No More Learning

Mei. i. 624. ) According to and are of less value than his ; this edition, how-
Pausanias (ii. 16. & 3), Arestor was the busband ever, contains a copious and useful collection of
of Mycene, the daughter of Inachus, from whom annotations by P. Petit and D. W. Triller. The last
the town of Mycenae derived its name. (L. S. ] and most useful edition is that by C. G. Kühn,
ARETADES ('Apnrádns), of Cnidns, of uncer- Lips. 1828, 8vo. , containing Wigan's text, Latin
tain date, wrote a work on Macedonian affairs version, dissertations, &c. , together with Petits
(Maxedoviká) in three books at least, and another Commentary, Triller's Emendations, and Mait-
on the history of islands (vno iwtiká) in two books taire's Index. A new edition is preparing for
at least. (Plut. Parall. 11, 27. ) It is uncertain the press at this present time by Dr. Ermerins,
whether the Aretades referred to by Porphyry of Middelburg in Zealand. (See his preface, p.
(ap. Euseb. Pruep. Eo. x. 3), as the author of a viii. , to Hippocr. De Vict. Rat. in Morl. Acut.
work Neol ouveMTTWOWS, is the same as the above Lugd. Bat. 1841. ) The work has been translated into
French, Italian, and German ; there are also two
ARETAEUS ('Aperaîos), one of the most cele English translations, one by J. Moffat, Lond. 1785,
brated of the ancient Greek physicians, of whose 8vo. , and the other by T. F. Reynolds, Lond.
life, however, no particulars are known. There is 1837, 8vo. , neither of which contains the whole
some uncertainty respecting both his age and coun- work. Further information respecting the medica)
try ; but it seems probable that he practised in the opinions of Aretaeus may be found in Le Clerc's
first century after Christ
, in the reign of Nero or Hist. de la Méd. ; Haller's Bibl. Medic. Pract. vol.
Vespasian, and he is generally styled the Cappado- i. ; Sprengel's Hist
. de la Méd. ; Fabricius, Bill.
cian" (Καππάδοξ). He wrote in Ionic Greek a Gr. vol. iv. p. 703, ed. Harles ; Isensee, Gesch. der
general treatise on diseases, which is still extant, Med. See also Bostock, Hist. of Med. , and
and is certainly one of the most valuable reliques Choulant's Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die
of antiquity, displaying great accuracy in the Aeltere Medicin, from which two works the pre-
detail of symptoms, and in seizing the diagnostic ceding article has been chiefly taken. (W. A. G. )
character of diseases. In his practice he followed ARETA'PHILA ('Aperapina), of Cyrene, lived
for the most part the method of Hippocrates, but at the time of the Mithridatic war. Nicocrates,
he paid less attention to what have been styled the tyrant of Cyrene, killed her husband, Phaedi-
" the natural actions” of the system ; and, contrary mus, and compelled her to live with him ; but she
to the practice of the Father of Medicine, he did at length delivered the city from tyranny by pro-
not hesitate to attempt to counteract them, when curing the murder of Nicocrates, and subsequently
they appeared to him to be injurious. The account of his brother Leander, when he acted in the same
which he gives of his treatment of various diseases tyrannical manner. (Plut. de Mul, virt. p. 255, &c. )
indicates a simple and sagacious system, and one of A'RETAS ('Apétas), the name of several kings
more energy than that of the professed Methodici. of Arabia Petraea.
Thus he freely administered active purgatives ; he 1. The contemporary of Jason, the high-priest of
did not object to narcotics; he was much less the Jews, and of Antiochus Epiphanes, about B. C.
