He trans
casion is not mentioned, but was restored to free lated the great work of the Carthagininn Mago on
dom at the end of the first Mithridatic war.
casion is not mentioned, but was restored to free lated the great work of the Carthagininn Mago on
dom at the end of the first Mithridatic war.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
, of the Collationes into French by De singular ability, discretion, and success, possessing
Saligny, Paris, 1663, 8vo. , and of the Institutiones, at once the full confidence of his master and the
also by De Saligny, Paris, 1667, 8vo.
affection of the people. Perceiving, however, that
For a full and elaborate disquisition on the life, Theodoric, enfeebled by age, was beginning to
writings, and doctrines of Cassianus, consult the yield to the selfish suggestions of evil couusellors
two essays by Dr. G. F. Wiggers, De Joanne Cas- and to indulge in cruelty towards his Italian sub
siano Massiliensi, qui Semipelagianismi Auctor vulgo jects, Cassiodorus wisely resolved to seek shelter
perhibetur, Rostochii, 1824, 18:25, 4to. , and his from the approaching storm, and, resigning all his
articie“ Cassianus” in the Encyclopaedia of Ersch honours, betook himself to the country in 524,
and Gruber. See also Geffken, Historia Semi- thus avoiding the wretched fate of Boethius and
pelagianismi antiquissima, Gottingae, 1826. Be- Symmachus. Recalled after the death of Theo-
sides these, we have among the older writers doric, he resumed his position, and continued to
Commentarius de Joanne Cassiano, by Cuper, in discharge the duties of chief minister under Ama-
the Acta SS. m. Jul. v. p. 488; also S. Joannes lasontlia, Athalaric, Theodatus, and Vitiges, ex-
Cassianus illustratus, by Jo. Bapt. Guesnay, Ley- erting all his energies to prop their tottering
den, 1652, 4to. ; and Dissertatio de l'itu, Scriptis dominion. But when the triumph of Belisarius
et Doctrina Joannis Cassiani, Abbatis Massiliensis, and the downfall of the Ostrogoths was no longer
Semipelagianorum Principis, by Ouden, in his doubtful, being now 70 years old, he once more re-
Comment. de Script. Eccl. vol. i. p. 1113. See also tired to his native province, and having founded
Tillemont, xiv. 157 ; Schroeck, Kirchengesch. viii. the monastery of Viviers (Coenobium Vivarienses.
383; Schoenemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Luti. corum Castellense), passed the remainder of his life, which
## p. 624 (#644) ############################################
624
CASSIODORUS.
CASSIODORUS.
was prolonged until he had nearly completed a upon the reader by these compositions is contained
century, in the seclusion of the cloister. Here his in the happy expression of Tiraboschi, who charac-
activity of mind was no less conspicuous than terises the diction of Cassiodorus as
* barbara
when engaged in the stirring business of the world, eleganza. "
and his efforts were directed towards the accom- The Editio Princeps of the “ Variarum" was
plishment of designs not less important. The great printed under the inspection of Accursius by Henr.
object which he kept steadily in view and prose- Sileceus, at Augsburg, in the month of May,
cuted with infinite labour and unflagging zeal, was 1533 (fol. ), the disquisition “ De Anima" being
to elevate the standard of education among ecclesi- included in the same volume.
astics by inducing them to study the models of 2. “ Chronicon," a dull, pompous, clumsy sum-
classical antiquity, and to extend their knowledge mary of Universal History, extending from the
of general literature and science. To accomplish creation of the world down to a. . 519, derived
this he formed a library, disbursed large sums in chiefly from Eusebius, Hieronymus, Prosper, and
the purchase of MSS. , encouraged the monks to other authorities still accessible. It was drawn up
copy these with care, and devoted a great portion in obedience to the orders of Theodoric, and by no
of his time to labour of this description and to the means deserves the respect with which it was re-
composition of elementary treatises on history, garded in the middle ages, since it is carelessly
metaphysics, the seven liberal arts, and divinity, compiled and full of mistakes.
which have rendered him not less celebrated as an 3. “Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae ex tri-
author and a man of learning than as a politician bus Graecis Scriptoribus, Sozomeno, Socrate, ac
and a statesman. The leisure hours which re- Theodoreto ab Epiphanio Scholastico Versis, per
· mained he is said to have employed in the con- Cassiodorum Senatorem in Epitomen redactae
struction of philosophical toys, such as sun-dials, Libri XIl. ” The origin of this work is sufficiently
water-clocks, everlasting lamps, and the like. The explained by the title. It contains a complete
benefit derived from his precepts and example was survey of ecclesiastical history from Constantine
by no means confined to the establishment over down to the younger Theodosius. This, like the
which he presided, nor to the epoch when he Chronicon, is of little value in the present day,
flourished. The same system, the advantages of since the authorities from which it is taken are still
which were soon perceived and appreciated, was extant, and are infinitely superior both in matter
gradually introduced into similar institutions, the and manner to the epitomizer. Prefixed we have
transcription of ancient works became one of the an introduction, in which Cassiodorus gives full
regular and stated occupations of the monastic life, scope to his taste for infiated grandiloquence. The
and thus, in all probability, we are indirectly in- editio princeps of the Ecclesiastical History was
debted to Cassiodorus for the preservation of a printed by Johannes Schussler, at Augsburg, 1472,
large proportion of the most precious relics of an- fol.
cient genius. The following is a list of all the 4. “ Computus Paschalis sive de Indictionibus,
writings of Cassiodorus with which we are ac- Cyclis Solis et Lunae," &c. , containing the calcula-
quainted :
tions necessary for the correct determination of
1. “ Variarum (Epistolarum) Libri XII. ,” an Easter. This treatise belongs to the date 562,
assemblage of state papers drawn up by Cassiodorus and this is the latest year in which we can prove
in accordance with the instructions of the 60- the author to have been alive.
vereigns whom he served. In the first ten books 5. “ De Orthographia Liber," compiled by Cas-
the author always speaks in the person of the ruler siodorus when 93 years old from the works of nine
for the time being ; in the last two, in his own. ancient grammarians,-Agnaeus Cornutus, Velius
The first five contain the ordinances of Theodoric, Longus, Curtius Valerianus, Papirianus, Adaman-
the sixth and seventh regulations (formulae) with tius Martyrius, Eutyches, Caesellius, Lucius Cae
regard to the chief offices of the kingdom, the cilius Vindex, and Priscianus, in addition to whom
eighth, ninth, and tenth, the decrees promulgated we find quotations from Varro, Donatus, and
by the immediate successors of Theodoric, the Phocas.
