No More Learning

When we read (Hamlet' and Lear,' or
(As You Like It' and Much Ado About Nothing, we do not ask
ourselves what Shakespeare meant by them,- why some scenes were
written in verse and other scenes in prose, – for it is not of Shake-
speare that we are thinking as we read, but of his characters, for
whom we feel that he is no more responsible than we are, since they
move, live, and have their being in a world of their own, above the
smoke and stir of this dim spot which men call Earth,—the world of
pure, perfect, poetic art. If Shakespeare was conscious of himself
when he wrote, he succeeded in concealing himself so thoroughly
that it is impossible to discover him in his writing, - as impossible
as it is not to discover other poets in their writings; for whatever
is absent from the choir of British song, the note of personality is
always present there. ' A low laugh in the gracious mouth of Chau-
cer, a harsh rebuke on the stern lips of Milton, a modish sneer in
the smile of Pope,- it was now a stiffed complaint, now an amorous
ditty, and now a riotous shout with Burns, who was as much a poet
through his personality as through his genius. He put his life into
his song; and not to know what his life was, is not to know what his
song is, — why it was a consolation to him while he lived, and why
after his death it made his —
V-178


## p. 2834 (#406) ###########################################

2834
ROBERT BURNS
« One of the few, the immortal names,
That were not born to die. )
Early in the last half of the eighteenth century a staid and
worthy man, named William Burness (as the name Burns was then
spelled), a native of Kincardineshire, emigrated
emigrated to Ayrshire in
pursuit of a livelihood. He hired himself as a gardener to the laird
of Fairlie, and later to a Mr. Crawford of Doonside, and at length
took a lease of seven acres of land on his own account at Alloway
on the banks of the Doon. He built a clay cottage there with his
own hands, and to this little cottage, in December 1757, he brought a
wife, the eldest daughter of a farmer of Carrick.
There was
a dis-
parity in their ages, for he was about thirty-six and she some eight
or nine years younger; and a disparity in their education, for he was
an intelligent reader and lover of books, while she, though she had
been taught as a child to read 'the Bible and to repeat the Psalms,
was not able to write her name. She had a great respect for her
husband, whose occupation was now that of a nurseryman. A little
more than a year after their marriage, on the 25th of January, 1759,
she bore him a son who was christened Robert, who was followed, as
time went on, by brothers and sisters; and before many years were
over, what with the guidman, the guidwife, and the bonny bairns,
there was not much spare room in the little clay biggin at Alloway.
Poor as they were, the social condition of this Scottish family was
superior to the social condition of most English families in the same
walk of rustic life; this superiority resulting from certain virtues
inherent in the national character, - the virtues of simple appetites
and frugal habits, of patience and courage in adversity, and best of all,
in affectionate hearts, reverential minds, and a thirst for knowledge
which only books could supply, William Burness inherited respect
for education from his father, who in his young manhood was instru-
mental in building a schoolhouse on his farm at Clockenhill. Accord-
ingly, when his son Robert was in his sixth year he sent him to a
little school at Alloway Mill, about a mile from his cottage; and not
long after he took the lead in hiring a young teacher named Mur-
doch to instruct him and his younger brother Gilbert at some place
near at hand. Their school-books consisted of the Shorter Catechism,
the Bible, the spelling-book, and Fisher's English Grammar. Robert
a better scholar than Gilbert, especially in grammar, in which
he acquired some proficiency. The only book which he is known to
have read outside of his primitive curriculum was a 'Life of Hanni-
bal,' which was loaned him by his teacher. When he was seven the
family removed to a small upland farm called Mount Oliphant, about
two miles from Alloway, to and from which the boys plodded daily
was


