At the age of twenty he went to Ireland for the sake of
study and a stricter life.
study and a stricter life.
bede
In the life of Cuthbert
he is described as a man “magnarum virtutum” (miraculous powers? ).
Alcuin tells that he calmed the winds by his prayers.
763 698 A. D.
764 The Dacre, a small stream near Penrith. There are the ruins of a
castle, and Smith says there is a tradition of a monastery on its
banks.
765 Not the missionary in V, 11.
766 “Innumera miracula” are ascribed to him by Florence of Worcester.
767 III, 16, and note; IV, 27-30.
768 Ripon, _v. _ III, 25, p. 194; V, 19.
769 Cuthbert and Eadbert (IV, 29, 30). His relics were removed with
Cuthbert’s and finally interred at Durham.
770 IV, 26, and V, 18. He reigned from 685 to 705.
771 III, 26; IV, 12, 27, 28. He died in 686.
772 John of Beverley, _v. _ IV, 23, p. 273, and note. Wilfrid
administered the bishopric during the vacancy between Eata’s death
and John’s consecration in 687.
773 Cf. _ibid. _
774 Beverley. The present name is said to be derived from a colony of
beavers in the Hull river. In 866 the minster was destroyed by the
Danes, but it was repaired three years later. In 925 Athelstan
restored it and made it collegiate, giving it lands and various
privileges. (For the preposition, _v. _ II, 14, p. 119, note 5. )
775 Supposed to have been at St. John’s Lee, near Hexham. The old name
is Erneshow or Herneshaw. (Richard of Hexham, Folcard. )
776 The reading of the best MSS. , “Clymeterium” (_v. ll. _ clymiterium,
climiterium, clymitorium) seems inexplicable. Smith reads
“coemeterium,” probably on the authority of a gloss (“id est
cimeterium”) on some of the later MSS. , and it has generally been
translated “cemetery. ” The AS. version has “gebæd hus 7 ciricean” =
oratory and church.
777 Acts, iii, 2-8.
778 This was Wilfrid’s second restoration. He recovered Hexham and the
monastery of Ripon at the Synod on the Nidd in 705.
779 Bosa (IV, 12, 23) died _circ. _ 705.
780 Watton in the East Riding of Yorkshire. (“Hodie Watton, _i. e. _,
humida villa ex aquis et paludibus quibus septa est. ” Smith. ) It is
called Betendune by Folcard, the biographer of Bishop John.
781 For “studium” = medical treatment, _v. _ Plummer, _ad loc. _ Under the
verb, _studere_, Ducange gives instances of this meaning: “Iussitque
rex, ut studeretur a medicis”; Greg. Turon. , vi, 32. “Episcopus,
adhibito mulomedico, jussit ei (equo) studium impendere, quo
scilicet sanari potuisset”; St. Audoënus, lib. 2; Vit. St. Eligii,
44.
782 Bishop John had studied under Theodore. Cf. IV, 23, note.
783 Note the tendency to hereditary succession in monasteries (_v. _
Haddan and Stubbs, III, 337-338). Instances are, however, rare in
England, though common in Ireland, where the clan system affected
ecclesiastical preferments. Eanfled and Elfled at Whitby are not a
case in point, as Eanfled did not precede her daughter, but was only
associated with her in some way in the government of the monastery.
784 This “vill” was at South Burton (Folcard), now called Bishop Burton,
between two and three miles from Beverley.
785 To redeem his fast, as the A. S. version explains.
786 St. Matt. , viii, 14-15; St. Mark, i, 30-31; St. Luke, iv, 38-39.
787 At North Burton (Dugdale, “Monasticon”).
788 He lived till 745, according to Simeon of Durham.
789 There were probably two monasteries at Tynemouth, the one mentioned
here, and another (_v. _ Bede’s “Life of Cuthbert”), which had been a
house of monks, but afterwards, when Bede wrote, had become a
nunnery.
790 Breathing on the face and catechizing were practised in order to
exorcise evil spirits from the hearts of catechumens (Bede, Opp.
viii, 106).
791 The Saxon Chronicle is very exact: “Thirty-three years, eight
months, and thirteen days. ” This would date his episcopate from
August, 687, to May, 721, for May 7th was observed as the day of his
festival at Beverley.
792 Cf. c. 2.
793 Wilfrid II: _v. _ IV, 23, p. 273, and note.
_ 794 I. e. _, in 688. For Caedwalla, _v. _ IV, 12 (and note), 15, 16.
795 Sergius I, 687-701.
796 Cf. II, 9, 14 and notes.
797 Cf. II, 14 and note.
798 By Benedictus Crispus, Archbishop of Milan. He died in 725.
_ 799 I. e. _, Sergius was his godfather (cf. III, 7, where Oswald stands
sponsor for Cynegils). The Saxon Chronicle says he also baptized
him.
800 Justinian II. He succeeded in 685 and died in 711.
801 Cf. IV, 15, and note. Thus, according to Bede’s reckoning, he
reigned from 688 to 725, but the date of his abdication is variously
given.
802 Gregory II. , 715-731, _v. _ Preface, p. 2.
803 He was consecrated 26th March, 668, and died, as Bede says here, on
19th September, 690.