eleventh and twelfth the edicts published by Cas- 6. “ De Arte Grammatica ad Donati Mentem,"
siodorus himself during the years 534–538, when of which a fragment only has been preserved.
praefect of the praetorium. This collection is of This tract, together with the preceding, will be
the greatest historical importance, being our chief found in the “Grammaticae Latini Auctores an-
and most trustworthy source of information in re tiqui" of Putschius, Hanov. 1605, p. 2275 and
gard to everything connected with the constitution p. 2322.
and internal discipline of the Ostrogothic dominion 7. “ De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Lite
in Italy. We must not, however, expect to find rarum," in two books, a compilation from the best
much that is attractive or worthy of imitation in authorities, much esteemed and studied during the
the style of these documents. While we cannot middle ages. It contains a compendium of the
help admiring the ingenuity displayed in the selec- seven liberal arts which were at one time supposed
tion and combination of phrases, moulded for the to embrace the whole circuit of human knowledge,
most part into neat but most artificial forms, -Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics, Arithmetic, Geo-
and polished with patient toil, we at the same metry, Astronomy, Music.
time feel heartily wearied and disgusted by the Angelo Mai has recently published from a Vati-
sustained affectation and declamatory glitter which can MS. some chapters, hitherto unedited, which
disfigure every page.
The language is full of seem to have formed the conclusion of the work.
strange and foreign words, and little attention is (Classicorum Auctorum e Vat. Codd. vol. iii. p. 349. )
paid to the delicacies of syntax, but Funccius is 8. “ De Anima," on the name, origin, nature,
too barsh when he designates it as a mere mass of qualities, abode, and future existence of the soul,
Gothic solecisms. Perhaps the best description together with speculations upon other topics con-
which can be given of the general effect produced | nected with the same subject.
## p. 625 (#645) ############################################
CASSIODORUS.
625
CASSIUS.
O
9. “ De Institutionc Divinarum Literarum," an Odoacer, and the latter not to have been born until
introduction to the profitable reading of the Holy | 479. But the question seems to be set at rest by
Scriptures, intended for the use of the monks. the 4th epistle of the 1st book of the Variarum,
This is perhaps the most pleasing of all our author's where the father and son are clearly distinguished
works. His profound and varied knowledge is from each other; and since the latter unquestion-
here displayed to the best advantage, bis instruc- ably enjoyed a place of trust under Odoacer, whose
tions are conveyed in more plain and simple phrase- downfall took place in 490, the young secretary,
ology than he elsewhere employs, while a truly although still “ adolescens," could not by any pos-
Christian tone and spirit pervades the whole. sibility have been born so late as 479. Some re-
10. " Expositio in Psalmos sive Commenta marks upon this point will be found in Osann,
Psalterii,” extracted chiefly from the “ Enarra- Beiträge zur Gr. und Röm. Literatur Geschichte,
tiones” of St. Augustin, although we gather from vol. ii. p. 160, Cassel. 1839. The different digni-
internal evidence that the exegetical treatises of ties with which he was invested are enumerated,
Hilarius, Ambrosius, Hieronymus, and others upon and their nature fully explained, in Manso, Ges-
the same subject, had been carefully consulted. chichte des Ostgothischen Reichs. (W. R. ]
As a matter of course we detect in the copy the CASSI'PHONE (Kagoidówn), a daughter of
same features which distinguish the original, the Odysseus by Circe, and sister of Telegonus. After
same love of overstrained allegorical interpretation, Odysseus had been restored to life by Circe, when
the same determination to wring from the plainest he had been killed by Telegonus, he gave Cassi-
and least ambiguous precepts some mystical and phone in marriage to Telemachus, whom, however,
esoteric doctrine.
she killed, because he had put to death her mother
11. The “ Expositio in Cantica Canticorum,” | Circe. (Schol. ad Lycoph. 795, &c. ). [L. S. ]
although breathing a spirit similar to the commen- CASSIVELAUNUS, a British chief, who
tary just described, and set down in all MSS. as fought against Caesar in his second campaign
the production of Cassiodorus, is throughout so against Britain, B. C. 54. He ruled over the
different in style and language from all his other country north of the river Tamesis (Thames), and
dissertations, that its authenticity has with good as by his perpetual wars with his neighbours he
reason been called in question.
had acquired the reputation of a great warrior, the
12. “ Complexiones in Epistolas Apostolorum, Britons gave him the supreme command against
in Acta et in Apocalypsim. " "Short illustrations of the Romans. After the Britons and Romans bad
the apostolic Epistles, the Acts, and Revelations, fought in several engagements, the former abstain-
first brought to light by Scipio Maffei, published ed from attacking the Romans with their whole
by him at Florence from a Verona MS. in 1721, forces, which emboldened Caesar to march into the
and reprinted at London with the notes of Chan- dominions of Cassivelaunus : he crossed the
dler in 1722, and at Rotterdam in 1723, all in 8vo. Thames, though its passage had been rendered
These annotations are not considered by theolo almost impossible by artificial means, and put the
gians of any particular value.
enemy to flight; but he continued to be much
In addition to the above we frequently find two harassed by the sallies of the Britons from their
tracts included among the writings of Cassiodorus, forests. The Trinobantes, however, with whom
one a rhetorical essay entitled “ De Schematibus Cassivelaunus had been at war, and some other
et Tropis," and the other “ De Amicitia Liber. ” Of tribes submitted to the Romans. Through them
these the former is now generally ascribed to the Caesar became acquainted with the site of the
venerable Bede, while the latter is believed to have capital of Cassivelaunus, which was not far off,
been composed by Petrus Blesensis, archdeacon of and surrounded by forests and marshes. Caesar
London, an ecclesiastic of the twelfth century. forth with made an attack upon the place and took
Among his lost works we may name, l. “Libri it. Cassivelaunus escaped, but as one or two
XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum," known to us attacks which he made on the naval camp of the
only through the abridgement of Jornandes ; 2. Romans were unsuccessful, he sued for peace,
“ Liber Titulorum s. Memorialis," short abstracts, which was granted to him on condition of his pay-
apparently, of chapters in holy writ; 3. " Exposi- ing a yearly tribute and giving hostages. (Caes.
