There was a popular belief in Achaia,
vented by Talus, who guarded the island, but was that if an unhappy lover bathed in the water of
killed by the artifices of Medeia.
vented by Talus, who guarded the island, but was that if an unhappy lover bathed in the water of
killed by the artifices of Medeia.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
The golden fleece, which
ARGO. [ARGONAUTAE. ]
Jason himself had to fetch, was hung up in a
ARGONAUTAE ('Apyovaūtai), the heroes and thicket, and guarded by a fearful dragon, thicker
demigods who, according to the traditions of the and longer than the ship of the Argonauts. Jason
Greeks, undertook the first bold maritime expedi succeeded by a stratagem in slaying the dragon,
tion to Colchis, a far distant country on the coast and on his return he secretly carried away Medeia
of the Euxine, for the purpose of fetching the with him. They sailed bome by the Erythraean
golden fleece. They derived their name from the sea, and arrived in Lemnos. In this account of
ship Argo, in which the voyage was made, and Pindar, all the Argonauts are thrown into the
which was constructed by Argus at the command background, and Jason alone appears as the acting
of Jason, the leader of the Argonauts. The time hero. The brief description of their return through
which the Greek traditions assign to this enter- the Erythraean sea is difficult to understand. Pin-
prise is about one generation before the Trojan dar, as the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv.
The story of the expedition seems to have 259) remarks, like some other poets, makes the
been known to the author of the Odyssey (xii. 69, Argonauts return through the eastern current of
&c. ), who states, that the ship Argo was the only Oceanus, which it must be supposed that they en-
one that ever passed between the whirling rocks tered through the river Phasis; so that they sailed
(rés por Thayktai). Jason is mentioned several from the Euxine through the river Phasis into the
W2r.
## p. 281 (#301) ############################################
ARGONAUTAE.
281
ARGONAUTAE.
eastern occan, and then round Asia to the southern Igntions, and whose works were used by Apollo-
coast of Libya. Here the Argonauts landed, and nius Rhodius, is given by the Scholiast on this
carried their ship through Libya on their shoulders poet. Besides the Argonautics of the Pseudo-
until they came to the lake of Triton, through | Orpheus, we now possess only thosc of Apollonius
which they sailed northward into the Mediterra- Rhodius, and his Roman imitator, Valerius Flaccus.
nean, and steered towards Lemnos and lolcus. The account which is preserved in Apollodorus'
The Erythraean sea in this account is the eastern Bibliotheca (i. 9. 88 16—27) is derived from the
ocean. There is scarcely any other adventure in best sources that were extant in his time, and
the ancient stories of Greece the detail of which chiefly from Pherecydes. We shall give his ac-
has been so differently related by poets of all kinds. count here, partly because it is the plainest, and
The most striking differences are those relative to partly because it may fill up those parts which
the countries or seas through which the Argonauts Pindar in his description has touched upon but
returned home. As it was in most cases the object slightly.
of the poets to make them return through some un- When Jason was commissioned by his unclo
known country, it was necessary, in later times, to Pelias of lolcus to fetch the golden fleece, which
shift their road, accordingly as geographical know- was suspended on an oak-tree in the grove of Ares
ledge became more and more extended. While in Colchis, and was guarded day and night by a
thus Pindar makes them return through the eastern dragon, he commanded Argus, the son of Phrixus,
ocean, others, such as Apollonius Rhodius and to build a ship with fifty oars, in the prow of
Apollodorus, make them sail from the Euxine into which Athena inserted a piece of wood from the
the rivers Ister and Eridanus into the westem speaking oaks in the grove at Dodona, and he in-
ocean, or the Adriatic; and others, again, such as vited all the heroes of his time to take part in the
the Pseudo-Orpheus, Timaeus, and Scymnus of expedition. Their first landing-place after leaving
Chios, represent them as sailing through the river lolcus was the island of Lemnos, where all the
Tanais into the northern ocean, and round the women had just before murdered their fathers and
northern countries of Europe. A fourth set of husbands, in consequence of the anger of Aphro-
traditions, which was adopted by Herodotus, Cal dite. Thoas alone had been saved by his daughters
limachus, and Diodorus Siculus, made them return and his wife Hypsipyle. The Argonauts united
by the same way as they had sailed to Colchis. themselves with the women of Lemnos, and Hyp-
All traditions, however, agree in stating, that sipyle bore to Jason two sons, Euneus and Nebro-
the object of the Argonauts was to fetch the golden phonus. From Lemnos the Argonauts sailed to
fleece which was kept in the country of Aeetes. the country of the Doliones, where king Cizycus
This fleece was regarded as golden as early as the received them hospitably. They left the country
time of Hesiod and Pherecydes (Eratosth. Catast. during the night, and being thrown back on the
19), but in the extant works of Hesiod there is coast by a contrary wind, they were taken for
no trace of this tradition, and Mimnermus only Pelasgians, the enemies of the Doliones, and a
calls it “a lar ficece in the town of Aeetes, struggle ensued, in which Cizycus was slain ; but
where the rays of Helios rest in a golden chamber. ” being recognised by the Argonauts, they buried
Simonides and Acusilaus described it as of purple him and mourned over his fate. They next landed
colour. (Schol. ad Eurip. Med. 5, ad Apollon. Rhod. in Mysia, where they left behind Heracles and
iv. 1147. ). If, therefore, the tradition in this form | Polyphemus, who had gone into the country in
bad any historical foundation at all, it would seem search of Hylas, whom a nymph had carried off
to suggest, that a trade in furs with the countries while he was fetching water for his companions.
