No More Learning

48); and Varus was Philippi, and who appears to have been afterwards
now obliged to resign the supreme command to proscribed, and to have fled to Sex. Pompeius in
Scipio, which he did with extreme reluctance. In Sicily. One of Horace's odes (ii. 7) is addressed
the war which followed Varus was entrusted with to this Pompeius, in which the poet congratulates
the command of the fiect, and burnt several of hiin upon his unexpected return to his native land.
Caesar's ships at Adrumetum. After the hopes of | Many commentators accordingly suppose this ode
the Pompeian party in Spain had been ruined by to have been written as early as B. c. 39, when
the defeat of Scipio at Thapsus, Varus sailed away the triumvirs made peace with Sex. Pompeius, and
to Cn. Pompey in Spain. He was defeated off allowed those who had been proscribed to return
Carteia in a naval battle by C. Didius, one of to Rome ; but others maintain, with more proba-
Caesar's commanders, and he afterwards joined the bility, that it was not composed till after the battle
army on shore. He fell at the battle of Munda, of Actium in B. C. 31, and that Varus was one of
and his head, together with that of Labienus, was those who had espoused the cause of Antonius,
carried to Caesar. (Cic. ad Att. viii. 13, b, 15, and was then pardoned by Octavianus. (Comp.
20 ; Caes. B. C. i. 12, 13, 31 ; Cic. pro Ligar. 1; | Estré, Horatiana Prosopographeia, p. 474, foll. ,
Caes. B. C. ï. 23—44 ; Dion Cass. xli. 41, 42; Amstelod. 1846. )
Appian, B. C. ii. 44-46 ; Lucan, iv. 713, foll. ; VARUS, QUINTI'LIUS. 1. Sex. QUIN-
Dion Cass. xlii. 57; Hirt. B. Afr. 62, 63 ; Dion TILIUS Sex. F. P. N. VARUS, consul B. C. 453 with
Cass. xliii. 30, 31; Appian, B. C. ii. 105. ) P. Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus, died while con-
2. Q. ATIUS VARUS, commander of the cavalry sul of the pestilence which derastated Rome in
under C. Fabius, one of Caesar's legates in Gaul, this year. (Fasti Capit. ; Liv. ii. 32 ; Dionys. x.
is praised as a man “ singularis et animi et pru. | 53. )
dentiae. ” (Hirt. B. G. viii. 28. ) He is probably 2. M. QUINTILIUS L. F. L. N. VARUS, one of
the same as the Q. Varus, who commanded the the consular tribunes in B. C. 403. (Fasti Capit. ;
cavalry under Domitius, one of Caesar's generals Liv, v. 1. )
in Greece in the war with Pompey. (Caes. B. C. 3. Cn. QUINTILIUS VARUS, dictator B. C. 331
, iii. 37. ) It is supposed by many modern writers clari figendi causa. (Liv. viii. 18. )
that he is the same person as the Varus, to whom 4. P. QUINTILIUS VARUS, praetor B. c. 203,
Virgil dedicated his sixth eclogue, and whose praises with Ariminum as his province. In conjunction
he also celebrates in the ninth (ix. 27), from which with the proconsul M. Cornelius he defeated Mago,
poems we learn that Varus had obtained renown the brother of Hannibal, in the territory of the
in war. It is also believed that he is the same as Insubrian Gauls. [Vol. II. p. 904, a. ] (Liv. xxix.
the Varus, who is said to have studied the Epi- 38, xxx. 1, 18. )
curean philosophy along with Virgil under Syro, 5. M. Quintilius VARUS, the son of No. 4,
a philosopher mentioned by Cicero (Serv. ad Virg. distinguished himself in the battle in which his
Ecl. vi. 13; Phocas, Vita Virg. 65; Donatus, Vita father defeated Mago. (Liv. xxx. 18. )
Virg. 79; respecting Syro, see Cic. ad Fam. vi. 11, 6. T. QUINTILIUS Varus, served in Spain in
de Fin. ii. 35); but others think that this Varus B. c. 185, as legatus of the praetor Calpurnius Piso.
is the same as the L. Varus, the Epicurean phi- (Liv. xxxix. 37, 38. )
losopher and friend of Caesar, mentioned by Quin- 7. P. QUINTILIUS VARUS, flamen Martialis,
tilian (vi. 3. & 78). (Comp. Estré, Horatiana died in B. c. 169. (Liv. xliv. 18. )
Prosopographeia, pp. 118, 204, foll. , Amstelod. 8. P. QUINTILIUS VARUS, praetor B. c. 167.