tio Epistolae ad Romanos,” in which the Pelagian B. G. v. 11-23; Dion Cass. xl. 2, 3; Polyaen.
heresy was attacked and confuted. The last two, Strat. viii. Caes. 5; Beda, Eccles. Hist. Gent. Angl.
together with the “ Complexiones” and several | i. 2. )
(L. S. ]
other treatises already mentioned, are enumerated CA'SSIUS. 1. C. Cassius, tribune of the
in the preface to the De Orthographia Liber. ” soldiers, B. c. 168, to whose custody the Illyrian
The first edition of the collected works of Cas- king Gentius was entrusted by the praetor Ani-
siodorus is that published at Paris in 1584, 4to. , cius, when he fell into the hands of the latter in
with the notes of Fornerius; the best and most the Illyrian war. (Liv. xliv. 31. )
complete is that published by D. Garet at Rouen, 2. L. Cassius, proconsul in Asia in B. C. 90,
1679, 2 vols. fol. , and reprinted at Venice in 1729. which province he probably received after bis
On his life we have Vita Cussiodori, prefixed to praetorship with the title of proconsul, as we
the edition of Garet; La Vie de Cassidore avec un know that he never obtained the consulship itself.
Abrégé de l'Histoire des Princes qu'il a serri et des In conjunction with M. Aquillius be restored
Remarques sur ses Ouvrages, by F. D. de Sainte Ariobarzanes to Cappadocia, and Nicomedes to
Marthe, Paris, 1694, 8vo. ; and Leben Cassiodor's, Bithynia ; but when Ariobarzanes was again
by De Buat, in the first volume of the transactions driven out of his kingdom by Mithridates in the
of the Royal Academy of Munich, p. 79. There following year, Cassius made preparations to carry
is frequently much confusion in biographical dis- on war against the latter. He was, however,
quisitions between Cassiodorus the father and Cas- obliged to retire before Mithridates, and fled to
siodorus the son, the former having been supposed Rhodes, where he was when Mithridates laid
by many to be the individual who held office under siege to the place. He afterwards fell into the
28
## p. 626 (#646) ############################################
626
CASSIUS.
CASSIUS.
hands of the king of Pontus, though on what oc- a native of Utica, lived about B. C. 40.
He trans
casion is not mentioned, but was restored to free lated the great work of the Carthagininn Mago on
dom at the end of the first Mithridatic war. agriculture from the Punic into Greek, but in such
(Appian, Mithr. 11, 17, 24, 112. )
a manner that he condensed the twenty-cight books
3. L. Cassius, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 89, of the original into twenty, although he made nu-
at the time of the Marsic war, when the value of merous additions to it from the best Greek writers
landed property was depreciated, and the quantity on agriculture. He dedicated this work to the
of money in circulation was comparatively small
. praetor Sextilius. Diophanes of Bithynia, again,
Debtors were thus unable to pay the money they made a useful abridgement of the work in six books,
owed, and as the praetor A. Sempronius Aseilio which he dedicated to king Deiotarus. The work
decided against the debtors in accordance with the of Dionysius Cassius is mentioned among those
old laws, the people became exasperated, and L. used by Cassianus Bassus in compiling the Geopo-
Cassius excited them still more against him, so nica at the command of Constantinus Porphyroge-
that he was at length murdered by the people neta. (Varro, De Re Rust. i. l; Columella, i. 1 ;
while offering a sacrifice in the forum. (Val. Athen. xiv. p. 648 ; Plin. II. N. xx. 44; Geoponica,
Max. ix. 7. $ 4; comp. Liv. Epit. 74. )
i. 11. ) Cassius also wrote a work ριζοτομικά.
4. Q. Cassius, legate of Q. Cassius Longinus (Schol
. ad Nicand. 520; Steph. By z. s. v. 'ITÚKT. )
in Spain in B. C. 48, and probably the same to With the exception of the extracts in the Geopo-
whom Antony gave Spain at the division of the nica, the works of Cassius have perished. [L. S. )
provinces at the end of B. C. 44. (Hirt. B. Alex. CA'SSIUS IATROSOPHISTA, or CASSIUS
52, 57; Cic. Philipp. iii. 10. )
FELIX, the author of a little Greek medical work
CASSIUS (Κάσσιος), a Sceptic philosopher, entitled 'Ιατρικαι 'Απορίαι και Προβλήματα Φυσικά,
who wrote against Zeno the Stoic. (Diog. Laërt. Quaestiones Medicae et Problemata Naturalia. No-
vii. 32, 34; Galen, Hypothes. Empir. 3. ) (L. S. ] thing is known of the events of his life, nor is it
CA'SSIUS, AGRIPPA, is called a most learned possible to identify him with certainty with any of
writer. He lived about A. D. 132, in the reign of the individuals of this name. With respect to his
the emperor Hadrian, and wrote a very accurate date, it can only be said that he quotes Asclepiades,
refutation of the heresies of Basilides the Gnostic who lived in the first century B. C. , and that he is
and his son Isidorus. A fragment of this work generally supposed to have lived himself in the
is preserved in Eusebius. (Hist. Eccles. ir. 7; comp. first century after Christ. His title Iatrosophista
Hieron. Script. Eccles. 21, Indic. Haeres. 2; Theo is explained in the Dict. of Ant. His work con-
doret, De Haeret. Fab. i. 4. )
[L. S. ] sists of eighty-four questions on medical and physi-
CASSIUS APRONIANUS. [APRONIA- cal subjects, with the solutions, and contains much
NUS, No. 2. )
curious matter. It was first published in Greek
CA'SSIUS ASCLEPIO'DOTUS. [ASCLE- at Paris, 1541, 12mo. , and translated into Latin
PIODOTUS. ]
the same year by Hadrianus Junius, Paris, 4to.
