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b. Norway : struggle for home rule.
1) Abolition of nobility, 1821.
2) Resistance to proposals for closer union.
3) Responsible ministry, 1872-84.
(King's claim of absolute veto on constitutional
amendments. The Sverdrup ministry. )
4) Agitation for separate consular service.
a) Commercial jealousy between the two countries
and conflicting interests.
b) Steen and Stang ministries.
c) Proposal of arbitration in 1893.
d) The 1 894 elections.
e) The joint commission.
Sweden area, 170,979; population, 4,806,865.
Norway area, 124,445; population, 2,000,917.
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? XIV. RUSSIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before.
Rambaud: History of Russia (the best in English).
Russia, in "Story of Nations. "
*Leroy Beaulieu: The Tsars and the Russians.
*Stepniak: The Russian Peasant (Revolutionist); Underground
Russia; Russia Under the Tsars; King Stork and King
Log.
*Heard: The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.
Brodhead: Slav and Moslem.
Count Munster: Political Sketches.
Kinglake, I.
*Tikotnerov: Russia, Political and Social (Revolutionist).
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
Wallace: Russia.
Dixon: Free Russia.
Grant Duff.
Kennan's articles, Century, 1888-89.
Fortnightly, 1886, p. 545, and Feb. , 1891.
Quarterly, Jan. , 1891.
See Poole for innumerable articles.
A. To THE HOUSE OF ROMANOFF.
1 . The early Slavic tribes.
2. Rurik and the Varangians found the Russian state, 862
(Slavic theory, Beaulieu, translators' note, I, 253, seq. )
The two centers, Kieff and Novgorod.
3. Vladimir; the Greek church ; unites the Russian tribes.
Redivisions ; princely anarchy ; the great free cities ; corres-
pondence to Western Europe.
4. The Tartar Conquest of the thirteenth century, and the
simultaneous Lithuanian aggressions from the Wes>t;
"Muscovy" (Moscow), recently founded by emigration,
1147, now the center of Russian power, though a tributary
state; origin of the distinctions between Great Russia (the
new Russia formed by emigration and aifected by Tartar
and Finnish elements), Little Russia (the Russia with
Kieff for its center, affected by Tartar conquest and Mo-
hammedan rule), and White Russia (affected by Lithuanian
and Polish conquest); political conditions; results in char-
acter.
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? 5. The Ivans.
Ivan III (the Great), 1462-1505, and Ivan IV (the Terri-
ble), his grandson.
a. The Turks shatter the power of the Golden Horde*
Muscovy throws off the weakened Tartar yoke, and re-
conquers Little and part of White Russia ; Ivan III
marries Sophia Palasologus, niece of last Byzantine
emperor (Russia the successor of the Roman Empire-
Tsar and Caesar).
b. Centralization and despotism.
6. Another short period of anarchy and foreign domination
under the Poles ; Yladislas and Sigismund rule in Moscow;
the national uprising Minin.
7. Election of Michael Romanoff, 1613.
a. Territory : no sea coast except on White Sea ; bound-
aries.
b. Russia an oriental state.
c. Serfdom introduced, 1593.
B. PETER THE GREAT REFORMS.
Rambaud; Wallace, 310-11, and 385-89; Beaulieu, I, 282-304.
C. GROWTH FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE ROMANOFFS TO THIS
CENTURY.
Rambaud; Lodge.
1. By colonization (the Cossacks) from an early period, to
north and east at expense, generally, of savage tribes
(Siberia).
2. By war, at expense of organized political states,
a. In Europe.
1 ) Peter the Great ; the Baltic provinces. (War with
Sweden. )
2) Elizabeth: South Finland.
3) Catherine: Azof and the Crimea; the Partitions of
Polanc'. .
4) Alexander I: Finland, 1807. ,
b. In Asia at expense of petty Mohammedan principalities
more or less tributary to Turks, or of Barbarian tribes
mostly in the reign of Alexander II. and at expense
of China.
1) Asiatic railways.
2) Present territorial problems.
