These figures are often
introduced
into a sentence
solely for the sake of giving to the style a greater variety,
yet they have sometimes a striking and expressive effect.
solely for the sake of giving to the style a greater variety,
yet they have sometimes a striking and expressive effect.
Latin - Bradley - Exercises in Latin Prosody
hwrgkf Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
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? 102 EXERCISES IN
86.
You, Zoilus, who are well dressed, ridicule my thread-
bare garments. They are indeed threadbare, but, Zoilus,
they are my own.
Qui pexor {enall. ) pulchrd, rideo meus tritus, Zoilus.
Sura hie tritus quidem, Zoilus, at meus sum.
87.
Aurora in the mean time to wretched mortals tha fair
Light had brought forth, and renews the works and la-
bors of the day.
Aurora interea miser homo almus
Effero lux, et refero {enall. ) opus et labor.
88.
Indeed the approach of death alarms him only, Who, if
there should be any existence beyond the grave, trembles
for himself: It alarms not him, who has passed his life
righteously and piously.
Scilicet hie unns mors vicinia turbo,
Qui sui metuo {enall),si quid sum {resto) post funus {enall. ):
Non hie, qui recte vita ago {enall. ) sancteque.
89.
He, when the expected day of death approaches, Leeks
forward to eternal life; hey-triumphing in a better hope,
Even now anticipates in hope the joys of the inhabitants
of heaven.
Hie, cum maturus dies mors advenio {enall. ), xvum
Suspicio aternus ; hie, spes melior triumphans,
Ccelicola {sync. ) jam nunc votis prselibo gaudium.
90.
Let the ox plow, or let him impute his death to advan-
ced years. Let the sheep afford us the means of defence
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? VERSIFICATION. 103
against the cold north wind. liet the full she-goats bring
their udders to be milked by our hands.
Bos aro, ant Itthum senior imputo annus.
Horrifer contra Boreas ovis arma prabeo.
Uber satur manus pressandus do capella.
91.
The color had forsaken my cheeks; a leanness had
seized on my limbs; My reluctant mouth took but little
food. Neither were my slumbers pleasant, and the night
was tedious to me; And though oppressed by no parti-
cular cause of sorrow, I often breathed a sigh.
Effugio {enall. ) pre. color; artus adduco macies;
Capio minimus os {enall. ) coactus cibus {enall. ).
\ Neque somnus facilis, atque nox sum animus ego {enall. ) ;'
Atque gemitus, nullus laesus dolor, do.
\. 92.
The sacred spring is clear, and more transparent than a
crystal stream; Many think that a deity inhabits if.
Ab6ve it the water-loving lotos spreads its branches, As
though it were itself a grove; the earth around it is al-
ways green with soft turf.
Sum nitidus vitreusque magis lucidus {enall. ) Jluvius
Fons sacer; ilk multus numen babeo credo.
Supra qui ramus expando aquaticus lotos,
Unus sylva; tener cespes terra vireo.
93.
Let riches be heaped up together; whither glory or
whithdt ambition leads There go, surrounded by a crowd-
ed throng (C)f dependants greeting you early in the morn-
ing. But what need is there of many words? You are
at length Brought to this point, that you exclaim, "Alas,
how much vanity is there in worldly things! "
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? 104) EXERCISES IN
Cumulor (enall. ) divide; duco qud gloria quove
Ambitio, stipatus pergo examen densus
Mane salutans. Quid multa? Hue denique volvor eddem, ut exclamo (enall. )," Heu, quantum inane in res! "
94.
Pluto himself appears seated on a rough throne, awful
in gloomy Majesty; his huge sceptre appears frightful in
the dismal Shade; a gloomy cloud renders his lofty brow,
More terrible ; and the sternness of his dreadful form be-
comes more appalling.
Ipse, fultus rudis solium, nigerque verendus
Dignitas, sedeo; squaleo immensus fcedus
Sceptrum (enall. ) situs; sublimis caput moestissimus nebula
Aspero; et rigeo dims inclementia forma.
95.
As the sea quivers when it is brushed by a gentle
breeze, As the tender branch of the ash is shaken by the
warm south wind, So you might have seen my pale limbs
tremble; The bed was shaken by my body that was laid
on it.
Ut aquor fit tremulum tenuis cilm stringor ventus,
Ut stritigor tepidus fraxini (enall. ) virga notus,
Sic metis vibror pallidas membrum video;
Quassus ab corpus, quod impositus sum (enall. ) lectus sum.
96.
What indeed can it profit one, who is about to die, to
know the causes of things, To connect things that are pre-
sent with things to come, to roam in thought Beyond
the sun and the stars? Surely The same law of death
and the same common grave awaits us all.
Ecquid enim prosum causa res cognosco,
Conjungo (enall. ) venturus prasens, animus vagor
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? VERSIFICATION. 105
Sol atqne sidus super, moriturus? Scilicet cunctus
Unus lctlium lex maneo, et communis sepulchrum.
97.
The land of the Romans had not anciently any skilful
husbandmen; Fierce wars wholly occupied its active in-
habitants. There was more honor in the sword than in
the curved plough; The neglected land produced but lit-
tle to its owner.
Non habeo terra peritus antique (enall. ) colonus;
Lasso agilis asper pralium vir.
Plus sum in ferrum quam curvus honor aratrum;
Neglectus dominus paucus (enall. ) produco ager.
98.