averse to bleeding ; and upon the whole his Materia 170. (2 Maccab. v. 8. )
Medica was both ample and efficient. It may be 2. A contemporary of Alexander Jannaeus, king
asserted generally that there are few of the ancient of Judaea. This Aretas is probably the same who
physicians, since the time of Hippocrates, who reigned in Coele Syria after Antiochus XII. , sur-
appear to have been less biassed by attachment to named Dionysus. He was invited to the kingdom
any peculiar set of opinions, and whose account of by those who had possession of Damascus (Jo-
the phenomeua and treatment of disease has better seph. Antiq. xii. 13. & 3, 15. $ 2. ) Subsequently
stood the test of subsequent experience. Aretaeus he seems to have been compelled to relinquish
is placed by some writers among the Pneumatici Syria ; . and we next hear of his taking part in the
(Dict. of Ant. s. v. Pneumatici), because he main contest between Aristobulus and Hyrcanus for the
tained the doctrines which are peculiar to this Jewish crown, though whether this Aretas is the
sect ; other systematic writers, however, think same as the one who ruled over Syria may be
that he is better entitled to be placed with the doubted. At the advice of Antipater, Hyrcanus
Eclectics. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Eclectici. )
Aed to Aretas, who invaded Judaea in B, c. 65, in
His work consists of eight book, of which four are order to place him on the throne, and laid siege to
entitled lepi Aitiw kai Enuelw'Oféwv kal Xpoviwv Jerusalem. Aristobulus, however, purchased the
Nadwv, De Causis et Signis Acutorum et Diuturno intervention of Scaurus and Gabinius, Pompey's
rum Morborum ; and the other four, Ilepl @epareias legates, who compelled Aretas to raise the siege.
'Oléw kal Xpovlwv Nabw, De Curatione Acutorum (Joseph. Ant. xiv. i. & 4, c. 2, Bell. Jud. i. 6. § 2. )
e Diudurnorum Morborum. They are in a tolerably (ARISTOBULUS, No. 2. ) After Pompey had re-
complete state of preservation, though a few chap- duced Syria to the form of a Roman province, he
ters are lost. The work was first published in a turned his arms against Aretas, B. C. 64, who sub-
Latin translation by J. P. Crassus, Venet. 1552, mitted to him for a time. This expedition against
4to. , together with Rufus Ephesius. The first Aretas preceded the war against Aristobulus in
Greek edition is that by J. Goupylus, Paris, 1554, Judnea, which Plutarch erroneously represents as
8vo. , which is more complete than the Latin ver- the first. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 15; Appian, Mithr.
sion of Crassis. In 1723 a magnificent edition in 106 ; Plut. Pomp. 39, 41. ) The war against
folio was published at the Clarendon press at Ox-Aretas was renewed after Pompey's departure
ford, edited by J. Wigan, containing an improved from Asia ; and Scaurus, Pompey's legate, who


## p. 278 (#298) ############################################

278
ARETE.
ARETILSA.
remained behind in Syria, invaded Arabia Petraen | marry Timocrates, one of his friends ; but she was
but was unable to reach Petra. He laid waste, again received by Dion as his wife, when he had
however, the surrounding country, and withdrew obtained possession of Syracuse and expelled the
his army on Aretas' paying 300 talents. (Joseph. younger Dionysius. After Dion's assassination,
Ant. xiv. 5. § 1. ) This expedition of Scaurus is B. c. 353, Arete was imprisoned together with her
commemorated on a coin, which is given under mother, and brought forth a son while in confine-
SCAURUS. The successors of Scaurus in Syria also ment. Arete and Aristomache were subsequently
prosecuted the war with the Arabs. (Appian, Syr. liberated and kindly received by Hicetas, one of
50. )
Dion's friends, but he was afterwards persuaded by
3. The father-in-law, of Herod Antipas of the enemies of Dion to drown them. (Plut. Dion,
Judaea. Herod dismissed his wife, the daughter 6, 21, 51, 57, 58; Aelian, V. H. xii. 47, who
of Aretas, in consequence of having formed an erroneously makes Arete the mother, and Aristo-
incestuous connexion with Herodias, his brother mache the wife of Dion. )
Philip's wife, as we learn from the Evangelists. ARE’TE ('Apýtn), daughter of Aristippus, the
To revenge the wrongs of his daughter, Aretas founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy. She
made war upon Herod, and defeated him in a was instructed by him in the principles of his sys-
great battle. Herod applied for assistance to the tem, which she transmitted to her son, Aristippus
Romans; and Vitellius, the governor of Syria, reunt podíSAKTOS, to whom Ritter (Gesch. der Phil.
ceived an order to punish Aretas. He accordingly vii. 1. 3) ascribes the formal completion of the ear-
marched against Petra; but while he was on the lier Cyrenaic doctrine. We are told by Diogenes
road, he received intelligence of the death of Laërtius (ü. 72), that her father taught her con-
Tiberius (A. D. 37), and gave up the expedition in tentment and moderation, both by precept and
consequence. (Joseph. Ant. xviii
. 5. $S 1, 3. ) practice, and the same duties are insisted on in an
This Aretas seems to have been the same who had epistle now extant, said to be addressed to her by
possession of Damascus at the time of the conver- him. This letter is certainly spurious (ARISTIP-
sion of the Apostle Paul, A. D. 31. (2 Corinth, xi. Pus), although Laërtius mentions among the writ-
32, 33; Acts ix. 19—25.