804 The church of SS. Peter and Paul. Cf. II, 3, p. 90.
805 They are elegiacs. Cf. I, 10.
806 Cf. II, 3, and _infra_ 19, 23.
807 The old Roman town Reculver, in Kent. A charter of 679 exists (the
oldest original English charter extant) by which King Hlothere of
Kent grants land in Thanet to Bertwald and his monastery.
808 Said to be the Inlade.
809 The see was, therefore, vacant for two years, possibly owing to the
political troubles of the time, cf. IV, 26, _ad fin. _ The further
delay of a year between Bertwald’s election and consecration may
have been caused by his desire to obtain greater weight as
consecrated by the Primate of a neighbouring Church (Haddan and
Stubbs, III, 229).
810 For Wictred, _v. _ IV, 26, and note. Thomas of Elmham tries to
identify Suaebhard with Suefred, son of Sebbi, king of the East
Saxons (_v. _ IV, 11, _ad fin. _), and says that he made himself king
of Kent by violence, but this seems very improbable.
811 He was Archbishop of Lyons. The Church of Lyons did not obtain the
primacy over other metropolitan churches till the eleventh century,
but apparently it held a leading position even before this time.
812 He was trained under Theodore and Hadrian in the School of
Canterbury; cf. V, 23, _ad init. _ The date of Gebmund’s death and
the succession of Tobias cannot be earlier than 696, as Gebmund
(_v. _ IV, 12) appears to have been present at the Kentish
Witenagemot of Bersted in that year. (Haddan and Stubbs, III, 238,
241. ) Tobias died in 726.
813 III, 4, 27; IV, 3, 26, and _infra_ cc. 10, 22, 23, 24.
814 The name does not occur in any Celtic literature which we possess.
All the evidence seems to show that the Celts have always called the
English “Saxons. ” “Ellmyn,” for Allemanni, occurs sometimes in Welsh
poetry (Rhŷs, “Celtic Britain”).
815 The Frisians at this time occupied the coastland from the Maas to
the region beyond the Ems. The Rugini are probably the Rugii (_v. _
Tacitus, Germania, Chapter XLIII). They were on the shores of the
Baltic, probably about the mouth of the Oder (the name survives in
Rügen and Rügenwalde). They are found with other North German tribes
in the army of Attila, and afterwards formed a settlement on the
Lower Danube. The Danes were mainly in Jutland, Fünen, and the
extreme south of Scandinavia. The Huns, who appeared in Europe
towards the end of the fourth century and menaced both the Eastern
and Western Empires, were, after Attila’s death, driven eastwards,
and settled near the Pontus, disappearing among the Bulgarians and
other kindred tribes. The Old Saxons, or Saxons of the Continent
(cf. I, 15), occupied both sides of the Elbe. The name Saxon does
not occur in the oldest accounts of the Germans. Probably it was a
new name for a union of nations which comprised the Cherusci,
Chauci, Angrivarii (and perhaps other tribes) of Tacitus. The
Boructuari are the Bructeri in Westphalia (_v. _ Zeuss, “Die
Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme”).
816 Cf. IV, 27 (note) and 28.
817 Melrose; cf. III, 26; IV, 27, and _infra_ c. 12.
818 IV, 27. Cf. III, 26; IV, 12, 28; V, 2.
819 Cf. III, 3, 4, and notes; _i. e. _, the monasteries which owed their
origin to Columba and were included in the “province” of Iona. They
are distinguished from those which are mentioned in c. 15 as “ab
Hiensium dominio liberi. ”
820 His baptismal name was Colum (_columba_ = a dove). He is said to
have acquired the name of Colum-cille, because in his youth he was
so constantly in the “cell” or oratory.
821 Jonah, i, 12.
822 Nothing more is known of him. Alcuin mentions him in his life of
Wilbrord. His name is included in a list of the eleven companions of
Wilbrord given in a life of St. Suidbert (_v. infra_ c. 11), but no
value is to be attached to it (_v. _ Haddan and Stubbs, III, 225).
Bede distinctly says that he retired from missionary efforts after
this unsuccessful attempt.
823 The story is told that at one time Rathbed was about to receive
baptism at the hands of St. Wulfram, Archbishop of Sens, but drew
back on being told that his ancestors were among the lost, refusing
to go to Heaven without them. His perpetual wars with the Franks
ended in his defeat and expulsion, and he died in 719.
824 The authority for Wilbrord’s life is Alcuin, who wrote it both in
prose and verse. Wilbrord was born in 657 or 658 in Northumbria, and
was handed over by his mother to the monks at Ripon in his infancy.
His father, Wilgils, became a hermit on a promontory at the mouth of
the Humber.
At the age of twenty he went to Ireland for the sake of
study and a stricter life. In 690 he set out for Frisland with
eleven others, landed at Katwyk and went to Utrecht, which was
afterwards his episcopal see (_v. infra_ c. 11).
825 They turned aside to Pippin on finding Rathbed obdurate. Pippin of
Heristal, Mayor of the Palace of the Austrasian kings, had defeated
the Neustrians at Testry in 687 and was now the actual ruler of the
Franks, though it was his grandson, Pippin the Short, who first
assumed royal power.