## p. 2835 (#407) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2835
in pursuit of learning. At the end of two years the teacher obtained
a better situation in Carrick; the school was broken up, and from
that time onward William Burness took upon himself the education
of his lads and lassies, whom he treated as if they were men and
women, conversing with them on serious topics as they accompanied
him in his labors on the farm, and borrowing for their edification,
from a Book Society in Ayr, solid works like Derham's Physico- and
Astro-Theology and Ray's Wisdom of God in the Creation. This
course of heavy reading was lightened by the History of Sir William
Wallace,' which was loaned to Robert by a blacksmith named Kil-
patrick, and which forced a hot flood of Scottish feeling through his
boyish veins. His next literary benefactor was a brother of his
mother, who while living for a time with the family had learned
some arithmetic by their winter evening's candle. He went one day
into a bookseller's shop in Ayr to purchase a Ready Reckoner and a
Complete Letter-Writer, but procured by mistake in place of the
latter a small collection of Letters by Eminent Wits, which proved
of more advantage (or disadvantage) to his nephew than to himself,
for it inspired the lad with a desire to excel in epistolary writing.
Not long after this Robert's early tutor Murdoch returned to Ayr,
and lent him Pope's Works; a bookish friend of his father's obtained
for him the reading of two volumes of Richardson's Pamela,' and
another friendly soul the reading of Smollett's Ferdinand Count
Fathom,' and Peregrine Pickle. ' The book which most delighted
him, however, was a collection of English songs called “The Lark. '
Mount Oliphant taxed the industry and endurance of William
Burness to the utmost; and what with the sterility of the soil, which
was the poorest in the parish, and the loss of cattle by accidents
and disease, it was with great difficulty that he managed to support
his family. They lived so sparingly that butcher's meat was for
years a stranger in the house, and they labored, children and all,
from morning to night. Robert, at the age of thirteen, assisted in
threshing the crop of corn, and at fifteen he was the principal
laborer on the farm, for they could not afford a hired hand. That
he was constantly afflicted with a dull headache in the evenings was
not to be wondered at; nor that the sight and thought of his gray-
haired father, who was turned fifty, should depress his spirits and
impart a tinge of gloom to his musings. It was under circumstances
like these that he composed his first song, the inspiration of which
was a daughter of the blacksmith who had loaned him the History
of Sir William Wallace. It was the custom of the country to couple
a man and woman together in the labors of harvest; and on this
occasion his partner was Nelly Kilpatrick, with whom, boy-like,-- for
he was in his seventeenth year and she a year younger,- he liked


## p. 2836 (#408) ###########################################

2836
ROBERT BURNS
saw
no
to lurk behind the rest of the hands when they returned from their
labors in the evening, and who made his pulse beat furiously when
he fingered over her little hand to pick out the cruel nettle-stings
and thistles. She sang sweetly, and among her songs there was
one which was said to be composed by a small laird's son about
one of his father's maids, with whom he was in love; and Robert
reason why he should not rhyme as well as he, for the
author had no more school-craft than himself. Writing of this song
a lew years later, he called it puerile and silly; and his verdict as
a poetical one was correct. Still, considered as a song, this artless
effusion possessed one merit of which he himself was probably not
conscious: it was inspired by his feeling and not by his reading, by
the warmth and purity of his love of Nelly Kilpatrick, and not by
his admiration of any amorous ditty in his collection of English
songs. It a poor thing, but it was certainly his own, and
nowhere more so than in its recognition of the womanly personality
of its heroine :
was
“And then there's something in her gait
Gars ony dress look weel. ”
This touch of nature, which no modish artist would have attempted,
marked the hand of one who painted from the life.
William Burness struggled along for twelve years at Mount Oli-
phant, and then removed to Lochlea, in the parish of Tarbolton.
Here he rented a larger farm, the soil of which promised a surer
maintenance for himself and the hostages he had given to Fortune.
And there these loving hostages began to put away childish things,
and to become men and women. They were cheerful, in spite of the
frugality which their poverty imposed upon them; and were merry
in their simple homely way, singing and dancing among themselves
and among their friendly neighbors. Their hearts expanded in the
healthy air about them, particularly the heart of Robert, which
turned to thoughts of love,- not lightly, as in his boyish fancy for
Nelly Kilpatrick, but seriously, as beseemed a man; for he was now
in his nineteenth year, and as conscious of what he was to woman as
of what woman was to him. A born lover, and a born poet, he dis-
covered himself and his song at Tarbolton. The custom of the coun-
try and the time sanctioned a freedom of manners, and a frequency
of meeting on the part of rustic amorists, of which he was not slow
to avail himself. The love affairs of the Scottish peasantry are thus
described by one of his biographers:—“The young farmer or: plow-
man, after his day of exhausting toil, would proceed to the home
of his mistress, one, two, three, or more miles distant, there signal
her to the door, and then the pair would seat themselves in the
1