porth and east of the Euxine was carried on by In the country of the Bebryces, king Amycus
the Minyans in and about Iolcus at a very early challenged the Argonauts to fight with him; and
time, and that some bold mercantile enterprise to when Polydeuces was killed by him, the Argo-
those countries gave rise to the story about the nauts in revenge slew many of the Bebryces, and
Argonauts. In later traditions, the fieece is uni- sailed to Salmydessus in Thrace, where the seer
versally called the golden fleece; and the won- Phineus was tormented by the Harpyes. When
drous rain who wore it is designated by the name the Argonauts consulted him about their voyage,
of Chrysomallus, and called a son of Poseidon and he promised his advice on condition of their deli-
Theophane, the daughter of Brisaltes in the island vering him from the Harpyes. This was done by
of Crumissa. (Hygin. Fab. 188. ) Strabo (xi. Zetes and Calais, two sons of Boreas; and Phineus
p. 499; comp. Appian, de Bell. Mithrid. 103) en- now advised them, before sailing through the Sym-
deavours to explain the story about the golden plegades, to mark the flight of a dore, and to judge
fleece from the Colchians' collecting by means of from its fate of what they themselves would have
skins the gold sand which was carried down in to do. When they approached the Symplegades,
their rivers from the mountains.
they sent out a dove, which in its rapid fight
The ship Argo is described as a pentecontoros, between the rocks lost only the end of its tail
.
that is, a ship with fifty oars, and is said to have The Argonauts now, with the assistance of Hera,
conveyed the same number of heroes. The Scho followed the example of the dove, sailed quickly
liast on Lycophron (175) is the only writer who between the rocks, and succeeded in passing through
states the number of the heroes to have been one without injuring their ship, with the exception of
hundred. But the names of the fifty heroes are not some ornaments at the stern. Henceforth the
the same in all the lists of the Argonauts, and it is Symplegades stood immoveable in the sea.
a useless task to attempt to reconcile them. (A pol- their arrival in the country of the Mariandyni, the
lod. i. 9. & 16 ; Hygin. Fab. 14, with the commen- Argonauts were kindly received by their king,
tators ; compare the catalogue of the Argonauts in Lycus. The seer Idmon and the helmsman Tiphys
Burmann's edition of Val. Flaccus. ) An account died here, and the place of the latter was supplied
of the writers who had made the expedition of the by Ancaeus. They now sailed along the Thermo-
Argonauts the subject of poems or critical investi don and the Caucasus, until they arrived at the
On
## p. 282 (#302) ############################################
282
ARGONAUTAE.
ARGYRUS.
mouth of the river Phasis. The Colchian king ! tingen, 1788; Ukert, Geom. der Griech. u. Röm.
Acetes promised to give up the golden tieece, if 1. 2. p. 320, &c. ; Müller, Orchom. pp. 164, &c. ,
Jason alone would yoke to a plough two fire 267, &c. ) The story of the Argonauts probably
breathing oxen with brazen feet, and sow the teeth arose out of accounts of commercial enterprises
of the dragon which had not been used by Cadmus | which the wealthy Minyans made to the coasts of
at Thebes, and which he had received from Athena. the Euxine.
(L. S. )
The love of Medeia furnished Jason with means to ARGUS ("Apyos ). 1. The third king of
resist fire and steel, on condition of his taking her Argos, was a son of Zeus and Niobe. (Apollod. i.
as his wife; and she taught him how he was to 1. $ 1, &c. ) A Scholiast (ad Ilom. Il. 1. 115) calls
create feuds among and kill the warriors that were him a son of Apis, whom he succeeded in the
to spring up from the teeth of the dragon. While kingdom of Argos. It is from this Argus that the
Jason was engaged upon his task, Aectes formed country afterwards called Argolis and all Pelopon-
plans for burning the ship Argo and for killing all nesus derived the name of Argos. (Hygin. Fab.
the Greek heroes. But Medeia's magic powers 145; Paus. ii. 16. Q 1, 22. $ 6, 34. $ 5. ) By Eu-
sent to sleep the dragon who guarded the golden adne, or according to others, by Peitho, he became
fleece; and after Jason had taken possession of the father of Jasus, Peiranthus or Peiras, Epi-
the treasure, he and his Argonauts, together with daurus, Criasus, and Tiryns. (Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen.
