French trouvère,
calling himself simply Master Wace; born in
the island of Jersey about 1120; died about
1180. His celebrated works are two long ro-
mances, the Roman de Brut (Brutus), and
the (Roman de Rou) (Rollo), both in Norman
French. The Roman de Brut) is in octosyl-
labic couplets, is presumably founded on Geof.
frey of Monmouth's chronicle, and is of com-
manding literary importance as the source, or
supposed source, from which many subsequent
## p. 554 (#570) ############################################
554
WACHENHUFEN – WAGNER
poets drew their Merlin and King Arthur tales.
The Roman de Rou,' mostly octosyllabic also,
is a chronicle of the Norman dukes.
Wachenhufen, Hans (väch'en-hö-fen). A
German miscellaneous writer; born at Treves,
Dec. 31, 1827. He is author of: (The New
Paris) (1855); Pictures of Travel in Spain
(1857); Journal of the Austro-Italian War)
(1859); Crescent and Double Eagle) (1860);
(Rome and Sahara,' a novel (3d ed. 1867);
(Paris Photographs' (1868); (The Poor Egyp-
tian Man (1871). Among his numerous sto-
ries are: The Heart's Golgotha'; (Only a
Woman); (A Woman's Guilt.
Wachler, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (väch'.
ler). A German historian of literature ; born at
Gotha, April 15, 1767; died at Breslau, April 4,
1838. His principal writings are : (Manual of the
History of Literary Culture) (2 vols. , 1804-5);
(Lectures on the History of German Literature)
(2 vols. , 1818-19); History of Historical Re-
search and Art from the Renaissance) (2 vols. ,
1812–20).
Wachsmuth, Ernst Wilhelm Gottlieb
(vächs'möt). A German historian; born at
Hildesheim, Dec. 28, 1784; died at Leipsic, Jan.
23, 1866. Among his works are: (Outline of a
Theory of History) (1820); 'Hellenic Antiquity)
(4 vols. , 1826–30); History of European Morals)
(5 vols. , 1831-39); History of the Age of the
Revolution (4 vols. , 1846-48); History of Ger-
man Nationality) (3 vols. , 1860-62).
Wachsmuth, Kurt. A German antiquarian;
born at Naumburg on the Saale, April 27, 1837.
He became professor at Marburg in 1864, and
at Leipsic in 1886. His principal works are:
(Timon the Phliasian, and Other Greek Satir-
ists) (1859); (The Doctrine of the Stoics on
Divination and Dæmons) (1860); (Old Greece
in the New) (1864); (The City of Athens in
Antiquity) (2 vols. , 1874-90); (Introduction to
the Study of Ancient Poetry) (1895).
Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich (väk'en-
rõder). A German miscellaneous writer; born
at Berlin, 1773; died there, Feb. 13, 1798. His
works are: (Heart Outpourings of an Art-
Loving Friar) (1797), written in collaboration
with Ludwig Tieck, and received with great
favor by the German artists at Rome; (Franz
Sternbald's Wanderings (1798); "Fantasias on
Art) (1799).
Wackernagel, Jakob (väk'er-nä-gel). A
Swiss philologist; born at Basle, Dec. II, 1853.
He became professor of Greek language and
literature in the University of Basle, 1881. He
wrote: (Origin of Brahmanism) (1877); (The
Study of Classical Antiquity in Switzerland)
(1891); "Palæ-Indian Grammar) (1890).
Wackernagel, Wilhelm. A Swiss linguist
and antiquarian; born at Berlin, April 23,
1806; died Dec. 21, 1869, at Basle, where he
was professor of German language and lit-
erature. His principal writings are : (German
Dictionary) (5th ed, 1878); History of Ger-
man Literature) (1848–55); (Land Laws of the
Schwabenspiegel (1840); (Old German Ser.
mons and Prayers) (1876): (The Little Book
of Wine (1845); and other volumes of poems.