D. RUSSIA TODAY.
1. Population, racts, etc.
2. Government.
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? a. Central ("Despotism tempered by assassination. ")
1) Senate, Council of State, Ministers.
2) The Bureaucracy despotism tempered by venality
(the nobility. )
b. Local.
1) The divisions (see also Year Books) and the govern-
ment of each down to the "Mir. "
(representative institutions. )
2) The "Mir" (detailed study of economic and political
features. )
3) The towns.
4) Justice and crime the police.
5) The privileged lands and their fate (trace thro the
century. )
a) Baltic provinces.
b) Poland.
c) Finland.
3. The peasants and industry. (Annals Aw. Academy, III,
225 ; and Columbia College Studies, II, besides the biblio-
graphy.
The famine.
4. The revolutionary movement (Nihilism. )
5. Political parties.
6. Siberia and the exiles.
7. The Russian church and the Dissenters.
8. The Jews.
9. Education.
E. THE TSARS IN THIS CENTURY.
1. Alexander I, 1801-25. The Holy Alliance ; liberal domestic
policy; Poland.
2. Nicholas I, 1825-55. Change of policy ; Poland ; Crimean
War and result.
3. Alexander II, 1855-81. Policy, Count Munster, 41*43 ; em-
ancipation; war with Turkey, 1877-78, and the treaty of
Berlin ; proposed constitution.
4. Alexander III. Character and re-actionary measures.
5. Nicholas II.
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? XV. THE BALKAN PENINSULA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before: Lodge, Fyffe, McCarthy.
Lane-Poole: Turkey. (A short sketch, English, hence pro-
Turkish. )
*Laveleye: The Balkan Peninsula.
Laveleye: Primitive Propert}".
Latham: Russian and Turk.
Freeman: The Ottoman Power in Europe.
*Minchin: Rise of Freedom in the Balkan Peninsula.
Freeman: Race and Language, Essays, 3d Series.
Freeman: Medieval and Modern Greece (ib. )
Freeman: The Southern Slavs (ib. )
Ranke: Servia and the Servian Revolution.
Samuelson: Roumania, Past and Present.
Clark: The Races of European Turkey.
Seargent: New Greece.
Finlay: The Greek Revolution.
Jebb: Modern Greece.
Tukerman: Greeks of Today.
* Dicey: The Peasant State (Bulgaria. ) (Cf. Dicey in Fort-
nightly, April, 1896, on Russia and Bulgaria.
)
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES.
The Eastern Question Historically Considered, Fortnightly,
40-563.
Baron Hirsch's Railway, Fortnightly, Aug. , 1888.
The Partition of Turkey, Fortnightly, 48-862.
Reform in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, 23-276.
Fate of Roumania, Fortnightly, Dec. 1888.
Russia and Bulgaria, Contemporary, Oct. 1886, Fortnightly,
April, 1896.
Fortnightly, July, 1888.
Contemporary Greece, Fortnightly, 1890.
Russia and the Balkans, Fortnightly, Jan. 1895.
[The "Eastern Question" the Balkan Question, the Egyptian
Question, the Central Asiatic Question , the Southeastern Question.
Parties to each. Originally the Eastern Question meant what
shall be done with the lands in Southeastern Europe, from which
the Turk is or will be driven ? Three elements of difficulty : 1) the
Turk; 2) the greed of the great European powers (Russia, Austria,
England); 3) the rivalries, jealousies, and characteristics of the
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? 48
native populations. The explanation of this last to he sought in
the history of those lands. ]
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEAN LANDS DUE TO
1. Lack of amalgamation of races before the Turkish invasion
West. East.
Correspondence
of races.
Iberian \ / Albanian
Kelt / \ Greek
Roman
Teuton Slav,
due perhaps to
a. Superior Greek culture and ethnic consciousness, and
its re-action upon barbarous invaders.
b. Permanence of Greek political power at Constantinople.
c. Absence of political genius in the Slav to organize na-
tional states(? )
2. Later invasion of the Turk and his character.
B. RESULT.
All distinctions of race and creed more persistent ; aggregates
of peoples rather than nations; national type hardly formed;
enmity of neighboring states. (Austro-Hungary intermedi-
ate in character, as well as geographically, between Western
and Eastern Europe. ) .