CA'SSIUS, AVI'DIUS, one of the most able A Greek and Latin edition appeared in 1653, 4to.
and successful among the generals of M. Aurelius, Lips. , together with the work of Theophylactus
was a native of Cyrrhus in Syria, son of a certain Simoutta; and the Greek text alone is inserted in
Heliodorus, who in consequence of his eminence the first volume of Ideler's Physici et Medici Graeci
as a rhetorician had risen to be praefect of Egypt Minores, Berol. 1841, 8vo. The work is also to
While Verus was abandoning himself to all man- be found in various old editions of Aristotle.
ner of profligacy at Antioch, the war against the (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 169, ed. vet. ; Chou-
Parthians was vigorously prosecuted by Cassius, lant, Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere
who closed a most glorious campaign by the capture Medicin. )
[W. A. G. ]
of Seleuceia and Ctesiphon. He subsequently CA'SSIUS LONGUS. (LONGUS. )
quelled a formidable insurrection in Egypt, orga- CA'SSIUS PARMENSIS, so called, it would
nized by a tribe of marauders who dwelt among appear, from Parma, his birth-place, is in most
the fens; and having been appointed governor of works upon Roman literature styled C. Cassius
all the Eastern provinces, discharged his trusi for Severus Parmensis, but erroneously, since there is
several years with fidelity and firmness. The
no authority whatsoever for assigning the praeno-
history of his rebellion and his miserable death are men of Caius or the cognomen of Severus to this
narrated under M. AURELIUS. If we can believe writer.
in the authenticity of the documents produced by Horace (Serm. i. 10. 61), when censuring care-
Gallicanus, the conduct of Cassius excited the sus- less and rapid compositions, illustrates his observa-
picion of Verus at a very early period, but Anto- tions, by referring to a Cassius Etruscus, whom he
ninus refused to listen to the representations of his compares to a river in fiood rolling down a turbid
colleague, ascribing them doubtless, and with good torrent, and adds, that the story ran that this poet,
cause, to jealousy. (In addition to the notices his works, and book-boxes, were all consigned to-
contained in Dion Cassius lxxi. 2, 21, &c. , we have gether to the flames. Here Acro, Porphyrio, and
a formal biography from the pen of one of the Au- the Scholiast of Cruquius agree in expressly declar-
gustan historians, named Vulcatius Gallicanus, but ing that the person spoken of is Cassius Parmensis,
the style of this production is not such as to in- and the latter makes mention of a tragedy by him,
spire much confidence in its author. ) [W. R. ] called Thyestes, as still extant.
CA'SSIUS BARBA. (BARBA. )
Again, Horace (Ep. i. 4. 3), when writing to
CA'SSIUS BETILLI'NUS. [Bassus, Be- Albius, who is generally believed to be Tibullus,
TILIENUS]
questions him with regard to his occupations, and
CA'SSIUS CHAEREA. [CHAEREA. ] asks whether he is writing anything " quod Cassii
CA'SSIUS CLEMENS. (CLEMENS. ] Parmensis opuscula vincat. " Here the old com-
CA'SSIUS DION. [Dion Cassius. ]
mentators quoted above again agree in asserting
CA SSIUS, DIONY'SIUS (Alovúolos Kácolos), I that this Cassius served as tribune of the soldiers
## p. 627 (#647) ############################################
CASSIUS.
627
CASTICUS.
in the army of Brutus and Cassius, that he return- | letter to be found in Cicero (ad Fam. xii. 13) is
ed to Athens after their defeat, that L. Varus was from the pen of Cassins Parmensis, and strong argu-
despatched by Augustus to put him to death, ments may be adduced in support of this opinion ;
and, after executing the order, carried off his port- but, on the whole, we are led to conclude from its
folio; whence a report became current, that the tone, that it proceeded from some person younger
Thyestes published by Varus was really the work and holding a less distinguished position than
of Cassius stolen and appropriated by his execu-
Cassius Pariensis at that time occupied.
tioner. To this narrative Acro and the Scholiast We have a little poem in hexameters, entitled
of Cruquius add, that he composed in various styles, Orpheus, in which it is set forth, that the Thra-
and that his elegies and epigrams were especially cian bard, although at first an object of ridicule
admired.
to his contemporaries, by assiduous study and un-
These two passages and the annotations upon deviating perseverance, at length acquired that
them have been the foundation of a lengthened heavenly skill by which he was enabled to charın
controversy, in which almost all writers upon Ro- the ears of listening rocks and woods, and draw
man literature have taken part. A variety of opi- them in his train. These verses were first pube
nions have been expressed and hypotheses pro- lished by Achilles Statius in his edition of Suetonius,
pounded, many of them supported with great learn- “ de Clar. Rhetor. " and we are there told by the
ing and skill
. A full account of these will be editor that they were found among the Bruttii
found in the essay of Weichert. “ De Lucii Varii and communicated to him by a very learned
et Cassii Parmensis Vita et Carminibus,” (Grimae, youth, Suetonius Quadrimanus; they were pub-
1836,) who, after patient examination, has shewn lished again by Fabricius in his notes to Senec.
by many arguments, that the following conclusions Herc. Oet. 1034, as having been discovered anew
are the most probable which the amount and na- at Florence by Petrus Victorius, and are to be
ture of the evidence at our disposal will enable us found in Burmann's Anthologia (i. 112, or n.
to form :
112, ed. Meyer), in Wernsdorf's Poetae Latini
1. Cassius Etruscus and Cassius Parmensis were Minores (vol. ii
. p. 310), and many other collec-
two separate personages. It is the intention of tions. Various conflicting opinions were long en-
Horace to hold up the first to ridicule, while his tertained with regard to the author of this piece,
words imply a compliment to the second.
which commonly bears prefixed the name of Cassius
2. Cassius Parmensis was one of the conspirators Parmensis or Cassius Severus, but is now proved
who plotted the death of Caesar. He took an ac- to have been written by Antonius Thylesius, a
tive part in the war against the triumvirs, and, native of Cosenza in Calabria, a distinguished poet
after the defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius, of the sixteenth century. See the edition of his
carried over the fleet which he commanded to works by F. Daniele, Naples, 1762, and the autho-
Sicily, and joined Sextus Pompeius, with whom rities quoted by Meyer in his edition of the Antho-
he seems to have remained up to the period of the logia. An edition in a separate form was printed
great and decisive sea-fight between Mylae and at Frankfort, 1585, 8vo. , and two years afterwards
Naulochus. He then surrendered himself to An- “ Cassius of Parma his Orpheus with Nathan
tonius, whose fortunes he followed until after the Chitraeus his commentarie abridged into short
battle of Actium, when he returned to Athens, notes translated by Roger Rawlins of Lincoln's
and was there put to death by the command of Inn, 8vo. Lond. 1587. "
(W. R. ]
Octavianus. These facts are fully established by CA'SSIUS SCAEVA. (Scaeva. ]
the testimony of Appian (B. C. v.
