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WILBRANDT - WILKINS
575
antiquities; and was afterwards the companion
of Brugsch Bey and Maspero in many explor-
ing expeditions in Upper Egypt. He has pub-
lished translations from the French : (Rachel in
the New World, from Léon Beauvallet (1856);
Victor Hugo's (Les Misérables) (1862–63); and
Renan's Life of Jesus) (1863).
Wilbrandt, Adolf (vēl bränt). A German
poet and dramatist; born at Rostock, Aug. 24,
1837. Among his dramas, which have been
successfully presented in all the principal the-
atres of Germany, are: (Graf Hammerstein)
(1870), (Gracchus) (1872), (Arria and Messa-
lina' (1874), “Giordano Bruno) (1874), "Nero)
(1876), (Kriemhild) (1877), tragedies; “Youthful
Love) (1872), and Natalie) (1878), comedies.
He has treated the great social and literary
questions of his day in the three novels (Adam's
Sons) (1890), (Hermann Ifinger) (1892), and
(The Thorny Path) (1894).
Wilcox, Ella Wheeler. An American poet;
born at Johnstown Centre, Wis. , about 1845.
She has contributed much to current period-
icals, and her poems are widely copied. Some
of her volumes are: (Maurine) (1882); (Poems
of Passion (1883); and (Poems of Pleas-
ure (1888). She has published a novel, Mal
Moulée) (1885).
Wilde, Jane Francesca Elgee, Lady.
["Speranza. ”] An Irish poet and author,
mother of Oscar; born in Wexford, 1826; died
in Chelsea, England, Feb. 3, 1896. She wrote:
Ugo Bassi? (1857); Poems) (1864); Drift-
Wood from Scandinavia) (1884); (Ancient
Legends, etc. , of Ireland' (2 vols. , 1886); “The
Glacier Land.
Wilde, Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills. An
Irish poet and author; born in Dublin, 1856.
Some of his works are : Poems) (1880); (The
Picture of Dorian Gray,' a novel; (The Happy
Prince, and Other Tales) (1888); “Guido Fer-
ranti! (1890), and (The Duchess of Padua,'
tragedies; (Intentions, essays (1891); Lord
Arthur Savile's Crimes, and Other Stories)
(1891); "Lady Windermere's Fan, (A Woman
of No Importance, and (The Importance of
Being Earnest,' and other comedies.
Wilde, Richard Henry. An American
lawyer and author; born in Dublin, 1789;
died in New Orleans, 1847. He published :
"Conjectures and Researches concerning the
Love, Madness, and Imprisonment of Torquato
Tasso' (1842); and wrote many popular lyrics,
the best-known one being My Life Is Like
the Summer Rose. )
Wildenbruch, Ernst von (veld'en-bröch). A
German soldier, lawyer, and dramatist; born at
Beyrût, Syria, Feb. 3, 1845. His dramas have
been played with great success in most German
cities. Some of them are : Fathers and Sons)
(1882); (Harold) (4th ed. 1884; English trans-
lation 1891); (Christopher Marlowe) ( 1884 );
( The Mennonite) (3d ed. 1886); (The Carlo-
vingians) (4th ed. 1887); “The Quitzows) (1888);
(The New Master) (1891). He has also pub-
lished a number of short stories and novels,
the best of which is (The Master of Tanagra)
(1880). In his "Lays and Songs) (1877) and
(Poems and Ballads (1884), are some great
ballads and hymns, the most popular of which
is (The Witches' Song.
Wilder, Alexander. An American physi.
cian, and medical and archæological writer;
born at Verona, N. Y. , May 13, 1823. He was
president of the Eclectic Medical College,
New York (1867); lecturer on physiology and
physiological medicine (1873-77); professor of
physiology and of psychological science in the
United States Medical College. Besides tech-
nical works, he has written (The Worship of
the Serpent' (1877); and edited several works
on archæology:
Wildermuth, Madame Ottilie (vēl'der-möt).