Medeia and her young brother Absyrtus, embarked | 1151, 1147; ad Eurip. Orest
. 1252, 1248, 930. )
by night and sailed away. Aeetes pursued them, 2. Surnamed Panoptes. His parentage is stated
but before he overtook them, Medeia murdered differently, and his father is called Agenor, Ares-
her brother, cut him into pieces, and threw his tor, Inachus, or Argus, whereas some accounts de
limbs overboard, that her father might be detained scribed him as an Autochthon. (Apollod. ii, 1, 2,
in his pursuit by collecting the limbs of his child. Sc. ; 0v. Met. i. 264. ) He derived his sumame,
Aeetes at last returned home, but sent out a great Panoptes, the all-seeing, from his possessing a
number of Colchians, threatening them with the hundred eyes, some of which were always awake.
punishment intended for Medeia, if they returned He was of superhuman strength, and after he had
without her. While the Colchians were dispersed slain a fierce bull which ravaged Arcadia, a Satyr
in all directions, the Argonauts had already reached who robbed and violated persons, the serpent
the mouth of the river Eridanus. But Zeus, in Echidna, which rendered the roads unsafe, and the
his anger at the murder of Absyrtus, raised a murderers of Apis, who was according to some ac-
storm which cast the ship from its road. When counts his father, Hera appointed him guardian of
driven on the Absyrtian islands, the ship began to the cow into which lo had been metamorphosed.
speak, and declared that the anger of Zeus would (Comp. Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 1151, 1213. )
noi cease, unless they sailed towards Ausonia, and Zeus commissioned Hermes to carry off the cow,
got purified by Circe. They now sailed along the and Hermes accomplished the task, according to
coasts of the Ligyans and Celts, and through the some accounts, by stoning Argus to death, or ac-
sea of Sardinia, and continuing their course along cording to others, by sending him to sleep by the
the coast of Tyrrhenia, they arrived in the island sweetness of his play on the flute and then cutting
of Aeaea, where Circe purified them. When they off his head. Hera transplanted his eyes to the
were passing by the Sirens, Orpheus sang to pre- tail of the peacock, her favourite bird. (Aeschyl.
vent the Argonauts being allured by them. Butes, Prom. ; Apollod. Ov. U. cc. )
however, swam to them, but Aphrodite carried 3. The builder of the Argo, the ship of the Argo
him to Lily baeum. Thetis and the Nereids con- nauts, was according to Apollodorus (ii. 9. gr 1, 16),
ducted them through Scylla and Charybdis and a son of Phrixus. Apollonius Rhodius (i. 112) calls
between the whirling rocks (rét pa. haykTal); him a son of Arestor, and others a son of Hestor
and sailing by the Trinacian island with its oxen or Polybus. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 4, ad
of Helios, they came to the Phaeacian island of Lycophr. 883; Hygin. Fab. 14; Val. Flacc. i 39,
Corcyra, where they were received by Alcinous. who calls him a Thespian. ) Argus, the son of
In the meantime, some of the Colchians, not being | Phrixus, was sent by Aeetes, his grand father, after
able to discover the Argonauts, had settled at the the death of Phrixus, to take possession of his in-
foot of the Ceraunian mountains ; others occupied heritance in Greece. On his voyage thither
the Absyrtian islands near the coast of Illyricum; he suffered shipwreck, was found by Jason
and a third band overtook the Argonauts in the in the island of Aretias, and carried back to
island of the Phaeacians. But as their hopes of Colchis. (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1095, &c; Hygin.
recovering Medeia were deceived by Arete, the Fab. 21. ) Hyginus (Fab. 3) relates that after the
queen of Alcinous, they settled in the island, and death of Phrixus, Argus intended to flee with his
the Argonauts continued their voyage. (Alcinous. ] brothers to Athamas.
[L. S. ]
During the night, they were overtaken by a storm ; ARGYRA ('Apyopa), the nymph of a well in
but Apollo sent brilliant flashes of lightning which | Achaia, was in love with a beautiful shepherd-boy,
enabled them to discover a neighbouring island, Selemnus, and visited him frequently, but when
which they called Anaphe. Here they erected an his youthful beauty vanished, she forsook him.
altar to Apollo, and solemn rites were instituted, The boy now pined away with grief, and Aphro-
which continued to be observed down to very late dite, moved to pity, changed him into the river
times. Their attempt to land in Crete was pre Selemnus.
There was a popular belief in Achaia,
vented by Talus, who guarded the island, but was that if an unhappy lover bathed in the water of
killed by the artifices of Medeia. From Crete this river, he would forget the grief of his love.
they sailed to Aegina, and from thence between (Paus. vii. 23. & 2. )
[L. S. )
Euboea and Locris to lolcus. Respecting the ARGYRUS, ISAAC, a Greek monk, who
events subsequent to their arrival in Iolcus, see lived about the year A. D. 1373. He is the
ABSON, Medein, Jason, PELIAS. (Comparc author of a considerable number of works, but only
Schoenemann, de Geographia Argonautarum, Göt- one of them has yet been published, viz. a works
## p. 283 (#303) ############################################
ARIADNE.
233
ARIANTAS.
1
upon the method of finding the time when Enster (Plut. Thes. 20; Ov. Act. viii. 175, lleroid. 10;
1
should be celebrated (Taoxánios kavov), which he Hygin. Fulr. 43. ) According to this tradition,
dedicated to Andronicus, praefect of the town of Ariadne put an end to her own life in despair, or
Aenus in Thessaly. It was first edited, with a was saved by Dionysus, who in amazement at her
Latin translation and notes, by J. Christmann, at beauty made her his wife, raised her among
Heidelberg, 1611, 4to. , and was afterwards insert the immortals, and placed the crown which he
ed by Petavius in his “ Uranologium” (Paris, gave her at his marriage with her, among the stars.
