) On the authority
Corinth for a period of thirty years, the beginning of Ant.
Corinth for a period of thirty years, the beginning of Ant.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
1604, 4to.
2. That com-
cpoch, namely, the treatment of the Lapsi, the menced by Baluze, and completed by a monk of
schism of Novatus and Felicissimus, the schism the fraternity of St. Maur, who is hence styled
of Novatianus, the baptism of infants, the re- Maranus, Paris, fol. 1726. These two editions
baptising of heretics, to which we may add a re- taken together contain everything that the student
markable discussion on a subject which has been can possibly desire.
revived in our own day, the necessity of employing As ancient authorities we have a biography of
wine in the sacrament of the Eucharist, in which Cyprian still extant drawn up by his confidential
Cyprian strongly denounces the tenets of the friend the deacon Pontius PONTIUS], together
Aquarii or Encratites (Epist. 63), and employs with the proconsular acts relating to his martyrdom.
many expressions which have been constantly ap- Among modern lives we may specify those by Le
pealed to by those opposed to the practice of the Clerc, Bibliothèque Universelle, vol. xii. 208–
Romish church which denies the cup to the laity. 378; by Tillemont, Mémoires Ecclésiastiques, vol.
In most editions of Cyprian the tract De Gratia iv. pp. 76—459 ; and by Maranus, prefixed to the
Dei, together with the fragment of a letter from edition of Baluze. No publication on this subject
Donatus prefixed to it, are set down as the first contains such an amount of accurate investigation
two epistles, by which arrangement the number is with regard not only to the prelate himself, but also
swelled to eighty-three. Three more were printed to the whole complicated ecclesiastical history of the
by Baluze, which, however, are now admitted to times, as the Annales Cyprianici of Pearson, an
be spurious.
abstract of which has been compiled by Schoene-
The following works are admitted as authentic mann, and will be found in his Bill. Patrum. Lat.
by many editors, although they do not rest on vol. i. pp. 80–100 (c. iii. & 3), and a vast mass
such satisfactory evidence as the foregoing :- of valuable matter is contained in the Dissertationes
1. De Spectaculis liber.
Cyprianicae of Dodwell.
2. De Laude Martyrii ad Moysen et Maximum Compare also Fabric. Bill. Med. et inf. Lat. i.
et ceteros Confessores.
p. 444; Funccius, de L. L. veg. senect. c. x. § 19;
The following works, although frequently found Schröck, Kirchengescht. i. p. 210, and iv. p. 246,
bearing the name of Cyprian, and many of them, &c. ; Lumper, Histor. Theoloy. Crit. pars xi. p. 58,
probably, belonging to the same age, are now re- &c. ; Walch, Bibliotheca Putristica, ed. Danz;
jected by all :-
Gibbon, Decline and Full, c. 16; Milman, History
1. Ad Novatianum Haereticum, quod Lapsis Spes of Christianity, ii. p. 246 ; Rettberg, Thasc. Cäcil.
Veniae non sit deneganda, ascribed by Erasmus to Cyprian dargestellt nach seinem Leben und Wirken,
Cornelius. 2. De Disciplina et bono Pudicitiac, Götting. 1831; Poole, Life and Times of Cyprian,
ascribed in like manner by Erasmus to Cornelius. Oxford, 1840.
[W. R. ]
3. De Aleatoribus. 4. De Montibus Sina et Sion CY'PSELUS (Kúveros), a son of Aepytus,
contra Judaeos. 5. Oratio pro Martyribus — father of Merope and father-in-law of Cres-
Oratio in Die Passionis suae et Confessio S. Cypri- phontes, was king of Basilis on the Alpheius in
ani, assigned by many to Cyprian of Antioch. Arcadia. (Paus. iv. 3. $ 3, viii. 5. SS 4, 8, 29.
6. De Rebaptismate. 7. De Cardinalibus Christi 3 4. )
[L. S. ]
Operibus, now recognized as the work of Arnold, CY'PSELUS, of Corinth, was, according to Hero-
abbot of Bona Vallis. 8. De Singularitate Cleri- dotus (v. 92), a son of Aeëtion, who traced his
