No More Learning

The name appears in a very corrupted form in Graec. vol. i. p. 214 ; Müller, Dorier, bk, ii. c. 8.
the old Latin translations of these writers, e. g. $ 13, vol. i. p. 352, 2nd ed. )
(P. S. )
Filogorius, Filogoriseus, Faneligoris ; and even in a PHILAMMON, historical. (ARSINOE, No. 5. ]
modern version it is metamorphosed into Phyla- PHILARCHUS. (PHYLARCH US. )
goraus and Phylagryus. See Sontheimer's Zusam- PHILA'RETUS (PUNápetos), the name assigned
mengesetzte Heilmittel der Araber, fc. 1845, pp. 74, to the author of a short medical treatise, De Pulsibus,
198.
which is sometimes assigned to a physician named
s 3
1


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262
PHILE.
PIIILEAS
1
Philotheus, and sometimes to Theophilus Proto | Michael Palaeologus. Editions : The Greek text
spatharius [THEOPHILUS PROTOSP. ), though it by Arsenius, archbishop of Monembesia, Venice,
should be mentioned that it differs almost entirely 1530, 8vo, dedicated io Charles V. , emperor of
from a short Greek work on the same subject, attri- Germany; the same with a Latin version by Gre-
buted to the last-named author, and lately pub- gorius Bersemannus, dedicated to Augustus, elec-
lished by Dr. Ermerins. It is not of much value, tor of Saxony, in Joachimni Camerarii - Auctua-
and is taken chiefly from Galen's works on the rius," Leipzig, 1574, 410: the editor made many
same subject. The author is one of those ancient strange alterations ; by the elegant scholar, John
writers who say the word ápripla is derived rape Cornelius de Paw, Utrecht, 1739, 410, ex Cod.
To tdu áépa inpeiv (c. 4), a derivation, which, in Bodl. , with the notes and the translation of Ber-
spite of its obvious and barbarous absurdity, con- semannus revised by the editor, and cum frag-
tinues to be given in many (or perhaps most) mentis ineditis, among which Carmen Tiepl Navti.
medical works, even in the present day (see note nou. 2. Carmina (varia) containing his other
to the Oxford edition of Theophilus, De Corp. Hum. poetical productions, except the aforesaid Carmen
Fabr. pp. 296, 297). Philaretus is several times de Animalium Proprietate, edited by G. Werns-
quoted by Rhazes, who attributes to him a work dorf, and dedicated to Dr. Askew of London, and
which he calls Liber trium Tractatuum, by which preceded by Carmen ignoti Poetae in S. Theodoruin.
(as Haller conjectures) he may possibly mean the Leipzig, 1768, 8vo. Contains: 1. Eis TÒ KAKO
little works, De Urinis, De Encrementis, and De natñ uova yov Awady, In Monachum Leprosurn ; 2.
Pulsibus. (THBOPHILUS ProtosP. ) The Greek Eis Tov avtokpáropa Baoinea, In Augustum, id est,
text has never been published, but there are two Andronicum Seniorem; 3. De Plantis, riz. Eis Tev
Latin translations: the former of these appeared in otaxur (in Spicam), eis T v Bótpuv (in l'ram),
the old collection of medical works called Articella ; and eis od pogov (in Rosam), as well as eis 17
the latter by Albanus Torinus was published in Polav (in Malum Punicum); 4. In Cantacuze-
1535, 8vo. Argent. , and in the second volume of num (Joannem), in the form of a dialogue, a sort
H. Stephani Mledicae Artis Principes, Paris, fol. of moral drama ; 5. Epigrammata ; 6. In Augus-
1567. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 647, ed. tuin, id est, Andronicum Seniorem; 7. Eis Tóx
vet. ; Haller, Bibl. Medic. Pract, vol. i. p. 307 ; édéparta, In Elephantem ; 8. Nepi onpockoAmpós,
Choulant, Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere De Bombyce sive Verme Serico; 9. Epigrammata;
Medicin; Ermerins, Preface to his Anecd. Med. 10. Eulogium (of the historian) Pachymerae; 11.