A German novelist; born (Ronschütz) at Rot-
tenburg, Würtemberg, Feb. 22, 1817; died July
12, 1877. She wrote many novels of home life
and stories for the young, among which are :
(In Daylight) (1861); (Augusta (1865); (From
Mountain and Valley) (1867); etc. (In the
Child World) was published after her death.
Wilhelmine, (Friederike Sophie] (vil-hel.
mē'nė), Margravine of Bayreuth. A distin-
guished German writer of memoirs ; born at
Berlin, July 3, 1709; died October 1758. She
was the favorite sister of Frederick the Great.
She wrote (Memoirs) (new ed. 1845). *
Wilkes, Charles. An American admiral, ex-
plorer, and scientist ; born in New York, 1801 ;
died at Washington, D. C. , Feb. 8, 1877. In
command of an exploring expedition, he vis-
ited South America, the Fiji, Samoan, Ha-
waiian, and other islands in the Pacific, the
Antarctic regions, the western coast of North
America, etc. ; captured the Confederate com-
missioners Mason and Slidell, on the British
steamer Trent (1861); became commodore in
1862, and admiral in 1866. He wrote a (Nar-
rative of his expedition (6 vols. , 1845); “West-
ern America) (1849); etc.
Wilkes, George. An American journalist,
born in New York city in 1820; died there,
Sept. 23, 1885. He was editor of the Spirit of
the Times from 1850, and well known as a
politician and a traveler. He wrote a History
of California) (1845); and a book of travel,
(Europe in a Hurry) (1852).
Wilkie, William. A Scottish poet; born at
Dalmeny, West Lothian, Oct. 5, 1721; died Oct.
10, 1772. He was professor of natural philos-
ophy at the university of St. Andrews, 1759.
He wrote: (The Epigoniad' (2d ed. 1759), an
epic on the taking of Thebes, which won for
him the title of the Scottish Homer; and (Fa-
bles) (1768).
Wilkins, John. An English clergyman and
scientist; born at Fawsley, Northamptonshire,
1014; died in London, Nov. 19, 1672. He was
bishop of Chester (1668), and one of the found-
ers of the Royal Society (1645). His works


## p. 576 (#592) ############################################

576
WILKINS - WILLIAMS
(
were one of the most effective agents in the
spread of the Copernican system in England.
He wrote: (Discovery of a New World (1638);
(Discourse concerning a New Planet (1640);
Mercury; or, The Secret and Swift Messenger,
Showing How a Man May Communicate his
Thoughts to a friend at Any Distance) (1641);
Mathematical Magic' (1648); (Essay toward
a Real Character and a Philosophical Lan.
guage) (1668); Principles and Duties of Nat-
ural Religion (1675); etc.
Wilkins, Mary Eleanor. An American au-
thor; born at Randolph, Mass. Her works,
studies of New England country life, are :
(The Adventures of Ann (1886), (A Humble
Romance) (1887), "A New England Nun!
(1891), and Young Lucretia' (1892), collec-
tions of short stories; (Giles Corey, Yeoman)
(1893), a play; Jane Field (1893), Pem-
broke) (1894), novels; and (The Long Arm
(1895), a $2,000 prize detective story. *
Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner. An English
Egyptologist ; born at Haxendale, Oct. 5, 1797 ;
died at Llandover, Wales, Oct. 29, 1875. His
principal work is (Manners and Customs of
the Ancient Egyptians) (two series, 6 vols. ,
1837-41), still valuable, and reissued in 1879.
Others are; Materia Hieroglyphica) (1828);
(The Topography of Thebes, and General
View of Egypt) (1835); Modern Egypt and
Thebes) (2 vols. , 1843), republished as Mur-
ray's Handbook for Travelers in Egypt) (1847);
(Dalmatia and Montenegro) (2 vols. , 1848);
( The Architecture of Ancient Egypt) (1850);
(The Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at
Turin) (1851); and “The Egyptians in the Time
of the Pharaohs) (1857).
Wilkinson, William Cleaver. An Ameri-
can educator and Baptist clergyman; born in
Westford, Vt. , Oct. 19, 1833. He is dean of
the department of literature and art in the
Chautauqua University, for which he has pre-
pared many text-books. Among his works
are : (The Dance of Modern Society) (1869);
(A Free Lance, etc. , (1874); (The Baptist
Principle) (1881); (Webster: An Ode) (1882);
(Poems? (1883); essay on Edwin Arnold
(1884); and College Greek Course in English.