Saligny, Paris, 1663, 8vo. , and of the Institutiones, at once the full confidence of his master and the
also by De Saligny, Paris, 1667, 8vo.
affection of the people. Perceiving, however, that
For a full and elaborate disquisition on the life, Theodoric, enfeebled by age, was beginning to
writings, and doctrines of Cassianus, consult the yield to the selfish suggestions of evil couusellors
two essays by Dr. G. F. Wiggers, De Joanne Cas- and to indulge in cruelty towards his Italian sub
siano Massiliensi, qui Semipelagianismi Auctor vulgo jects, Cassiodorus wisely resolved to seek shelter
perhibetur, Rostochii, 1824, 18:25, 4to. , and his from the approaching storm, and, resigning all his
articie“ Cassianus” in the Encyclopaedia of Ersch honours, betook himself to the country in 524,
and Gruber. See also Geffken, Historia Semi- thus avoiding the wretched fate of Boethius and
pelagianismi antiquissima, Gottingae, 1826. Be- Symmachus. Recalled after the death of Theo-
sides these, we have among the older writers doric, he resumed his position, and continued to
Commentarius de Joanne Cassiano, by Cuper, in discharge the duties of chief minister under Ama-
the Acta SS. m. Jul. v. p. 488; also S. Joannes lasontlia, Athalaric, Theodatus, and Vitiges, ex-
Cassianus illustratus, by Jo. Bapt. Guesnay, Ley- erting all his energies to prop their tottering
den, 1652, 4to. ; and Dissertatio de l'itu, Scriptis dominion. But when the triumph of Belisarius
et Doctrina Joannis Cassiani, Abbatis Massiliensis, and the downfall of the Ostrogoths was no longer
Semipelagianorum Principis, by Ouden, in his doubtful, being now 70 years old, he once more re-
Comment. de Script. Eccl. vol. i. p. 1113. See also tired to his native province, and having founded
Tillemont, xiv. 157 ; Schroeck, Kirchengesch. viii. the monastery of Viviers (Coenobium Vivarienses.
383; Schoenemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Luti. corum Castellense), passed the remainder of his life, which
## p. 624 (#644) ############################################
624
CASSIODORUS.
CASSIODORUS.
was prolonged until he had nearly completed a upon the reader by these compositions is contained
century, in the seclusion of the cloister. Here his in the happy expression of Tiraboschi, who charac-
activity of mind was no less conspicuous than terises the diction of Cassiodorus as
* barbara
when engaged in the stirring business of the world, eleganza. "
and his efforts were directed towards the accom- The Editio Princeps of the “ Variarum" was
plishment of designs not less important. The great printed under the inspection of Accursius by Henr.
object which he kept steadily in view and prose- Sileceus, at Augsburg, in the month of May,
cuted with infinite labour and unflagging zeal, was 1533 (fol. ), the disquisition “ De Anima" being
to elevate the standard of education among ecclesi- included in the same volume.
astics by inducing them to study the models of 2. “ Chronicon," a dull, pompous, clumsy sum-
classical antiquity, and to extend their knowledge mary of Universal History, extending from the
of general literature and science. To accomplish creation of the world down to a. . 519, derived
this he formed a library, disbursed large sums in chiefly from Eusebius, Hieronymus, Prosper, and
the purchase of MSS. , encouraged the monks to other authorities still accessible. It was drawn up
copy these with care, and devoted a great portion in obedience to the orders of Theodoric, and by no
of his time to labour of this description and to the means deserves the respect with which it was re-
composition of elementary treatises on history, garded in the middle ages, since it is carelessly
metaphysics, the seven liberal arts, and divinity, compiled and full of mistakes.
which have rendered him not less celebrated as an 3. “Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae ex tri-
author and a man of learning than as a politician bus Graecis Scriptoribus, Sozomeno, Socrate, ac
and a statesman. The leisure hours which re- Theodoreto ab Epiphanio Scholastico Versis, per
· mained he is said to have employed in the con- Cassiodorum Senatorem in Epitomen redactae
struction of philosophical toys, such as sun-dials, Libri XIl. ” The origin of this work is sufficiently
water-clocks, everlasting lamps, and the like. The explained by the title. It contains a complete
benefit derived from his precepts and example was survey of ecclesiastical history from Constantine
by no means confined to the establishment over down to the younger Theodosius. This, like the
which he presided, nor to the epoch when he Chronicon, is of little value in the present day,
flourished. The same system, the advantages of since the authorities from which it is taken are still
which were soon perceived and appreciated, was extant, and are infinitely superior both in matter
gradually introduced into similar institutions, the and manner to the epitomizer. Prefixed we have
transcription of ancient works became one of the an introduction, in which Cassiodorus gives full
regular and stated occupations of the monastic life, scope to his taste for infiated grandiloquence. The
and thus, in all probability, we are indirectly in- editio princeps of the Ecclesiastical History was
debted to Cassiodorus for the preservation of a printed by Johannes Schussler, at Augsburg, 1472,
large proportion of the most precious relics of an- fol.
cient genius. The following is a list of all the 4. “ Computus Paschalis sive de Indictionibus,
writings of Cassiodorus with which we are ac- Cyclis Solis et Lunae," &c. , containing the calcula-
quainted :
tions necessary for the correct determination of
1. “ Variarum (Epistolarum) Libri XII. ,” an Easter. This treatise belongs to the date 562,
assemblage of state papers drawn up by Cassiodorus and this is the latest year in which we can prove
in accordance with the instructions of the 60- the author to have been alive.
vereigns whom he served. In the first ten books 5. “ De Orthographia Liber," compiled by Cas-
the author always speaks in the person of the ruler siodorus when 93 years old from the works of nine
for the time being ; in the last two, in his own. ancient grammarians,-Agnaeus Cornutus, Velius
The first five contain the ordinances of Theodoric, Longus, Curtius Valerianus, Papirianus, Adaman-
the sixth and seventh regulations (formulae) with tius Martyrius, Eutyches, Caesellius, Lucius Cae
regard to the chief offices of the kingdom, the cilius Vindex, and Priscianus, in addition to whom
eighth, ninth, and tenth, the decrees promulgated we find quotations from Varro, Donatus, and
by the immediate successors of Theodoric, the Phocas.