## p. 2837 (#409) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2837
barn for an hour or two's conversation. ” Burns practiced this mode
of courtship, which was the only one open to him, and among the
only women whom he knew at Tarbolton. “He made no distinction
between the farmer's own daughters and those who acted as his
servants, the fact after all being that the servants were often them-
selves the daughters of farmers, and only sent to be the hirelings of
others because their services were not needed at home. ” We should
remember this habit of the Scottish peasantry if we wish to under-
stand the early songs of Burns; for they were suggested by it, and
vitalized by it, as much as by his impassioned genius. He painted
what he saw; he sang what he felt. We have a glimpse of him in
one of his winter courtships in My Nanie, O'; another and warmer
glimpse of him in one of his summer courtships in “The Rigs o' Bar-
ley'; and another and livelier glimpse of him in one of his mocking
moods in “Tibbie, I hae seen the day. But he was more than the
lover which these songs revealed: he was a man of sound under-
standing and fine, active intelligence, gifted with ready humor and
a keen sense of wit. If he had been other than he was, he might
and probably would have been elated by his poetic powers, of which
he must have been aware; but being what he was, he was content
to enjoy them and to exercise them modestly, and at such scanty
intervals as his daily duties afforded. He composed his songs as he
went about his work, plowing, sowing, reaping; crooning them as
he strode along the fields, and correcting them in his head as the
hours dragged on, until night came, and he could write them down
in his little room by the light of his solitary candle. He had no illus-
ions about himself: he was the son of a poor farmer, who, do what
he might, was never prosperous; and poverty was his portion. His
apprehension, which was justified by the misfortunes of the family
at Mount Oliphant, was confirmed by their dark continuance at Tar-
bolton, where he saw his honored father, bowed with years of toil,
grow older and feebler day by day, dying of consumption before
The end came on February 13th, 1784; and a day or two
afterwards the humble coffin of William Burness, arranged between
two leading horses placed after each other, and followed by relations
and neighbors on horseback, was borne to Alloway and buried in
the old kirkyard.
The funeral over, the family removed to Mossgiel, in the parish
of Mauchline, where, at Martinmas, Robert and Gilbert had rented
another farm. Having no means of their own, they and their sisters
were obliged to rank as creditors of their dead father for the arrears
of wages due them as laborers at Lochlea; and it was with these
arrears, which they succeeded in wresting from their old landlord or
his factor, that they stocked the new farm. The change was a i
his eyes.