Willard, Emma (Hart). An American edu-
cator and author; born in Berlin, Conn. , Feb.
23, 1787; died at Troy, N. Y. , April 15, 1870.
She did much for bettering the education of
women. Her books, educational and general,
include : (A Plan for Improving Female Edu-
cation) (1819); A History of the United
States) (1828); (Poems) (1830), containing the
popular song (Rocked in the Cradle of the
Deep); Journal and Letters from France
and Great Britain) (1833); Universal His-
tory) (1835); (Respiration and its Effects);
and Morals for the Young (1857).
Willard, Frances Elizabeth. An Ameri-
can educator, editor, and reformer; born near
Rochester, N. Y. , Sept. 28, 1839; died Feb. 18,
1898. She was been president of the Woman's
Christian Temperance Union since 1879, and
founded the World's Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union in 1883. She was editor-in-chief
of the Union Signal, the official organ of the
woman's temperance movement. Besides con-
tributing to other leading periodicals, she has
published: (Nineteen Beautiful Years) (1864),
a life of her deceased sister; 'Glimpses of Fifty
Years) (1889); and (A Great Mother' (1894).
William of Malmesbury. A celebrated Eng.
lish monk and historian; born about 1095; died
at Malmesbury, about 1142. He was librarian
of the monastery at Malmesbury. He wrote:
History of the English Kings,' and its con-
tinuation Modern History, the two being the
source from which all subsequent histories of
England have drawn; History of the Prelates
of England”; (Lives) of St. Patrick, St. Dun-
stan, St. Wulfstan; several books of miracles;
etc.
William of Tyre. A Syrian historian; born
about 1137. He was archbishop of Tyre (1175).
He wrote History of the Sovereigns of the
East,' and History of Events in the Lands
across the Sea,' a fine record of the Crusades
from 1127 to 1184, first printed in 1549. There
are German and French translations of the
latter.
Williams, Alfred Mason. An American jour-
nalist, editor, and poet; born in Massachusetts,
1840; died in 1896. He was long editor of the
Providence Journal. He published: (The Poets
and Poetry of Ireland); (Studies in Folk Song
and Popular Poetry); 'Sam Houston and the
War of Independence in Texas.
Williams, Mrs. Annie (Bowles). An Ameri-
can juvenile-story writer; born in Connecticut,
1840. She has published: (Birchwood); (The
Fitch Club); Professor Johnny); Rolf and
his Friends); "Who Saved the Ship? ); 'The
Giant Dwarf); (The Riverside Museum. '
Williams, Mrs. Catharine R. (Arnold).
An American author; born in Providence,
R. I. , about 1790; died there, Oct. 11, 1872. She
was the author of (Original Poems) (1828);
(Religion at Home) (1829); (Tales, National
and Revolutionary) (1830–35); (Aristocracy, a
novel (1832); (Fall River) (1833); Biography
of Revolutionary Heroes) (1839); and (Annals
of the Aristocracy of Rhode Island (2 vols. ,
1843-45).
Williams, Francis Howard. An American
dramatic writer and poet, residing in Phila-
delphia; born in Pennsylvania, 1844. Among
his plays are: (The Princess Elizabeth : A
Lyric Drama); (The Higher Education': (A
Reformer in Ruffles); Master and Man.