Waddington, William Henry (wod'ing-ton;
F. pron. va-dan-tôn”). A French diplomat,
statesman, and archæologist; born of English
parentage at St. Remi in Eure-et-Loir, Dec.
II, 1826; died at Paris, Jan. 13, 1894. He was
ambassador to England, 1883-93. Among his
writings are: (Travels in Asia Minor in the In-
terest of Numismatics) (1852); (Archæological
Travels in Greece and Asia Minor) (6 vols. ,
1847-77); (Greek and Latin Inscriptions from
Syria' (1870).
Wade, Thomas. An English poet; born in
1805; died Sept. 19, 1875. He was an advanced
Liberal. His chief works are: (Tasso and the
Sisters) (1825); (Woman's Love) (played at
Covent Garden in 1828, and published in 1829);
(The Jew of Arragon) (1830), a tragedy;
Mundi et Cordis Carmina (1835), afterwards
reprinted under the English title, (Songs of
the Universe and Heart. The last-named con-
tained his best work.
Waechter, Karl Georg von (vech'ter). A
German jurist ; born at Marbach on the Neckar,
Dec. 24, 1797 ; died at Connewitz near Leipsic,
Jan. 15, 1880. He is author of: (Disquisitions
on Criminal Law) (1835); (The German Com-
mon Law, Especially Criminal Law) (1844);
a commentary on the Pandects) of the Jus-
tinian Code (2 parts, 1880-81).
Waechter, Oskar von. A German jurist and
publicist; son of Karl G. ; born at Tübingen,
April 29, 1825. He wrote: (Copyright Syste-
matically Laid Down according to the German
Common Law) (1875); (Copyright in Works of
Plastic Art, Photographs, etc. ) (1877); “Ency-
clopædia of the Laws of Exchange (1879-80);
(Vehmgericht and Witchcraft Trials) (1882);
(Old Gold in German Proverbs) (1883); Johann
Jakob Moser) (1885).
Wagenaar, Jan (vä'gen-är). A Dutch his-
torian; born at Amsterdam, Oct. 3, 1709; died
there, March 1773. His best-known work is
History of the Fatherland) (21 vols. , 1749-60):
the work reaches down to the year 1751. He
wrote also : (Description of the United Prov.
inces of the Netherlands) (12 vols. , 1739);
Description of Amsterdam (3 vols. , 1760-07).
Wagener, Hermann (vä'gen-er). A German
writer on political subjects; born at Segelitz
near Neu-Ruppin, March 8, 1815; died at Berlin,
April 22, 1889. He edited a Lexicon of the
State and Society) (23 vols. , 1858-67); and wrote
(The Policy of Frederick William IV. (1883);
(My Memoirs of the Periods between 1848 and
1866, and from 1873 till Now) (1884).
Wagner, Adolf (väg'ner). A German polit-
ical economist, son of Rudolf; born at Er-
langen, March 25, 1835. The more important
of his writings are: (Contributions to the Study
of Banking (1857); 'Abolition of Private Land-
ownership) (1870); Law in the Apparently
)
(
## p. 555 (#571) ############################################
WAGNER - WALCH
555
Arbitrary Doings Man (1864); ( Text-Book
of Political Economy, written in collaboration
with other economists (Vol. i. , 1876; Vol. vii. ,
(Finance, 1880), in which he upholds socialistic
views, favoring State ownership of railways;
( The Science of Finance and State Socialism)
(1887); (My Conflict with the Baron von Stumm-
Halberg (1895), the last two in defense of
socialism.
Wagner, Ernst. A German novelist; born
at Rossdorf, Feb. 2, 1769; died at Meiningen,
Feb. 25, 1812. Among his more successful novels
are : (Willibald's Views of Life) (1804); "The
Traveling Painters) (1806); Isidora) (1814).
He wrote also Journeys from Abroad Home-
ward) (1808).