826 Cf. c. 9, p. 319, and note.
827 Roger of Wendover places their mission in 695. It must have been
later than Wilbrord’s in 690.
828 “Satrap,” cf. Stubbs, Constitutional History, i, pp. 41-42. From
this passage and similar notices of the Continental Saxons he infers
that they had remained free from Roman influences and from any
foreign intermixture of blood or institutions. “They had preserved
the ancient features of German life in their purest forms. . . . King
Alfred, when he translated Bede had no difficulty in recognizing in
the satrap the ealdorman, in the villicus the _tungerefa_, in the
vicus the _tunscipe_ of his own land. ”
829 The year cannot be fixed.
830 The Church of St. Cunibert, Cologne (Gallican Martyrology, quoted by
Smith).
831 Sergius I: _v. s. _ c. 7.
832 Alcuin tells how he killed some of the sacred cattle of the god
Fosite, a son of Balder, in Heligoland, and baptized three men in
his well.
833 A life of him by Marcellinus (_v. s. _ c. 9, note on Wictbert) is
worthless historically. Besides what we learn from Bede, we have the
date of his death (713) given by the “Annales Francorum. ”
834 This was after Wilfrid’s second expulsion (V, 19). Bertwald was
elected in July, 692, and returned from the Continent in August, 693
(_v. s. _ c. 8).
835 The usual form of the name is Plectrude.
836 Kaiserwerth on the Rhine, where it is believed that his relics still
remain in a silver shrine in the thirteenth-century church. (For the
preposition, _v. _ II, 14, p. 119, note 5. )
837 This was Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. The festival is 22nd November.
As to the year, Mr. Plummer considers that an entry in an old
calendar belonging to Epternach, near Trèves, Wilbrord’s own
monastery, giving the date 695, is almost certainly by Wilbrord
himself.
838 Utrecht. A distinction has been drawn between the two places,
Wiltaburg, or Wiltenburg, being a village near Utrecht, but the
names appear to be interchangeable.
839 The Church of St. Saviour. He also rebuilt a small church which had
been destroyed by the pagans, and consecrated it in honour of St.
Martin (Letter of St. Boniface to Pope Stephen). The cathedral
stands on the site of this church.
840 Bede writes in 731. As Alcuin says Wilbrord lived to be eighty-one
years of age, he must have died in 738 or 739. Boniface is fairly
accurate when he says that he preached for fifty years.
841 Mr. Skene (“Celtic Scotland,” i. , p. 219) has shown that the place
cannot be Cunningham in Ayrshire, which was not in Northumbria, but
in Strathclyde, and not at that time subject to Northumbria. He
suggests Tininghame in East Lothian, which Simeon of Durham calls
Intiningaham, and places in the diocese of Lindisfarne (C being a
scribe’s error for T). Chester-le-Street (Saxon: Cunungaceaster) has
also been suggested.
842 Melrose, _v. _ III, 26; IV, 27; V, 9.
843 Cf. III, 19. On mediaeval visions, cf. Plummer, _ad loc. _, and
Bright, p. 144.
844 Vergil, Aen. VI, 268.
845 IV, 26; V. 1.
846 Cf. c. 23. He began life in the service of St. Cuthbert. He became
first Prior, or Provost, then Abbot of Melrose, and succeeded
Eadfrid, who died in 721, as Bishop of Lindisfarne. He enriched
Lindisfarne with two treasures of art: a beautiful stone cross which
he erected there, and a cover of gold and jewels for the Lindisfarne
Gospels, written by Eadfrid in honour of St. Cuthbert. The book is
now in the British Museum, but the cover is lost.
847 704-709. Cf. _infra_, c. 19, pp. 345, 356, and c. 24. He was the son
of Wulfhere, but being a boy at the time of his father’s death, was
passed over in favour of Ethelred, Wulfhere’s brother.
848 Ps. xxxi, 1, in the Vulgate (xxxii in our Psalter).
849 Bishop of Whitern; _v. infra_, cc. 18, 23.
850 Cf. 1 John, v, 16.
851 Acts, vii, 56.
852 The northern Irish, and of them only those who were independent of
Iona (_v. infra_). The southern Irish had conformed much earlier;
cf. III, 3, and note.
853 It is not clear whether Bede means that any Britons were converted
by Adamnan. If so, they must have been Britons of Strathclyde. The
Welsh only conformed 755-777. The reference may be to those of the
Cornish Britons, subject to the West Saxons, who were led in 705 by
Aldhelm’s letter to Geraint to adopt the Catholic Easter (_v.
infra_, c. 18).
854 Ninth Abbot of Iona, 679-704, the author of the Life of St. Columba.
855 Of Northumbria. Aldfrid, who had studied in Iona during his exile,
was his friend. Adamnan visited the king twice, first, circ. 686,
when he obtained the release of the sixty Irish prisoners taken to
England by Berct in 684 (_v. _ IV, 26 _ad init. _) and again two years
later (cf. _infra_ c. 21, p. 372, note 2).
856 The Irish annals mention two voyages to Ireland subsequent to that
in 686 with the prisoners, viz. , in 692 and 697, after which he
probably stayed there till after Easter, 704.
