[Villon's poem La ballade des Seigneurs du temps Jadis consists of a series of
336 Notes to Pages 276-295
stanzas, each of which ends with the re ain "Mais ou est le preux Charle maigne?
336 Notes to Pages 276-295
stanzas, each of which ends with the re ain "Mais ou est le preux Charle maigne?
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
I b i d .
, p .
4 4 ( § 8 8 : t h e e a s y o w o f l i fe ) [ = D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s , L i v e s , V I I , § 8 8 -Trans.
].
14. Plato, Laws, IV, 716ar.
10. Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations
r. Renan, p. 274. 2. Ibid. , p. 267. 3. Ibid. , p. 30.
4. Ibid. , p. 34.
5. P. Wendland, Die hellenistische-r mische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum (Tubingen, 19724), p. 238.
6. J. M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), p. 286.
7. P. Petit, La Paix romaine (19823), p. 194: "Marcus Aurelius, a Stoic phi losopher ofthe superstitious rather than the rational type, despite the traces ofa rather negative despair at the end of his life . "
8. Dodds, Pagans and Christians, pp. 8, 29 n. r.
9. Ibid. ,p. 29n. r.
IO. Historia Augusta, , V, 2.
l l. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, l.
12. Grimal, p. 53.
1 3 . Philostratus, Imagines, I , 30, 4, 8-9 Benndorf/Schenkl.
14. R. Dailly and H. van E enterre, "Le Cas Marc Aurele," Revue des etudes
15. Cassius Dio, LXXI, 6, 3-4.
16. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
17. Dailly and van E enterre, in Revue des hudes anciennes, 56: 3 54.
18. T. W. A ica, "The Opium Addiction ofMarcus Aurelius,"jou al ofthe
Histo Ideas, 1961, pp. 98- 9. See my re tation ofthis article, "Marc Aurele etait-il opiomane? " in Memorial Andre]ean Festugiere (Geneva: Cramer, 1984), pp. 33-50.
19. Galen, De antidotis, I, l , in Opera omnia, vol. XIV, p. 2 Kuhn.
20. Galen, ibid. , I, 7, p. 42 Kuhn; II, 17, p. 201; II, 9, p. 155; cf P. Hadot in Memo al Andre]ean Festugiere, p. 3 8 .
2r. Galen, Ad Pisonem de theriaca, 2, vol. 14, pp. 216-217 Kuhn.
22. T. W. Africa, injou al ofthe Histo ofIdeas, 1961, p. I02, n. 78.
23. Ibid. , p. IOI.
24. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions ofan English Opium-Eater (New York:
Heritage Press, 1950; lst ed. : London, 1821), p. 60.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 99, IO; 49, 3.
26. Greek Anthology, book VII, 472.
27. S , vol. 2, §762 = Stoidens, p. 178 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 44,
I083B-D -Trans. ].
anciennes, 56 (1954): 349-350.
Notes to Pages 253-275 3 3 5
28. Plato, Cratylus, 402a; cf A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philoso- phia (Academy ofAthens), 5-6 (1975 76), p. 153·
29. Plutarch, On the Disappearance Oracles, 39, 432a.
30. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15, 179.
3 r. Plato, Republic, 486a, quoted by Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, VII, 3 5.
32. Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, III, l-2.
33. Maximus ofTyre, X II, 6, p. 91 D bner.
34. Ovid, Metamo hoses, XV, 147·
3 5 . For example, Seneca, Natural Questions, I, prae tio, 7-1 3 .
36. Metrodori Epicurei Fragmenta, . 37, ed. A. Korte, in Neue]ahrbucherfur
classische Philologie, Supplementband, XVII (1890), p. 557.
37. Cicero, Dream ofScipio, 3, 16. Cf A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes
Trismegiste, vol. II (Paris, 1949), pp. 441
38. Pascal, Pensees, section II, §72.
39. P. Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung. Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike (Munich,
1954), p. 85.
40. ]. Dal n, "Formgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Selbstbetrachtun
gen Marc Aurels, " inaugural dissertation at the University of Munich (Munich, 1967).
4r. M. Alexandre, "Le travail de la sentence chez Marc Aurele: philosophie et rhetorique," in La Lico e, Publications de la Faculte des lettres et des langues de l'Universite de Poitiers, 1979/3, pp. 125-158.
42. R. B. Rutherford, The Meditations, pp. 126
43. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, 4, 8, p. 140, 8 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 79 Haines.
44. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , IV, l, p. ro5, 4-6 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 305 Haines.
45. [Here Marcus is quoting Hesiod, Works and Days, l97 -Trans. ]
46. W. Williams, "Individuality in the Roman Constitutions: Hadrian and the Antonines,"Journal ofRoman Studies, 66 (1976): 78-82.