eleventh and twelfth the edicts published by Cas- 6. “ De Arte Grammatica ad Donati Mentem,"
siodorus himself during the years 534–538, when of which a fragment only has been preserved.
praefect of the praetorium. This collection is of This tract, together with the preceding, will be
the greatest historical importance, being our chief found in the “Grammaticae Latini Auctores an-
and most trustworthy source of information in re tiqui" of Putschius, Hanov. 1605, p. 2275 and
gard to everything connected with the constitution p. 2322.
and internal discipline of the Ostrogothic dominion 7. “ De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Lite
in Italy. We must not, however, expect to find rarum," in two books, a compilation from the best
much that is attractive or worthy of imitation in authorities, much esteemed and studied during the
the style of these documents. While we cannot middle ages. It contains a compendium of the
help admiring the ingenuity displayed in the selec- seven liberal arts which were at one time supposed
tion and combination of phrases, moulded for the to embrace the whole circuit of human knowledge,
most part into neat but most artificial forms, -Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics, Arithmetic, Geo-
and polished with patient toil, we at the same metry, Astronomy, Music.
time feel heartily wearied and disgusted by the Angelo Mai has recently published from a Vati-
sustained affectation and declamatory glitter which can MS. some chapters, hitherto unedited, which
disfigure every page.
The language is full of seem to have formed the conclusion of the work.
strange and foreign words, and little attention is (Classicorum Auctorum e Vat. Codd. vol. iii. p. 349. )
paid to the delicacies of syntax, but Funccius is 8. “ De Anima," on the name, origin, nature,
too barsh when he designates it as a mere mass of qualities, abode, and future existence of the soul,
Gothic solecisms. Perhaps the best description together with speculations upon other topics con-
which can be given of the general effect produced | nected with the same subject.
## p. 625 (#645) ############################################
CASSIODORUS.
625
CASSIUS.
O
9. “ De Institutionc Divinarum Literarum," an Odoacer, and the latter not to have been born until
introduction to the profitable reading of the Holy | 479. But the question seems to be set at rest by
Scriptures, intended for the use of the monks. the 4th epistle of the 1st book of the Variarum,
This is perhaps the most pleasing of all our author's where the father and son are clearly distinguished
works. His profound and varied knowledge is from each other; and since the latter unquestion-
here displayed to the best advantage, bis instruc- ably enjoyed a place of trust under Odoacer, whose
tions are conveyed in more plain and simple phrase- downfall took place in 490, the young secretary,
ology than he elsewhere employs, while a truly although still “ adolescens," could not by any pos-
Christian tone and spirit pervades the whole. sibility have been born so late as 479. Some re-
10. " Expositio in Psalmos sive Commenta marks upon this point will be found in Osann,
Psalterii,” extracted chiefly from the “ Enarra- Beiträge zur Gr. und Röm. Literatur Geschichte,
tiones” of St. Augustin, although we gather from vol. ii. p. 160, Cassel. 1839. The different digni-
internal evidence that the exegetical treatises of ties with which he was invested are enumerated,
Hilarius, Ambrosius, Hieronymus, and others upon and their nature fully explained, in Manso, Ges-
the same subject, had been carefully consulted. chichte des Ostgothischen Reichs. (W. R. ]
As a matter of course we detect in the copy the CASSI'PHONE (Kagoidówn), a daughter of
same features which distinguish the original, the Odysseus by Circe, and sister of Telegonus. After
same love of overstrained allegorical interpretation, Odysseus had been restored to life by Circe, when
the same determination to wring from the plainest he had been killed by Telegonus, he gave Cassi-
and least ambiguous precepts some mystical and phone in marriage to Telemachus, whom, however,
esoteric doctrine.
she killed, because he had put to death her mother
11. The “ Expositio in Cantica Canticorum,” | Circe. (Schol. ad Lycoph. 795, &c. ). [L. S. ]
although breathing a spirit similar to the commen- CASSIVELAUNUS, a British chief, who
tary just described, and set down in all MSS. as fought against Caesar in his second campaign
the production of Cassiodorus, is throughout so against Britain, B. C. 54. He ruled over the
different in style and language from all his other country north of the river Tamesis (Thames), and
dissertations, that its authenticity has with good as by his perpetual wars with his neighbours he
reason been called in question.
had acquired the reputation of a great warrior, the
12. “ Complexiones in Epistolas Apostolorum, Britons gave him the supreme command against
in Acta et in Apocalypsim. " "Short illustrations of the Romans. After the Britons and Romans bad
the apostolic Epistles, the Acts, and Revelations, fought in several engagements, the former abstain-
first brought to light by Scipio Maffei, published ed from attacking the Romans with their whole
by him at Florence from a Verona MS. in 1721, forces, which emboldened Caesar to march into the
and reprinted at London with the notes of Chan- dominions of Cassivelaunus : he crossed the
dler in 1722, and at Rotterdam in 1723, all in 8vo. Thames, though its passage had been rendered
These annotations are not considered by theolo almost impossible by artificial means, and put the
gians of any particular value.
enemy to flight; but he continued to be much
In addition to the above we frequently find two harassed by the sallies of the Britons from their
tracts included among the writings of Cassiodorus, forests. The Trinobantes, however, with whom
one a rhetorical essay entitled “ De Schematibus Cassivelaunus had been at war, and some other
et Tropis," and the other “ De Amicitia Liber. ” Of tribes submitted to the Romans. Through them
these the former is now generally ascribed to the Caesar became acquainted with the site of the
venerable Bede, while the latter is believed to have capital of Cassivelaunus, which was not far off,
been composed by Petrus Blesensis, archdeacon of and surrounded by forests and marshes. Caesar
London, an ecclesiastic of the twelfth century. forth with made an attack upon the place and took
Among his lost works we may name, l. “Libri it. Cassivelaunus escaped, but as one or two
XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum," known to us attacks which he made on the naval camp of the
only through the abridgement of Jornandes ; 2. Romans were unsuccessful, he sued for peace,
“ Liber Titulorum s. Memorialis," short abstracts, which was granted to him on condition of his pay-
apparently, of chapters in holy writ; 3. " Exposi- ing a yearly tribute and giving hostages. (Caes.