857 On 23rd September, 704. (The dates are those of Tighernach and the
“Annales Cambriae. ”)
858 Adamnan’s “De Locis Sanctis,” and Bede’s account here, are the only
sources of information with regard to this bishop. Adamnan’s book is
based on the narrative of Arculf compared with other authorities.
Bede, again, in his own work on the the same subject, made
selections from Adamnan, using also other authorities, _e. g. _
Josephus.
_ 859 I. e. _, he had copies made of it.
860 Nevertheless he quotes his own book rather than Adamnan’s.
861 Cf. Warren and Conder, “Survey of Western Palestine”: “Bethlehem, a
well-built stone town, standing on a narrow ridge which runs east
and west . . . towards the east is the open market place, and, beyond
this, the convent in which is the fourth century church of St. Mary,
including the Grotto of the Nativity beneath the main apse. ”
862 “Vulturnus” seems to be distinguished from its Greek equivalent,
“Eurus. ”
863 The Basilica of the Anastasis was completed by Constantine in 335
A. D. , and destroyed in 614 by Chosroes II, King of Persia. Other
ancient travellers besides Arculf describe the Holy Places.
Eucherius, writing about 427-440, mentions the Martyrium, Golgotha
and the Anastasis, and describes their respective sites in similar
terms. Theodorus (about 530 A. D. ) alludes to the Invention of the
Holy Cross by Helena, but the earliest authorities do not connect
her with it.
864 “Brucosa. ” The adjective is not found in the dictionaries. But
Ducange has the following words from which one may, perhaps, infer
an adjective of kindred meaning: “_Brua_, idem quod supra _Brossa_,
silvula, dumetum,” “_Bruarium_, ericetum,” and “_Broca_, ager
incultus, dumetum. ”
865 The Basilica of the Ascension, on the summit of Mount Olivet, is
mentioned by the Pilgrim of Bordeaux who was in Jerusalem in 333
A. D. No traces of the church have been found. He also speaks of the
Anastasis, which was being built at the time.
866 Saewulf (1102 A. D. ) writes: “Below is the place called Golgotha,
where Adam is said to have been raised to life by the Blood of our
Lord which fell upon him, as is said in the Passion, ‘And many
bodies of the saints which slept arose. ’ But in the sentences of St.
Augustine we read that he was buried in Hebron, where also the three
patriarchs were afterwards buried with their wives, Abraham with
Sarah, Isaac with Rebecca, and Jacob with Leah, as well as the bones
of Joseph which the children of Israel carried with them from
Egypt. ”
867 He died at Driffield (supposed to mean the “field of Deira”), in the
East Riding of Yorkshire, on 14th December, 705 (Saxon Chronicle).
868 Bede and the Chronicle do not mention the usurper Eadwulf, who held
the sovereignty for eight weeks. With Aldfrid the greatness of
Northumbria, which had begun to decline after Egfrid’s defeat and
death, passed away, except for a brief revival in the time of
Eadbert and his brother, Archbishop Egbert. Osred was a tyrannical
and lawless boy, and a period of political and ecclesiastical
trouble set in (cf. Bede, “Epistola ad Egbertum”; Boniface, Ep. 62,
etc. ).
869 III, 7; IV, 12.
_ 870 Infra_ c. 23. He has been mentioned, c. 13, _ad fin. _ He studied
under Aldhelm at Malmesbury (_v. infra_).
871 The greatest scholar of his time and the man of widest influence as
a teacher. He was a West Saxon, of royal blood, born about 639; he
studied first under Hadrian in the School of Canterbury, then under
Maildufus (_v. infra_), was ordained priest by Bishop Hlothere
(Leutherius, _v. _ III, 7), and about the year 675 became Abbot of
Malmesbury, which under his rule grew to be a place of importance
and attracted crowds of students. On one occasion he went by
invitation of Pope Sergius to Rome. He became Bishop of Sherborne,
when in 705 the West Saxon diocese was divided (_v. infra_). He died
in 709 in the little church of Doulting in Somerset and was buried
in St. Michael’s Church at Malmesbury. He greatly strengthened the
Church in Wessex by his influence with King Ini and his zeal in
building churches and monasteries in various places. His widespread
influence, as well as his generous use of it, is shown by his letter
to Wilfrid’s clergy after the Council of Estrefeld, exhorting them
to remain faithful to their bishop (v. Haddan and Stubbs, III, 254).
872 In 705. The bishopric of the West Saxons was the only one which
Theodore did not subdivide. The delay may have been due to the
political disturbances of the time, and these had come to an end
under the rule of Ini. Haedde’s death removed a further difficulty.
He seems to have resisted Bertwald’s attempt to divide the diocese,
for we find in 704 a council threatening the West Saxons with
excommunication if the division is not carried out. Hampshire,
Surrey, and, for a time, Sussex, were assigned to Winchester;
Berkshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire to Sherborne
(Haddan and Stubbs, III, 276), but the authorities differ on this
point. After the Conquest, the combined bishoprics of Sherborne and
Ramsbury (founded in 909 for Wiltshire) had their see established at
Old Sarum.
873 Cf. Preface, p. 3, and note, and IV, 16. In 744 he resigned his see
and died in 745. It appears from a letter of Boniface to him that he
became blind in his old age.