1846. ),
(Liv. xlv. 44. )
VARUS, C. CA'SSIUS LONGINUS. [LON- 9. P. (QUINTILIUS) Varus, is mentioned by
GINUS, No. 10. )
Cicero in his oration for Quintius in B. c. 81, and
VARUS, C. LICI'NIUS, P. P. P. N. (Fasti again in his oration for Cluentius as one of the
Capit. ), was consul B. C. 236 with P. Cornelius witnesses in the trial of Scamander. (Cic. pro
Lentulus Caudinus. Varus and his colleague Quint. 17, pro Cluent. 19. )
marched into northern Italy in order to oppose the 10. Sex.
QUINTILIUS Varus, praetor B. c. 57,
Transalpine Gauls, who had crossed the Alps; and was in favour of Cicero's recall from banishment
when this danger was averted by the quarrels of | (Cic. post Red. in Sen. 9. )
the f
the fi
Pars
Prasi
13.
consu
wards
Varus
ment
ninus,
years,
cordin
Paterc
the ric
poor. "
3
made
7). D
Germa
various
Rhine
Roman
habits.
for intr
ministra
an unfor
lected to
& man of
quiet life
the ener
trusted
Years rec
race, whic
governme
rule over
had only
of the jur
As 800
proceeded
man jurise
For this be
flri. 18)
without su
that he act
and it mus
governor o
tration as w
Entrusted.
Which beca


## p. 1231 (#1247) ##########################################

VARUS.
1231
VARUS.
11. Sex. QUINTILIUS Varus, quaestor B. c. | in his infatuation in supposing that a brave nation
49, belonged to the Pompeian party. He fell into could be governed in the same way as a herd of
Caesar's hands at the capture of Corfinium at the be- Syrian slaves. The Germans viewed with dismay
ginning of B. C. 49; and after being dismissed by and indignation the abolition of their own laws, and
Caesar, he crossed over into Africa and fought the introduction of the Roman jurisdiction, in con-
under P. Atius Varus against Curio. (Caes. B. C. sequence of which their rights, their property and
i. 23, ii. 28, foll. ) It appears that this Varus was even their lives would depend upon the decision of
again pardoned by Caesar ; but, like many others, a Roman proconsul. They were ripe for revolt,
he joined the murderers of his benefactor and and found a leader in Armini a noble chief of
fought under Brutus and Cassius against the trium- the Cherusci, who had previously served in the
Firs. After the loss of the battle of Philippi, he Roman army and had been rewarded by the Roman
fell by the hands of his freedman, who slew him at franchise and the equestrian rank. The tribes in
his own request. (Vell. Pat. ii. 71. ) He was the the north and south of Germany took no part in
father of the Varus who fell in Germany. (No. 13. ) the insurrection, but most of the people in the
12. QUINTILIUS Varus, of Cremona, a friend central parts of the country joined in the revolt:
of Horace and Virgil, died in B. c. 24. (Hicronym. the Cherusci were at the head with their subjects,
in Euseb. Chron. 109. 1. ) We learn from the and besides them we rend of the Marsi, the Catti,
ancient Scholiasts on Horace that this Quintilius is and the Bructeri. Varus was blind to the im-
the same as the Quintilius, who is mentioned as an pending danger. In the summer of B. c. 9 he had
eminent critic in the De Arte Poëtica (438) and penetrated as far as the Weser, and took up his
whose death Horace laments in one of his odes quarters on the western bank of the river, probably
(i. 24). He is perhaps the same as the Varus, not far from the spot where it is joined by the
to whom Horace addresses the eighteenth ode of Werra. Here, in fancied security, he held courts
the first book, and also as the Varus mentioned in for the administration of justice, not like a general
the fifth Epode. (Weichert, De L. Varii et Cassii at the head of his army, but as if he were the city
Parmensis Vita, p. 121, foll ; Estré, Horatiana praetor sitting in the Roman forum. According to
Prosopographeia, p. 202, foll. )
the preconcerted plan of Arminius, the orders of
13. P. Quintilius VARUS, son of No. 11, was Varus were obeyed without opposition ; and the
consul B. c. 13 with Tib. Claudius Nero, after- most distinguished German chiefs, and among them
wards the emperor Tiberius. (Dion Cass. liv. 25. ) Arminius himself, constantly visited his camp and
