of the
indicative
fut.
Latin - Casserly - Complete System of Latin Prosody
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Appia, long drum, teritur, regina, vidrum. Statius.
Arreptaque manu, " Quid agis, dulcissime rerum? "
Hor.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti. Virg.
Vivite felices, quibus est for tuna per acta. Id.
Exc. Consimili ratione venit bubus quoque sape. Lucret.
INCREMENTS OF VERBS. '?
A verb is said to increase, when any of its tenses has
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? 34 INCREMENT OF VERBS IN A.
a syllable more in its termination? than the second per-
son singular of the present tense indicative active. ! This
additional syllable is the first increment -- the penultima :
the final syllable being never called the increment.
When the increasing part has another syllable added to
it in the course of formation, the part so formed is the
second increment, and so of the rest. Thus from amas --
the standard or regulator -- comes fl-ma-n, with one incre-
ment ; from amavi comes a-ma-ve-ra? ? z, with two incre-
ments ; from amaveram, comes a-ma-ve-ra-w^s, with
three ; and in like manner a^-di-e-ba-mi-TM from its
regular formation with four increments. Any verb not
exhibiting in any of its tenses or persons, a greater
number of syllables than the regulator, is said to have no
increment ; thus, amat, amant, ama, amem, having no
more syllables than amas, have no increment.
RULE XXIII.
Of the Increments of Verbs in A.
A crescens produc -- Do incremento excipe primo.
In the increments of verbs of every conjugation, the
vowel a is long ; as, amdbam, stares, proper amus, audie-
bdmini, &c.
Excep. The first increment (only) of the verb do is
short ; as, damns, ddbam, dare : hence also the short
increment in the compounds circumdamus, circumdabant,
venumddbis, venumddre, &c.
* Without the words " in its termination, 1 ' the expression would not be either
sufficiently limited or perspicuous ; because the student might otherwise be
induced to rank reduplicating verbs among these increments, which would be
erroneous ; whereas the increment in reduplicating verbs takes place at the
beginning, by a prefix or argument ; as, cucurri, letendi. Tnomordi, &c.
t The second person singular indicative active is the rule or measure, by which
the increment is regulated.
CtC? " For deponent verbs, we may either suppose an active voice whence to
procure a standard or regulator to determine the increments: or they can be
regulated by other verbs of the same conjugation having an active voice. Thus
for the deponent verb gradior, we may either suppose a fictitious active gradio,
gradis, or be guided by rapior, which has a real active.
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? INCREMENT OF VERBS IN E. 35
Obser. The second increment of do, not being an ex-
ception, follows the genera] rule; as, dabdmus, ddbdtis,
dabdtnini, &c.
examples by single words.
Rule. Amamus, laudabamus, docueramus. Excep.
Diimus, date, circumdamus. Observ. Dabamus, dabamini,
dabatur.
Promiscuous Examples. Chorea [Gr. 1], pronuntiant
[11, 3, 1, 3], alterius [3, 1], labatur [23], pectore [3, 20],
priorem [1, 20], cujus [3], Cyclopas [4, 20], sanguine
[3, IS], fatidicum [12, 6], a~uditus [2, 10].
EXAMPLES IN COBIPOSITION.
Rule. Et cantdre pares, et respondere pardti. Virg.
Pugnabant armis, qua post fabr leaver at usus. Hor.
Exc. Multa rogant utenda ddri, data redder e nolunt. Ov.
Ob. Nam quod consilium, aut quce jam fortuna dabatur.
Virg.
RULE XXIV.
Increments of Verbs in E.
E quoque producunt verba increscentia. Verum
Prima e corripiunt ante r duo tempora ternae;
\)\c-beris atque-Z>? re, nX-reris producito-rere.
Sit brevis e quando-? vz? tt, -rim, -ro, adjuncta sequuntur.
Corripit interdum steterunt dederuntque poeta.
In the increments of verbs, e is long ; as, amemus,
amavissttis, doccbam, legeris and legcre (both fut. pass. ),
audicmus, &c.
Excep. 1. E is short in the first increment of the first
two tenses (pres. and imperf. ) of the third conjugation ;
and nlso in the future terminations beris and bere ; as,
cognoscere, legere, legerem, legcremus ; celebraberis, cele-
Lrabere, &c.
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? 36
INCREMENT OF VERBS IN E.
Obser. 1. But in the second increment when the wora
terminates in reris or rere, the e is long ; as, diripereris,
loquereris, prosequerere, &c.
Obser. 2. Velim, velis, velit, &c, have the e short.
Excep. 2. The vowel e is short before ram, rim, ro of
every conjugation ; as, amaveram, amaverim, amavero,
feceram, fecerim, fecero, &c. The persons formed from
them, retain the same quantity ; as, amaveris, amaverit,
fecerimus, feceritis, &c.