You are accustomed often to ask me, Priscus, whatsort
of man I should be, If I were suddenly to be made rich
and become powerful. Do you then think that any one
can say what his future conduct will be? Tell me now,
if you were to become a lion, what sort of a lion should
you be?
Saepe guaro soleo, qualis sum, Priscus, futurus,
Si no locuples sumque subitb pollens.
Quisquam possum puto mos (enall. ) dico futurus?
Dico ego qualis, si fio tu leo, sum?
99.
But neither the woods of the Medians, that most fer-
tile land, Nor the celebrated Ganges, and the river Her-
mus thick with its golden sands, Can vie with the praises
of Italy, not Bactra, nor the Indians, Nor allPanchaia rich
in soils producing frankincense.
Sed neque Medi nanus, ditissimus regio,
Nee pulcher Ganges, et auro turbidus Hermus,
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? 106 EXERCISES IN
Laus Italia contendo, non Bactra, neque Indi,
Omniset thurifer Panchaia dives arena.
100.
But here in Italy are no ravening tigers, nor the savage
race of lions; Nor do poisonous herbs deceive the wretch-
ed people, who gather them. Neither does the scaly ser-
A pent here sweep his immense folds along the ground, nor
to a vast Length extended, curl himself into a circle.
At rabidus tigris absum, et sbevus semen (enall. ) leo;
nec miserandus decipio aconitum, qui lego (enall. ).
Nee rapio maximus orbis per terra, neque tantus
Squamous in spira tractu sui colligo serpens.
101.
Let him commend the repasts of a short meal, and salu-
tary Justice, and the laws, and peace with her open gates.
Let him faithfully keep secrets entrusted to him; let him
pray and beseech the gods That prosperity may return to
the wretched and forsake the haughty.
is dapes commendo mensa exiguus, et (enall. ) saluber
Justitia, jasque, et apertus otium (enall. ) porta.
Is tego commissus; divusque precorjue oro
Ut redeo infelix, desero fortuna ambitiosus.
102.
But he calls the land his own, as far as where the
planted poplar Prevents by fixed boundaries the disputes
of neighbours; as though Any thing could be his own,
which in a moment of the fleeting hour, At one time by
solicitation, at another by purchase, at another by violence,
at another by the last fate of man, May change its mas-
ters, and fall into another's power.
Sed appello usque suum, qua poptilus adsitus certus
Refugio limes vicinus (enall. ) jurgium; tanquam
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? VERSIFICATION. 107
Sum proprium quisquam, punctum qui Jluxus hora,
Nunc prece, nunc pretium, nunc violentia, nunc sors supre-
mus,
Muto (mail. ) dominus, et in alter (enall. ) jus (enall. ) cedo.
103.
Neither should you fear that his mind, becoming per-
haps from his regard to futurity Somewhat averse to the
duties of life, should refuse to bear labors And encounter
dangers, if the public good should require it. This indiffer-
ence to worldly things Rather makes the man free and
vigorous, and in all things that he undertakes Bold and
invincible; and it strengthens him in all difficulties.
Nee timeo quidem uefortasse, ad munia vita
Segnior, hinc mens recuso perfero (enall. ) labor,
Et periculum (sync. )fero, voco si publicus usus.
Liber et erectus potius, res et in agendus
Fortis vir invictusque efficio, casus et per cunctus
Iioboro externus rerum hie despicientia.
CHAPTER VII--Ellipsis.
Ellipsis is the omission of a word or of several words
in a sentence.
When the omitted word or words may be found in some other
part of the sentence, the ellipsis is termed lax or loose; as the
omission of Noram before catulos, and of Similes after hredos:
the ellipsis is termed strict, when the omitted word does not
occur in any part of the sentence; as the omission of Esse after
catulos,, of Suis before matribus, of Ego before n6ram, of Ne-
gotia after magna, and of Ego before solebam, in the following
lines;
Sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus haedos
Noram; sic parvis componere magna solebam. Viro.
If all the words, which are omitted by the strict and lax
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? 108. EXERCISES IN
ellipsis in the preceding lines were supplied, they would be written
thus;
Sic ego noram catulos esse similes canibus, sir suis matribus hsedos
esse similes
Ego noram; sic parvis negotiis componere magna negotia ego sole-
bam.
Every word that may be omitted in English by the fi-
gure ellipsis without injuring the sense, may most com-
monly be omitted also in Latin.
The use of ellipsis is much more frequent in the Latin,
than it is in the English language; it must not therefore be
inferred from the preceding remark, that those words only
may be left out in translating an English sentence into Latin,
which may be omitted without injury to the sense in the ori-
ginal. Nothing but a considerable knowledge of the idiom of
the language, and of the usage of its writers, can be . a sufficient
guide for the introduction of this figure. The following ob-
servations refer only to those instances of the; strict ellipsis,
which are of the most common occurrence, and must not con-
sequently be considered as affording a comprehensive view of the
subject.
The nouns Homo, verbum, and res or negotium, are
often omitted; as Rarifor rari homines, Paucisfor paucis
verbis, Omnia For omnes res:
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto.
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros.
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Virg.
A pronoun that is not peculiarly emphatic is generally
omitted when it is the nominative to a verb, and some-
times when it is the case following a verb, especially
before the relative Qui: the pronouns possessive also are
often omitted; as
Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti,
S mereor, demitte, tuaque hic obrue dextra.