9. In Symbolum Apostolicum Erpositio. descent to Caeneus, the companion of Peirithous.
The work of Rufinus. 10. Adversus Judaeos qui Pausanias (ii. 4. & 4, v. 2. & 4, 17. 6 2, and c. 18) de-
Christum insecuti sunt. 11. De Revelatione Capitis scribes Cypselus as a descendant of Melas, who was
B. Jo. Baptistae : in this work mention is made of a natire of Gonusa near Sicyon, and accompanied
the Frankish king Pepin. 12. De Duplici Mar- the Dorians against Corinth. The mother of
tyrio, in which mention is made of the Turks! Cypselus belonged to the house of the Bacchiadae,
13. De Duodecim Abusionibus Saeculi. 14. Dis that is, to the Doric nobility of Corinth. Accord-
posilio Coenae. 15. De Pascha Computus, attributed | ing to the tradition followed by Herodotus, she
to Cyprian by Paulus Diaconus, and found in the married Aection, because, being ugly, she met with
Cottonian MŠ. 16. Three poems, the author or no one among the Bacchiadae who would have her
authors of which are unknown, have been ascribed as his wife. Her marriage remained for some
to Cyprian-Genesis, Sodoma, Ad Senatorem. The time without issue, and when Aeëtion consulted the
first seems to be the same with that assigned by oracle of Delphi about it, a son was promised to
Gennadius to Salvianus, bishop of Marseilles. him, who should prove formidable to the ruling
The editions of Cyprian are very numerous. party at Corinth. When the Bacchiadae were in-
The editio princeps was printed at Rone from a formed of this oracle, which at the same time threw
Parisian MS. , under the inspection of Andrew, light upon a previous mysterious oracle, they re-
bishop of Aleria, by Sweynheym and Pannartz, solved for their own security to murder the child-
corum.
3 x 2
## p. 916 (#936) ############################################
916
CYRIADES.
CYRILLUS.
3
of Acötion. But the persons who were sent outerents took place after the defcat and capture of
for this purpose were moved by the smiles of the Valerianus (a. D. 260); but our only authority
infant, and spared his life. Afterwards, however, expressly asserts, that the death of the usurper
they made a second attempt, but they now could happened while the emperor was upon his march
not find the child, for his mother had conccaled to the East (A. D. 258 or 259); and by that state-
him in a chest (Kubéan), from which he derived ment we must, in the absence of all other evidence,
his name, Cypselus. When he had grown up to be content to abide. The medals published by
manhood, he came forward as the champion of the Goltzius and Mediobarlus are rejected by numis-
demos against the nobles, and with the help of the matologists as unquestionably spurious. (Trebell.
people he expelled the Bacchiadae, and then estab- Poll. Trig. Tur. i. )
(W. R. ]
lished himself as tyrant. (Aristot. Polit. v. 8, CYRILLUS, a Graeco-Roman jurist, who
&c. ) The cruelties which he is charged with at wrote shortly after the compilations of Justinian
the beginning of his reign were the result of the were formed.
From the scholiast on the Basilica
vehement opposition on the part of the Bacchiadac, (vii. p. 89) it may be inferred, that he translated
for afterwards his government was peaceful and into Greek the Digest at length (TÒ Tátos, Reiz,
popular, and Cypselus felt so safe among the ad Theoph. p. 1240, $ 17). He also composed á
Corinthians that he could even dispense with a commentary on the Digest, which is cited by the
body-guard. (Aristot. Polit. v. 9 ; Polyaen. v. 31. ) name ivois--a word which does not mean an alpha-
Like most other Greek tyrants, Cypselus was very betical register, or index in the modern sense.
fond of splendour and magnificence, and he appears (Bas. ii. pp. 190, 192. ) Some have thought that,
to have accumulated great wealth. lle dedicated as Yvoit means a summary abridgment of the con-
at Delphi the chapel of the Corinthians with a tents of the titles, so Tátos means an extended
bronze palm-tree (Plut. Conv. Sept. Sar. 21, Symp. conimentary or paraphrase ; while Hugo (R. R. G.
Quast. viii. 4); and at Olympia he erected a p. 1077) mentions a suggestion made to him, that
golden statue of Zeus, towards which the wealthy Tátos and Yvoos are used synonomously, the latter
Corinthians were obliged to pay an extraordinary word being interpreted in the Glossac Nomicae by
tax for the space of ten years. (Strab. viii. pp. 353, épunvela. Cyrillus is designated, along with Ste-
378; comp. Pseud. Aristot. Oecon. ii. 2; Suid. phanus (who also wrote an Index), by the name
and Phot. s. v. Kúvelos. ) Cypselus ruled at 'Ivõikeútos. (Bas. iii. p. 415.
) On the authority
Corinth for a period of thirty years, the beginning of Ant. Augustinus, Suarez (Notit. Basil. & 19)
of which is placed by some in B. C. 658, and by cites Matt. Blastares (in Praef. Syntag. ) to shew
others in 655. He was succeeded in the tyranny that Cyrillus interpreted the Digest kat diTouřív;
at Corinth by his son Periander. The celebrated but, in the edition of Blastares published by Bp.
chest of Cypselus, consisting of cedar wood, ivory, Beveridge (Synodicon, ii. ), the name of Cyrillus
and gold, and richly adorned with figures in relief, does not occur in the context referred to. Cyrillus
of which Pausanias (r. 17, &c. ) has preserved a also commented upon the Code. (Bus. iii. pp. 60,
description, is said to have been acquired by one 61. ) Sometimes he is quoted by the scholiasts on
of the ancestors of Cypselus, who kept in it his the Basilica, and sometimes his opinions are embo-
most costly treasures. It afterwards remained in died in the text. (Bas. y. pp. 44, 82, 431, Bus. iv.