47. Breithaupt, pp. 1 5-16, cites the parallel with the titles placed at the begin nings of the third and urth books of the Odyssey: Ta en Puloi; Ta en Lakedai moni ("The things that happened in Pylos"; "The things that happened in Lacedaemonia"). As r as Marcus' titles are concerned, this would correspond to " That which was written at Carnutum. "
48. Theiler, p. 307.
49. Breithaupt, p. 39.
50. Theiler, p. 307. Should we attach any importance to the ct that Reuch
lin, in 1 5 17, cites a passage om book IV as ifit belonged to book III? Cf above, Chapter 2, n. 9.
5 r . On the grammatical problem, see Theiler, p. 307.
52. Theiler, p. 347.
5 3.
[Villon's poem La ballade des Seigneurs du temps Jadis consists of a series of
336 Notes to Pages 276-295
stanzas, each of which ends with the re ain "Mais ou est le preux Charle maigne? " -Trans. ]
54. Histo a Augusta, Lucius rus, VIII, 7-1 r .
55. On Caninius Celer, see G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), p. 53 (c£ Historia Augusta, MA, II, 4, p. 136; Philostratus, Lives ofthe Sophists, I, §524). The Hadrian mentioned by Marcus cannot be the rhetor Hadrian ofTyre, as Dal n believes (p. 69), r the rhetor Hadrian died well a er Caninius Celer, and was still alive when Marcus was writing (c£ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, 1 1 , § 5 90) .
56. See P. Courcelle, Reche hes sur les Con ssions de Saint Augustin (Paris, 1968), pp. 12-29.
57. C£ P. Graindor, Un milliardaire antique: Herode Atticus et saJamille (Cairo, 1930); W. Ameling, Herodes Atticus, 2 vols. (Hildesheim, 1983).
58. On the documents we possess about this trial, see ]. H. Oliver, "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civil and Cultural Policy in the East, " in Hesperia, Supple ment XIII, 1970. For a French translation of the documents, see S. Follet, " Lettre de Marc Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 1 3 3 66) : nouvelles lectures et inter pretations," Revue dephilologie, 53 (1979): 29-43. On the rst ofthese trials, see Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar, III, 3 ; p. 37, 5 Van den Hout = vol. I, pp. 59 Haines. On the relations between Marcus and Herodes Atticus, see Bowersock, Greek Sophists, pp. 49, 94-100.
59. Fronto,AdVerumImper. ,I,6,p. III, 17VandenHout=vol. II,p. 154 Haines .
60. Fronto, Ad Amicos, I, 3, p. 173, 28 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 280 Haines.
6r. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 4, p. 234, 13 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. I 8 Haines.
62. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.
63. On the rst book ofthe Meditations, see the excellent book by F. Marti- nazzolli, La "Successio " di Marco Aurelio (Bari, 1 9 5 1 ) .
64. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, I O .
65. See R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 132.
66. Renan, p. 36.
67. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, 6.
68. On Marius Maximus, see R. Syme, Emperors and Biography (Oxford,
1971), pp. 1 1 3-1 14.
69. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4-5.
70. Ibid. , 30, 2.
7 r . Historia Augusta, , XX, 5 .
72. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
73. Histo a Augusta, Avidius Cassius, I, 8.
74. Institut. Justin. , III, I I , r, quoted by W. Williams, in Jou al of Roman
Studies, 66: 80; c£ G. Cortassa, Scritti di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1984), p. 574
Notes to Pages 296-306 337
(Greek and Latin texts with Italian translation of all the works of Marcus Aure lius) .
75. On these gures, see R. MacMullen, Enemies ofthe Roman Order (Cam bridge, Mass. , 1966), pp. I- 4·
76. The emperor Julian compares the gures of Cato and Dio of Syracuse, because oftheir unhappy te (To Themistius, 3, 256a).
77. Plutarch, Dio, 5, S, 96ob; 7, r, 96oe; S, l, 961b; 17, 6, 965a; 47, l-9, 97S-979; 52, r-3, 9So-9Si.
7S. Seneca, On the Constancy ofthe Sage, VII, l; On Providence, II, 9
79. Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 67-6S, 792-793.
So. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 2, 19; IV, l, 123.
SI. On these questions, see P. A. Brunt, "Stoicism and the Principate," Papers
of the British School at Rome, 43 (1975): 7-35; R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, pp. 59-So (an excellent study of"The Stoics and the Empire").
S2. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 33, 2.
S3. Historia Augusta, MA, XXII, 3; VIII, I .