874 Malmesbury.
he is described as a man “magnarum virtutum” (miraculous powers? ).
Alcuin tells that he calmed the winds by his prayers.
763 698 A. D.
764 The Dacre, a small stream near Penrith. There are the ruins of a
castle, and Smith says there is a tradition of a monastery on its
banks.
765 Not the missionary in V, 11.
766 “Innumera miracula” are ascribed to him by Florence of Worcester.
767 III, 16, and note; IV, 27-30.
768 Ripon, _v. _ III, 25, p. 194; V, 19.
769 Cuthbert and Eadbert (IV, 29, 30). His relics were removed with
Cuthbert’s and finally interred at Durham.
770 IV, 26, and V, 18. He reigned from 685 to 705.
771 III, 26; IV, 12, 27, 28. He died in 686.
772 John of Beverley, _v. _ IV, 23, p. 273, and note. Wilfrid
administered the bishopric during the vacancy between Eata’s death
and John’s consecration in 687.
773 Cf. _ibid. _
774 Beverley. The present name is said to be derived from a colony of
beavers in the Hull river. In 866 the minster was destroyed by the
Danes, but it was repaired three years later. In 925 Athelstan
restored it and made it collegiate, giving it lands and various
privileges. (For the preposition, _v. _ II, 14, p. 119, note 5. )
775 Supposed to have been at St. John’s Lee, near Hexham. The old name
is Erneshow or Herneshaw. (Richard of Hexham, Folcard. )
776 The reading of the best MSS. , “Clymeterium” (_v. ll. _ clymiterium,
climiterium, clymitorium) seems inexplicable. Smith reads
“coemeterium,” probably on the authority of a gloss (“id est
cimeterium”) on some of the later MSS. , and it has generally been
translated “cemetery. ” The AS. version has “gebæd hus 7 ciricean” =
oratory and church.
777 Acts, iii, 2-8.
778 This was Wilfrid’s second restoration. He recovered Hexham and the
monastery of Ripon at the Synod on the Nidd in 705.
779 Bosa (IV, 12, 23) died _circ. _ 705.
780 Watton in the East Riding of Yorkshire. (“Hodie Watton, _i. e. _,
humida villa ex aquis et paludibus quibus septa est. ” Smith. ) It is
called Betendune by Folcard, the biographer of Bishop John.
781 For “studium” = medical treatment, _v. _ Plummer, _ad loc. _ Under the
verb, _studere_, Ducange gives instances of this meaning: “Iussitque
rex, ut studeretur a medicis”; Greg. Turon. , vi, 32. “Episcopus,
adhibito mulomedico, jussit ei (equo) studium impendere, quo
scilicet sanari potuisset”; St. Audoënus, lib. 2; Vit. St. Eligii,
44.
782 Bishop John had studied under Theodore. Cf. IV, 23, note.
783 Note the tendency to hereditary succession in monasteries (_v. _
Haddan and Stubbs, III, 337-338). Instances are, however, rare in
England, though common in Ireland, where the clan system affected
ecclesiastical preferments. Eanfled and Elfled at Whitby are not a
case in point, as Eanfled did not precede her daughter, but was only
associated with her in some way in the government of the monastery.
784 This “vill” was at South Burton (Folcard), now called Bishop Burton,
between two and three miles from Beverley.
785 To redeem his fast, as the A. S. version explains.
786 St. Matt. , viii, 14-15; St. Mark, i, 30-31; St. Luke, iv, 38-39.
787 At North Burton (Dugdale, “Monasticon”).
788 He lived till 745, according to Simeon of Durham.
789 There were probably two monasteries at Tynemouth, the one mentioned
here, and another (_v. _ Bede’s “Life of Cuthbert”), which had been a
house of monks, but afterwards, when Bede wrote, had become a
nunnery.
790 Breathing on the face and catechizing were practised in order to
exorcise evil spirits from the hearts of catechumens (Bede, Opp.
viii, 106).
791 The Saxon Chronicle is very exact: “Thirty-three years, eight
months, and thirteen days. ” This would date his episcopate from
August, 687, to May, 721, for May 7th was observed as the day of his
festival at Beverley.
792 Cf. c. 2.
793 Wilfrid II: _v. _ IV, 23, p. 273, and note.
_ 794 I. e. _, in 688. For Caedwalla, _v. _ IV, 12 (and note), 15, 16.
795 Sergius I, 687-701.
796 Cf. II, 9, 14 and notes.
797 Cf. II, 14 and note.
798 By Benedictus Crispus, Archbishop of Milan. He died in 725.
_ 799 I. e. _, Sergius was his godfather (cf. III, 7, where Oswald stands
sponsor for Cynegils). The Saxon Chronicle says he also baptized
him.
800 Justinian II. He succeeded in 685 and died in 711.
801 Cf. IV, 15, and note. Thus, according to Bede’s reckoning, he
reigned from 688 to 725, but the date of his abdication is variously
given.
802 Gregory II. , 715-731, _v. _ Preface, p. 2.
803 He was consecrated 26th March, 668, and died, as Bede says here, on
19th September, 690.