Graeca. )
(W. A. G. ] Epitaphium in Phaerasem; 12. Some verses In
PHILARGY'RIUS JUNIUS, or PHILAR- Templum Evergetae. This is a very curious book
GYRUS, or JUNILIUS FLAGRIUS, for the upon which the editor has bestowed remarkable
name appears in different MSS. under these varying care ; each Carmen is preceded by a short expla-
forms, was an early commentator upon Virgil. His natory introduction. (Wernsdorf's Preface to his
observations, which are confined to the Bucolics and edition ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 617, &c.
Georgics, are less elaborate than those of Servius, There are other Brzantine writers of the name
and have descended to us in a very imperfect and of Phile, though of little note. Eumolpus Phile
mutilated condition, but possess considerable in- wrote a Commentary on four orations of Gregorius
terest, in consequence of containing a number of Nazianzenus. Joannes Phile is said to have
quotations from ancient writers whose works have written tetrastichs on some psalms of David, and
perished. The period when he flourished is alto on other kindred subjects. Michael Phile, a priest
gether uncertain, for it cannot be proved that the who lived about 1124, is the author of an iambic
Valentinianus whom he addresses is Valentinianus epitaph on the empress Irene, and a short poem
Augustus.
on Alexis and Joannes, the sons of Isaac Porphy-
These scholia were first published by Fulvius rogenitus. These poems are printed in the old
Ursinus, in his remarks on Cato, Varro, and Colu- edition of Fabricius' Bibl. Graec. ; but Harless did
mella, 8vo, Rom. 1587, having been discovered by not think it worth while to reprint them in the
him in a very ancient MS. of a fragment of Servius, new edition. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 618.
and also on the margin of a MS. of Virgil, where Notes s, t, u, v. )
(W. P. )
they had been noted down by Angelus Politianus. PHI'LEAS (inéas). 1. A Greek geographer
They have been frequently reprinted, and will be of Athens, whose time cannot be determined with
found subjoined to the text of Virgil, in the editions certainty, but who probably belonged to the older
of Masvicius and Burmann. (Fabric. Bibl. Lat. i. period of Athenian literature. He is not only
12. & 5; Burmann, Praef. ad Virg. ; Heyne, de quoted by Dicaearchus (33); but that a still
Antiquis Virgilü Interpretibus, subjoined to his higher antiquity must be assigned to him, would
notices De Virgilii Editionibus ; Suringar, Historia appear from the position in which his name occurs
Critica Scholiast. Latt. ; Bahr, Geschichte der Röm. in Avienus (Or. Mar. 42), who places him be-
Litterat. $ 76, 3rd edit. )
(W. R. ] tween Hellanicus and Scylax, and also from the
PHILE or PHILES, MANUEL (Mavouria ó words of Macrobius (Sat. v. 20), who calls him a
Diañs), a Byzantine poet, and a native of Ephesus, vetus scriptor with reference to Ephorus. Phileas
was born about A. D. 1275, and died about 1340. was the author of a Periplus, which is quoted
We know little of his life. He is called a poet, several times by Stephanus Byzantinus and other
because he either extracted the works of poets, or later writers, and which appears to have compre-
wrote compositions of his own, in “ versus poli-hended most of the coasts known at the time at
tici” (orixou laulikol), the worst sort of poetry, which he lived. It was divided into two parts,
and the most unmelodious kind of verses that one on Asia, and the other on Europe. From the
were ever tried by poets. The following is a fragments of it which have been preserved, we
list of his works :- 1. De Animalium Proprietute | learn that it treated of the following countries
(If you laubikol nepi Śwww idLÓTNTOS), chietly ex- among others :- of the Thracian Bosporus (Suidas,
tracted from Aelian, ard dedicated to the emperors. v. Boonopos ; Schol. ad Suph. Aj. 870); of the
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PHILEMON.
263
PHILEMON.