He also wrote (Theodora : A Pastoral); (At-
man: A Story); (The Flute Plaver, and Other
Poems); Pennsylvania Poets of the Provincial
Period. '
Williams, George Washington. An Amer-
ican negro writer and soldier; born in Pennsyl.
vania, 1849. He served in the Northern army
(
>
(


## p. 577 (#593) ############################################

WILLIAMS – WILMER
577
3
(
in the Civil War, and subsequently as an offi-
cer in the army of Mexico (1865–67). He was
minister to Hayti, 1885-86. He wrote: (His-
tory of the Negro Race in America); (The
Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion);
(History of Reconstruction. '
Williams, Isaac. A British clergyman and
religious poet; born at Cwmcynfelin, near
Aberystwith, Wales, Dec. 12, 1802; died at
Stinchcombe, England, May 1, 1865. With
Keble, Newman, and Pusey, he was active in
the Tractarian movement. He wrote: (The
Cathedral) (1838), in verse; (Hymns) (1839);
( Thoughts in Past Years) (1842); (The Christ-
ian Scholar) (1849); (Autobiography) (1892);
besides other purely religious works.
Williams, Jesse Lynch. An American writer
of stories for the young ; born in Illinois, 1871.
He has published: (Princeton Stories ); (The
Freshman.
Williams, John. [“Anthony Pasquin. ”] An
English writer, journalist, and dramatist ; born
in London about 1765; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. ,
Oct. 12, 1818. Because of his scurrilous political
writings he was declared in 1797 to be "a
common libeler, and soon after came to the
United States. He was connected with the
press, wrote several plays, also a volume of
poems (1789); Legislative Biography) (1795);
"Life of Alexander Hamilton (1804); and the
(Dramatic Censor) (1811).
Williams, John. An English missionary ;
born at Tottenham, June 29, 1796; killed and
eaten by cannibals, at Erromanga, New Heb-
rides, Nov. 20, 1839. His adventurous and gen-
erally successful life as a missionary extended
over a period of more than twenty years (1816-
39). He wrote that famous classic of mis-
sionary literature, (A Narrative of Missionary
Enterprises in the South Sea Islands) (Lon-
don and New York, 1837; 56th thousand,
1865).
Williams, Martha McCulloch. An Ameri-
can miscellaneous writer. Besides several sto-
ries and poems in Harper's Bazar and Monthly,
and a book on botany, she has published :
(Field-Farings) (1892), a collection of essays;
(Two of a Trade) (1894), a story.
Williams, Roger. An English-American
clergyman, and founder of the State of Rhode
Island; born about 1600; died about 1684.
His chief distinction is in his founding the
first State in which there is an absolute
guarantee of liberty of conscience to every
man,--the government having no authority in
matters of religion. He published: (Key into
the Language of America; or, An Help to the
Language of the Natives in that Part of Amer-
ica Called New England, etc. (1643; new
ed. 1820); Mr. Cotton's Letter, etc. (1644);
and (The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for
Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference
between Truth and Peace, etc. (1644); (The
Bloody Tenent yet More Bloody, etc. (1652);
(The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, etc.
(1652); (Experiments of Spiritual Life and
Health, etc.
(1652); 'George Fox Digg’d Out
of his Burrowes, etc. (1676); and (A New
England Fire-Brand Quenched, etc. (1679).
Williams, Samuel Wells. An American
philologist and distinguished Chinese scholar;
born in Utica, N. Y. , 1812; died in New Haven,
Feb. 17, 1884. He assisted in preparing a
Chinese, and afterwards a Japanese, diction-
ary; was interpreter for Commodore Perry in
Japan, 1853-54; was secretary of legation in
China, 1855-57, and again 1862–76. He was
professor of Chinese at Yale, 1876-84, and was
president of the American Oriental Society.
He published: Easy Lessons in Chinese)
(1842), followed by (Chinese and English Vo-
cabulary) (1843), and (Tonic Dictionary of
the Chinese) (1874). His greatest work is
(The Middle Kingdom (2 vols. , 1883), which
has done excellent service in making Chinese
history and conditions known to the public.
Williamson, Julia May. An American writer,
living at Augusta, Me. ; born 1859. She has
written the volumes of poetry Echoes of
Time and Tide,' and (The Choir of the
Year. )
Willis, Nathaniel Parker. An American
poet and journalist; born at Portland, Me. ,
Jan. 20, 1806; died at Idlewild on the Hud-
son, N. Y. , Jan. 20, 1867. His chief journal.
istic work was with the New York Mirror
(1823-42). Among his numerous writings are :
Inklings of Adventure) (3 vols. , 1836); Loi-
terings of Travel (3 vols. , 1840); (Letters from
Under a Bridge) (1840); (Poems) (1846); Peo-
ple I Have Met' (1850); “Hurrygraphs) (1851);
(A Health Trip to the Tropics) (1854); Fa-
mous Persons and Places) (1854); and (The
Convalescent, his Rambles and Adventures)
(1859). *
Willoughby, Eliza Maria, Baroness Mid-
dleton. An English poet. She is daughter of
Sir A. P. Gordon-Cumming; married D. W. B.