Varus was subsequently appointed to the govern- lived with him on the most friendly terms. Varus
ment of Syria as the successor of Sentius Satur- therefore finding every thing so peaceful and the
ninus, and remained in that province for several people so submissive did not consider it necessary
years, where he acquired enormous wealth. ,,Ac- to keep all his soldiers together in the summer
cording to the antithetical expression of Velleius camp. He had with him three Roman legions
Paterculus (ii. 117), as a poor man he entered with their regular number of auxiliary troops, and
the rich country, and as a rich man left the country a strong body of cavalry ; but he had, at the re-
poor. ” Shortly after his return from Syria he was quest of Arminius and the other chiefs, sent various
made governor of Germany (probably about A. D. detachments into the surrounding country for the
7). Drusus had conquered a great part of central protection of the convoys or of the inhabitants
Germany as far as the Visurgis" (Weser), and the against marauders. Such was the posture of affairs,
various German tribes between this river and the when late in the summer Varus was surprised by
Rhine seemed disposed to submit quietly to the the intelligence that a distant tribe of Germans
Roman rule and to adopt Roman customis and had risen in arms against the Romans. This
habits. The time appeared favourable to Augustus however was only a feint to draw Varus from his
for introducing into the country the regular ad- encampment; and it succeeded. He collected his
ministration of a Roman province ; but he made army and commenced his march towards the south
an unfortunate choice in the person whom he se accompanied by Arminius and the German chiefs.
lected to carry his purpose into effect. Varus was The latter however left him almost immediately,
a man of moderate talents and fond of an idle and promising to return as soon as they had collected
quiet life ; he possessed neither the abilities nor their forces. Varus allowed them to depart and
the energy necessary for the important task en continued his march without suspicion. His road
trusted to him. In addition to which, he had for lay through the vallies of the Saltus Teutoburgiensis,
years received in Syria the servile obedience of a
a range of hills covered with wood, which extends
race, which had long been accustomed to the Roman north of the Lippe from Osnabrück to Paderborn,
government ; while in Germany he was called to and is known in the present day by the name of
rule over a brave and high-spirited people, who the Teutoburgerwald or Lippische Wald. Varus
had only recently been subdued, and knew nothing had entered the pass, not suspecting any danger,
of the jurisdiction of a Roman province.
his army in a long straggling line, encumbered with
As soon as Varus had crossed the Rhine, he baggage, and accompanied by the wives and chil-
proceeded to levy taxes and to introduce the Ro- dren, whom the soldiers had brought with them
man jurisdiction in the newly conquered country. from their summer quarters, when the Germans
For this he is strongly censured by Dion Cassius suddenly appeared and attacked the Romans on all
(lvi. 18) and Velleius Paterculus (ii. 117), but sides. The Romans were unable to form in line of
without sufficient reason ; for there can be no doubt battle, and with difficulty fought their way to a
that he acted in accordance with his instructions ; more open spot in the wood, where they pitched
and it must be recollected that he was the first their camp for the night. The size and the ar-
governor of Germany, to whom the civil adminis- rangement of this camp, which Germanicus saw
tration as well as the military command had been six years afterwards, showed that the three legions
entrusted. His mistake was in the manner in had not on the first day sustained any material
wiich he carried bis instructions into cffect, and loss. (Tac. Ann, i. 61. ) Varus was now fully


## p. 1232 (#1248) ##########################################

1232
VARUS.