S4. Herodian, Histo ofthe Empire, I , 2 , 4; and cf F. Millar, The Emperor in the
Roman World (London, 1977), pp. 271-27i. In his pre ce to the Loeb edition of Herodian (p. ), C. R. Whittaker emphasizes the relations between the ide ology of Herodian and the tradition which goes back to Claudius Severus.
S 5 . H i s t o r i a A ug u s t a , MA , X I I , I .
S6. See P. Hadot, "F rstenspiegel," Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, vol. VIII, sc. 60 (1970), pp. 555-632.
S7. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. roS.
SS. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, XII, 6.
S9. Historia Augusta, MA, VIII, I .
90. Since Alexander and Philip were great conquerors, the context rces us
to conclude that the Demetrius mentioned here is not the statesman and Aristo telian philosopher Demetrius of Phaleron, but the Macedonian conqueror De metrius Poliorcetes, the "taker ofcities. " The reading "ofPhaleron," attested by manuscripts A and T, is a gloss which has been incorporated into the text, as had been suspected by H. Schenkl and G. Cortassa.
9i. Cicero, Orator, I, 230.
92. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 2, I, S; Plutarch, Phocion, 3, 2, 742£
93. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 33.
94. G . Ville, Gladiature en Occident des origines a la mort de Domitien (Rome,
l9S2), pp. 462, 4S2.
95. Historia Augusta, MA, XXIII, 5 .
96. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 29, 3 .
97. Reading hosepronomeia (pronoia AT).
9S. Vaclav Havel, Meditations d'he (Paris, 1992), p. 137 [published in English
as Vaclav Havel, Summer Meditations, trans. Paul Wilson, New York: Vintage Books, 1993 -Trans. ].
Notes to Pages 3 07-3 1 2
Conclusion
I . Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, II, §168; vol. 2, p. 446 Colli/Mon- tanari.
2. Renan, p. 166.
3. Ibid. , p. 162.
4. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, 2nd section
[= p. 42 1 in the edition of the Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissen schaft (Berlin, 1902-1938) -Trans. ].
5 . ]. Gernet, Chine et christianisme (Paris, 19912), p. 193 ·
6. ]. Gernet, "La sagesse chez Wang-Fou-tche, philosophe chinois du XVII0 siecle," in Les Sagesses du monde (Paris, 1991), p. 103.
7. Ibid. , p. 103.
8. Tang Zhen, Ecrits d'un sage encore inconnu, trans. L. Gernet (Paris, 1991), p. 97.
9. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 3 3 .
IO. Goldschmidt, Systemestoi'cien, pp.
14. Plato, Laws, IV, 716ar.
10. Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations
r. Renan, p. 274. 2. Ibid. , p. 267. 3. Ibid. , p. 30.
4. Ibid. , p. 34.
5. P. Wendland, Die hellenistische-r mische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum (Tubingen, 19724), p. 238.
6. J. M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), p. 286.
7. P. Petit, La Paix romaine (19823), p. 194: "Marcus Aurelius, a Stoic phi losopher ofthe superstitious rather than the rational type, despite the traces ofa rather negative despair at the end of his life . "
8. Dodds, Pagans and Christians, pp. 8, 29 n. r.
9. Ibid. ,p. 29n. r.
IO. Historia Augusta, , V, 2.
l l. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, l.
12. Grimal, p. 53.
1 3 . Philostratus, Imagines, I , 30, 4, 8-9 Benndorf/Schenkl.
14. R. Dailly and H. van E enterre, "Le Cas Marc Aurele," Revue des etudes
15. Cassius Dio, LXXI, 6, 3-4.
16. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
17. Dailly and van E enterre, in Revue des hudes anciennes, 56: 3 54.
18. T. W. A ica, "The Opium Addiction ofMarcus Aurelius,"jou al ofthe
Histo Ideas, 1961, pp. 98- 9. See my re tation ofthis article, "Marc Aurele etait-il opiomane? " in Memorial Andre]ean Festugiere (Geneva: Cramer, 1984), pp. 33-50.
19. Galen, De antidotis, I, l , in Opera omnia, vol. XIV, p. 2 Kuhn.
20. Galen, ibid. , I, 7, p. 42 Kuhn; II, 17, p. 201; II, 9, p. 155; cf P. Hadot in Memo al Andre]ean Festugiere, p. 3 8 .
2r. Galen, Ad Pisonem de theriaca, 2, vol. 14, pp. 216-217 Kuhn.
22. T. W. Africa, injou al ofthe Histo ofIdeas, 1961, p. I02, n. 78.
23. Ibid. , p. IOI.
24. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions ofan English Opium-Eater (New York:
Heritage Press, 1950; lst ed. : London, 1821), p. 60.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 99, IO; 49, 3.