) It is not improbable ings of Aristippus an OTOAT) a po's 'ApaTTv TTİV
that Aretas obtained possession of Damascus in a Suyatépa. Whether the letter to which he refers
war with Herod at an earlier period than Josephus was the same as that which we possess, is uncer-
has mentioned; as it seems likely that Aretas tain ; but the fact that it was extant in his time
would have resented the affront soon after it was would not prove its authenticity. Aelian (H. A.
given, instead of allowing so many years to inter- iii. 40) calls Arete the sister of Aristippus, but this
vene, as the narrative of Josephus would imply. assertion is opposed to the statement of all other
The Aretas into whose dominions Aelius Gallus writers; and, besides, the passage which contains
came in the time of Augustus, is probably also the it is corrupt (Diog. Laërt. ii. 72, 86 ; Brucker,
same as the father-in-law of Herod. (Strab. xvi. Hist. Crit. Phil. ii. 2, 3. ) [G. E. L. C. )
p. 781. )
ARETES of Dyrrachium, an ancient chrono
The following is a coin of Aretas, king of grapher, some of whose calculations Censorinus (de
Damascus, but whether it belongs to No. 2 or No. Die Nat. 18, 21) mentions.
3 is doubtful. (Eckhel, iii. p. 330. ) Perhaps it is A'RETHAS ( Apébas). 1. Archbishop of Cae-
a coin of No. 2, and may have been struck when sareia in Cappadocia at an uncertain time (A. D.
he took possession of Syria at the invitation of the 540, according to Coccius and Cave), appears to
inhabitants of Damascus : in that case there have succeeded ANDREAS. He wrote a commen-
would have been good reason for the inscription tary on the Apocalypse (ou dog ég mynCEWV èK
ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ upon it.
διαφόρων αγίων ανδρών εις την Ιωάννου του αγα-
πημένου και ευαγγελιστού Αποκάλυψιν), which,
as its title implies, was compiled from many pre-
previous works, and especially from that of An-
dreas. It is usually printed with the works of
OECUMENIUS.
2. Presbyter of Caesareia in Cappadocia, wrote a
work“ on the translation of St. Euthymius, patri-
arch of Constantinople,” who died A. D. 911. The
date of Arethas is therefore fixed at 920. (Oudinus,
Comment. de Script. Eccles. ii. p. 426, who, without
COIN OF ARETAS.
sufficient reason, identifies the former Arethas with
ARE'TE (Aphin), the wife of Alcinous, king this writer. )
of the Phaeacians. In the Odyssey she appears as 3. The author of an epigram “ On his own
a noble and active superintendent of the household Sister” (ém tñ iðią dderon), which is found in
of her husband, and when Odysseus arrived in the the Vatican MS. under the title of 'Apéda toù
island, he first applied to queen Arete to obtain drakóvov. (Jacobs, Paralip. ex Cod. Vatic. No.
hospitable reception and protection. (Hom. Od. vi. 211, in Anthol, Graec. xiii. p. 744. ) If the
310, vii. 65, &c. , 142. ) Respecting her connexion words added in the margin, yeyovótos dè kal
with the story of Jason aud Medeia, see ALCl- αρχεπισκόπου Καισαρείας Καππαδοκίας, may be
NOUS.
[L. S. ] taken as an authority, he was the same person as
A'RETE ('Apern), daughter of the elder Dio- the Archbishop of Caesareia.