1630, fol. , and Antwerp, 1703, fol. ), with a new (Hesiod. Thcog. 949 ; Ov. Met. l. c. ; Hygin. Poct.
Latin translation and notes ; but the last chap- Astr. ii. 5. ) The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius
ter of the work, which is contained in Christ (iii. 996) makes Ariadne become by Dionysus the
mann's edition and bad been published before mother of Oenopion, Thoas, Staphylus, Latromis,
by Jos. Scaliger, is wanting in the Uranologium. ” | Euanthes, and Tauropolis. There are several cir-
Petavius inserted in his " Uranologium” also a cumstances in the story of Ariadne which offered the
second “ canon paschalis" (üi. p. 384), which he happiest subjects for works of art, and some of the
ascribes to Argyrus, but without having any finest ancient works, on gems as weil as paintings,
authority for it. There exist in various European are still extant, of which Ariadne is the subject.
libraries, in MS. , several works of Argyrus, which (Lippert, Dactylioth. ii. 51, i. 383, 384 ; Maffei,
have not yet been printed. (Fabricius, Bill. Gr. Gem. Ant. iii. 33; Pitture d'Ercolano, ii. tab. 14;
xi. p. 126, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. i. Append. p. 63, Bellori, Adm. Rom. Antiq. Vest. tab. 48; Böttiger,
ed. London. )
(L. S. ] Archaeoh. Mus. part i. ).
(L. S. )
ARIABIGNES ('Apiablyvns), the son of Da- ARIAETHUS ('Apiaidos), of Tegea, the author
reius, and one of the commanders of the feet of of a work on the early history of Arcadia. (Hlygin.
his brother Xerxes, fell in the battle of Salamis, Poët. Astr. ii. l; Dionys. i. 49, where 'Apiaíow is
E. - 480. (Herod. vii. 97, viii. 89. ) Plutarch the right reading. )
calls him (Them. c. 14) Ariamenes, and speaks of ARIAE'US ('Apiaíos), or ARIDAE'US ('Api-
him as a brave man and the justest of the brothers Saios), the friend and lieutenant of Cyrus, con-
of Xerxes. The same writer relates (de Fratern. manded the barbarians in that prince's army at
Am. p. 448; comp. A pophth. p. 173), that this the battle of Cunaxa, B. C. 401. (Xen. Anal. i. 8.
Ariamenes (called by Justin, ii
. 10, Artemenes) $ 5; Diod. xiv. 22; comp. Plut. Artax. c. 11. )
Inid claim to the throne on the death of Dareius, as After the death of Cyrus, the Cyrean Greeks
the eldest of his sons, but was opposed by Xerxes, offered to place Ariaeus on the Persian throne;
who maintained that he had a right to the crown but he declined making the attempt, on the ground
as the eldest of the sons born after Dareius had that there were many Persians superior to himself,
become king. The Persians appointed Artabanus who would never tolerate him as king. (Anub. ii.
to decide the dispute ; and upon his declaring in 1. § 4, 2. & 1. ) He exchanged oaths of fidelity,
favour of Xerxes, Ariamenes immediately saluted however with the Greeks, and, at the commence
his brother as king, and was treated by him with ment of their retreat, marched in company with
great respect. According to Herodotus (vii. 2), them; but soon afterwards he purchased his par-
who calls the eldest son of Dareius, Artabazanes, don from Artaxerxes by deserting them, and aid-
this dispute took place in the life-time of Dareius. | ing (possibly through the help of his friend Menon)
ARIADNE ('Apiádun), a daughter of Minos | the treachery of Tissaphernes, whereby the princi-
and Pasiphaë or Creta. (Apollod. iii. l. § 2. ) pal Greek generals fell into the hands of the Per-
When Theseus was sent by his father to convey sians. (Anal. ii. 2. & 8, &c. , 4. SS 1, 2, 9, 5.
the tribute of the Athenians to Minotaurus, SS 28, 38, &c. ; comp. Plut. Artax. c. 18. ) It
Ariadne fell in love with him, and gave him the was perhaps this same Ariaeus who was em-
string by means of which he found his way out of ployed by Tithraustes to put Tissaphernes to death
the Labyrinth, and wbich she herself had received in accordance with the king's order, B. C. 396.
from Hephaestus. Theseus in return promised to (Polyaen. viii. 16; Diod. xiv. 80; Wess. and Palm.
marry her (Plut. Thes. 19; Hygin. Fab. 42 ; ad loc. ; comp. Xen. Hel. iii. 1. $7. ) In the ensuing
Didym. aut Odyss. xi. 320), and she accordingly year, B. C. 395, we again hear of Ariaeus as having
left Crete with him ; but when they arrived in the revolted from Artaxerxes, and receiving Spithridates
island of Dia (Naxos), she was killed there by and the Paphlagonians after their desertion of the
Artemis. (Hom. Od. xi. 324. ) The words added Spartan service. (Xen. Hell. iv. l. 27; Plut.
in the Odyssey, Alovúo ou Maptupiņow, are difficult Ages. c. 11. )
[E. E. )
to understand, unless we interpret them with ARIAMENES. (ARIABIGNES. )
Pherecydes by " on the denunciation of Dionysus," ARIAMNES ('Αριάμνης). I. King, or more
because he was indignant at the profanation of his properly satrap, of Cappadocia, the son of Datames,
grotto by the love of Theseus and Ariadne. In and father of Ariarathes I. , reigned 50 years.