26. Greek Anthology, book VII, 472.
27. S , vol. 2, §762 = Stoidens, p. 178 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 44,
I083B-D -Trans. ].
anciennes, 56 (1954): 349-350.
Notes to Pages 253-275 3 3 5
28. Plato, Cratylus, 402a; cf A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philoso- phia (Academy ofAthens), 5-6 (1975 76), p. 153·
29. Plutarch, On the Disappearance Oracles, 39, 432a.
30. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15, 179.
3 r. Plato, Republic, 486a, quoted by Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, VII, 3 5.
32. Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, III, l-2.
33. Maximus ofTyre, X II, 6, p. 91 D bner.
34. Ovid, Metamo hoses, XV, 147·
3 5 . For example, Seneca, Natural Questions, I, prae tio, 7-1 3 .
36. Metrodori Epicurei Fragmenta, . 37, ed. A. Korte, in Neue]ahrbucherfur
classische Philologie, Supplementband, XVII (1890), p. 557.
37. Cicero, Dream ofScipio, 3, 16. Cf A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes
Trismegiste, vol. II (Paris, 1949), pp. 441
38. Pascal, Pensees, section II, §72.
39. P. Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung. Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike (Munich,
1954), p. 85.
40. ]. Dal n, "Formgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Selbstbetrachtun
gen Marc Aurels, " inaugural dissertation at the University of Munich (Munich, 1967).
4r. M. Alexandre, "Le travail de la sentence chez Marc Aurele: philosophie et rhetorique," in La Lico e, Publications de la Faculte des lettres et des langues de l'Universite de Poitiers, 1979/3, pp. 125-158.
42. R. B. Rutherford, The Meditations, pp. 126
43. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, 4, 8, p. 140, 8 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 79 Haines.
44. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , IV, l, p. ro5, 4-6 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 305 Haines.
45. [Here Marcus is quoting Hesiod, Works and Days, l97 -Trans. ]
46. W. Williams, "Individuality in the Roman Constitutions: Hadrian and the Antonines,"Journal ofRoman Studies, 66 (1976): 78-82.
47. Breithaupt, pp. 1 5-16, cites the parallel with the titles placed at the begin nings of the third and urth books of the Odyssey: Ta en Puloi; Ta en Lakedai moni ("The things that happened in Pylos"; "The things that happened in Lacedaemonia"). As r as Marcus' titles are concerned, this would correspond to " That which was written at Carnutum. "
48. Theiler, p. 307.
49. Breithaupt, p. 39.
50. Theiler, p. 307. Should we attach any importance to the ct that Reuch
lin, in 1 5 17, cites a passage om book IV as ifit belonged to book III? Cf above, Chapter 2, n. 9.
5 r . On the grammatical problem, see Theiler, p. 307.
52. Theiler, p. 347.
5 3.
[Villon's poem La ballade des Seigneurs du temps Jadis consists of a series of
336 Notes to Pages 276-295
stanzas, each of which ends with the re ain "Mais ou est le preux Charle maigne? " -Trans. ]
54. Histo a Augusta, Lucius rus, VIII, 7-1 r .
55. On Caninius Celer, see G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), p. 53 (c£ Historia Augusta, MA, II, 4, p. 136; Philostratus, Lives ofthe Sophists, I, §524). The Hadrian mentioned by Marcus cannot be the rhetor Hadrian ofTyre, as Dal n believes (p. 69), r the rhetor Hadrian died well a er Caninius Celer, and was still alive when Marcus was writing (c£ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, 1 1 , § 5 90) .
56. See P. Courcelle, Reche hes sur les Con ssions de Saint Augustin (Paris, 1968), pp. 12-29.
57. C£ P. Graindor, Un milliardaire antique: Herode Atticus et saJamille (Cairo, 1930); W. Ameling, Herodes Atticus, 2 vols. (Hildesheim, 1983).
58. On the documents we possess about this trial, see ]. H. Oliver, "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civil and Cultural Policy in the East, " in Hesperia, Supple ment XIII, 1970. For a French translation of the documents, see S. Follet, " Lettre de Marc Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 1 3 3 66) : nouvelles lectures et inter pretations," Revue dephilologie, 53 (1979): 29-43. On the rst ofthese trials, see Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar, III, 3 ; p. 37, 5 Van den Hout = vol. I, pp. 59 Haines. On the relations between Marcus and Herodes Atticus, see Bowersock, Greek Sophists, pp. 49, 94-100.