the possession of his descendants, and it was in p. 410. ) He does not appear to have commented
this chest that young Cypseluis was saved from the upon the Novells; and Reiz (ad Theoph. pp. 1235,
persecutions of the Bacchiadae. His grateful de-1245) has observed, that both Cyrillus and Ste-
scendants dedicated it in the temple of Hera at phanus must have written before A. D. 535, when
Olympia, where it was seen by Pausanias about the 115th Norell was promulgated. In Bas
. v.
the end of the second century after Christ. (Comp. 225 is a quotation from Cyrillus stating the law
Müller, Archaeol. d. k'unst. § 57. 2, &c. ; Thiersch, de Inofficiuso Testamento as it existed before it was
Epoch. p. 166, &c. )
[L. S. )
altered by the 115th Novell, which an eminent
CYRENE (Kuphun), a daughter of Hypseus jurist could scarcely have overlooked or been igno-
or Peneius by Chlidanope, a granddaughter of rant of.
Peneius and Creusa, was beloved by Apollo, who C. E. Zachariae seems to think that there were
carried her from mount Pelion to Libya, where two jurists named Cyrillus : one, who was among
Cyrene derived its name from her. She became the preceptors of the jurists that flourished in the
by Apollo the mother of Aristaeus. (Pind. Pyth. time of Justinian; another, who was among the
ix. 5. &c. ; Apollon. Rhod. i. 500, &c. ; Diod. iv. jurists that flourished in the period immediately
81; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 42, 317; Hygin. Fab. 161. ) after the compilation of the Corpus Juris. (Hist.
It is a mere mistake that Justin (xiii. 7) calls J. G. R. § 14, 1, a. , ib. § 14, 5, c. ) Zachariae
Anthocus, Nomius, and Argaeus sons of Cyrene. indeed does not expressly say that there were two,
(Comp. ARISTAEUS. ) There are two other mythi- but, unless he thinks so, his mode of statement is
cal personages of the name of Cyrene. (Hygin. calculated to mislead. The early Cyrillus is re-
Fab. 14 ; Apollod. ii. 5. $ 8. ) (L. S. ] ferred to (if Zachariae properly expresses his
CYRI'ADES stands first in the list of the meaning) in Bas. i. pp. 563, 646 (ed. Heimbach),
thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio in both of which passages he is designated by the
[AUREOLUS), from whose brief, indistinct, and honourable title Heros. In the passage, p. 646,
apparently inaccurate narrative we gather that, Heros Patricius, who was a contemporary of Jus-
after having roubed his father, whose old age he tinian, seems (as quoted by the Scholiast) to call
had embittered by dissipation and rice, he tied to Cyrillus “ the general schoolmaster of the world ;"
the Persians, stiniulated Sapor to invade the Ro- but the meaning is ambiguous, and the high-flown
man provinces, and, having assumed the purple compliments to Cyrillus may be the Scholiast's
together with the title of Augustus, was slain by own. It is the later Cyrillus (if Zachariae ex-
his own followers after a short career of cruelty presses what he intends) who, in Bas, i. p. 789
and crime. Gibbon thinks fit to assume that these (ed. lleimbach), cites Stephanus, his contemporary
## p. 917 (#937) ############################################
CYRILLUS.
917
CYRILLUS.
and brother-commentator. We do not agree with part of his life was passed amid agitating scenes,
Zachariae in this hypothesis of two Cyrilli; and it resulting from this persevering opposition. In
is to be observed, that in Bus. i. p. 646 (cd. lleim- consequence of an epistle written by Cyril to the
bach) the supposed earlier Cyrillus of Zachariae is bgyptian monks which had been carried to Con-
treated as the author of a commentary on the title stantinople, Nestorius and his friends were naturally
de Puctis. )
offended. When Ciril understood how much
In Bus. iii. pr. 50, 51 (ed. Fabrot. ), Cyrillus is Nestorins had been hurt by this letter, he wrote
represented as quoting a constitution of Alexius to him in justifcation of his conduct, and in ex-
Comnenus (A. D. 1081—1118), and, in Bas. V. p. planation of his faith, to which Nestorius replied
431 and vii. p. 89, mention is made of the artition in a calm and dignified tone. Cyril's answer
of Cyrillus, which is supposed by Assemani and repeats the admonitions of his first letter, expounds
Pohl to mean his edition of the Basilica. llence anew his doctrine of the union of natures in Christ,
Assemani (Bill. Jur. Orient. ii. 20, p. 40+) comes and defends it against the consequences deduced
to the conclusion, that Cyrillus was posterior to in his opponent's letter. Nestorius was after-
Alexius; and Pohl (aul Suares. Notit. Busil
. p. 69, wards induced by Lampon, a presbyter of the
n. o) thinks, that there were two jurists of the Alexandrian church, to write a short letier to Cyril
name, one of whom was posterior to Alexins. In breathing the true Christian spirit.