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? VERSIFICATION. ^09
At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis
Jam legere, et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus. ViRG.
The verb Sum is frequently omitted; as
Fama, malum quo non aliud velocius ullum,
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo. ViRG.
Conjunctions are sometimes omitted; as
Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. ViRG.
The omission of conjunctions is termed asyndeton, and the
repetition of them, when the sense does not require it, poly-
syndeton.
These figures are often introduced into a sentence
solely for the sake of giving to the style a greater variety,
yet they have sometimes a striking and expressive effect. Asyn-
deton has been used to represent more forcibly the rapidity
of an action, or the eagerness of a speaker; polysyndeton,
by retarding the course of a sentence, and thus present-
ing every part of it more distinctly to the mind, has some-
times been rendered expressive of dignity, slowness, and solem-
nity.
In imitation of a Greek mode of expression, the accu-
sative case is sometimes used after a verb passive, a parti-
ciple, or an adjective, the preposition Secundum, or some
other word of similar meaning, being understood; as
Tempora for circa tempora:
Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis. Virg.
Many of the lines in the following exercises will require
an alteration in the arrangement of the words, as well as
the introduction of the figure ellipsis, before they can be
formed into verses.
EXERCISES.
1.
O Britain, fairest abode of liberty, let this happier lot
Lat. Pr. K
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? 110 EXERCISES IN
be thine, To escape both the fate of Rome and the guilt
of Rome.
Sum tibi, o secies pulcherrimus libertas, mclior sors,
nescio'et fatum (enall. ) Roma et'crimen (enall. )
Roma.
2.
Grey hairs also have not yet spoiled the beauty of my
jetty locks, Neither has crooked old age with a slow step
approached.
Et nondum canus laedo meus niger capillus,
Nee curvus senecta venio tardus pes.
3.
The poplar tree is the most acceptable tree to Hercules,
the vine the most acceptable to Bacchus, The myrtle the
most acceptable to lovely Venus, to Phcebus his own
laurel is the most acceptable.
Populus Alcidae sum gratissimus arbor, vitis gratissimus Iacchus,
Myrtus gratissimus formosus Venus, Phoebus sum gratissimus
suus laurea.
4.
O wretched me! with what vast waves are the shores
beaten! How is the day also hidden, obscured by thick
clouds!
O ego miser! quantus fluctus {enall. ) littus plangor!
Et dies lateo, conditus nubes(enall) obscurus!
5.
You now I warn. Happy art thou, who, from another's
misery, Shalt learn how to escape thine own misery.
Vos nunc ego moneo. Felix sum tu, quicunque, dolor
Alter, disco possum careo tuus dolor. '
6.
He, who advises that you should do that, which you
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? VERSIFICATION. Ill
are already doing, while he advises Applauds you, and
by his advice commends your conduct.
Qui raoneo ut facio is, qui jam tu facio, monendo ille
Laudo tu, et comprobo actus (enall. ) suus hoftatus.
. 7.
The brooks are dry; the meadows are despoiled of
their beauty by the mildew; And nothing that felt the
blast survives. I saw the flowers fade, I saw the roses die,
and I saw the lilies languish.
Rivus deficio; pratum squaleo rubigo;
Et nihil afflatus vivo. Video ligustrum palleo,
Expiro rosa video, decresco lilium et ego video.
8.
A garden adorned with odoriferous flowers was near,
Dividedas to its ground by a stream of water softly mur-
muring: There Tarquin the secret messages of his son
Receives, and he cuts down with a rod the tallest lilies.
Hortus cultissimus odoratus gramen (fynon. ) subsiim,
Sectus secundum humus rivus aqua sonans lene:
Illic Tarquinius latens suus filius (sgnon. ) mandatum
Accipio, et ille meto virga summus lilium.
9.
When the messenger returned, and reported that the
lilies were cut down, His son exclaimed, "I understand
the orders of my father. " Nor was there any delay. The
chiefs of the city Gabii being slain, The defenceless walls
are surrendered to his generals.
Ut nuncius redeo (sync), decussusque lilium dico,
Natus (synon. ) suus aio, "Ego aguosco jussum mens pa-
rens. "
Nee ullus mora sum. Princeps ex urbs Gabina caesus,
Mcenia nudus trador suus dux.
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? 112 EXERCISES IN
10.
As many shells as the sea-shores have, as many blos-
soms as the fragrant beds of roses have, As many seeds as
the sleep-bringing poppy has, By so many distressing
things am I afflicted; which if I should attempt to num-
ber, I might as well attempt to tell the number of the
waves of the Icarian sea.
Littus quot concha habeo, quot flos rosarium amccnus babeo,
Quotve granum soporifer papaver habeo,
Tot adversus res premor; qui cornprehendo (sync. ) si ego Co-
nor,
Ego conor dico numerus Icarius aqua.
11.
Man alone, who is capable of acquiring knowledge, who
has an ardent desire Of tracing out the causes and mutual
relations of things, Enters on a vain pursuit; for death
hangs over him with sable wings, And arrests him in the
midst of his journey as he is hurrying on.
Homo solus, qui sum sagax scire, cui sum summits cupido
Scrutari causa et res fcedus mututts,
Ingredior vanus iter; namque immineo is niger ala,
Et in medius cursus intercludo is euns mors.
12.
Whither do you madly haste? Although you should
possess each Ocean, and although Lydia should pour
forth for you her golden streams, And although the throne
of Crcesus and the diadem of Cyrus should be added to
these riches, You never will be rich, you never will be
satisfied with gain.