ARGO. [ARGONAUTAE. ]
Jason himself had to fetch, was hung up in a
ARGONAUTAE ('Apyovaūtai), the heroes and thicket, and guarded by a fearful dragon, thicker
demigods who, according to the traditions of the and longer than the ship of the Argonauts. Jason
Greeks, undertook the first bold maritime expedi succeeded by a stratagem in slaying the dragon,
tion to Colchis, a far distant country on the coast and on his return he secretly carried away Medeia
of the Euxine, for the purpose of fetching the with him. They sailed bome by the Erythraean
golden fleece. They derived their name from the sea, and arrived in Lemnos. In this account of
ship Argo, in which the voyage was made, and Pindar, all the Argonauts are thrown into the
which was constructed by Argus at the command background, and Jason alone appears as the acting
of Jason, the leader of the Argonauts. The time hero. The brief description of their return through
which the Greek traditions assign to this enter- the Erythraean sea is difficult to understand. Pin-
prise is about one generation before the Trojan dar, as the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv.
The story of the expedition seems to have 259) remarks, like some other poets, makes the
been known to the author of the Odyssey (xii. 69, Argonauts return through the eastern current of
&c. ), who states, that the ship Argo was the only Oceanus, which it must be supposed that they en-
one that ever passed between the whirling rocks tered through the river Phasis; so that they sailed
(rés por Thayktai). Jason is mentioned several from the Euxine through the river Phasis into the
W2r.
## p. 281 (#301) ############################################
ARGONAUTAE.
281
ARGONAUTAE.
eastern occan, and then round Asia to the southern Igntions, and whose works were used by Apollo-
coast of Libya. Here the Argonauts landed, and nius Rhodius, is given by the Scholiast on this
carried their ship through Libya on their shoulders poet. Besides the Argonautics of the Pseudo-
until they came to the lake of Triton, through | Orpheus, we now possess only thosc of Apollonius
which they sailed northward into the Mediterra- Rhodius, and his Roman imitator, Valerius Flaccus.
nean, and steered towards Lemnos and lolcus. The account which is preserved in Apollodorus'
The Erythraean sea in this account is the eastern Bibliotheca (i. 9. 88 16—27) is derived from the
ocean. There is scarcely any other adventure in best sources that were extant in his time, and
the ancient stories of Greece the detail of which chiefly from Pherecydes. We shall give his ac-
has been so differently related by poets of all kinds. count here, partly because it is the plainest, and
The most striking differences are those relative to partly because it may fill up those parts which
the countries or seas through which the Argonauts Pindar in his description has touched upon but
returned home. As it was in most cases the object slightly.
of the poets to make them return through some un- When Jason was commissioned by his unclo
known country, it was necessary, in later times, to Pelias of lolcus to fetch the golden fleece, which
shift their road, accordingly as geographical know- was suspended on an oak-tree in the grove of Ares
ledge became more and more extended. While in Colchis, and was guarded day and night by a
thus Pindar makes them return through the eastern dragon, he commanded Argus, the son of Phrixus,
ocean, others, such as Apollonius Rhodius and to build a ship with fifty oars, in the prow of
Apollodorus, make them sail from the Euxine into which Athena inserted a piece of wood from the
the rivers Ister and Eridanus into the westem speaking oaks in the grove at Dodona, and he in-
ocean, or the Adriatic; and others, again, such as vited all the heroes of his time to take part in the
the Pseudo-Orpheus, Timaeus, and Scymnus of expedition. Their first landing-place after leaving
Chios, represent them as sailing through the river lolcus was the island of Lemnos, where all the
Tanais into the northern ocean, and round the women had just before murdered their fathers and
northern countries of Europe. A fourth set of husbands, in consequence of the anger of Aphro-
traditions, which was adopted by Herodotus, Cal dite. Thoas alone had been saved by his daughters
limachus, and Diodorus Siculus, made them return and his wife Hypsipyle. The Argonauts united
by the same way as they had sailed to Colchis. themselves with the women of Lemnos, and Hyp-
All traditions, however, agree in stating, that sipyle bore to Jason two sons, Euneus and Nebro-
the object of the Argonauts was to fetch the golden phonus. From Lemnos the Argonauts sailed to
fleece which was kept in the country of Aeetes. the country of the Doliones, where king Cizycus
This fleece was regarded as golden as early as the received them hospitably. They left the country
time of Hesiod and Pherecydes (Eratosth. Catast. during the night, and being thrown back on the
19), but in the extant works of Hesiod there is coast by a contrary wind, they were taken for
no trace of this tradition, and Mimnermus only Pelasgians, the enemies of the Doliones, and a
calls it “a lar ficece in the town of Aeetes, struggle ensued, in which Cizycus was slain ; but
where the rays of Helios rest in a golden chamber. ” being recognised by the Argonauts, they buried
Simonides and Acusilaus described it as of purple him and mourned over his fate. They next landed
colour. (Schol. ad Eurip. Med. 5, ad Apollon. Rhod. in Mysia, where they left behind Heracles and
iv. 1147. ). If, therefore, the tradition in this form | Polyphemus, who had gone into the country in
bad any historical foundation at all, it would seem search of Hylas, whom a nymph had carried off
to suggest, that a trade in furs with the countries while he was fetching water for his companions.