the passages of early jurists which are appended as In the mean time the Alexandrine prelate was
notes to the text of the Basilica, interpolations and endeavouring to lessen the iniluence of his op-
alterations were often made, in order to accommo- ponent by statements addressed to the emperor,
date them to a later state of the law; and the ap- and also to the princesses Pulcheria, Arcadia, and
parent anachronisms thus produced occasion consi- Marinia ; unt Theodosius was not disposed to look
derable difficulty in the legal biography of the upon him with a friendly ere because of such
lower empire. (Heimbach, de Basil. Oriy. p. 31. ) epistles; for he feared that the prelate aimed at
The fragments of Graeco-Roman jurists append exciting disagreement and discord in the imperial
ed by way of commentary to the 8th book of the household. Cyril also wrote to Celestine, bishop
Basilica were first published by Ruhnken from a of Rome, informing him of the heresy of Nestorius,
manuscript at Leyden in the 3rd and 5th volumes and asking his co-operation against it. The Ro-
of Meermann's Thesaurus. Among them are fre- man bishop had previously received some account
quent extracts from Cyrillus.
of the controversy from Nestorius ; though, from
In the Glossue Nomicae, of which Labbé made ignorance of Greek, he had not been able to read
a collection that was published after his death the letters and discourses of the Constantinopolitan
(Paris, 1679, London, 1817), are Glossaries which prelate. In consequence of Cyril's staiement,
have been commonly attributed to Philoxenus and Celestine held a council at Rome, and passed a
Cyrillus. Reiz (ad Theoph. p. 1246) thinks it not decrce, that Nestorius should be deposed in ten
improbable that these Glossaries were either edited days unless he recanted. The execution of this
by Philoxenus and Cyrillus, or extracted by others decree was entrusted to Cyril. The Roman pre-
from their interpretations, but that they certainly late also sent several letters through Cyril, one of
liave been interpolated and altered by later hands. which, a circular letter to the Eastern patriarchs
llaubold ( Inst. Jur. Rom. priv. p. 159, n. k. ) sees and bishops, Cyril forwarded with additional
no sufficient reason for attributing to Cyrillus the letters from himself. This circular was afterwards
Glossary that passes under his name. (J. T. G. ] sent by John of Antioch to Nestorius. Soon
CYRILLUS (Kúpiados), ST. , was a native of after (A. D. 430), he assembled a synod at Alex-
ALEXANDRIA, and nephew of Theophilus, bishop of andria, and set forth the truth in opposition to
the same place. The year of his birth is not known. Nestorius's tenets in twelve heads or anathemas,
After having been a presbyter of the church at A letter was also drawn up addressed to Nestorius,
Alexandria, he succeeded to the episcopal chair another to the officers and members of the church
on the death of Theophilus, A. D. 412. To this at Constantinople, inciting them to oppose their
office he was no sooner elevated than he gave full patriarch, and a third to the monks. With these
scope to those dispositions and desires that guided anathemas he sent four bishops as legates to Nes-
him through an unquiet life. Unbounded ambi- torius, requiring of him to subscribe them if he
tion and vindictiveness, jealousy of opponents, ill-wished to remain in the communion of the Catholic
directed cunning, apparent zeal for the truth, and church and retain his see. Celestine's letter, which
an arrogant desire to lord it over the churches, he had kept back till now, was also despatched.
constituted the character of this vehement patriarch. But Nestorius refused to retract, and answered
His restless and turbulent spirit, bent on self- the anathemas by twelve anti-anathemas. In
aggrandisement, presents an unfavourable portrait consequence of these mutual excommunications and
to the impartial historian. Immediately after his recriminatory letters, the emperor Theodosius the
elevation, he entered with rigour on the duties Second was induced to summon a general council
supposed to devolve on the prelate of so important at Ephesus, commonly reckoned the third oecume-
a city. He banished from it the Jews, who are nical council, which was held A. D. 431. To this
said to have been attempting violence towards the council Cyril and many bishops subservient to his
Christians, threw down their synagogue and plun- views repaired. The pious Isidore in vain re-
dered it, quarrelled with Orestes, and set himself monstrated with the fiery. Alexandrine prelate.
to oppose heretics and heathens on every side. Nestorius was accompanied by two imperial
According to Socrates, he also shut up the churches ministers of state, one of whom had the command
of the Novatians, took away all their sacred vessels of soldiers to protect the council. Cyril presided,
and ornaments, and deprived Theopemptus, their and urged on the business with impatient haste.
bishop, of all he bad. (Histor. Eccles. vii. 7.