Willoughby (1869), who became Baron Middle-
ton in 1877. She has published : "On the North
Wind, Thistledown! (1874), and "Ballads)
(1878).
Wills, W. R. An Australian poet; born 1837.
He has published: (A Bunch of Wild Pansies)
(1885); “Blossoms of Early Life); (Songs for
the Weary.
Wills, William Gorman. An Irish painter
and dramatist ; born in County Kilkenny, 1830;
died in London, Dec. 14, 1891. He is the author
of Notice to Quit) (3 vols. , 1861); «The Life's
Evidence) (3 vols. , 1863); and the dramas
(Charles the First) (1872), Eugene Aram
(1873), Marie Stuart) (1874), Jane Shore)
(1876), (Olivia Sedgemoore) (1881), Claudian)
(1885), (A Royal Divorce) (1891), and, in con-
junction with Sidney Grundy, Madam Pompa-
dour. )
Wilmer, Lambert A. An American editor
and author; born about 1805; died in Brooklyn,
N. Y. , Dec. 21, 1863. He was editor of several
)
37


## p. 578 (#594) ############################################

578
WILMSHURST – WILSON
newspapers, and author of : A New System of
Grammar! (1851); (The Quacks of Helicon'
(1851); (The Life of De Soto) (1858); (Our
Press Gang; or, An Exposition of the Corrup-
tions of American Newspapers) (1859).
Wilmshurst, Zavarr. A journalist and
author; born in England, Nov. 25, 1824; died
in Brooklyn, Jan. 27, 1887. He came to the
United States and was editorially connected
with several journals in New York city. His
plays include a drama on Hawthorne's (Scarlet
Letter); and (Nitocria,' a tragedy. His other
writings are: (The Viking,' an epic (1849);
(The Winter of the Heart, etc. (1874); (The
Siren) (1876); and (Ralph and Rose (1879).
Wilson, Alexander. A Scotch-American
ornithologist; born at Paisley, Scotlana, July 6,
1766; died in Philadelphia, Aug. 23, 1813.
In early life he was a weaver and teacher. He
published a volume of poems in 1790, but be-
ing sentenced for a lampoon in 1793, emigrated
to America. He was employed as editor of
the American edition of Rees's Cyclopædia);
but in his wanderings as peddler, he learned
to love birds, and set about writing an orni-
thology. At his death seven volumes of this work
had been published; the eighth and ninth vol-
umes were edited by George Ord, and a con-
tinuation by Charles Lucien Bonaparte (4 vols. ,
1825-33). Volumes of his poems were published
at Paisley in 1816, and at Belfast in 1857. *
Wilson, Mrs. Augusta Jane (Evans). An
American novelist; born near Columbus, Ga. ,
about 1838. She lived some years in Texas;
afterwards at Mobile, Ala. Her works at one
time had great popularity. They include:
(Inez' (1856); (Beulah) (1859); Macaria)
(1864); (St. Elmo) (1866); Vashti? (1869);
Infelice); and At the Mercy of Tiberius. '
Wilson, Sir Daniel. A Canadian educator
and archæologist; born at Edinburgh, 1816;
died at Toronto, Aug. 7, 1892. He was presi-
dent of Toronto University from 1881. He
wrote: (Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden
Time) (1846-49); (Oliver Cromwell and the
Protectorate) (1848); Prehistoric Man) (1862);
(Archäology and Prehistoric Annals of Scot-
land) (revised ed. 1863); (Chatterton) (1869);
(Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh (1878); “The
Lost Atlantis) (1892), poems; etc.