Arganthonian promontory in the Propontis (Etymol
. | words, and which an inferior actor would have
M. s. o. 'Apyavbar); of Asson, Gargara, and An- murdered. (Arist. Rhet. iii. 12. & 3. ) (E. E. )
tandros (Macrob. 1. c. ); of Antheia, a Milesian PHILEMON (Putuw), literary: 1. The first
colony on the Propontis (Steph. Byz. s. o. ); of in order of time, and the second in celebrity, of the
Andrin, a Macedonian town (Steph. Byz. s. v. ); Athenian comic poets of the New Comedy, was
of Thermopylae (Harpocrat. Phot. s. v. ); of the the son of Damon, and a native of Soli in Cilicia,
Thesprotian Ambracia (Steph. Byz. s. v). Even according to Strabo (xiv. p. 671): others make
the coast of Italy was included in the work (Steph. him a Syracusan ; but it is certain that he went at
Byz. s. v. 'Abudou).
For a further account of this an early age to Athens, and there received the
writer, see Osann, Ueber den Geographen Phileas citizenship (Suid. Eudoc. Hesych. , Anon. de Com.
und sein Zeitalter, in the Zeitschrif für die Alter- p. xxx. ). Meineke suggested that he came to be
thumswissenschaft, 1841, p. 635, &c.
considered as a native of Soli because he went
2. Bishop of Thmuitae in Egypt, in the third there on the occasion of his banishment, of which
century of the Christian nera, and a martyr, wrote we shall have to speak presently ; but it is a mere
# work in praise of martyrdom. (Hieronym. conjecture that he went to Soli at all upon that
Script. IU. 78 ; Euseb. H. E. viii. 10; Niceph. occasion ; and Meineke himself withdraws the sug-
vii. 9 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 306. ) gestion in his more recent work (Frag. Com. Graec
PHI'LEAS (Hinéas), an Argive sculptor, of un- vol. ii. p. 52).
known date, whose name is found, with that of There can be no doubt that Philemon is rightly
his son Zeuxippus, in an inscription on a statue-assigned to the New Comedy, although one autho-
base found at Hermione, in Argolis,
rity makes him belong to the Middle (Apul. Flor.
§ 16), which, if not a mere error, may be explained
ΦΙΛΕΑΣΚΑΪΖΕΥΞΙΠΠΟΣΦΙΛΕΛΕΠΟΙΗΣΑΝ,
by the well-known fact, that the beginning of the
i. e. idéas kal Zeúčiamos Þéa érolnoar. (Böckh, New Comedy was contemporary with the closing
Corp. Inscr. vol. i. p. 603, No. 1229 ; Welcker, period of the Middle. There is, however, nothing
Kunstblatt, 1827, p. 330 ; R. Rochette, Lettre à in the titles or fragments of Philemon which can
M. Schorn, p. 380. )
[P. S. ) be at all referred to the Middle Comedy. He was
PHILE MENUS (Hevos), a noble youth of placed by the Alexandrian grammarians among the
Tarentum, who took a leading part in the con- six poets who formed their canon of the New
spiracy to betray that city into the hands of Han- Comedy, and who were as follows : Philemon,
nibal, B. c. 212. Under pretence of pursuing the Menander, Diphilus, Philippides, Poseidippus, Apol-
pleasures of the chase, he used frequently to go out lodorus. (Anon. de Com. p. xxx. Tas de véas Kw-
of the city and return in the middle of the night, μωδίας γεγόνασι μεν ποιηται εδ', αξιολογώτατοι δε
and thus established an intimacy with some of the τούτων Φιλήμων, Μένανδρος, Δίφιλος, Φιλιππίδης,
gate keepers, so that they used to admit him on a TogeldiTTOS, 'Amolódwpos; comp. Ruhnken, Hist.
private signal at any hour. Of this he availed Crit. Orat. Graec. p. xcv. ) He flourished in the
himself on a night previously concerted with the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than Menander
Carthaginian general, and succeeded in seizing on (Suid. ), whom, however, he long survived. He
one of the gates, by which he introduced a body of began to exhibit before the 113th Olympiad (Anon.