## p. 2838 (#410) ###########################################

2838
ROBERT BURNS
beneficial one for all the family, who were now for the first time in
their lives provided with a comfortable dwelling; and everything con-
sidered, especially so for their head, — which Robert, who was now
in his twenty-sixth year, virtually became. He realized the gravity of
the responsibility which rested upon him, and rightly judging that
industry alone would not enable him to support it, resolved to work
with the brains of others as well as his own hard hands. He read
farming books, he calculated crops, he attended markets, but all to
no purpose; for like his father before him, however much he may
have deserved success, he could not command it. What he could and
did command however was the admiration of his fellows, who were
quick to perceive and ready to acknowledge his superiority. There
was that about him which impressed them,- something in his tem-
perament or talent, in his personality or character, which removed
him from the roll of common men. What seemed to distinguish him
most was the charm of his conversation, which, remarkable as it was
for fluency and force, for originality and brilliancy, was quite as
remarkable for good sense and good feeling. Grave or gay, as the
occasion suggested and the spirit moved him, he spoke as with
authority and was listened to with rapt attention. His company was
sought, and go where he would he was everywhere welcomed as a
good fellow. He had the art of making friends; and though they
were not always of the kind that his well-wishers could have desired,
they were the best of their kind in and about Mauchline. What he
saw in some of them, other than the pleasure they felt in his society,
it is hard to say; but whatever it was, he liked it and the conviv-
iality to which it led, - which, occasionally coarsened by stories that
set the table in a roar, was ever and anon refined by songs that
filled his eyes with tears. His life was a hard one, - a succession of
dull, monotonous, laborious days, haunted by anxiety and harassed
by petty, irritating cares, -- but he faced it cheerfully, manfully,
and wrestled with it triumphantly, for he compelled it to forge
the weapons with which he conquered it. He sang like a boy at
Lochlea; he wrote like a man at Mossgiel. The first poetical note
that he struck there was a personal one, and commemorative of his
regard for two rustic rhymers, David Sillar and John Lapraik, to
whom he addressed several Epistles,- a form of composition which
he found in Ferguson and Ramsay, and of which he was enamored.
That he thoroughly enjoyed the impulse which suggested and dic-
tated these Epistles was evident from the spirit with which they
were written. In the first of the two, which he addressed to Sillar,
he discovered and disclosed for the first time the distinctive individ-
uality of his genius. It was a charming and touching piece of writ-
ing; charming as a delineation of his character, and touching as a


## p. 2839 (#411) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
3
2839
confession of his creed, - the patient philosophy of the poor. As his
social horizon was enlarged, his mental vision was sharpened; and
before long, other interests than those which concerned himself and
his poetical friends excited his sympathies and stimulated his powers.
It was a period of theological squabbles, and he plunged into them
at once, partly no doubt because there was a theological strain in his
blood, but largely because they furnished opportunities for the riotous
exercise of his wit. He paid his disrespects to the fomenters of this
holy brawl in “The Twa Herds, and he pilloried an old person who
was obnoxious to him, in that savage satire on sanctimonious hy-
pocrisy, Holy Willy's Prayer. ' Always a poet, he was more, much
more than a poet. He was a student of man,- of all sorts of men;
caring much, as a student, for the baser sort which reveled in Poosie
Nansie's dram-shop, and which he celebrated in “The Jolly Beggars);
but caring more, as a man, for the better sort which languished
in huts where poor men lodged, and of which he was the voice of
lamentation in Man was Made to Mourn. '
He was
a student of
manners, which he painted with a sure hand, his masterpiece being
that reverential reproduction of the family life at Lochlea, — 'The
Cotter's Saturday Night. H was a student of nature, - his love of
which was conspicuous in his poetry, Aushing his words with pictur-
esque phrases and flooding his lines with the feeling of outdoor life.
He was
a student of animal life,- a lover of horses and dogs,
observant of their habits and careful of their comfort. He felt for
the little mouse which his plowshare turned out of its nest, and he
pitied the poor hare which the unskillful fowler could only wound.
The commoners of earth and air were dear to him; and the flower
beside his path, the gowan wet with dew, was precious in his eyes.
His heart was large, his mind was comprehensive, and his temper
singularly sweet and sunny. ,
Such was Robert Burns at Mossgiel, and a very likable person he
was. But all the while there was another Robert Burns at Mossgiel,
and he was not quite so likable.
1
He had a strange fascination for
women, and a strange disregard of the consequences of this fascina-
tion. | This curious combination of contradictory traits was an unfor-
tunate one, as a young woman of Mauchline was destined to learn.
She was the daughter of a mason, and her name was Jean Armour.
He met her on a race day at a house of entertainment which must
have been popular, since it contained a dancing-hall, admission to
which was free, any man being privileged to invite to it any woman
whom he fancied and for whose diversion he was willing to disburse
a penny to the fiddler. He was accompanied on this occasion by his
dog, who insisted on following him into the hall and persisted in
keeping at his heels while he danced, - a proof of its fidelity which