804 The church of SS. Peter and Paul. Cf. II, 3, p. 90.
805 They are elegiacs. Cf. I, 10.
806 Cf. II, 3, and _infra_ 19, 23.
807 The old Roman town Reculver, in Kent. A charter of 679 exists (the
oldest original English charter extant) by which King Hlothere of
Kent grants land in Thanet to Bertwald and his monastery.
808 Said to be the Inlade.
809 The see was, therefore, vacant for two years, possibly owing to the
political troubles of the time, cf. IV, 26, _ad fin. _ The further
delay of a year between Bertwald’s election and consecration may
have been caused by his desire to obtain greater weight as
consecrated by the Primate of a neighbouring Church (Haddan and
Stubbs, III, 229).
810 For Wictred, _v. _ IV, 26, and note. Thomas of Elmham tries to
identify Suaebhard with Suefred, son of Sebbi, king of the East
Saxons (_v. _ IV, 11, _ad fin. _), and says that he made himself king
of Kent by violence, but this seems very improbable.
811 He was Archbishop of Lyons. The Church of Lyons did not obtain the
primacy over other metropolitan churches till the eleventh century,
but apparently it held a leading position even before this time.
812 He was trained under Theodore and Hadrian in the School of
Canterbury; cf. V, 23, _ad init. _ The date of Gebmund’s death and
the succession of Tobias cannot be earlier than 696, as Gebmund
(_v. _ IV, 12) appears to have been present at the Kentish
Witenagemot of Bersted in that year. (Haddan and Stubbs, III, 238,
241. ) Tobias died in 726.
813 III, 4, 27; IV, 3, 26, and _infra_ cc. 10, 22, 23, 24.
814 The name does not occur in any Celtic literature which we possess.
All the evidence seems to show that the Celts have always called the
English “Saxons. ” “Ellmyn,” for Allemanni, occurs sometimes in Welsh
poetry (Rhŷs, “Celtic Britain”).
815 The Frisians at this time occupied the coastland from the Maas to
the region beyond the Ems. The Rugini are probably the Rugii (_v. _
Tacitus, Germania, Chapter XLIII). They were on the shores of the
Baltic, probably about the mouth of the Oder (the name survives in
Rügen and Rügenwalde). They are found with other North German tribes
in the army of Attila, and afterwards formed a settlement on the
Lower Danube. The Danes were mainly in Jutland, Fünen, and the
extreme south of Scandinavia. The Huns, who appeared in Europe
towards the end of the fourth century and menaced both the Eastern
and Western Empires, were, after Attila’s death, driven eastwards,
and settled near the Pontus, disappearing among the Bulgarians and
other kindred tribes. The Old Saxons, or Saxons of the Continent
(cf. I, 15), occupied both sides of the Elbe. The name Saxon does
not occur in the oldest accounts of the Germans. Probably it was a
new name for a union of nations which comprised the Cherusci,
Chauci, Angrivarii (and perhaps other tribes) of Tacitus. The
Boructuari are the Bructeri in Westphalia (_v. _ Zeuss, “Die
Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme”).
816 Cf. IV, 27 (note) and 28.
817 Melrose; cf. III, 26; IV, 27, and _infra_ c. 12.
818 IV, 27. Cf. III, 26; IV, 12, 28; V, 2.
819 Cf. III, 3, 4, and notes; _i. e. _, the monasteries which owed their
origin to Columba and were included in the “province” of Iona. They
are distinguished from those which are mentioned in c. 15 as “ab
Hiensium dominio liberi. ”
820 His baptismal name was Colum (_columba_ = a dove). He is said to
have acquired the name of Colum-cille, because in his youth he was
so constantly in the “cell” or oratory.
821 Jonah, i, 12.
822 Nothing more is known of him. Alcuin mentions him in his life of
Wilbrord. His name is included in a list of the eleven companions of
Wilbrord given in a life of St. Suidbert (_v. infra_ c. 11), but no
value is to be attached to it (_v. _ Haddan and Stubbs, III, 225).
Bede distinctly says that he retired from missionary efforts after
this unsuccessful attempt.
823 The story is told that at one time Rathbed was about to receive
baptism at the hands of St. Wulfram, Archbishop of Sens, but drew
back on being told that his ancestors were among the lost, refusing
to go to Heaven without them. His perpetual wars with the Franks
ended in his defeat and expulsion, and he died in 719.
824 The authority for Wilbrord’s life is Alcuin, who wrote it both in
prose and verse. Wilbrord was born in 657 or 658 in Northumbria, and
was handed over by his mother to the monks at Ripon in his infancy.
His father, Wilgils, became a hermit on a promontory at the mouth of
the Humber.
At the age of twenty he went to Ireland for the sake of
study and a stricter life. In 690 he set out for Frisland with
eleven others, landed at Katwyk and went to Utrecht, which was
afterwards his episcopal see (_v. infra_ c. 11).
825 They turned aside to Pippin on finding Rathbed obdurate. Pippin of
Heristal, Mayor of the Palace of the Austrasian kings, had defeated
the Neustrians at Testry in 687 and was now the actual ruler of the
Franks, though it was his grandson, Pippin the Short, who first
assumed royal power.