tio Epistolae ad Romanos,” in which the Pelagian B. G. v. 11-23; Dion Cass. xl. 2, 3; Polyaen.
heresy was attacked and confuted. The last two, Strat. viii. Caes. 5; Beda, Eccles. Hist. Gent. Angl.
together with the “ Complexiones” and several | i. 2. )
(L. S. ]
other treatises already mentioned, are enumerated CA'SSIUS. 1. C. Cassius, tribune of the
in the preface to the De Orthographia Liber. ” soldiers, B. c. 168, to whose custody the Illyrian
The first edition of the collected works of Cas- king Gentius was entrusted by the praetor Ani-
siodorus is that published at Paris in 1584, 4to. , cius, when he fell into the hands of the latter in
with the notes of Fornerius; the best and most the Illyrian war. (Liv. xliv. 31. )
complete is that published by D. Garet at Rouen, 2. L. Cassius, proconsul in Asia in B. C. 90,
1679, 2 vols. fol. , and reprinted at Venice in 1729. which province he probably received after bis
On his life we have Vita Cussiodori, prefixed to praetorship with the title of proconsul, as we
the edition of Garet; La Vie de Cassidore avec un know that he never obtained the consulship itself.
Abrégé de l'Histoire des Princes qu'il a serri et des In conjunction with M. Aquillius be restored
Remarques sur ses Ouvrages, by F. D. de Sainte Ariobarzanes to Cappadocia, and Nicomedes to
Marthe, Paris, 1694, 8vo. ; and Leben Cassiodor's, Bithynia ; but when Ariobarzanes was again
by De Buat, in the first volume of the transactions driven out of his kingdom by Mithridates in the
of the Royal Academy of Munich, p. 79. There following year, Cassius made preparations to carry
is frequently much confusion in biographical dis- on war against the latter. He was, however,
quisitions between Cassiodorus the father and Cas- obliged to retire before Mithridates, and fled to
siodorus the son, the former having been supposed Rhodes, where he was when Mithridates laid
by many to be the individual who held office under siege to the place. He afterwards fell into the
28
## p. 626 (#646) ############################################
626
CASSIUS.
CASSIUS.
hands of the king of Pontus, though on what oc- a native of Utica, lived about B. C. 40.
He trans
casion is not mentioned, but was restored to free lated the great work of the Carthagininn Mago on
dom at the end of the first Mithridatic war. agriculture from the Punic into Greek, but in such
(Appian, Mithr. 11, 17, 24, 112. )
a manner that he condensed the twenty-cight books
3. L. Cassius, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 89, of the original into twenty, although he made nu-
at the time of the Marsic war, when the value of merous additions to it from the best Greek writers
landed property was depreciated, and the quantity on agriculture. He dedicated this work to the
of money in circulation was comparatively small
. praetor Sextilius. Diophanes of Bithynia, again,
Debtors were thus unable to pay the money they made a useful abridgement of the work in six books,
owed, and as the praetor A. Sempronius Aseilio which he dedicated to king Deiotarus. The work
decided against the debtors in accordance with the of Dionysius Cassius is mentioned among those
old laws, the people became exasperated, and L. used by Cassianus Bassus in compiling the Geopo-
Cassius excited them still more against him, so nica at the command of Constantinus Porphyroge-
that he was at length murdered by the people neta. (Varro, De Re Rust. i. l; Columella, i. 1 ;
while offering a sacrifice in the forum. (Val. Athen. xiv. p. 648 ; Plin. II. N. xx. 44; Geoponica,
Max. ix. 7. $ 4; comp. Liv. Epit. 74. )
i. 11. ) Cassius also wrote a work ριζοτομικά.
4. Q. Cassius, legate of Q. Cassius Longinus (Schol
. ad Nicand. 520; Steph. By z. s. v. 'ITÚKT. )
in Spain in B. C. 48, and probably the same to With the exception of the extracts in the Geopo-
whom Antony gave Spain at the division of the nica, the works of Cassius have perished. [L. S. )
provinces at the end of B. C. 44. (Hirt. B. Alex. CA'SSIUS IATROSOPHISTA, or CASSIUS
52, 57; Cic. Philipp. iii. 10. )
FELIX, the author of a little Greek medical work
CASSIUS (Κάσσιος), a Sceptic philosopher, entitled 'Ιατρικαι 'Απορίαι και Προβλήματα Φυσικά,
who wrote against Zeno the Stoic. (Diog. Laërt. Quaestiones Medicae et Problemata Naturalia. No-
vii. 32, 34; Galen, Hypothes. Empir. 3. ) (L. S. ] thing is known of the events of his life, nor is it
CA'SSIUS, AGRIPPA, is called a most learned possible to identify him with certainty with any of
writer. He lived about A. D. 132, in the reign of the individuals of this name. With respect to his
the emperor Hadrian, and wrote a very accurate date, it can only be said that he quotes Asclepiades,
refutation of the heresies of Basilides the Gnostic who lived in the first century B. C. , and that he is
and his son Isidorus. A fragment of this work generally supposed to have lived himself in the
is preserved in Eusebius. (Hist. Eccles. ir. 7; comp. first century after Christ. His title Iatrosophista
Hieron. Script. Eccles. 21, Indic. Haeres. 2; Theo is explained in the Dict. of Ant. His work con-
doret, De Haeret. Fab. i. 4. )
[L. S. ] sists of eighty-four questions on medical and physi-
CASSIUS APRONIANUS. [APRONIA- cal subjects, with the solutions, and contains much
NUS, No. 2. )
curious matter. It was first published in Greek
CA'SSIUS ASCLEPIO'DOTUS. [ASCLE- at Paris, 1541, 12mo. , and translated into Latin
PIODOTUS. ]
the same year by Hadrianus Junius, Paris, 4to.