Obser. 3. The foregoing exception however does not
apply to those syncopated tenses which have lost the
syllable ve ; as, jleram, flerim, flero ; because in these
contracted forms, the e retains the quantity of the origi-
nal form : viz. -- Jle(ve)ram, fle(ve)rim, &c.
Excep. 3 The poets sometimes shorten e before runt,
in the third pers. plur. of the perf. indie, active ; as,
steterunt, tvlerunt, &c, &c.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Arnemus, doceremus, legeretis. Excep. 1. Le-
geret, legere ; amaberis, docebere. Observ. 1. Amarens,
docerere, Observ. 2. Velitis, velint. Excep. 2. Amave-
rat, docueris, legero. Observ. 3 Flero, fleris. Excep.
3. Dederunt, terruerunt.
Promiscuous Examples. Amaveramus [23, 24, 23], da-
batis [7, 23], legetis [24], doceto [24], datum [9], stete-
runt [7, 24], tulerunt [7, 24], peperat [8], patrlzo [4, 3].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Sicequidemducebamanimo,rebarquefuturum. Virg.
Exc. 1. Jam legere, et qua sitpoteris cognoscere virtus. Id.
Semper honor e meo, semper celebrabere donis. Id.
Ob. 1. JungebamPhrygios,cumturaperere,leones. Clau.
Ob. 2. Musa, velim memores ; et quo patre natus uterque.
Hor.
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? INCREMEN1 OF VERBS IN I. 37
Exc. 2. Fecerat exiguas, jam Sol altissimus umbras. Ov.
Ob. 3. Implerunt montes,jl~erunt Rhodope'ice arces. Virg.
Exc. 3. Di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi. Hor.
rule xxv.
Increment of Verbs in I.
Corripit I crescens verbum. Sed deme velimus,
Nolimus, simus, quaeque hinc composta dabuntur ;
-tot praeteritum, praesens quartae -imus, et -itis.
-ri conjunctivum possunt variare poetae.
In the increment of verbs -- whether first, second, third,
or fourth increment -- i is generally short ; as, linquimus,
amabimus, docebimiai, audiebammi, &c, with vemmus,
reperimus, &c, of the perfect tense.
Excep. 1. The i is long in velimus, velitis ; nollmus,
volltis, nollto ; simus, sitis, &c, with their compounds,
possimus, adsimus, prosimus, &c.
Excep. 2. The penultima of the preterite in ivi of any
conjugation, is long ; as, petivi, audivi, &c. ; and also the
first increment of the fourth conjugation, when followed
by a consonant; as, audimus, audirem, audirer, &c, and
venimus, comperimus, &c, of the present tense ; with the
contracted form of the imperfect audibam, and the obso-
lete audibo ; also found in ibam and ibo from eo ; and in
quibam and quibo from queo.
Excep. 3. In the penultima of the first and second pers.
plur.
of the indicative fut. perf. [or second future] and
the perfect of the subjunctive, the i is common in poetry:
-- but in prose, it is usually long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Amavimus, vivimus, iterabltis. Excep. 1. No lite, no-
lltote, sitis, possitis. Excep. 2. Petivi, qaeslvi; audltis,
* When the i is followed immediately by a vowel, it is of course short [by the
Rule Vocalem breviant, &c -- j ; as, aiulAunt, audiens, Sec.
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? 38 INCREMENT OF VERBS IN AND U.
audiri ; reperimus (pres. ) ; audlbam, Ibo, quibam. Excep.
3. Dederitis, dixerltis, contigeritis.
Promiscuous Examples. Audlveramus [25, 24, 23],
docuerunt [24, 3], dederant [9, 24], damus [23], inltus
[9], solutus [10], quaesitus 10], nefas [12], videlicet [12],
ambitus [6, exitus [9,] introduco [13], anirnalis [15].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Victuros agimus semper, nee vivimus unquam. Manil.
Scinditur interea studia in contraria vidgus. Virg.
Exc. 1. Et documenta damus, qua simus origins nati. Ov.
2. Cessi, et sublato montem genitore petivi. Virg.
Alterius sermone meros audiret honores. Hor.
Tu ne cede mails, sed contra audentior ito. Virg.
3. Egerimus, nosti; et nimium meminisse necesse est. Id.
Accepisse simul vitam dederitis in unda. Ovid.
* RULE XXVI.
Increment of Verbs in O and U.
O incrementum produc ; u corripe semper
U fit iu extremo penultima longa futuro.
The increment of verbs in o is always long ; -- that hi
u is generally short ; as,facitote,kabetote; sumus, ]jossu-
mus, quxesum? /. s.
Excep. In the penultima of the future participle in rus,
the u is always long; as, periturus, facturus, amaturus.
Note. To the long increment of verbs in o, some Proso-
dians regard the irregular verb, forem,fdre, an exception.
examples by single words.
Rule. Itote,petitote ; malumus, volumus. Excep. Ven-
tiirus, arsurus.