826 Cf. c. 9, p. 319, and note.
827 Roger of Wendover places their mission in 695. It must have been
later than Wilbrord’s in 690.
828 “Satrap,” cf. Stubbs, Constitutional History, i, pp. 41-42. From
this passage and similar notices of the Continental Saxons he infers
that they had remained free from Roman influences and from any
foreign intermixture of blood or institutions. “They had preserved
the ancient features of German life in their purest forms. . . . King
Alfred, when he translated Bede had no difficulty in recognizing in
the satrap the ealdorman, in the villicus the _tungerefa_, in the
vicus the _tunscipe_ of his own land. ”
829 The year cannot be fixed.
830 The Church of St. Cunibert, Cologne (Gallican Martyrology, quoted by
Smith).
831 Sergius I: _v. s. _ c. 7.
832 Alcuin tells how he killed some of the sacred cattle of the god
Fosite, a son of Balder, in Heligoland, and baptized three men in
his well.
833 A life of him by Marcellinus (_v. s. _ c. 9, note on Wictbert) is
worthless historically. Besides what we learn from Bede, we have the
date of his death (713) given by the “Annales Francorum. ”
834 This was after Wilfrid’s second expulsion (V, 19). Bertwald was
elected in July, 692, and returned from the Continent in August, 693
(_v. s. _ c. 8).
835 The usual form of the name is Plectrude.
836 Kaiserwerth on the Rhine, where it is believed that his relics still
remain in a silver shrine in the thirteenth-century church. (For the
preposition, _v. _ II, 14, p. 119, note 5. )
837 This was Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. The festival is 22nd November.
As to the year, Mr. Plummer considers that an entry in an old
calendar belonging to Epternach, near Trèves, Wilbrord’s own
monastery, giving the date 695, is almost certainly by Wilbrord
himself.
838 Utrecht. A distinction has been drawn between the two places,
Wiltaburg, or Wiltenburg, being a village near Utrecht, but the
names appear to be interchangeable.
839 The Church of St. Saviour. He also rebuilt a small church which had
been destroyed by the pagans, and consecrated it in honour of St.
Martin (Letter of St. Boniface to Pope Stephen). The cathedral
stands on the site of this church.
840 Bede writes in 731. As Alcuin says Wilbrord lived to be eighty-one
years of age, he must have died in 738 or 739. Boniface is fairly
accurate when he says that he preached for fifty years.
841 Mr. Skene (“Celtic Scotland,” i. , p. 219) has shown that the place
cannot be Cunningham in Ayrshire, which was not in Northumbria, but
in Strathclyde, and not at that time subject to Northumbria. He
suggests Tininghame in East Lothian, which Simeon of Durham calls
Intiningaham, and places in the diocese of Lindisfarne (C being a
scribe’s error for T). Chester-le-Street (Saxon: Cunungaceaster) has
also been suggested.
842 Melrose, _v. _ III, 26; IV, 27; V, 9.
843 Cf. III, 19. On mediaeval visions, cf. Plummer, _ad loc. _, and
Bright, p. 144.
844 Vergil, Aen. VI, 268.
845 IV, 26; V. 1.
846 Cf. c. 23. He began life in the service of St. Cuthbert. He became
first Prior, or Provost, then Abbot of Melrose, and succeeded
Eadfrid, who died in 721, as Bishop of Lindisfarne. He enriched
Lindisfarne with two treasures of art: a beautiful stone cross which
he erected there, and a cover of gold and jewels for the Lindisfarne
Gospels, written by Eadfrid in honour of St. Cuthbert. The book is
now in the British Museum, but the cover is lost.
847 704-709. Cf. _infra_, c. 19, pp. 345, 356, and c. 24. He was the son
of Wulfhere, but being a boy at the time of his father’s death, was
passed over in favour of Ethelred, Wulfhere’s brother.
848 Ps. xxxi, 1, in the Vulgate (xxxii in our Psalter).
849 Bishop of Whitern; _v. infra_, cc. 18, 23.
850 Cf. 1 John, v, 16.
851 Acts, vii, 56.
852 The northern Irish, and of them only those who were independent of
Iona (_v. infra_). The southern Irish had conformed much earlier;
cf. III, 3, and note.
853 It is not clear whether Bede means that any Britons were converted
by Adamnan. If so, they must have been Britons of Strathclyde. The
Welsh only conformed 755-777. The reference may be to those of the
Cornish Britons, subject to the West Saxons, who were led in 705 by
Aldhelm’s letter to Geraint to adopt the Catholic Easter (_v.
infra_, c. 18).
854 Ninth Abbot of Iona, 679-704, the author of the Life of St. Columba.
855 Of Northumbria. Aldfrid, who had studied in Iona during his exile,
was his friend. Adamnan visited the king twice, first, circ. 686,
when he obtained the release of the sixty Irish prisoners taken to
England by Berct in 684 (_v. _ IV, 26 _ad init. _) and again two years
later (cf. _infra_ c. 21, p. 372, note 2).
856 The Irish annals mention two voyages to Ireland subsequent to that
in 686 with the prisoners, viz. , in 692 and 697, after which he
probably stayed there till after Easter, 704.