Quo vesane tu ruof Tu teneo uterque licebit oceanus, et Lydia laxo tu suus rutilus fons,
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? VERSIFICATION. 113
Et solium Croesus Cyrusque tiara jungor,
Sura nunquam dives, nunquam satior quaestus.
13.
He, who is always desiring more, is always poor; con-
tented with a little, honorably obtained, Fabricius despised
the gifts of kings; And the consul Serranus labored at the
heavy plough; And an humble cottage held the heroic
Curii.
Ille, quicunque cupio, sum semper inops; contentus honesto
Parvo, Fabricius sperno munus rex;
Sudoque Serranus consul gravis aratrum;
Etangustus casa tego pugnax Curii.
14.
When I ask you for money without security, you say,
"I have not any money;" Yet you, the same person, have
money, if my field is security for me. O Thelesinus,
that, which you will not trust to me, an old friend, You
trust to my lands and to my trees. Behold Carus has ar-
rested you as a criminal; let my field help you. Do you
ask for a companion in your exile? let my field go with
you.
Cilm ego rogo nummus (enall. ) de tu (enall. ) sine pignus,
"Ego non habeo nummus" inquio;
Tu idem homo habeo nummus, si pro ego spondeo mens
agellus.
Is qui nou credo ego, vetus sodales, Thelesinus,
Colliculus meus credo arborque meus.
Ecce, Carus defero tu reus; meus' agellus tu adsum.
Tu quasro comes exilium? meus agellus eo.
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? 114 EXERCISES IN
CHAPTER VIII. --EPItHEtS.
Epithets or adjectives are words expressive of some
quality or property of the nouns, with which they are con-
nected.
Epithets are sometimes introduced into poetry, princi-
pally for the sake of completing the measure of the line;
but in order to render them conducive to the beauty of
the verse, they must express not only some property of
the substantive, to which they are applied, but that pecu-
liar property or quality, which is appropriate and expres-
sive. It may in general be observed, that an adjective
must not be introduced into a sentence, unless it adds
something to its energy or beauty, as well as to its mean-
ing.
An adjective, that is not peculiarly expressive, may be
omitted, when it cannot conveniently be introduced into
the verse.
The words printed in Italics in the following exercises
are substantives, which either require epithets to be added
to them, or which have adjectives connected with them that
may be omitted. A different arrangement of the words
will be required in almost every line.
EXERCISES.
1.
But you, O robbers and wolves, spare this little flock:
Tour'prey should be taken from a herd.
At tii, furque lupusque, parco exiguus pecus:
---- prffida sum petendus de grex,
2.
O Nile, nature has never discovered to any one your
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? VERSIFICATION. 115
source, Neither has it been allowed to the inhabitants of
the earth to see you a small river.
Natura non prodo ullus tuus (ellip. ) caput,
Nilus, nec licet populus video tu parvus.
3.
Horace also has delighted my ears, While he brings
forth from his Ausonian lyre refined songs.
Et Horatius teneo meus (enall. ) auris,
I)um ferio Ausonius lyra cultus carmen.
4.
An image of Minerva is said to have fallen from heaven
Upon the lofty heights of the Trojan city.
Ccsleste signum Minerva credor
Desiluisse in altus jugum Iliacus urbs.
5.
At the entrance of the hollow cave, the habitation of
the god of sleep, poppies in abundance grow, And herbs
innumerable; from the juice of which Humid Night col-
lects her sleepy power, and extends it over the earth.
Ante fores cavus antrum, fcecundus papaver floreo,
Et (synon. ) innumerus herba; qui de lac sopor
Nox lego, et humidus per terra {enall. ) spargo.
6.
Thus the violence of the winds, and the rain from which
they wished to be skreened, compelled mankind at first
To build huts with straw, And to plaster their humble
habitations around with mud.
Sic <<is ventus vitandique imbres primum adegit homo,
'stipula (enall. ) tectum ponere,
? et claudo arctus sedes {enall. ) litnus.
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? 116 EXERCISES IN
7.
Nor are the wives of the East less renowned in fame:
Neither with tears, nor with female cries, Do they de-
plore their husbands' death; but, strange to be related,
They ascend the funeral pile, and are consumed in the
same devouring flames with their lifeless husbands.
Nec Eous uxor minus celebror fama:
Ille non lacrymae, non foemineus ululatus,
Ploro fatum (enall. ) vir (sync); verum, mirabilis dicor,
Conscendoque rogus, Jtamma(\ue(enall. ) vorax voror idem.
8.
The echoing wood resounds with the songs of birds,
and every Shrub and ,'every grove rings with music: The
blackbirds also join their tuneful notes, and the doves
their plaintive sounds; The harmonious lark from above
pours forth its strains.
Sylva vocalis resono chorus avis, atque (synon. ) omnis
Virgultum et omnis nemus ferveo harmoriia:
Et merula misceo numerus gemitusque palumbes;
Canorus alauda addo desuper modus.
9.
He, who once refused to the needy worthless fragments
of food, Now lives himself on food obtained by begging.
Fortune wanders about with uncertain steps, And in no
place remains constant and fixed.
Vilis qui quondam nego (sync. ) alimenta miser,
Nunc pascor ipse cibus mendicatus.