porth and east of the Euxine was carried on by In the country of the Bebryces, king Amycus
the Minyans in and about Iolcus at a very early challenged the Argonauts to fight with him; and
time, and that some bold mercantile enterprise to when Polydeuces was killed by him, the Argo-
those countries gave rise to the story about the nauts in revenge slew many of the Bebryces, and
Argonauts. In later traditions, the fieece is uni- sailed to Salmydessus in Thrace, where the seer
versally called the golden fleece; and the won- Phineus was tormented by the Harpyes. When
drous rain who wore it is designated by the name the Argonauts consulted him about their voyage,
of Chrysomallus, and called a son of Poseidon and he promised his advice on condition of their deli-
Theophane, the daughter of Brisaltes in the island vering him from the Harpyes. This was done by
of Crumissa. (Hygin. Fab. 188. ) Strabo (xi. Zetes and Calais, two sons of Boreas; and Phineus
p. 499; comp. Appian, de Bell. Mithrid. 103) en- now advised them, before sailing through the Sym-
deavours to explain the story about the golden plegades, to mark the flight of a dore, and to judge
fleece from the Colchians' collecting by means of from its fate of what they themselves would have
skins the gold sand which was carried down in to do. When they approached the Symplegades,
their rivers from the mountains.
they sent out a dove, which in its rapid fight
The ship Argo is described as a pentecontoros, between the rocks lost only the end of its tail
.
that is, a ship with fifty oars, and is said to have The Argonauts now, with the assistance of Hera,
conveyed the same number of heroes. The Scho followed the example of the dove, sailed quickly
liast on Lycophron (175) is the only writer who between the rocks, and succeeded in passing through
states the number of the heroes to have been one without injuring their ship, with the exception of
hundred. But the names of the fifty heroes are not some ornaments at the stern. Henceforth the
the same in all the lists of the Argonauts, and it is Symplegades stood immoveable in the sea.
a useless task to attempt to reconcile them. (A pol- their arrival in the country of the Mariandyni, the
lod. i. 9. & 16 ; Hygin. Fab. 14, with the commen- Argonauts were kindly received by their king,
tators ; compare the catalogue of the Argonauts in Lycus. The seer Idmon and the helmsman Tiphys
Burmann's edition of Val. Flaccus. ) An account died here, and the place of the latter was supplied
of the writers who had made the expedition of the by Ancaeus. They now sailed along the Thermo-
Argonauts the subject of poems or critical investi don and the Caucasus, until they arrived at the
On
## p. 282 (#302) ############################################
282
ARGONAUTAE.
ARGYRUS.
mouth of the river Phasis. The Colchian king ! tingen, 1788; Ukert, Geom. der Griech. u. Röm.
Acetes promised to give up the golden tieece, if 1. 2. p. 320, &c. ; Müller, Orchom. pp. 164, &c. ,
Jason alone would yoke to a plough two fire 267, &c. ) The story of the Argonauts probably
breathing oxen with brazen feet, and sow the teeth arose out of accounts of commercial enterprises
of the dragon which had not been used by Cadmus | which the wealthy Minyans made to the coasts of
at Thebes, and which he had received from Athena. the Euxine.
(L. S. )
The love of Medeia furnished Jason with means to ARGUS ("Apyos ). 1. The third king of
resist fire and steel, on condition of his taking her Argos, was a son of Zeus and Niobe. (Apollod. i.
as his wife; and she taught him how he was to 1. $ 1, &c. ) A Scholiast (ad Ilom. Il. 1. 115) calls
create feuds among and kill the warriors that were him a son of Apis, whom he succeeded in the
to spring up from the teeth of the dragon. While kingdom of Argos. It is from this Argus that the
Jason was engaged upon his task, Aectes formed country afterwards called Argolis and all Pelopon-
plans for burning the ship Argo and for killing all nesus derived the name of Argos. (Hygin. Fab.
the Greek heroes. But Medeia's magic powers 145; Paus. ii. 16. Q 1, 22. $ 6, 34. $ 5. ) By Eu-
sent to sleep the dragon who guarded the golden adne, or according to others, by Peitho, he became
fleece; and after Jason had taken possession of the father of Jasus, Peiranthus or Peiras, Epi-
the treasure, he and his Argonauts, together with daurus, Criasus, and Tiryns. (Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen.