## p. 2840 (#412) ###########################################

2840
ROBERT BURNS
created considerable amusement, and which its master turned to his
personal account by saying he wished he could get any of the lasses
to like him as well as his dog. Jean heard his remark, and not long
afterwards, as he was passing through the washing-green where she
was bleaching clothes (from which she begged him to call off his
troublesome follower), she reminded him of it by asking him if he
had yet got any of the lasses to like him as well as did his dog?
He got one there and then; for from that hour Jean was attached to
him and he to Jean. He was reticent about his conquest, conceal-
ing it from his closest friends, and even from his dearest foe, the
Muse; but however reticent, his conquest was not to be concealed,
for Jean one day discovered that she was with child. What he felt
when this calamity was made known to him we know not, for he
kept his own counsel. What he wished his friends to feed, if they
could and would, we may divine from a poem which he wrote about
this time, an address to the rigidly righteous, into whose minds he
sought to instill the charity of which he and Jean were sorely in
need :-
« Then gently scan your brother man,
Still gentler sister woman;
Though they may gang a kennin' wrang
To step aside is human:
«One point must still be greatly dark,
The moving why they do it:
And just as lamely can ye mark
How far perhaps they rue it. ”
He wrote a paper which he gave Jean, in the belief that it con-
stituted a marriage between them, a belief which was perhaps just-
ifiable in the existing condition of Scottish laws of marriage. But
he counted without his host; for instead of accepting it as a manly
endeavor to shield the reputation of his daughter and divert scandal
from his family, the hot-headed father of Jean denounced it and
demanded its destruction, - a foolish proceeding to which his foolish
daughter consented. Whether its destruction could destroy his obli-
gation need not be curiously considered; it is enough to know that
he believed that it did, and that it was a proof of perfidy on the
part of Jean. But they should see! She had forsaken him, and he
would forsake her. So, the old love being off, he was straightway
on with a new one. Of this new love little is known, except that she
was, or had been, a servant in the family of one of his friends,
nurserymaid or something of the sort, - and that she was of High-
land parentage. Her name was Mary Campbell. He transferred his
affections from Jean to Mary, and his fascination was so strong that
a


## p. 2841 (#413) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2841
she promised to become his wife. They met one Sunday in a
sequestered spot on the banks of the Ayr, where, standing on each
side of a little brook, they laved their hands in its limpid waters,
plighted their troth, and exchanged Bibles, -- she giving him her
copy, which was a small one, he giving her his copy, which was
a large one in two volumes, on the blank leaves of which he
had written his name and two quotations from the sacred text,
one being the solemn injunction to fidelity in Leviticus:
«And
ye shall not swear by my name falsely. I am the Lord. ” They
parted. She returned to her relatives, among whom she died a few
months afterward of a malignant fever; he returned to his troubles
at Mossgiel. They were not all of his own making. It was not his
fault that the farm was an unproductive one; he could not impart
fertility to barren acres nor compel the sun to ripen scanty crops.
In the hope of bettering his fortunes he resolved to expatriate him-
self, and entered into negotiations with a man who had an estate in
the West Indies, and who agreed to employ him as his factor. He
had no money and no means of getting any, except by the publi-
cation of his poems, none of which had yet appeared in print. He
issued a prospectus for their publication by subscription; and such
was the reputation they had made for him through their circulation
in manuscript, and the activity of his friends, that the necessary
number of subscribers was soon obtained. They were published at
Kilmarnock in the summer of 1786, and were read by all classes,
by the plowman as eagerly as by the laird, by the milkmaid in the
dairy as eagerly as by her mistress in the parlor,- and wherever
they were read they were admired. No poet was ever so quickly
recognized as Burns, who captivated his readers by his human
quality as well as his genius. They understood him at once. He
sung of things which concerned them,- of emotions which they felt,
the joys and sorrows of their homely lives, and, singing from his
heart, his songs went to their hearts. His fame as a poet spread
along the country and came to the knowledge of Dr. Blacklock,
a blind poet in Edinburgh, who after hearing Burns's poetry was
so impressed by it that he wrote or dictated a letter about it,
which he addressed to a correspondent in Kilmarnock, by whom
it was placed in the hands of Burns. He was still at Mossgiel, and
in a perturbed condition of mind, not knowing whether he could
remain there, or whether he would have to go to Jamaica. He
resolved at last to do neither, but to go to Edinburgh, which he
accordingly did, proceeding thither on
a pony borrowed from a
friend.
The visit of Burns to Edinburgh was a hazardous experiment from
which he might well have shrunk. He was ignorant of the manners