VATIA.
obtained posse
well as other
march through
into Cilicia, w
Corycus on the
strongbolds of
to carry his ar
interior of the
Mount Taurus
1
Roman army
arms were chie
he laid siege i
obtained posse
river, and thus
who were in
This was reek
arms gave him
tained the sur
Cilicia and the
tion of a Ron
entered Rome
was a brillian
the formidable
pirates, who
the rich booty
tured cities and
in the public t
portion to hims
consuls. But
was not comple
for a time, and
formidable thar
1. 23 ; Flor. i
pp. 667,671;
i. 21, ili. 90, ,
Val. Mar. viii.
Rozs, vol. iv.
Servilius, aft
LVIE
. . . . .
VARI
Doos
dead;
aware of his danger. He resolved to destroy 14. QUINTILIUS Varus, probably the son of
almost all his baggage and to make for the strong No. 13, was accused by Domitius Afer in A. D. 27
fortress of Aliso, which had been erected by Drusus (Tac. Hist. iv. 66. ) He is called by Tacitus the
on the Lippe. His first camp was probably in the propinquus of the emperor Tiberius ; and we learn
neighbourhood of Salzuffeln ; and in order to reach from Seneca, who had heard Varus declaiming,
Aliso he had to force his way through the pass in that he was the son-in-law of Germanicus. (Senec.
the neighbourhood of Detmold. His second day's Controv. 4. ) Varus may also have been called
march was one uninterrupted fight from morning to the propinquus of Tiberius, because his mother
night, and the contracted extont of the camp, which Claudia Pulchra was the sobrina of Agrippina.
he pitched at the close of the day, told Germanicus (Tac. Ann. iv. 52, 66. )
that his numbers had been already greatly reduced. VARUS, C. VI'BIUS, whose name occurs
On the morning of the third day Varus continued only on coins, a specimen of which is annexed. On
his march. His difficulties increased more and the obrerse is the head of M. Antonius, and on the
more. The roads were rendered almost impissable reverse Venus holding a figure of Victory in one
by the rain which descended in torrents : but hand and a cornucopia in the other. This Varus
nevertheless the Romans struggled on, though must have been triumvir of the inint or have held
with continually increasing losses, and at last some magistracy after the death of Julius Caesar
emerged from the woods into the open country, and the commencement of the triumvirate, as is
probably in the neighbourhood of Kreuzburg and shown by the beard of M. Antonius, which he
Osterholz. Here, however, the main force of the allowed to grow at the beginning of the trium-
Germans was ready to receive them. With di- virate. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 342. ) The name of Vibius
minished numbers and exhausted bodies, they were Varus occurs in the reign of Hadrian : there was a
unable to penetrate through the vast hosts which c. Vibius Juventius Varus, who was consul in
burrounded them on all sides. The fight at length A. D. 134.
became a slaughter ; the Romans could no longer
preserve their ranks ; Varus in despair put an end
to his own life. Very few of the Romans suc-
ceeded in escaping to Aliso. Most perished on
the field, but several were taken prisoners. Of
these the most distinguished were sacrificed by
Arminius to the gods of his country at aluirs in the
forests ; and the remainder were reduced to slavery.
The ferocity of the enemy did not even spare the
the corpse of Varus was mangled, and his
head cut off and forwarded, as a sign of victory, to VA'SIUS, T. one of the conspirators against
Marobod uus, king of the Marcomanni, who, how- Q. Cassius Longinus, propraetor of Further Spain,
ever, sent it to Augustus. The defeat of Varus was in B. C. 48. (Hirt. B. Alex. 42. ) [LONGINUS,
followed by the loss of all the Roman possessions No. 15. )
between the Weser and the Rhine, and the latter VATIA, the name of a family of the Servilia
river again became the boundary of the Roman do- Gens.
minions. When the news of this defeat reached
1. P. SERVILIUS C. F. M. N. VATIA, surnamed
Rome, the whole city was thrown into conster- ISAURICUS, was the grandson of Q. Metellus Ma-
nation ; and Augustus, who was both wenk and cedonicus. (Cic. pro Dom. 47. ) He is first men-
aged, gave way to the most violent grief, tearing tioned in B. c. 100, where he took up arms with
his garment and calling upon Varus to give him the other Roman nobles against Saturninus. (Cic.
back his legions. . Orders were issued as if the pro C. Rabir. perd. 7.