Medeia and her young brother Absyrtus, embarked | 1151, 1147; ad Eurip. Orest
. 1252, 1248, 930. )
by night and sailed away. Aeetes pursued them, 2. Surnamed Panoptes. His parentage is stated
but before he overtook them, Medeia murdered differently, and his father is called Agenor, Ares-
her brother, cut him into pieces, and threw his tor, Inachus, or Argus, whereas some accounts de
limbs overboard, that her father might be detained scribed him as an Autochthon. (Apollod. ii, 1, 2,
in his pursuit by collecting the limbs of his child. Sc. ; 0v. Met. i. 264. ) He derived his sumame,
Aeetes at last returned home, but sent out a great Panoptes, the all-seeing, from his possessing a
number of Colchians, threatening them with the hundred eyes, some of which were always awake.
punishment intended for Medeia, if they returned He was of superhuman strength, and after he had
without her. While the Colchians were dispersed slain a fierce bull which ravaged Arcadia, a Satyr
in all directions, the Argonauts had already reached who robbed and violated persons, the serpent
the mouth of the river Eridanus. But Zeus, in Echidna, which rendered the roads unsafe, and the
his anger at the murder of Absyrtus, raised a murderers of Apis, who was according to some ac-
storm which cast the ship from its road. When counts his father, Hera appointed him guardian of
driven on the Absyrtian islands, the ship began to the cow into which lo had been metamorphosed.
speak, and declared that the anger of Zeus would (Comp. Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 1151, 1213. )
noi cease, unless they sailed towards Ausonia, and Zeus commissioned Hermes to carry off the cow,
got purified by Circe. They now sailed along the and Hermes accomplished the task, according to
coasts of the Ligyans and Celts, and through the some accounts, by stoning Argus to death, or ac-
sea of Sardinia, and continuing their course along cording to others, by sending him to sleep by the
the coast of Tyrrhenia, they arrived in the island sweetness of his play on the flute and then cutting
of Aeaea, where Circe purified them. When they off his head. Hera transplanted his eyes to the
were passing by the Sirens, Orpheus sang to pre- tail of the peacock, her favourite bird. (Aeschyl.
vent the Argonauts being allured by them. Butes, Prom. ; Apollod. Ov. U. cc. )
however, swam to them, but Aphrodite carried 3. The builder of the Argo, the ship of the Argo
him to Lily baeum. Thetis and the Nereids con- nauts, was according to Apollodorus (ii. 9. gr 1, 16),
ducted them through Scylla and Charybdis and a son of Phrixus. Apollonius Rhodius (i. 112) calls
between the whirling rocks (rét pa. haykTal); him a son of Arestor, and others a son of Hestor
and sailing by the Trinacian island with its oxen or Polybus. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 4, ad
of Helios, they came to the Phaeacian island of Lycophr. 883; Hygin. Fab. 14; Val. Flacc. i 39,
Corcyra, where they were received by Alcinous. who calls him a Thespian. ) Argus, the son of
In the meantime, some of the Colchians, not being | Phrixus, was sent by Aeetes, his grand father, after
able to discover the Argonauts, had settled at the the death of Phrixus, to take possession of his in-
foot of the Ceraunian mountains ; others occupied heritance in Greece. On his voyage thither
the Absyrtian islands near the coast of Illyricum; he suffered shipwreck, was found by Jason
and a third band overtook the Argonauts in the in the island of Aretias, and carried back to
island of the Phaeacians. But as their hopes of Colchis. (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1095, &c; Hygin.
recovering Medeia were deceived by Arete, the Fab. 21. ) Hyginus (Fab. 3) relates that after the
queen of Alcinous, they settled in the island, and death of Phrixus, Argus intended to flee with his
the Argonauts continued their voyage. (Alcinous. ] brothers to Athamas.
[L. S. ]
During the night, they were overtaken by a storm ; ARGYRA ('Apyopa), the nymph of a well in
but Apollo sent brilliant flashes of lightning which | Achaia, was in love with a beautiful shepherd-boy,
enabled them to discover a neighbouring island, Selemnus, and visited him frequently, but when
which they called Anaphe. Here they erected an his youthful beauty vanished, she forsook him.
altar to Apollo, and solemn rites were instituted, The boy now pined away with grief, and Aphro-
which continued to be observed down to very late dite, moved to pity, changed him into the river
times. Their attempt to land in Crete was pre Selemnus.
There was a popular belief in Achaia,
vented by Talus, who guarded the island, but was that if an unhappy lover bathed in the water of
killed by the artifices of Medeia. From Crete this river, he would forget the grief of his love.
they sailed to Aegina, and from thence between (Paus. vii. 23. & 2. )
[L. S. )
Euboea and Locris to lolcus. Respecting the ARGYRUS, ISAAC, a Greek monk, who
events subsequent to their arrival in Iolcus, see lived about the year A. D. 1373. He is the
ABSON, Medein, Jason, PELIAS. (Comparc author of a considerable number of works, but only
Schoenemann, de Geographia Argonautarum, Göt- one of them has yet been published, viz. a works
## p. 283 (#303) ############################################
ARIADNE.
233
ARIANTAS.
1
upon the method of finding the time when Enster (Plut. Thes. 20; Ov. Act. viii. 175, lleroid. 10;
1
should be celebrated (Taoxánios kavov), which he Hygin. Fulr. 43. ) According to this tradition,
dedicated to Andronicus, praefect of the town of Ariadne put an end to her own life in despair, or
Aenus in Thessaly. It was first edited, with a was saved by Dionysus, who in amazement at her
Latin translation and notes, by J. Christmann, at beauty made her his wife, raised her among
Heidelberg, 1611, 4to. , and was afterwards insert the immortals, and placed the crown which he
ed by Petavius in his “ Uranologium” (Paris, gave her at his marriage with her, among the stars.
1630, fol. , and Antwerp, 1703, fol. ), with a new (Hesiod. Thcog. 949 ; Ov. Met. l. c. ; Hygin. Poct.