[P. S. ]
nysius and Aristomache. She was first married to ARETHU'SA ('Apédovoa), one of the Nereids
Thearides, and upon his death to her uncle Dion, the (Hygin. Praef. p. 9, ed. Staveren ; Virg. Georg. iv.
brother of her mother Aristomache. After Dion had 344), and the nymph of the famous well Arethusa
fled from Syracuse during the reign of the younger in the island of Ortygia near Syracuse. [Alpheus. )
Dionysius, Arete was compelled by her brother to Virgil (Eclog. iv. i, x. l) reckons her among the
CONHVVIVIS
BAHAY


## p. 279 (#299) ############################################

ARGAEUS.
279
ARGEIUS.
Sicilian nymphs, and as the divinity who inspired according to Herodotus and Thucydides, was the
pastoral poetry. The Syracusans represented on founder of the dynasty. Thirty-four years are
many of their coins the head of Arethusa sur-given as the length of his reign by Dexippus (ap.
rounded by dolphins. (Rasche, Lez. Numism. i. 1, Synccll
. p. 494, Dind. ), but apparently without any
p. 107. ) One of the Hesperides likewise bore the authority. (Herod. viii
. 139, Justin, vii. 2. )
name of Arethusa. (Apollod. ii
. 5. § 11. ) [L. S. ] There was a pretender to the Macedonian crown
M. ARETHU'SIUS ('Apebovoros), the author of this name, who, with the assistance of the Illy-
of a confession of faith, promulgated in the third riang, expelled Amyntas II. from his dominions (B. C.
council of Sirmium, A. D. 359, and was subse 393), and kept possession of the throne for two
quently a martyr under Julian. (Socrat. H. E. ii. years. Amyntas then, with the aid of the Thessa-
30, with Valesius' note ; Nazian. Orat. 48 ; Tille liang, succeeded in expelling Argaeus and recover-
mont, vii. p. 726. )
ing at least a part of his dominions. It is probably
ARETUS ("Apntos). Two mythical personages the same Argaeus who in B. c. 359 again appears
of this name are mentioned in Homer. (IL. xvii. as a pretender to the throne. He had induced the
494, 517, and Od. iii. 413. )
(L. S. ] Athenians to support his pretensions, but Philip,
A'REUS I. ('Apeús), succeeded his grandfather, who had just succeeded to the regency of the king-
Cleomenes II. , as king of Sparta, of the Eurys dom, by his intrigues and promises induced them
thenid family, B. C. 309, his father, AcroTATUS, to remain inactive. Argaeus upon this collected a
having died before him. He reigned 44 years. body of mercenaries, and being accompanied by
(Diod. xx. 29. )
some Macedonian exiles and some Athenian troops,
In the year 280 B. C. , a league of the Greek who were permitted by thoir general, Manlias, to
states was formed, at the instigation of Sparta, join him, he made an attempt upon Aegae, but
acting under the influence of its ally, Ptolemy was repulsed. On his retreat to Methone, he was
Ceraunus, to free themselves from the dominion intercepted by Philip, and defeated. What be
of Antigonus Gonatas. The first blow was came of him we are not informed. (Diod. xiv. 92,
struck by Areus, who, having obtained a decree xvi. 2, 3; Dem. C. Aristocr. p. 660 ; Thirlwall,
of the Ampbyctions against the Aetolians, be vol. v. pp. 161, 173. )
(C. P. M. ]
cause they had cultivated the sacred land of A'RGALUS ("Apgalos), the eldest son of
Cirrha, attacked Cirrha unexpectedly, and plun- Amyclas, and his successor in the throne of Sparta.
dered and burnt the town. His proceedings were (Paus. ii. 1. $ 3. )
viewed by the Aetolian shepherds on the mountains, ARGANTHO'NE ('Apyavdown), a fair maiden
who formed themselves into a body of about 500 in Mysia, who used to hunt alone in the forests.
men, and attacked the scattered troops of Areus. Rhesus, attracted by the fame of her beauty, came
These, ignorant of the number of their enemies, to her during the chase; be succeeded in winning
were struck with a panic and fled, leaving 9000 of her love, and married her. After he was slain at
their number dead. Thus the expedition turned Troy by Diomedes, she died of grief. (Parthen.
out fruitless, and the attempts of Sparta to renew Erot. 36 ; Steph. Byz. s. 12. 'Apavbwvis. ) [L. S. )
the war met with no encouragement from the other ARGANTHOʻNIUS ('Apravouvios), king of
states, which suspected that the real design of Tartessus in Spain, in the sixth century B. C.