1000 African soldiers into the city, while Nicon1. c. ), that is, about B. C. 330. He was, therefore,
admitted Hannibal himself by another entrance the first poet of the New Comedy, and shares
(Polyb. viii. 26–32 ; Liv. xxv. 8—10). When with Menander, who appeared eight years after
Tarentum was recovered by Fabius, B. c. 209, him, the honour of its invention, or rather of re-
Philemenus perished in the conflict that ensued ducing it to a regular form ; for the elements of the
within the city itself ; but in what manner was New Comedy had appeared already in the Middle,
unknown, as his body could never be found. (Liv. and even in the Old, as for example in the Cocalus
xxvii. 16. )
(E. H. B. ) of Aristophanes, or his son Araros. It is possible
PHILÉMON (biahuwr), an aged Phrygian even to assign, with great likelihood, the very play
and husband of Bancis. Once Zeus and Hermes, of Philemon's which furnished the first example of
assuming the appearance of ordinary mortals, visited the New Comedy, namely the Hypobolimaeus, which
Phrygia, and no one was willing to receive the was an imitation of the Cocalus. (Clem. Alex.
strangers, until the hospitable hut of Philemon and Strom. vi. p. 267 ; Anon. de Vit. Arist. pp. 13, 14.
Baucis was opened to them, where the two gods s. 37, 38. )
were kindly treated. Zeus rewarded the good old Philemon lived to a very great age, and died,
couple by taking them with him to an eminence, according to Aelian, during the war between Athens
while all the neighbouring district was visited with and Antigonus (ap. Suid. s. v. ), or, according to the
a sudden inundation. On that eminence Zeus ap- more exact date of Diodorus (xxii. 7), in Ol. 129. 3,
pointed them the guardians of his temple, and B, C. 262 (see Wesseling, ad loc. ), so that he may
granted to them to die both at the same moment, have exhibited comedy nearly 70 years. The
and then metamorphosed them into trees. (Ov. statements respecting the age at which he died
Met, viii. 621, &c. )
[L. S. ] vary between 96, 97, 99, and 101 years (Lucian,
PHILEMON (ou nuwr). 1. A person whom Macrob. 25; Diod. I. c. ; Suid. s. v. ). He must,
Aristophanes attacks as not being of pure Athenian | therefore, have been born about B. c. 360, and was
descent, but tainted with Phrygian blood. (Arist. about twenty years older than Menander. The
Av. 763. )
manner of his death is differently related ; some
2. An actor mentioned by Aristotle as having ascribing it to excessive laughter at a ludicrous in-
supported the principal part in the reportomaría cident (Suid. Hesych. Lucian, l. c. ; Val. Max. ix.
and the Evoebeis of Anaxandrides. The great 12. ext. 6); others to joy at obtaining a victory in a
critic praises him for the excellence of his delivery
and for the way in which he carried off by it pas- Respecting the error by which Philippides is
sages which contained repetitions of the same placed before him, see Philippines.


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264
PHILEMON.
PHILEMON.
;
:
1
dramatic contest (Plut. An Seni sit Respubl. gerend. in their pride of intellectual superiority, diaplared
p. 785, b. ); while another story represents him as their contempt for the semi-barbarian magniticence
quietly called away by the goddesses whom he of the Greek kings of the East ; another example
berved, in the midst of the composition or repre- is shown by the wit in which Philemon indulged
sentation of his last and best work (Aelian, ap. upon the tigress which Seleucus sent to Athens.
Suid. 8. v. ; A puleius, Flor. 16). There are por- (Ath. xiii. p. 590, a. ; Meineke, Men. et Phil. Keliq.
traits of him extant in a marble statue at Rome, p. 372, Fra. Com, Grucc. vol. iv. p. 15. )
formerly in the possession of Raffuelle, and on a The number of Philemon's plays was 97 (Diod.
gem: the latter is engraved in Gronovius's The xxiii. 7 ; Anon. de Com. p. 30 ; Suid. s. e. as
suurus, vol. ii. pl. 99. (See Meineke, Men. et amended by Meineke, p. 46). The number of
Phil. Reliq. p.