Latin translation and notes ; but the last chap- Astr. ii. 5. ) The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius
ter of the work, which is contained in Christ (iii. 996) makes Ariadne become by Dionysus the
mann's edition and bad been published before mother of Oenopion, Thoas, Staphylus, Latromis,
by Jos. Scaliger, is wanting in the Uranologium. ” | Euanthes, and Tauropolis. There are several cir-
Petavius inserted in his " Uranologium” also a cumstances in the story of Ariadne which offered the
second “ canon paschalis" (üi. p. 384), which he happiest subjects for works of art, and some of the
ascribes to Argyrus, but without having any finest ancient works, on gems as weil as paintings,
authority for it. There exist in various European are still extant, of which Ariadne is the subject.
libraries, in MS. , several works of Argyrus, which (Lippert, Dactylioth. ii. 51, i. 383, 384 ; Maffei,
have not yet been printed. (Fabricius, Bill. Gr. Gem. Ant. iii. 33; Pitture d'Ercolano, ii. tab. 14;
xi. p. 126, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. i. Append. p. 63, Bellori, Adm. Rom. Antiq. Vest. tab. 48; Böttiger,
ed. London. )
(L. S. ] Archaeoh. Mus. part i. ).
(L. S. )
ARIABIGNES ('Apiablyvns), the son of Da- ARIAETHUS ('Apiaidos), of Tegea, the author
reius, and one of the commanders of the feet of of a work on the early history of Arcadia. (Hlygin.
his brother Xerxes, fell in the battle of Salamis, Poët. Astr. ii. l; Dionys. i. 49, where 'Apiaíow is
E. - 480. (Herod. vii. 97, viii. 89. ) Plutarch the right reading. )
calls him (Them. c. 14) Ariamenes, and speaks of ARIAE'US ('Apiaíos), or ARIDAE'US ('Api-
him as a brave man and the justest of the brothers Saios), the friend and lieutenant of Cyrus, con-
of Xerxes. The same writer relates (de Fratern. manded the barbarians in that prince's army at
Am. p. 448; comp. A pophth. p. 173), that this the battle of Cunaxa, B. C. 401. (Xen. Anal. i. 8.
Ariamenes (called by Justin, ii
. 10, Artemenes) $ 5; Diod. xiv. 22; comp. Plut. Artax. c. 11. )
Inid claim to the throne on the death of Dareius, as After the death of Cyrus, the Cyrean Greeks
the eldest of his sons, but was opposed by Xerxes, offered to place Ariaeus on the Persian throne;
who maintained that he had a right to the crown but he declined making the attempt, on the ground
as the eldest of the sons born after Dareius had that there were many Persians superior to himself,
become king. The Persians appointed Artabanus who would never tolerate him as king. (Anub. ii.
to decide the dispute ; and upon his declaring in 1. § 4, 2. & 1. ) He exchanged oaths of fidelity,
favour of Xerxes, Ariamenes immediately saluted however with the Greeks, and, at the commence
his brother as king, and was treated by him with ment of their retreat, marched in company with
great respect. According to Herodotus (vii. 2), them; but soon afterwards he purchased his par-
who calls the eldest son of Dareius, Artabazanes, don from Artaxerxes by deserting them, and aid-
this dispute took place in the life-time of Dareius. | ing (possibly through the help of his friend Menon)
ARIADNE ('Apiádun), a daughter of Minos | the treachery of Tissaphernes, whereby the princi-
and Pasiphaë or Creta. (Apollod. iii. l. § 2. ) pal Greek generals fell into the hands of the Per-
When Theseus was sent by his father to convey sians. (Anal. ii. 2. & 8, &c. , 4. SS 1, 2, 9, 5.
the tribute of the Athenians to Minotaurus, SS 28, 38, &c. ; comp. Plut. Artax. c. 18. ) It
Ariadne fell in love with him, and gave him the was perhaps this same Ariaeus who was em-
string by means of which he found his way out of ployed by Tithraustes to put Tissaphernes to death
the Labyrinth, and wbich she herself had received in accordance with the king's order, B. C. 396.
from Hephaestus. Theseus in return promised to (Polyaen. viii. 16; Diod. xiv. 80; Wess. and Palm.
marry her (Plut. Thes. 19; Hygin. Fab. 42 ; ad loc. ; comp. Xen. Hel. iii. 1. $7. ) In the ensuing
Didym. aut Odyss. xi. 320), and she accordingly year, B. C. 395, we again hear of Ariaeus as having
left Crete with him ; but when they arrived in the revolted from Artaxerxes, and receiving Spithridates
island of Dia (Naxos), she was killed there by and the Paphlagonians after their desertion of the
Artemis. (Hom. Od. xi. 324. ) The words added Spartan service. (Xen. Hell. iv. l. 27; Plut.
in the Odyssey, Alovúo ou Maptupiņow, are difficult Ages. c. 11. )
[E. E. )
to understand, unless we interpret them with ARIAMENES. (ARIABIGNES. )
Pherecydes by " on the denunciation of Dionysus," ARIAMNES ('Αριάμνης). I. King, or more
because he was indignant at the profanation of his properly satrap, of Cappadocia, the son of Datames,
grotto by the love of Theseus and Ariadne. In and father of Ariarathes I. , reigned 50 years.