2. That com-
cpoch, namely, the treatment of the Lapsi, the menced by Baluze, and completed by a monk of
schism of Novatus and Felicissimus, the schism the fraternity of St. Maur, who is hence styled
of Novatianus, the baptism of infants, the re- Maranus, Paris, fol. 1726. These two editions
baptising of heretics, to which we may add a re- taken together contain everything that the student
markable discussion on a subject which has been can possibly desire.
revived in our own day, the necessity of employing As ancient authorities we have a biography of
wine in the sacrament of the Eucharist, in which Cyprian still extant drawn up by his confidential
Cyprian strongly denounces the tenets of the friend the deacon Pontius PONTIUS], together
Aquarii or Encratites (Epist. 63), and employs with the proconsular acts relating to his martyrdom.
many expressions which have been constantly ap- Among modern lives we may specify those by Le
pealed to by those opposed to the practice of the Clerc, Bibliothèque Universelle, vol. xii. 208–
Romish church which denies the cup to the laity. 378; by Tillemont, Mémoires Ecclésiastiques, vol.
In most editions of Cyprian the tract De Gratia iv. pp. 76—459 ; and by Maranus, prefixed to the
Dei, together with the fragment of a letter from edition of Baluze. No publication on this subject
Donatus prefixed to it, are set down as the first contains such an amount of accurate investigation
two epistles, by which arrangement the number is with regard not only to the prelate himself, but also
swelled to eighty-three. Three more were printed to the whole complicated ecclesiastical history of the
by Baluze, which, however, are now admitted to times, as the Annales Cyprianici of Pearson, an
be spurious.
abstract of which has been compiled by Schoene-
The following works are admitted as authentic mann, and will be found in his Bill. Patrum. Lat.
by many editors, although they do not rest on vol. i. pp. 80–100 (c. iii. & 3), and a vast mass
such satisfactory evidence as the foregoing :- of valuable matter is contained in the Dissertationes
1. De Spectaculis liber.
Cyprianicae of Dodwell.
2. De Laude Martyrii ad Moysen et Maximum Compare also Fabric. Bill. Med. et inf. Lat. i.
et ceteros Confessores.
p. 444; Funccius, de L. L. veg. senect. c. x. § 19;
The following works, although frequently found Schröck, Kirchengescht. i. p. 210, and iv. p. 246,
bearing the name of Cyprian, and many of them, &c. ; Lumper, Histor. Theoloy. Crit. pars xi. p. 58,
probably, belonging to the same age, are now re- &c. ; Walch, Bibliotheca Putristica, ed. Danz;
jected by all :-
Gibbon, Decline and Full, c. 16; Milman, History
1. Ad Novatianum Haereticum, quod Lapsis Spes of Christianity, ii. p. 246 ; Rettberg, Thasc. Cäcil.
Veniae non sit deneganda, ascribed by Erasmus to Cyprian dargestellt nach seinem Leben und Wirken,
Cornelius. 2. De Disciplina et bono Pudicitiac, Götting. 1831; Poole, Life and Times of Cyprian,
ascribed in like manner by Erasmus to Cornelius. Oxford, 1840.
[W. R. ]
3. De Aleatoribus. 4. De Montibus Sina et Sion CY'PSELUS (Kúveros), a son of Aepytus,
contra Judaeos. 5. Oratio pro Martyribus — father of Merope and father-in-law of Cres-
Oratio in Die Passionis suae et Confessio S. Cypri- phontes, was king of Basilis on the Alpheius in
ani, assigned by many to Cyprian of Antioch. Arcadia. (Paus. iv. 3. $ 3, viii. 5. SS 4, 8, 29.
6. De Rebaptismate. 7. De Cardinalibus Christi 3 4. )
[L. S. ]
Operibus, now recognized as the work of Arnold, CY'PSELUS, of Corinth, was, according to Hero-
abbot of Bona Vallis. 8. De Singularitate Cleri- dotus (v. 92), a son of Aeëtion, who traced his