Wilson, Henry. (Original name Jeremiah
Jones Colbath. ] A distinguished American
statesman; born at Farmington, N. H. , Feb.
16, 1812; died at Washington, Nov. 22, 1875.
He was elected to the Vice-Presidency of the
United States in 1872, and died while holding
this office. His works are: (History of the
Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America)
(3 vols. , 1872-75); (History of the Anti-Slavery
Measures of the 37th and 38th Congresses)
(1864); and History of the Reconstruction
Measures of the 39th and 10th Congresses)
(1868); besides many addresses and speeches.
Wilson, Henry Bristow. An English clergy-
man and educator; born in London, 1803; died
at Lee, Kent, Aug. 10, 1888. He was professor
of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford. He was one of
the seven authors of the famous volume of
Essays and Reviews (1860); his contribution
being 'The National Church. He wrote: (The
Communion of Saints: An Attempt to Illustrate
the Principles of Church Union' (1851), the
Bampton lecture contributed to "Oxford Es-
says'; etc.
Wilson, Horace Hayman. An English Ori-
entalist; born in London, Sept. 26, 1786; died
there, May 8, 1860. Going to India in the
service of the East India Company (1808), he
was employed in the Calcutta mint; was sec-
retary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 180;
professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, 1832 ; libra.
rian at the East India House, 1836; and
director of the Royal Asiatic Society. Besides
a Sanskrit dictionary and grammar, transla-
tions of the Meghaduta,' the Vishnu Purana,
part of the Rig Veda, etc. , he published:
(Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hin-
dus) (2d ed. 1835); Religious Sects of the
Hindus) (1828–32); History of British India!
(1844-48); etc.
Wilson, James Grant. An American author
editor, and soldier, who served with distinction
in the Civil War; born in Edinburgh, Scotland,
about 1835. Besides numerous addresses, es-
says, and articles in periodicals, he has pub-
lished: (Biographical Sketches of Illinois Offi-
cers) (1862–63); Love in Letters, Illustrated
in the Correspondence of Eminent Persons)
(1867); Life of General Grant' (1868-85); Life
of Fitz-Greene Halleck) (1869); (Sketches of
Illustrious Soldiers) (1874); Poets and Poetry
of Scotland) (1876); Centennial History of
the Diocese of New York, 1775-1885' (1886);
(Bryant and his Friends (1886); “Commodore
Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution (1889).
He is the editor - with John Fiske -- of Apple-
ton's Cyclopædia of American Biography) (6
vols. , 1886-89).
Wilson, James Harrison. An American au-
thor, and soldier of distinction; born near
Shawneetown, Ill. , Sept. 2, 1837. He is the
author of 'China: Travels and Investigations in
the Middle Kingdom (1887). Life of Andrew
J. Alexander) (1887); and, in conjunction with
C. A. Dana, Life of General U. S. Grant)
(1868).
Wilson, John. (“Christopher North. ”] A
Scotch essayist, poet, novelist, and editor; born
at Paisley, May 18, 1785; died in Edinburgh,
April 3, 1854. The son of a rich manufacturer,
he was educated at Glasgow University and
at Magdalen College, Oxford; noted as a scholar
and athlete; settled in Cumberland, and became
one of the Lake Group) with Wordsworth,
De Quincey, Southey, and Coleridge. Losing
most of his inherited fortune, he removed to
Edinburgh and studied law. From the starting
of Blackwood's Magazine in 1817 he was a
chief contributor, and was for many years its
generally accredited head. For it he wrote
(with Maginn and others, but largely alone)
:


## p. 579 (#595) ############################################

WILSON – WINSLOW
572
the (Noctes Ambrosianæ,' by which he is best
remembered, - imaginary dialogues at Am-
brose's tavern in Edinburgh, between the lead-
ing contributors to the magazine; a selection
from these was published in 1876. He also
wrote, among other things : (The Isle of Palms)
(1812), and (The City of the Plague) (1816),
poems; Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life)
(1822); (The Trials of Margaret Lindsay)
(1823); (The Foresters) (1825); and (Essay on
the Genius and Character of Burns) (1841).