The explanation to be sought in
C. THE HISTORY OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.
I. To the Turkish occupation.
1. Under the Greek empire: culture and wealth.
2. Enemies before whom the Greek empire fell.
a. Slavic invasions from the sixth century : Slavic states,
Servia and Bulgaria ; varying extent and varying rela-
tions to each other and to Constantinople. Constan-
tinople from this time the barrier against Asiatic con-
quest of these lands.
b. Persians.
c. Saracens: siege of Constantinople, 717.
The Greek Empire saved by
1) The Isaurian emperors.
2) The break-up of the Saracen empire.
d. Turks (Seljukian), 1071-1100, in Asia Minor. Sultan
of Roum at Nicea. (lurks : Saracens : : Teuton :
Roman : : Slav : Greek. )
Repulsed and broken by the crusades.
e. The fourth crusade. Wars of "Latins" and "Romans,"
1104-64; general disintegration of the Christian states
paving the way for
f. Ottoman Turks.
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? D. UNDER THE TURKS.
1. Appearance, 1240. Chivalrous aid to Mohammedan prince,
and reward of lands in Asia Minor ; cross into Europe ;
head of the Mohammedan empire.
2. Causes of success.
a. Line of great rulers (Orkan, enters Europe, 1346 ; Am-
urath I, Adrianople, Kassova, Servia tributary ; Baja-
zet and Tamerlane ; Mahomet I reunites the empire ;
Amurath II; Mahomet II takes Constantinople, 1453).
2. Tribute of children Janissaries; turns the strength of
the subject nations against themselves.
3. Climax, about 1550.
a. Boundaries. The Christian frontier, Venice, Austria,
and Poland. (State of Russia. )
b. Danger of Christendom Siege of Vienna, 1683. Sobi-
eski and his Poles.
4. Decay of Turkish power.
a. Nature of Turkish rule: the Christian inhabitants-
economic, social, political condition; taxation; public
works; reforms; security, and administration of justice.
b. The Janissaries ; the Spahis.
c. Insurrections and foreign attacks.
(Lepanto, 1571; siege of Vienna, 1683. )
E. How THE SUBJECT RACES WON FREEDOM.
(Freeman; histories of the separate states ; general histories ;
Laveleye; Minchin. )
1. The Hungarians, 1699.
2. The Roumanians, 1774-1878.
3. The Greeks, 1821-29.
a. Causes of insurrection.
b. The war Navarino (1827). Freeman, 182-3.
c. Capodistrias.
d. Kingdom of Greece: boundaries, etc. Freeman, 184-5.
4. The Slavs.
a. Montenegro (Tzernagora), 1703. Gladstone, Glean-
ings, iv.
b. Servia, 1804-1878.
c. Bulgaria, 1876. (Gladstone, "Bulgarian Horrors. ")
d. Bosnians, Croats, etc.
F. THE RUSVSIAN ADVANCE (TO 1878).
(Histories of Russia).
1. Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699.
2. " " Kutschouc Kainardji, 1774.
3. " " Jassy, 1792.
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? 50
4. Treaty of Bucharest, 1812.
5. " " Adrianople, 1829. '
6. " " Paris, 1856.
7. The settlement of 1878.
a. The War of 1877-78.
b. Treaty of San Stefano, March, 1878.
c. " " Berlin, July, 1878.
Q. THE BALKAN STATES SINCE 1878.
(History and present political and economic conditions consti-
tutions).
I. In common:
1. Jewish question.
2. The Greek church and the other sects.
3. Economic progress.
II. The separate states.
1. Servia (the House Communites, or Zadrugas Laveleye's
"Primitive Property. "
2. Montenegro. Gladstone, "Gleanings. "
3. Bulgaria (Great Bulgaria and the Servian War). Russian
and anti-Russian policies.
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina.
5. Roumania (peasant emancipation).
6. Greece.
7. "Turkey. " (The Armenian atrocities and Crete. )
Distinctions between these Slav peoples and especially between
the different branches of the Serbs.