59. Fronto,AdVerumImper. ,I,6,p. III, 17VandenHout=vol. II,p. 154 Haines .
60. Fronto, Ad Amicos, I, 3, p. 173, 28 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 280 Haines.
6r. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 4, p. 234, 13 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. I 8 Haines.
62. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.
63. On the rst book ofthe Meditations, see the excellent book by F. Marti- nazzolli, La "Successio " di Marco Aurelio (Bari, 1 9 5 1 ) .
64. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, I O .
65. See R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 132.
66. Renan, p. 36.
67. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, 6.
68. On Marius Maximus, see R. Syme, Emperors and Biography (Oxford,
1971), pp. 1 1 3-1 14.
69. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4-5.
70. Ibid. , 30, 2.
7 r . Historia Augusta, , XX, 5 .
72. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
73. Histo a Augusta, Avidius Cassius, I, 8.
74. Institut. Justin. , III, I I , r, quoted by W. Williams, in Jou al of Roman
Studies, 66: 80; c£ G. Cortassa, Scritti di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1984), p. 574
Notes to Pages 296-306 337
(Greek and Latin texts with Italian translation of all the works of Marcus Aure lius) .
75. On these gures, see R. MacMullen, Enemies ofthe Roman Order (Cam bridge, Mass. , 1966), pp. I- 4·
76. The emperor Julian compares the gures of Cato and Dio of Syracuse, because oftheir unhappy te (To Themistius, 3, 256a).
77. Plutarch, Dio, 5, S, 96ob; 7, r, 96oe; S, l, 961b; 17, 6, 965a; 47, l-9, 97S-979; 52, r-3, 9So-9Si.
7S. Seneca, On the Constancy ofthe Sage, VII, l; On Providence, II, 9
79. Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 67-6S, 792-793.
So. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 2, 19; IV, l, 123.
SI. On these questions, see P. A. Brunt, "Stoicism and the Principate," Papers
of the British School at Rome, 43 (1975): 7-35; R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, pp. 59-So (an excellent study of"The Stoics and the Empire").
S2. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 33, 2.
S3. Historia Augusta, MA, XXII, 3; VIII, I .
S4. Herodian, Histo ofthe Empire, I , 2 , 4; and cf F. Millar, The Emperor in the
Roman World (London, 1977), pp. 271-27i. In his pre ce to the Loeb edition of Herodian (p. ), C. R. Whittaker emphasizes the relations between the ide ology of Herodian and the tradition which goes back to Claudius Severus.
S 5 . H i s t o r i a A ug u s t a , MA , X I I , I .
S6. See P. Hadot, "F rstenspiegel," Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, vol. VIII, sc. 60 (1970), pp. 555-632.
S7. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. roS.
SS. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, XII, 6.
S9. Historia Augusta, MA, VIII, I .
90. Since Alexander and Philip were great conquerors, the context rces us
to conclude that the Demetrius mentioned here is not the statesman and Aristo telian philosopher Demetrius of Phaleron, but the Macedonian conqueror De metrius Poliorcetes, the "taker ofcities. " The reading "ofPhaleron," attested by manuscripts A and T, is a gloss which has been incorporated into the text, as had been suspected by H. Schenkl and G. Cortassa.
9i. Cicero, Orator, I, 230.
92. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 2, I, S; Plutarch, Phocion, 3, 2, 742£
93. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 33.
94. G . Ville, Gladiature en Occident des origines a la mort de Domitien (Rome,
l9S2), pp. 462, 4S2.
95. Historia Augusta, MA, XXIII, 5 .
96. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 29, 3 .
97. Reading hosepronomeia (pronoia AT).
9S. Vaclav Havel, Meditations d'he (Paris, 1992), p. 137 [published in English
as Vaclav Havel, Summer Meditations, trans. Paul Wilson, New York: Vintage Books, 1993 -Trans. ].
Notes to Pages 3 07-3 1 2
Conclusion
I . Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, II, §168; vol. 2, p. 446 Colli/Mon- tanari.
2. Renan, p. 166.
3. Ibid. , p. 162.
4. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, 2nd section
[= p. 42 1 in the edition of the Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissen schaft (Berlin, 1902-1938) -Trans. ].
5 . ]. Gernet, Chine et christianisme (Paris, 19912), p. 193 ·
6. ]. Gernet, "La sagesse chez Wang-Fou-tche, philosophe chinois du XVII0 siecle," in Les Sagesses du monde (Paris, 1991), p. 103.
7. Ibid. , p. 103.
8. Tang Zhen, Ecrits d'un sage encore inconnu, trans. L. Gernet (Paris, 1991), p. 97.
9. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 3 3 .
IO. Goldschmidt, Systemestoi'cien, pp.