857 On 23rd September, 704. (The dates are those of Tighernach and the
“Annales Cambriae. ”)
858 Adamnan’s “De Locis Sanctis,” and Bede’s account here, are the only
sources of information with regard to this bishop. Adamnan’s book is
based on the narrative of Arculf compared with other authorities.
Bede, again, in his own work on the the same subject, made
selections from Adamnan, using also other authorities, _e. g. _
Josephus.
_ 859 I. e. _, he had copies made of it.
860 Nevertheless he quotes his own book rather than Adamnan’s.
861 Cf. Warren and Conder, “Survey of Western Palestine”: “Bethlehem, a
well-built stone town, standing on a narrow ridge which runs east
and west . . . towards the east is the open market place, and, beyond
this, the convent in which is the fourth century church of St. Mary,
including the Grotto of the Nativity beneath the main apse. ”
862 “Vulturnus” seems to be distinguished from its Greek equivalent,
“Eurus. ”
863 The Basilica of the Anastasis was completed by Constantine in 335
A. D. , and destroyed in 614 by Chosroes II, King of Persia. Other
ancient travellers besides Arculf describe the Holy Places.
Eucherius, writing about 427-440, mentions the Martyrium, Golgotha
and the Anastasis, and describes their respective sites in similar
terms. Theodorus (about 530 A. D. ) alludes to the Invention of the
Holy Cross by Helena, but the earliest authorities do not connect
her with it.
864 “Brucosa. ” The adjective is not found in the dictionaries. But
Ducange has the following words from which one may, perhaps, infer
an adjective of kindred meaning: “_Brua_, idem quod supra _Brossa_,
silvula, dumetum,” “_Bruarium_, ericetum,” and “_Broca_, ager
incultus, dumetum. ”
865 The Basilica of the Ascension, on the summit of Mount Olivet, is
mentioned by the Pilgrim of Bordeaux who was in Jerusalem in 333
A. D. No traces of the church have been found. He also speaks of the
Anastasis, which was being built at the time.
866 Saewulf (1102 A. D. ) writes: “Below is the place called Golgotha,
where Adam is said to have been raised to life by the Blood of our
Lord which fell upon him, as is said in the Passion, ‘And many
bodies of the saints which slept arose. ’ But in the sentences of St.
Augustine we read that he was buried in Hebron, where also the three
patriarchs were afterwards buried with their wives, Abraham with
Sarah, Isaac with Rebecca, and Jacob with Leah, as well as the bones
of Joseph which the children of Israel carried with them from
Egypt. ”
867 He died at Driffield (supposed to mean the “field of Deira”), in the
East Riding of Yorkshire, on 14th December, 705 (Saxon Chronicle).
868 Bede and the Chronicle do not mention the usurper Eadwulf, who held
the sovereignty for eight weeks. With Aldfrid the greatness of
Northumbria, which had begun to decline after Egfrid’s defeat and
death, passed away, except for a brief revival in the time of
Eadbert and his brother, Archbishop Egbert. Osred was a tyrannical
and lawless boy, and a period of political and ecclesiastical
trouble set in (cf. Bede, “Epistola ad Egbertum”; Boniface, Ep. 62,
etc. ).
869 III, 7; IV, 12.
_ 870 Infra_ c. 23. He has been mentioned, c. 13, _ad fin. _ He studied
under Aldhelm at Malmesbury (_v. infra_).
871 The greatest scholar of his time and the man of widest influence as
a teacher. He was a West Saxon, of royal blood, born about 639; he
studied first under Hadrian in the School of Canterbury, then under
Maildufus (_v. infra_), was ordained priest by Bishop Hlothere
(Leutherius, _v. _ III, 7), and about the year 675 became Abbot of
Malmesbury, which under his rule grew to be a place of importance
and attracted crowds of students. On one occasion he went by
invitation of Pope Sergius to Rome. He became Bishop of Sherborne,
when in 705 the West Saxon diocese was divided (_v. infra_). He died
in 709 in the little church of Doulting in Somerset and was buried
in St. Michael’s Church at Malmesbury. He greatly strengthened the
Church in Wessex by his influence with King Ini and his zeal in
building churches and monasteries in various places. His widespread
influence, as well as his generous use of it, is shown by his letter
to Wilfrid’s clergy after the Council of Estrefeld, exhorting them
to remain faithful to their bishop (v. Haddan and Stubbs, III, 254).
872 In 705. The bishopric of the West Saxons was the only one which
Theodore did not subdivide. The delay may have been due to the
political disturbances of the time, and these had come to an end
under the rule of Ini. Haedde’s death removed a further difficulty.
He seems to have resisted Bertwald’s attempt to divide the diocese,
for we find in 704 a council threatening the West Saxons with
excommunication if the division is not carried out. Hampshire,
Surrey, and, for a time, Sussex, were assigned to Winchester;
Berkshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire to Sherborne
(Haddan and Stubbs, III, 276), but the authorities differ on this
point. After the Conquest, the combined bishoprics of Sherborne and
Ramsbury (founded in 909 for Wiltshire) had their see established at
Old Sarum.
873 Cf. Preface, p. 3, and note, and IV, 16. In 744 he resigned his see
and died in 745. It appears from a letter of Boniface to him that he
became blind in his old age.
874 Malmesbury.