Fortuna vago (synon. ) ambiguus passus,
Et permaneo (enull. ) certus tenaxque in nullus locus.
10.
But virtue does not produce these evils: we confidently
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? VERSIFICATION.
? 102 EXERCISES IN
86.
You, Zoilus, who are well dressed, ridicule my thread-
bare garments. They are indeed threadbare, but, Zoilus,
they are my own.
Qui pexor {enall. ) pulchrd, rideo meus tritus, Zoilus.
Sura hie tritus quidem, Zoilus, at meus sum.
87.
Aurora in the mean time to wretched mortals tha fair
Light had brought forth, and renews the works and la-
bors of the day.
Aurora interea miser homo almus
Effero lux, et refero {enall. ) opus et labor.
88.
Indeed the approach of death alarms him only, Who, if
there should be any existence beyond the grave, trembles
for himself: It alarms not him, who has passed his life
righteously and piously.
Scilicet hie unns mors vicinia turbo,
Qui sui metuo {enall),si quid sum {resto) post funus {enall. ):
Non hie, qui recte vita ago {enall. ) sancteque.
89.
He, when the expected day of death approaches, Leeks
forward to eternal life; hey-triumphing in a better hope,
Even now anticipates in hope the joys of the inhabitants
of heaven.
Hie, cum maturus dies mors advenio {enall. ), xvum
Suspicio aternus ; hie, spes melior triumphans,
Ccelicola {sync. ) jam nunc votis prselibo gaudium.
90.
Let the ox plow, or let him impute his death to advan-
ced years. Let the sheep afford us the means of defence
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? VERSIFICATION. 103
against the cold north wind. liet the full she-goats bring
their udders to be milked by our hands.
Bos aro, ant Itthum senior imputo annus.
Horrifer contra Boreas ovis arma prabeo.
Uber satur manus pressandus do capella.
91.
The color had forsaken my cheeks; a leanness had
seized on my limbs; My reluctant mouth took but little
food. Neither were my slumbers pleasant, and the night
was tedious to me; And though oppressed by no parti-
cular cause of sorrow, I often breathed a sigh.
Effugio {enall. ) pre. color; artus adduco macies;
Capio minimus os {enall. ) coactus cibus {enall. ).
\ Neque somnus facilis, atque nox sum animus ego {enall. ) ;'
Atque gemitus, nullus laesus dolor, do.
\. 92.
The sacred spring is clear, and more transparent than a
crystal stream; Many think that a deity inhabits if.
Ab6ve it the water-loving lotos spreads its branches, As
though it were itself a grove; the earth around it is al-
ways green with soft turf.
Sum nitidus vitreusque magis lucidus {enall. ) Jluvius
Fons sacer; ilk multus numen babeo credo.
Supra qui ramus expando aquaticus lotos,
Unus sylva; tener cespes terra vireo.
93.
Let riches be heaped up together; whither glory or
whithdt ambition leads There go, surrounded by a crowd-
ed throng (C)f dependants greeting you early in the morn-
ing. But what need is there of many words? You are
at length Brought to this point, that you exclaim, "Alas,
how much vanity is there in worldly things! "
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? 104) EXERCISES IN
Cumulor (enall. ) divide; duco qud gloria quove
Ambitio, stipatus pergo examen densus
Mane salutans. Quid multa? Hue denique volvor eddem, ut exclamo (enall. )," Heu, quantum inane in res! "
94.
Pluto himself appears seated on a rough throne, awful
in gloomy Majesty; his huge sceptre appears frightful in
the dismal Shade; a gloomy cloud renders his lofty brow,
More terrible ; and the sternness of his dreadful form be-
comes more appalling.
Ipse, fultus rudis solium, nigerque verendus
Dignitas, sedeo; squaleo immensus fcedus
Sceptrum (enall. ) situs; sublimis caput moestissimus nebula
Aspero; et rigeo dims inclementia forma.
95.
As the sea quivers when it is brushed by a gentle
breeze, As the tender branch of the ash is shaken by the
warm south wind, So you might have seen my pale limbs
tremble; The bed was shaken by my body that was laid
on it.
Ut aquor fit tremulum tenuis cilm stringor ventus,
Ut stritigor tepidus fraxini (enall. ) virga notus,
Sic metis vibror pallidas membrum video;
Quassus ab corpus, quod impositus sum (enall. ) lectus sum.
96.
What indeed can it profit one, who is about to die, to
know the causes of things, To connect things that are pre-
sent with things to come, to roam in thought Beyond
the sun and the stars? Surely The same law of death
and the same common grave awaits us all.
Ecquid enim prosum causa res cognosco,
Conjungo (enall. ) venturus prasens, animus vagor
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? VERSIFICATION. 105
Sol atqne sidus super, moriturus? Scilicet cunctus
Unus lctlium lex maneo, et communis sepulchrum.
97.
The land of the Romans had not anciently any skilful
husbandmen; Fierce wars wholly occupied its active in-
habitants. There was more honor in the sword than in
the curved plough; The neglected land produced but lit-
tle to its owner.
Non habeo terra peritus antique (enall. ) colonus;
Lasso agilis asper pralium vir.
Plus sum in ferrum quam curvus honor aratrum;
Neglectus dominus paucus (enall. ) produco ager.
98.
You are accustomed often to ask me, Priscus, whatsort
of man I should be, If I were suddenly to be made rich
and become powerful. Do you then think that any one
can say what his future conduct will be? Tell me now,
if you were to become a lion, what sort of a lion should
you be?