He was professor of moral philosophy at Edin.
burgh University from 1820 to near the end of
his life.
. Wilson, John Mackay. A Scottish story-
writer; born at Tweedmouth, 1804; died at
Berwick-on-Tweed, Oct. 2, 1835. He edited
for several years the Berwick Advertiser. He
was the editor and principal author of (Tales
of the Borders) (1835-40; last ed. , enlarged
and revised, 24 vols. , 1869), of which 150,000
copies have been sold.
Wilson, Robert Burns. An American poet
and artist; born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 30, 1850.
He resides in Frankfort, Ky. He has pub-
lished a volume called Life and Love. "
and others. Many of his verses have been set
to music.
Winchell, Alexander. An American geolo-
gist, author, and educator; born in Dutchess
County, N. Y. , Dec. 31, 1824; died in Ann
Arbor, Mich. , Feb. 19, 1891. He lectured ex-
tensively and contributed to many journals.
His writings include : (Sketches of Creation)
(1870); (Geological Chart) (1870); (The Doc-
trine of Evolution) (1874); "Science and Re-
ligion (1877); Preadamites) (1880); 'Sparks
from a Geologist's Hammer) (1881); (World
Life) (1883); (Geological Studies) (1886); and
(Walks and Talks in the Geological Field)
(1886).
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (vink'el-
män). A German critic and archæologist, the
founder of scientific archæology and of classic
art history as a critical science; born in Sten-
dal, Dec. 9, 1717; died at Trieste, June 8, 1768.
He was the first to consider the masterpieces
of classical antiquity as representative of a
stage in the development of taste, and to form-
ulate the theory of evolution in art. He seems
to have obtained his first clue from some ob-
servations of Velleius Paterculus and Quin-
tilian. His greatest work is a History of the
Art of Antiquity) (1764), afterwards supple-
mented by (Observations on the History of
Art' (1767). He also published: (Thoughts
on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting
and Sculpture) (1755); (Architecture of the
Ancients) (1762); Unknown Memorials for
Monuments) of Antiquity) (1767); and many
essays and pamphlets.
Wines, Enoch Cobb. An American clergy-
man and philanthropist; born in Hanover,
N. J. , Feb. 17, 1806; died in Cambridge, Mass. ,
Dec. 10, 1879. He was noted as secretary of
the N. Y. State Prison Association in 1862, and
afterwards devoted his life to the promotion of
reform in the administration of criminal law
and treatment of criminals. His writings in-
clude: (Two Years and a Half in the Navy)
(1832); (A Trip to China) (1832); (Hints on
Popular Education (1838); Commentaries on
Laws of Ancient Hebrews) (1852); (Adam
and Christ) (1855); Prisons and Reforma-
tories in the United States and Canada' (1867);
State of Prisons and Child-Saving Institu-
tions) (1880. )
Winslow, Mrs. Catherine Mary (Reignolds).
An American actress and public reader; born
in 183-. She has written (Yesterdays with
Actors); (Readings (with notes) from the Old
English Dramatists.
Winslow, Edward. A Mayflower emigrant
and governor of Plymouth Colony; born at
Droitwich, England, Oct. 19, 1595; died at sea,
between San Domingo and Jamaica, May 8,
1655. He was a hostage to Massasoit, his ac-
count of which was in George Morton's (Re.
lation) (1622). He was the author of (Good
Newes from New England,' etc. (1624), printed
in full in Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrim
Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas. An English
soldier and military writer; born in London,
1777 ; died there, May 9, 1849. He served in
the Peninsular war; was British military com-
missioner at the Russian and allied headquar-
ters, 1812-14; Member of Parliament and
governor of Gibraltar, 1842-49. He wrote:
(History of the British Expedition to Egypt)
(1802); "Sketch of the Campaigns in Poland)
(1810); Military and Political Power of Rus-
sia' (1817); Narrative of Events During the
Invasion of Russia, 1812) (1860); Diary)
(1861); etc.
Wilson, William. A Scotch-American jour-
nalist, publisher, and poet; born in Perthshire,
Dec. 25, 1801; died in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.