9. In Symbolum Apostolicum Erpositio. descent to Caeneus, the companion of Peirithous.
The work of Rufinus. 10. Adversus Judaeos qui Pausanias (ii. 4. & 4, v. 2. & 4, 17. 6 2, and c. 18) de-
Christum insecuti sunt. 11. De Revelatione Capitis scribes Cypselus as a descendant of Melas, who was
B. Jo. Baptistae : in this work mention is made of a natire of Gonusa near Sicyon, and accompanied
the Frankish king Pepin. 12. De Duplici Mar- the Dorians against Corinth. The mother of
tyrio, in which mention is made of the Turks! Cypselus belonged to the house of the Bacchiadae,
13. De Duodecim Abusionibus Saeculi. 14. Dis that is, to the Doric nobility of Corinth. Accord-
posilio Coenae. 15. De Pascha Computus, attributed | ing to the tradition followed by Herodotus, she
to Cyprian by Paulus Diaconus, and found in the married Aection, because, being ugly, she met with
Cottonian MŠ. 16. Three poems, the author or no one among the Bacchiadae who would have her
authors of which are unknown, have been ascribed as his wife. Her marriage remained for some
to Cyprian-Genesis, Sodoma, Ad Senatorem. The time without issue, and when Aeëtion consulted the
first seems to be the same with that assigned by oracle of Delphi about it, a son was promised to
Gennadius to Salvianus, bishop of Marseilles. him, who should prove formidable to the ruling
The editions of Cyprian are very numerous. party at Corinth. When the Bacchiadae were in-
The editio princeps was printed at Rone from a formed of this oracle, which at the same time threw
Parisian MS. , under the inspection of Andrew, light upon a previous mysterious oracle, they re-
bishop of Aleria, by Sweynheym and Pannartz, solved for their own security to murder the child-
corum.
3 x 2
## p. 916 (#936) ############################################
916
CYRIADES.
CYRILLUS.
3
of Acötion. But the persons who were sent outerents took place after the defcat and capture of
for this purpose were moved by the smiles of the Valerianus (a. D. 260); but our only authority
infant, and spared his life. Afterwards, however, expressly asserts, that the death of the usurper
they made a second attempt, but they now could happened while the emperor was upon his march
not find the child, for his mother had conccaled to the East (A. D. 258 or 259); and by that state-
him in a chest (Kubéan), from which he derived ment we must, in the absence of all other evidence,
his name, Cypselus. When he had grown up to be content to abide. The medals published by
manhood, he came forward as the champion of the Goltzius and Mediobarlus are rejected by numis-
demos against the nobles, and with the help of the matologists as unquestionably spurious. (Trebell.
people he expelled the Bacchiadae, and then estab- Poll. Trig. Tur. i. )
(W. R. ]
lished himself as tyrant. (Aristot. Polit. v. 8, CYRILLUS, a Graeco-Roman jurist, who
&c. ) The cruelties which he is charged with at wrote shortly after the compilations of Justinian
the beginning of his reign were the result of the were formed.
From the scholiast on the Basilica
vehement opposition on the part of the Bacchiadac, (vii. p. 89) it may be inferred, that he translated
for afterwards his government was peaceful and into Greek the Digest at length (TÒ Tátos, Reiz,
popular, and Cypselus felt so safe among the ad Theoph. p. 1240, $ 17). He also composed á
Corinthians that he could even dispense with a commentary on the Digest, which is cited by the
body-guard. (Aristot. Polit. v. 9 ; Polyaen. v. 31. ) name ivois--a word which does not mean an alpha-
Like most other Greek tyrants, Cypselus was very betical register, or index in the modern sense.
fond of splendour and magnificence, and he appears (Bas. ii. pp. 190, 192. ) Some have thought that,
to have accumulated great wealth. lle dedicated as Yvoit means a summary abridgment of the con-
at Delphi the chapel of the Corinthians with a tents of the titles, so Tátos means an extended
bronze palm-tree (Plut. Conv. Sept. Sar. 21, Symp. conimentary or paraphrase ; while Hugo (R. R. G.
Quast. viii. 4); and at Olympia he erected a p. 1077) mentions a suggestion made to him, that
golden statue of Zeus, towards which the wealthy Tátos and Yvoos are used synonomously, the latter
Corinthians were obliged to pay an extraordinary word being interpreted in the Glossac Nomicae by
tax for the space of ten years. (Strab. viii. pp. 353, épunvela. Cyrillus is designated, along with Ste-
378; comp. Pseud. Aristot. Oecon. ii. 2; Suid. phanus (who also wrote an Index), by the name
and Phot. s. v. Kúvelos. ) Cypselus ruled at 'Ivõikeútos. (Bas. iii. p. 415.
) On the authority
Corinth for a period of thirty years, the beginning of Ant. Augustinus, Suarez (Notit. Basil. & 19)
of which is placed by some in B. C. 658, and by cites Matt. Blastares (in Praef. Syntag. ) to shew
others in 655. He was succeeded in the tyranny that Cyrillus interpreted the Digest kat diTouřív;
at Corinth by his son Periander. The celebrated but, in the edition of Blastares published by Bp.
chest of Cypselus, consisting of cedar wood, ivory, Beveridge (Synodicon, ii. ), the name of Cyrillus
and gold, and richly adorned with figures in relief, does not occur in the context referred to. Cyrillus
of which Pausanias (r. 17, &c. ) has preserved a also commented upon the Code. (Bus. iii. pp. 60,
description, is said to have been acquired by one 61. ) Sometimes he is quoted by the scholiasts on
of the ancestors of Cypselus, who kept in it his the Basilica, and sometimes his opinions are embo-
most costly treasures. It afterwards remained in died in the text. (Bas. y. pp. 44, 82, 431, Bus. iv.