Saepe guaro soleo, qualis sum, Priscus, futurus,
Si no locuples sumque subitb pollens.
Quisquam possum puto mos (enall. ) dico futurus?
Dico ego qualis, si fio tu leo, sum?
99.
But neither the woods of the Medians, that most fer-
tile land, Nor the celebrated Ganges, and the river Her-
mus thick with its golden sands, Can vie with the praises
of Italy, not Bactra, nor the Indians, Nor allPanchaia rich
in soils producing frankincense.
Sed neque Medi nanus, ditissimus regio,
Nee pulcher Ganges, et auro turbidus Hermus,
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? 106 EXERCISES IN
Laus Italia contendo, non Bactra, neque Indi,
Omniset thurifer Panchaia dives arena.
100.
But here in Italy are no ravening tigers, nor the savage
race of lions; Nor do poisonous herbs deceive the wretch-
ed people, who gather them. Neither does the scaly ser-
A pent here sweep his immense folds along the ground, nor
to a vast Length extended, curl himself into a circle.
At rabidus tigris absum, et sbevus semen (enall. ) leo;
nec miserandus decipio aconitum, qui lego (enall. ).
Nee rapio maximus orbis per terra, neque tantus
Squamous in spira tractu sui colligo serpens.
101.
Let him commend the repasts of a short meal, and salu-
tary Justice, and the laws, and peace with her open gates.
Let him faithfully keep secrets entrusted to him; let him
pray and beseech the gods That prosperity may return to
the wretched and forsake the haughty.
is dapes commendo mensa exiguus, et (enall. ) saluber
Justitia, jasque, et apertus otium (enall. ) porta.
Is tego commissus; divusque precorjue oro
Ut redeo infelix, desero fortuna ambitiosus.
102.
But he calls the land his own, as far as where the
planted poplar Prevents by fixed boundaries the disputes
of neighbours; as though Any thing could be his own,
which in a moment of the fleeting hour, At one time by
solicitation, at another by purchase, at another by violence,
at another by the last fate of man, May change its mas-
ters, and fall into another's power.
Sed appello usque suum, qua poptilus adsitus certus
Refugio limes vicinus (enall. ) jurgium; tanquam
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? VERSIFICATION. 107
Sum proprium quisquam, punctum qui Jluxus hora,
Nunc prece, nunc pretium, nunc violentia, nunc sors supre-
mus,
Muto (mail. ) dominus, et in alter (enall. ) jus (enall. ) cedo.
103.
Neither should you fear that his mind, becoming per-
haps from his regard to futurity Somewhat averse to the
duties of life, should refuse to bear labors And encounter
dangers, if the public good should require it. This indiffer-
ence to worldly things Rather makes the man free and
vigorous, and in all things that he undertakes Bold and
invincible; and it strengthens him in all difficulties.
Nee timeo quidem uefortasse, ad munia vita
Segnior, hinc mens recuso perfero (enall. ) labor,
Et periculum (sync. )fero, voco si publicus usus.
Liber et erectus potius, res et in agendus
Fortis vir invictusque efficio, casus et per cunctus
Iioboro externus rerum hie despicientia.
CHAPTER VII--Ellipsis.
Ellipsis is the omission of a word or of several words
in a sentence.
When the omitted word or words may be found in some other
part of the sentence, the ellipsis is termed lax or loose; as the
omission of Noram before catulos, and of Similes after hredos:
the ellipsis is termed strict, when the omitted word does not
occur in any part of the sentence; as the omission of Esse after
catulos,, of Suis before matribus, of Ego before n6ram, of Ne-
gotia after magna, and of Ego before solebam, in the following
lines;
Sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus haedos
Noram; sic parvis componere magna solebam. Viro.
If all the words, which are omitted by the strict and lax
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? 108. EXERCISES IN
ellipsis in the preceding lines were supplied, they would be written
thus;
Sic ego noram catulos esse similes canibus, sir suis matribus hsedos
esse similes
Ego noram; sic parvis negotiis componere magna negotia ego sole-
bam.
Every word that may be omitted in English by the fi-
gure ellipsis without injuring the sense, may most com-
monly be omitted also in Latin.
The use of ellipsis is much more frequent in the Latin,
than it is in the English language; it must not therefore be
inferred from the preceding remark, that those words only
may be left out in translating an English sentence into Latin,
which may be omitted without injury to the sense in the ori-
ginal. Nothing but a considerable knowledge of the idiom of
the language, and of the usage of its writers, can be . a sufficient
guide for the introduction of this figure. The following ob-
servations refer only to those instances of the; strict ellipsis,
which are of the most common occurrence, and must not con-
sequently be considered as affording a comprehensive view of the
subject.
The nouns Homo, verbum, and res or negotium, are
often omitted; as Rarifor rari homines, Paucisfor paucis
verbis, Omnia For omnes res:
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto.
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros.
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Virg.
A pronoun that is not peculiarly emphatic is generally
omitted when it is the nominative to a verb, and some-
times when it is the case following a verb, especially
before the relative Qui: the pronouns possessive also are
often omitted; as
Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti,
S mereor, demitte, tuaque hic obrue dextra.
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? VERSIFICATION. ^09
At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis
Jam legere, et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus. ViRG.
The verb Sum is frequently omitted; as
Fama, malum quo non aliud velocius ullum,
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo. ViRG.