Wagner, Heinrich Leopold. A German
poet; born at Strasburg, Feb. 19, 1747 ; died
at Frankfort on the Main, March 4, 1779. He
wrote: Prometheus and Deucalion) (1775), a
farce ridiculing the critics who carped at Goe-
the's (Werther); (Voltaire on the Eve of his
Apotheosis,' a dramatic satire ( 1778 ); (Re-
pentance After the Act,' a drama (1775); “The
Child-Murderess,' a tragedy (1779).
Wagner, Hermann. A German geographer
and statistician, son of Rudolf; born at Er-
langen, June 23, 1840, Among his works are:
(The Earth's Population); (Wall Map of Ger-
many) (1879); (Text-Book of Geography) (2
vols. , 1894-95); “Methodical School Atlas) (6th
ed. 1895).
Wagner, Moritz. A German traveler and
naturalist, brother of Rudolf; born at Bayreuth,
Oct. 3, 1813; died by his own hand at Munich,
May 30, 1887. He traveled in Algeria, the coast-
lands of the Black Sea, the Caucasus, Armenia,
Kurdistan, Persia, North and Central America,
and the West Indies. Among his writings are :
(Travels in the Regency of Algiers) (3 vols. ,
1841); 'The Caucasus and the Land of the Cos-
sacks) (2 vols. , 1847); Journey to Colchis)
(1850); Journey to Ararat and the Armenian
Highlands) (1848); (Travels in Persia and in
the Land of the Kurds) (2 vols. , 1851); “Scien-
tific Travels in Tropical America) (1870); “The
Darwinian Theory, and the Law of Migration
of Organisms) (1868).
Wagner, Paul. A German agricultural chem-
ist; born at Liebenau in Hanover, March 7,
1843. He was named professor of agricultural
chemistry in the University of Darmstadt, 1881.
He is author of: (Text-Book of the Manufac-
ture of Manures) (1877); (Introduction to Ra.
tional Manuring with Phosphoric Acid) (1889);
4 Nitrate Manuring' (1892).
Wagner, Richard. The German musical
composer and poet; born in Leipsic, May 22,
1813; died in Venice, Italy, Feb. 13, 1883. In
addition to the musical compositions upon
which his fame is founded, he has written :
(The Judaic in Music) (1852); (Music of the
Future) (1860); (State and Religion (1864);
(Letters); etc.
Wagner, Rudolf. A distinguished German
physiologist and anthropologist ; born at Bay-
reuth, June 30, 1805; died May 13, 1864, at Göt-
tingen, where he had been professor since 1840.
Among his writings are: (Text-Book of Com-
parative Anatomy) (1834); (Text-Book of
Physiology) (1839); (Hand-Dictionary of Physi-
ology (4 vols. , 1842-53); (Creation of Man
and Soul Substance) (1854); (Of Knowledge
and Belief, with Special Reference to the Fu-
ture of the Soul (1854); (The Struggle Over
the Soul ( 1857 ); (Zoologico-Anthropological
Researches) (1861); Preliminary Studies to-
ward a Scientific Morphology and Physiology
of the Human Brain as an Organ of Soul)
(two parts, 1860-62).
Wahrmund, Adolf (vär'mönt). A German
Orientalist; born at Wiesbaden, June 10, 1827.
His principal works are : Hand-Dictionary of
the Arabic and German Languages) (3 vols. ,
1874-77); Poems) (1880);( Babylonianism, Juda-
ism, and Christianism (1882); (Practical Manual
of the Osmanli-Turkish Language) (2d ed. 1885);
(The Christian School and Judaism' (1885);
(Practical Manual of Modern Arabic) (3d ed.
1886); (The Law of Nomadism) (1887); (The
War of Civilization between Asia and Europe)
(1887); (Monsieur Jourdan, the Paris Botanist,
in the Kara-Bagh: A Comedy in Modern Per-
sian (1889); (Abhâsa: A Tragedy) (1890).