## p. 2842 (#414) ###########################################

2842
ROBERT BURNS
of its citizens, - the things which differentiated them as a class from
the only class he knew, — but his ignorance did not embarrass him.
He was self-possessed; manly in his bearing; modest, but not hum-
ble; courteous, but independent. He had no letters of introduction,
and needed none, for his poetry had prepared the way for him. It
was soon known among the best people in Edinburgh that he was
there, and they hastened to make his acquaintance; one of the first
to do so being a man of rank, Lord Glencairn. To know him was
to know other men of rank, and to be admitted to the brilliant
circles in which they moved. Burns's society was sought by the
nobility and gentry and by the literary lords of the period, pro-
fessors, historians, men of letters. They dined him and wined him
and listened to him, — listened to him eagerly, for here as elsewhere
he distinguished himself by his conversation, the charm of which
was so potent that the Duchess of Gordon declared that she was
taken off her feet by it. He increased his celebrity in Edinburgh by
the publication of a new and enlarged edition of his Poems, which
he dedicated to the noblemen and gentlemen of the Caledonian Hunt
in a page of manly prose, the proud modesty and the worldly tact
of which must have delighted them. « The poetic genius of my
country found me,” he wrote, “as the prophetic bard Elijah did
Elisha, and threw her inspiring mantle over me. She bade me sing
the loves, the joys, the rural scenes and rural pleasures of my native
soil in my native tongue. I tuned my wild, artless notes as she
inspired. She whispered me to come to this ancient metropolis of
Caledonia and lay my songs under your honored protection. I now
obey her dictates. » His mind was not active at this time, for
beyond a few trivial verses he wrote nothing worthy of him except
a short but characteristic Epistle to the Guidwife of Wauchope
House. ) He spent the winter of 1786 and the spring of 1787 in
Edinburgh; and summer being close at hand, he resolved to return
for a time to Mossgiel. There were strong reasons for his return,
some of which pertained to his impoverished family, whom he was
now in a condition to assist, for the new edition of his Poems had
proved profitable to himself, and others -- for before his departure
for Edinburgh, Jean had borne twins, a boy and a girl; and the girl
was being cared for at Mossgiel, He returned therefore to his
family and his child, and whether he purposed to do so or not, to
the mother of his child. It was not a wise thing to do, perhaps, but
a human thing, and very characteristic of the man, who,
whatever else he was not, was very human. And the Armours were
very human also, for old Armour/ received him into his house, and
Jean received him into her arms. She was not a prudent young
woman, but she was a fond and forgiving one.
it was