the possession of his descendants, and it was in p. 410. ) He does not appear to have commented
this chest that young Cypseluis was saved from the upon the Novells; and Reiz (ad Theoph. pp. 1235,
persecutions of the Bacchiadae. His grateful de-1245) has observed, that both Cyrillus and Ste-
scendants dedicated it in the temple of Hera at phanus must have written before A. D. 535, when
Olympia, where it was seen by Pausanias about the 115th Norell was promulgated. In Bas
. v.
the end of the second century after Christ. (Comp. 225 is a quotation from Cyrillus stating the law
Müller, Archaeol. d. k'unst. § 57. 2, &c. ; Thiersch, de Inofficiuso Testamento as it existed before it was
Epoch. p. 166, &c. )
[L. S. )
altered by the 115th Novell, which an eminent
CYRENE (Kuphun), a daughter of Hypseus jurist could scarcely have overlooked or been igno-
or Peneius by Chlidanope, a granddaughter of rant of.
Peneius and Creusa, was beloved by Apollo, who C. E. Zachariae seems to think that there were
carried her from mount Pelion to Libya, where two jurists named Cyrillus : one, who was among
Cyrene derived its name from her. She became the preceptors of the jurists that flourished in the
by Apollo the mother of Aristaeus. (Pind. Pyth. time of Justinian; another, who was among the
ix. 5. &c. ; Apollon. Rhod. i. 500, &c. ; Diod. iv. jurists that flourished in the period immediately
81; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 42, 317; Hygin. Fab. 161. ) after the compilation of the Corpus Juris. (Hist.
It is a mere mistake that Justin (xiii. 7) calls J. G. R. § 14, 1, a. , ib. § 14, 5, c. ) Zachariae
Anthocus, Nomius, and Argaeus sons of Cyrene. indeed does not expressly say that there were two,
(Comp. ARISTAEUS. ) There are two other mythi- but, unless he thinks so, his mode of statement is
cal personages of the name of Cyrene. (Hygin. calculated to mislead. The early Cyrillus is re-
Fab. 14 ; Apollod. ii. 5. $ 8. ) (L. S. ] ferred to (if Zachariae properly expresses his
CYRI'ADES stands first in the list of the meaning) in Bas. i. pp. 563, 646 (ed. Heimbach),
thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio in both of which passages he is designated by the
[AUREOLUS), from whose brief, indistinct, and honourable title Heros. In the passage, p. 646,
apparently inaccurate narrative we gather that, Heros Patricius, who was a contemporary of Jus-
after having roubed his father, whose old age he tinian, seems (as quoted by the Scholiast) to call
had embittered by dissipation and rice, he tied to Cyrillus “ the general schoolmaster of the world ;"
the Persians, stiniulated Sapor to invade the Ro- but the meaning is ambiguous, and the high-flown
man provinces, and, having assumed the purple compliments to Cyrillus may be the Scholiast's
together with the title of Augustus, was slain by own. It is the later Cyrillus (if Zachariae ex-
his own followers after a short career of cruelty presses what he intends) who, in Bas, i. p. 789
and crime. Gibbon thinks fit to assume that these (ed. lleimbach), cites Stephanus, his contemporary
## p. 917 (#937) ############################################
CYRILLUS.
917
CYRILLUS.
and brother-commentator. We do not agree with part of his life was passed amid agitating scenes,
Zachariae in this hypothesis of two Cyrilli; and it resulting from this persevering opposition. In
is to be observed, that in Bus. i. p. 646 (cd. lleim- consequence of an epistle written by Cyril to the
bach) the supposed earlier Cyrillus of Zachariae is bgyptian monks which had been carried to Con-
treated as the author of a commentary on the title stantinople, Nestorius and his friends were naturally
de Puctis. )
offended. When Ciril understood how much
In Bus. iii. pr. 50, 51 (ed. Fabrot. ), Cyrillus is Nestorins had been hurt by this letter, he wrote
represented as quoting a constitution of Alexius to him in justifcation of his conduct, and in ex-
Comnenus (A. D. 1081—1118), and, in Bas. V. p. planation of his faith, to which Nestorius replied
431 and vii. p. 89, mention is made of the artition in a calm and dignified tone. Cyril's answer
of Cyrillus, which is supposed by Assemani and repeats the admonitions of his first letter, expounds
Pohl to mean his edition of the Basilica. llence anew his doctrine of the union of natures in Christ,
Assemani (Bill. Jur. Orient. ii. 20, p. 40+) comes and defends it against the consequences deduced
to the conclusion, that Cyrillus was posterior to in his opponent's letter. Nestorius was after-
Alexius; and Pohl (aul Suares. Notit. Busil
. p. 69, wards induced by Lampon, a presbyter of the
n. o) thinks, that there were two jurists of the Alexandrian church, to write a short letier to Cyril
name, one of whom was posterior to Alexins. In breathing the true Christian spirit.