CA'SSIUS, AVI'DIUS, one of the most able A Greek and Latin edition appeared in 1653, 4to.
and successful among the generals of M. Aurelius, Lips. , together with the work of Theophylactus
was a native of Cyrrhus in Syria, son of a certain Simoutta; and the Greek text alone is inserted in
Heliodorus, who in consequence of his eminence the first volume of Ideler's Physici et Medici Graeci
as a rhetorician had risen to be praefect of Egypt Minores, Berol. 1841, 8vo. The work is also to
While Verus was abandoning himself to all man- be found in various old editions of Aristotle.
ner of profligacy at Antioch, the war against the (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 169, ed. vet. ; Chou-
Parthians was vigorously prosecuted by Cassius, lant, Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere
who closed a most glorious campaign by the capture Medicin. )
[W. A. G. ]
of Seleuceia and Ctesiphon. He subsequently CA'SSIUS LONGUS. (LONGUS. )
quelled a formidable insurrection in Egypt, orga- CA'SSIUS PARMENSIS, so called, it would
nized by a tribe of marauders who dwelt among appear, from Parma, his birth-place, is in most
the fens; and having been appointed governor of works upon Roman literature styled C. Cassius
all the Eastern provinces, discharged his trusi for Severus Parmensis, but erroneously, since there is
several years with fidelity and firmness. The
no authority whatsoever for assigning the praeno-
history of his rebellion and his miserable death are men of Caius or the cognomen of Severus to this
narrated under M. AURELIUS. If we can believe writer.
in the authenticity of the documents produced by Horace (Serm. i. 10. 61), when censuring care-
Gallicanus, the conduct of Cassius excited the sus- less and rapid compositions, illustrates his observa-
picion of Verus at a very early period, but Anto- tions, by referring to a Cassius Etruscus, whom he
ninus refused to listen to the representations of his compares to a river in fiood rolling down a turbid
colleague, ascribing them doubtless, and with good torrent, and adds, that the story ran that this poet,
cause, to jealousy. (In addition to the notices his works, and book-boxes, were all consigned to-
contained in Dion Cassius lxxi. 2, 21, &c. , we have gether to the flames. Here Acro, Porphyrio, and
a formal biography from the pen of one of the Au- the Scholiast of Cruquius agree in expressly declar-
gustan historians, named Vulcatius Gallicanus, but ing that the person spoken of is Cassius Parmensis,
the style of this production is not such as to in- and the latter makes mention of a tragedy by him,
spire much confidence in its author. ) [W. R. ] called Thyestes, as still extant.
CA'SSIUS BARBA. (BARBA. )
Again, Horace (Ep. i. 4. 3), when writing to
CA'SSIUS BETILLI'NUS. [Bassus, Be- Albius, who is generally believed to be Tibullus,
TILIENUS]
questions him with regard to his occupations, and
CA'SSIUS CHAEREA. [CHAEREA. ] asks whether he is writing anything " quod Cassii
CA'SSIUS CLEMENS. (CLEMENS. ] Parmensis opuscula vincat. " Here the old com-
CA'SSIUS DION. [Dion Cassius. ]
mentators quoted above again agree in asserting
CA SSIUS, DIONY'SIUS (Alovúolos Kácolos), I that this Cassius served as tribune of the soldiers
## p. 627 (#647) ############################################
CASSIUS.
627
CASTICUS.
in the army of Brutus and Cassius, that he return- | letter to be found in Cicero (ad Fam. xii. 13) is
ed to Athens after their defeat, that L. Varus was from the pen of Cassins Parmensis, and strong argu-
despatched by Augustus to put him to death, ments may be adduced in support of this opinion ;
and, after executing the order, carried off his port- but, on the whole, we are led to conclude from its
folio; whence a report became current, that the tone, that it proceeded from some person younger
Thyestes published by Varus was really the work and holding a less distinguished position than
of Cassius stolen and appropriated by his execu-
Cassius Pariensis at that time occupied.
tioner. To this narrative Acro and the Scholiast We have a little poem in hexameters, entitled
of Cruquius add, that he composed in various styles, Orpheus, in which it is set forth, that the Thra-
and that his elegies and epigrams were especially cian bard, although at first an object of ridicule
admired.
to his contemporaries, by assiduous study and un-
These two passages and the annotations upon deviating perseverance, at length acquired that
them have been the foundation of a lengthened heavenly skill by which he was enabled to charın
controversy, in which almost all writers upon Ro- the ears of listening rocks and woods, and draw
man literature have taken part. A variety of opi- them in his train. These verses were first pube
nions have been expressed and hypotheses pro- lished by Achilles Statius in his edition of Suetonius,
pounded, many of them supported with great learn- “ de Clar. Rhetor. " and we are there told by the
ing and skill
. A full account of these will be editor that they were found among the Bruttii
found in the essay of Weichert. “ De Lucii Varii and communicated to him by a very learned
et Cassii Parmensis Vita et Carminibus,” (Grimae, youth, Suetonius Quadrimanus; they were pub-
1836,) who, after patient examination, has shewn lished again by Fabricius in his notes to Senec.
by many arguments, that the following conclusions Herc. Oet. 1034, as having been discovered anew
are the most probable which the amount and na- at Florence by Petrus Victorius, and are to be
ture of the evidence at our disposal will enable us found in Burmann's Anthologia (i. 112, or n.
to form :
112, ed. Meyer), in Wernsdorf's Poetae Latini
1. Cassius Etruscus and Cassius Parmensis were Minores (vol. ii
. p. 310), and many other collec-
two separate personages. It is the intention of tions. Various conflicting opinions were long en-
Horace to hold up the first to ridicule, while his tertained with regard to the author of this piece,
words imply a compliment to the second.
which commonly bears prefixed the name of Cassius
2. Cassius Parmensis was one of the conspirators Parmensis or Cassius Severus, but is now proved
who plotted the death of Caesar. He took an ac- to have been written by Antonius Thylesius, a
tive part in the war against the triumvirs, and, native of Cosenza in Calabria, a distinguished poet
after the defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius, of the sixteenth century. See the edition of his
carried over the fleet which he commanded to works by F. Daniele, Naples, 1762, and the autho-
Sicily, and joined Sextus Pompeius, with whom rities quoted by Meyer in his edition of the Antho-
he seems to have remained up to the period of the logia. An edition in a separate form was printed
great and decisive sea-fight between Mylae and at Frankfort, 1585, 8vo. , and two years afterwards
Naulochus. He then surrendered himself to An- “ Cassius of Parma his Orpheus with Nathan
tonius, whose fortunes he followed until after the Chitraeus his commentarie abridged into short
battle of Actium, when he returned to Athens, notes translated by Roger Rawlins of Lincoln's
and was there put to death by the command of Inn, 8vo. Lond. 1587. "
(W. R. ]
Octavianus. These facts are fully established by CA'SSIUS SCAEVA. (Scaeva. ]
the testimony of Appian (B. C. v.