Conjunctions are sometimes omitted; as
Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. ViRG.
The omission of conjunctions is termed asyndeton, and the
repetition of them, when the sense does not require it, poly-
syndeton.
These figures are often introduced into a sentence
solely for the sake of giving to the style a greater variety,
yet they have sometimes a striking and expressive effect. Asyn-
deton has been used to represent more forcibly the rapidity
of an action, or the eagerness of a speaker; polysyndeton,
by retarding the course of a sentence, and thus present-
ing every part of it more distinctly to the mind, has some-
times been rendered expressive of dignity, slowness, and solem-
nity.
In imitation of a Greek mode of expression, the accu-
sative case is sometimes used after a verb passive, a parti-
ciple, or an adjective, the preposition Secundum, or some
other word of similar meaning, being understood; as
Tempora for circa tempora:
Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis. Virg.
Many of the lines in the following exercises will require
an alteration in the arrangement of the words, as well as
the introduction of the figure ellipsis, before they can be
formed into verses.
EXERCISES.
1.
O Britain, fairest abode of liberty, let this happier lot
Lat. Pr. K
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? 110 EXERCISES IN
be thine, To escape both the fate of Rome and the guilt
of Rome.
Sum tibi, o secies pulcherrimus libertas, mclior sors,
nescio'et fatum (enall. ) Roma et'crimen (enall. )
Roma.
2.
Grey hairs also have not yet spoiled the beauty of my
jetty locks, Neither has crooked old age with a slow step
approached.
Et nondum canus laedo meus niger capillus,
Nee curvus senecta venio tardus pes.
3.
The poplar tree is the most acceptable tree to Hercules,
the vine the most acceptable to Bacchus, The myrtle the
most acceptable to lovely Venus, to Phcebus his own
laurel is the most acceptable.
Populus Alcidae sum gratissimus arbor, vitis gratissimus Iacchus,
Myrtus gratissimus formosus Venus, Phoebus sum gratissimus
suus laurea.
4.
O wretched me! with what vast waves are the shores
beaten! How is the day also hidden, obscured by thick
clouds!
O ego miser! quantus fluctus {enall. ) littus plangor!
Et dies lateo, conditus nubes(enall) obscurus!
5.
You now I warn. Happy art thou, who, from another's
misery, Shalt learn how to escape thine own misery.
Vos nunc ego moneo. Felix sum tu, quicunque, dolor
Alter, disco possum careo tuus dolor. '
6.
He, who advises that you should do that, which you
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? VERSIFICATION. Ill
are already doing, while he advises Applauds you, and
by his advice commends your conduct.
Qui raoneo ut facio is, qui jam tu facio, monendo ille
Laudo tu, et comprobo actus (enall. ) suus hoftatus.
. 7.
The brooks are dry; the meadows are despoiled of
their beauty by the mildew; And nothing that felt the
blast survives. I saw the flowers fade, I saw the roses die,
and I saw the lilies languish.
Rivus deficio; pratum squaleo rubigo;
Et nihil afflatus vivo. Video ligustrum palleo,
Expiro rosa video, decresco lilium et ego video.
8.
A garden adorned with odoriferous flowers was near,
Dividedas to its ground by a stream of water softly mur-
muring: There Tarquin the secret messages of his son
Receives, and he cuts down with a rod the tallest lilies.
Hortus cultissimus odoratus gramen (fynon. ) subsiim,
Sectus secundum humus rivus aqua sonans lene:
Illic Tarquinius latens suus filius (sgnon. ) mandatum
Accipio, et ille meto virga summus lilium.
9.
When the messenger returned, and reported that the
lilies were cut down, His son exclaimed, "I understand
the orders of my father. " Nor was there any delay. The
chiefs of the city Gabii being slain, The defenceless walls
are surrendered to his generals.
Ut nuncius redeo (sync), decussusque lilium dico,
Natus (synon. ) suus aio, "Ego aguosco jussum mens pa-
rens. "
Nee ullus mora sum. Princeps ex urbs Gabina caesus,
Mcenia nudus trador suus dux.
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? 112 EXERCISES IN
10.
As many shells as the sea-shores have, as many blos-
soms as the fragrant beds of roses have, As many seeds as
the sleep-bringing poppy has, By so many distressing
things am I afflicted; which if I should attempt to num-
ber, I might as well attempt to tell the number of the
waves of the Icarian sea.
Littus quot concha habeo, quot flos rosarium amccnus babeo,
Quotve granum soporifer papaver habeo,
Tot adversus res premor; qui cornprehendo (sync. ) si ego Co-
nor,
Ego conor dico numerus Icarius aqua.
11.
Man alone, who is capable of acquiring knowledge, who
has an ardent desire Of tracing out the causes and mutual
relations of things, Enters on a vain pursuit; for death
hangs over him with sable wings, And arrests him in the
midst of his journey as he is hurrying on.
Homo solus, qui sum sagax scire, cui sum summits cupido
Scrutari causa et res fcedus mututts,
Ingredior vanus iter; namque immineo is niger ala,
Et in medius cursus intercludo is euns mors.
12.
Whither do you madly haste? Although you should
possess each Ocean, and although Lydia should pour
forth for you her golden streams, And although the throne
of Crcesus and the diadem of Cyrus should be added to
these riches, You never will be rich, you never will be
satisfied with gain.