the passages of early jurists which are appended as In the mean time the Alexandrine prelate was
notes to the text of the Basilica, interpolations and endeavouring to lessen the iniluence of his op-
alterations were often made, in order to accommo- ponent by statements addressed to the emperor,
date them to a later state of the law; and the ap- and also to the princesses Pulcheria, Arcadia, and
parent anachronisms thus produced occasion consi- Marinia ; unt Theodosius was not disposed to look
derable difficulty in the legal biography of the upon him with a friendly ere because of such
lower empire. (Heimbach, de Basil. Oriy. p. 31. ) epistles; for he feared that the prelate aimed at
The fragments of Graeco-Roman jurists append exciting disagreement and discord in the imperial
ed by way of commentary to the 8th book of the household. Cyril also wrote to Celestine, bishop
Basilica were first published by Ruhnken from a of Rome, informing him of the heresy of Nestorius,
manuscript at Leyden in the 3rd and 5th volumes and asking his co-operation against it. The Ro-
of Meermann's Thesaurus. Among them are fre- man bishop had previously received some account
quent extracts from Cyrillus.
of the controversy from Nestorius ; though, from
In the Glossue Nomicae, of which Labbé made ignorance of Greek, he had not been able to read
a collection that was published after his death the letters and discourses of the Constantinopolitan
(Paris, 1679, London, 1817), are Glossaries which prelate. In consequence of Cyril's staiement,
have been commonly attributed to Philoxenus and Celestine held a council at Rome, and passed a
Cyrillus. Reiz (ad Theoph. p. 1246) thinks it not decrce, that Nestorius should be deposed in ten
improbable that these Glossaries were either edited days unless he recanted. The execution of this
by Philoxenus and Cyrillus, or extracted by others decree was entrusted to Cyril. The Roman pre-
from their interpretations, but that they certainly late also sent several letters through Cyril, one of
liave been interpolated and altered by later hands. which, a circular letter to the Eastern patriarchs
llaubold ( Inst. Jur. Rom. priv. p. 159, n. k. ) sees and bishops, Cyril forwarded with additional
no sufficient reason for attributing to Cyrillus the letters from himself. This circular was afterwards
Glossary that passes under his name. (J. T. G. ] sent by John of Antioch to Nestorius. Soon
CYRILLUS (Kúpiados), ST. , was a native of after (A. D. 430), he assembled a synod at Alex-
ALEXANDRIA, and nephew of Theophilus, bishop of andria, and set forth the truth in opposition to
the same place. The year of his birth is not known. Nestorius's tenets in twelve heads or anathemas,
After having been a presbyter of the church at A letter was also drawn up addressed to Nestorius,
Alexandria, he succeeded to the episcopal chair another to the officers and members of the church
on the death of Theophilus, A. D. 412. To this at Constantinople, inciting them to oppose their
office he was no sooner elevated than he gave full patriarch, and a third to the monks. With these
scope to those dispositions and desires that guided anathemas he sent four bishops as legates to Nes-
him through an unquiet life. Unbounded ambi- torius, requiring of him to subscribe them if he
tion and vindictiveness, jealousy of opponents, ill-wished to remain in the communion of the Catholic
directed cunning, apparent zeal for the truth, and church and retain his see. Celestine's letter, which
an arrogant desire to lord it over the churches, he had kept back till now, was also despatched.
constituted the character of this vehement patriarch. But Nestorius refused to retract, and answered
His restless and turbulent spirit, bent on self- the anathemas by twelve anti-anathemas. In
aggrandisement, presents an unfavourable portrait consequence of these mutual excommunications and
to the impartial historian. Immediately after his recriminatory letters, the emperor Theodosius the
elevation, he entered with rigour on the duties Second was induced to summon a general council
supposed to devolve on the prelate of so important at Ephesus, commonly reckoned the third oecume-
a city. He banished from it the Jews, who are nical council, which was held A. D. 431. To this
said to have been attempting violence towards the council Cyril and many bishops subservient to his
Christians, threw down their synagogue and plun- views repaired. The pious Isidore in vain re-
dered it, quarrelled with Orestes, and set himself monstrated with the fiery. Alexandrine prelate.
to oppose heretics and heathens on every side. Nestorius was accompanied by two imperial
According to Socrates, he also shut up the churches ministers of state, one of whom had the command
of the Novatians, took away all their sacred vessels of soldiers to protect the council. Cyril presided,
and ornaments, and deprived Theopemptus, their and urged on the business with impatient haste.
bishop, of all he bad. (Histor. Eccles. vii. 7.