Promiscuous Examples. O 3 The most useful mode
of exercising the pupil in the increments of verbs, is to
examine him in all the terminations of the four conjuga-
tions ;< beginning with amamus.
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? FINAL A. * 39
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati. Ovid.
C unique loqui poterit, matrem facitote salutet. Id.
Nos numerics sdmus, etfruges consumere nati. Hor.
Qui dare certafera, dare vulnera possumus hosti. Ov.
Si patrice volumus, si nobis vivere chari. Hor.
Exc. Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum. Virg.
Note. Hincfore ductores revocato a sanguine Teucri. Virg.
OF FINAL SYLLABLES.
The quantity of final syllables is ascertained, -- by posi-
sition ; as, prudens, precox ; -- by containing a diphthong ;
as, mus&, pennte ; -- or by special rules, as follows : --
RULE XXVII.
Of Final A.
A finita dato longis. ltd, posted, deme,
Eid, quid et casus omnes : sed protrahe sextum ;
Cui Grsecos, ex -as prima? , conjunge vocandi.
A final, in words not declined by cases, [that is, in
verbs and particles] is long; as, amd, memord ;* frustrd,
pratered, posted, postilld, ergli, intra, a, &c, with the
numerals in gintd; as, sexagintd, trigintd, quadrdginta,
&c.
Excep. ' 1. In ita, quid, eid, posted, -- [the a in postea
being common ;t] -- also putd the adverb ; the names of
letters; as, alpha, beta ; and hallelujd.
Excep. 2. In most words declined by cases, the final
* Amn, memora, &c, have the final a long, because formed by crasis from
amae, memorae, &c>
* Many eminent Prosodians however insist, that the a in postea. antea, &c ; .
is always long; -- and that the syllable ea is in the ablative ease sing. fem. ; --
the pi'epositions becoming adverbs and the ablatives by their own power express-
ing a relation to some other word in the sentence. They add moreover, that
whenever the syllable appears to be short, it is either in the accusative governed
by the preposition, or must be pronounced in two syllables by crasis. . See Classi'
col Journal for Aprii, 1817, in loco.
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? 40 FINAL E.
a is short ; as, musa, [the nom. ] templd, Tydea, lampadd,
regnd.
Observ. It is also short in Greek vocatives in a, from
nominatives in es, (changed to a in the Doric or iEolic
dialect) ; as, Orestd, Atridd, Mta, Thyestd, Circa, &c.
Excep. 3. In the ablative sing, of the first declension,
and in Greek vocatives from nominatives mas ; as, prord
[abl. ], pennd [abl. ] ; 2Ened, Calchd, Palld.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Pugna, interea, contra, triginta. Excep. 1. Eia,
quia, ita, puta (for videlicet). Excep. 2. Nemora, tristia,
mea, Hectora. Observ. Oresta, Anchisa, Circa. Excep.
3. Prora, domina, qua ; iEnea, Lycida.
Promiscuous Examples. Dominorum [22], diebus [1,
22], ultra [3, 27], Pollucis [3, 21], tellures [3, 21], velo-
cibus [20, 22], immemdres [3. 20], Palsemonis [2, Gr,
20], boves [20], felicibus [18, 22], Delphmes [Gr. 3, 18],
Hies [18].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Musa, mihi causas memord ; quo numine laso. "Virg,
Jam tenet Italiam : tamen ultra per gere tendit. Juv.
Exc. 1. Haud ita me experti Bitias et Pandarus ingens.
Virg.
Hoc discunt omnes ante Alpha et Betapuella. Juv.
Exc. 2. Anchord de prora jacitur ; stant littore puppes.
Virg.
Obs. Te tamen, o parva rector Polydectd Seripki. Ovid.
Exc. 3. Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda.
Id.
Quid miserum, Mnea, laceras ? Jam parce sepulto. Id^
I
RULE XXVIII.
Of Final E.
E brevia. -- Primae quintssque vocabula produc ;
Cete, oke, Tempi, fermeqne , ferec\\ie y favieqixe. .
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? FINAL E. 41
Adde doce similemque modum ; monosyllaba, prseter
Encliticas et syllabicas : beneque et male demptis,
Atque inferne^ superne, adverbia cuncta secundoe.
Final e is generally short ; &s,patre, nate,fuge, legere,
nempe, ille, quoque, pene.
Excep. 1. It is long in all cases of the first and fifth*
declensions ; as, Mgle, Thisbe, Melpomene ; fide, fame,
with re and die and their compounds quare, hodie, pridie,
&c, as well as in the contracted geniiive and dative, die,
fide.
Excep. 2. The final e is long in contracted words,
transplanted from the Greek, whether singular; as, Dio-
mede, Achille, or in the nominative and accusative neuters
plural ; as, cete, mele, pelage, tempi -- all wanting the
singular.
Excep. 3. Ohe, ferine, and fere, have the e final long.
Fere is short in Ausonius.
Excep. 4.