Quo vesane tu ruof Tu teneo uterque licebit oceanus, et Lydia laxo tu suus rutilus fons,
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? VERSIFICATION. 113
Et solium Croesus Cyrusque tiara jungor,
Sura nunquam dives, nunquam satior quaestus.
13.
He, who is always desiring more, is always poor; con-
tented with a little, honorably obtained, Fabricius despised
the gifts of kings; And the consul Serranus labored at the
heavy plough; And an humble cottage held the heroic
Curii.
Ille, quicunque cupio, sum semper inops; contentus honesto
Parvo, Fabricius sperno munus rex;
Sudoque Serranus consul gravis aratrum;
Etangustus casa tego pugnax Curii.
14.
When I ask you for money without security, you say,
"I have not any money;" Yet you, the same person, have
money, if my field is security for me. O Thelesinus,
that, which you will not trust to me, an old friend, You
trust to my lands and to my trees. Behold Carus has ar-
rested you as a criminal; let my field help you. Do you
ask for a companion in your exile? let my field go with
you.
Cilm ego rogo nummus (enall. ) de tu (enall. ) sine pignus,
"Ego non habeo nummus" inquio;
Tu idem homo habeo nummus, si pro ego spondeo mens
agellus.
Is qui nou credo ego, vetus sodales, Thelesinus,
Colliculus meus credo arborque meus.
Ecce, Carus defero tu reus; meus' agellus tu adsum.
Tu quasro comes exilium? meus agellus eo.
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? 114 EXERCISES IN
CHAPTER VIII. --EPItHEtS.
Epithets or adjectives are words expressive of some
quality or property of the nouns, with which they are con-
nected.
Epithets are sometimes introduced into poetry, princi-
pally for the sake of completing the measure of the line;
but in order to render them conducive to the beauty of
the verse, they must express not only some property of
the substantive, to which they are applied, but that pecu-
liar property or quality, which is appropriate and expres-
sive. It may in general be observed, that an adjective
must not be introduced into a sentence, unless it adds
something to its energy or beauty, as well as to its mean-
ing.
An adjective, that is not peculiarly expressive, may be
omitted, when it cannot conveniently be introduced into
the verse.
The words printed in Italics in the following exercises
are substantives, which either require epithets to be added
to them, or which have adjectives connected with them that
may be omitted. A different arrangement of the words
will be required in almost every line.
EXERCISES.
1.
But you, O robbers and wolves, spare this little flock:
Tour'prey should be taken from a herd.
At tii, furque lupusque, parco exiguus pecus:
---- prffida sum petendus de grex,
2.
O Nile, nature has never discovered to any one your
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? VERSIFICATION. 115
source, Neither has it been allowed to the inhabitants of
the earth to see you a small river.
Natura non prodo ullus tuus (ellip. ) caput,
Nilus, nec licet populus video tu parvus.
3.
Horace also has delighted my ears, While he brings
forth from his Ausonian lyre refined songs.
Et Horatius teneo meus (enall. ) auris,
I)um ferio Ausonius lyra cultus carmen.
4.
An image of Minerva is said to have fallen from heaven
Upon the lofty heights of the Trojan city.
Ccsleste signum Minerva credor
Desiluisse in altus jugum Iliacus urbs.
5.
At the entrance of the hollow cave, the habitation of
the god of sleep, poppies in abundance grow, And herbs
innumerable; from the juice of which Humid Night col-
lects her sleepy power, and extends it over the earth.
Ante fores cavus antrum, fcecundus papaver floreo,
Et (synon. ) innumerus herba; qui de lac sopor
Nox lego, et humidus per terra {enall. ) spargo.
6.
Thus the violence of the winds, and the rain from which
they wished to be skreened, compelled mankind at first
To build huts with straw, And to plaster their humble
habitations around with mud.
Sic <<is ventus vitandique imbres primum adegit homo,
'stipula (enall. ) tectum ponere,
? et claudo arctus sedes {enall. ) litnus.
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? 116 EXERCISES IN
7.
Nor are the wives of the East less renowned in fame:
Neither with tears, nor with female cries, Do they de-
plore their husbands' death; but, strange to be related,
They ascend the funeral pile, and are consumed in the
same devouring flames with their lifeless husbands.
Nec Eous uxor minus celebror fama:
Ille non lacrymae, non foemineus ululatus,
Ploro fatum (enall. ) vir (sync); verum, mirabilis dicor,
Conscendoque rogus, Jtamma(\ue(enall. ) vorax voror idem.
8.
The echoing wood resounds with the songs of birds,
and every Shrub and ,'every grove rings with music: The
blackbirds also join their tuneful notes, and the doves
their plaintive sounds; The harmonious lark from above
pours forth its strains.
Sylva vocalis resono chorus avis, atque (synon. ) omnis
Virgultum et omnis nemus ferveo harmoriia:
Et merula misceo numerus gemitusque palumbes;
Canorus alauda addo desuper modus.
9.
He, who once refused to the needy worthless fragments
of food, Now lives himself on food obtained by begging.
Fortune wanders about with uncertain steps, And in no
place remains constant and fixed.
Vilis qui quondam nego (sync. ) alimenta miser,
Nunc pascor ipse cibus mendicatus.
Fortuna vago (synon. ) ambiguus passus,
Et permaneo (enull. ) certus tenaxque in nullus locus.
10.
But virtue does not produce these evils: we confidently
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? VERSIFICATION.