## p. 2843 (#415) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2843
The life of Burns during the next twelve months may be briefly
described. He returned to Edinburgh, where in his most serious
moods he held sessions of thought. It may have been a silent one,
but it was not a sweet one; for while he summoned up remembrance
of things past, he summoned up apprehensions of things to come.
That he had won distinction as a poet was certain; what was not
certain was the duration of this distinction. He was famous to-day;
he might be forgotten to-morrow. But famous or forgotten, he and
those dependent on him must have bread; and since he saw no
reasonable prospect of earning it with his head, he must earn it
with his hands. They were strong and willing. So he leased a farm
at Ellisland in Dumfriesshire, and obtained an appointment from the
Board of Excise: then, poet, farmer, and exciseman, he went back to
Mauchline and was married to Jean. Leaving her and her child he
6 repaired to Ellisſand, where he was obliged to build a cottage for
himself. He dug the foundations, collected stone and sand, carted
lime, and generally assisted the masons and carpenters. Nor was
this all, for he directed at the same time whatever labor the careful
cultivation of a farm demanded from its tenant. He was happy at
Ellisland, — happier than he had been at Mount Oliphant, where his
family had been so sorely pinched by poverty, and much happier
than he had been at Mossgiel, where he had wrought so much
trouble for himself and others. A good son and a good brother, he
was a good husband and a good father. It was in no idle moment
that he wrote this stanza, which his conduct now illustrated:-
«To make a happy fireside chime
To weans and wife,
That's the true pathos and sublime
Of human life. ”
His life was orderly; his wants were few and easily supplied; his
mind was active, and his poetical vein more productive than it had
been at Edinburgh. The best lyric that he wrote at Ellisland was
the one in praise of his wife (Of 'a' the airts the wind can blaw-');
the most important poem “Tam o' Shanter. ' Farmer and exciseman,
he was very busy,— busier, perhaps, as the last than the first, for
while his farming labors might be performed by others, his excise
labors could only be performed by himself; the district under his
charge covering ten parishes, the inspection of which required his
riding about two hundred miles a week. The nature of his duties,
and the spirit with which he went through them, may be inferred
from a bit of his doggerel :-


## p. 2844 (#416) ###########################################

2844
ROBERT BURNS
“ Searching auld wives' barrels,
Och, hone, the day!
That clarty barm should stain my laurels:
But- what'll ye say —
These movin' things ca'd wives and weans
Wad move the very hearts o' stanes! »
A model exciseman, he was neither a model nor a prosperous farmer,
for here as elsewhere, mother earth was an unkind stepmother to
him. He struggled on, hoping against hope, from June 1788 to
December 1791; then, beaten, worn out, exhausted, he gave up his
farm and removed to Dumfries, exchanging his cozy cottage wi
its
outlook of woods and waters for a mean little house in the Wee
Vennel, with its inlook of narrow dirty streets and alleys. His life
in Dumfries was not what one could wish it might have been for his
sake; for though it was not without its hours of happiness, its un-
happy days were many, and of a darker kind than he had hitherto
encountered. They were monotonous, they were wearisome, they
were humiliating. They could not be other than humiliating to a
man of his proud, impulsive spirit, who, schooling himself to prudence
on account of his wife and children, was not always prudent in his
speech.
Who indeed could be, unless he were a mean, cowardly
creature, in the storm and stress of the great Revolution with which
France was then convulsed ? His utterances, whatever they may have
been, were magnified to his official and social disadvantage, and he
was greatly troubled. He felt his disfavor with the people of Dum-
fries, as he could not help showing to one of his friends, who, riding
into the town on a fine summer evening to attend a county ball, saw
him walking alone on the shady side of the principal street, while
the other side was crowded with ladies and gentlemen who seemed
unwilling to recognize him. This friend dismounted, and joining
him, proposed that they should cross the street. “Nay, nay, my
young friend,” said the poet, “that's all over now. ” Then, after a
pause, he quoted two stanzas from a pathetic ballad by Lady Grizel
Bailie:
“His bonnet stood then fu' fair on his brow,
His auld ane looked better than mony ane's new;
But now he lets 't wear ony way it will hing,
And casts himself doure upon the corn bing.
“O were we young now as we ance hae been,
We should hae been galloping down on yon green,
And linking it owre the lily-white lea –
And werena my heart light I wad die. )
The light heart of Burns failed him at last, — failed him because,
enfeebled by disease and incapacitated from performing his excise


## p. 2845 (#417) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2845
duties, his salary, which had never exceeded seventy pounds a year,
was reduced to half that beggarly sum; because he was so distressed
for money that he was obliged to solicit a loan of a one-pound note
from a friend: failed him, poor heart, because it was broken! He
took to his bed for the last time on July 21st, 1796, and two days
later, surrounded by his little family, he passed away in the thirty-
eighth year of his age.
Such was the life of Robert Burns, — the hard, struggling, erring,
suffering, manly life, of which his poetry is the imperishable record.
He was what his birth, his temperament, his circumstances, his
genius made him. He owed but little to books, and the books to
which he owed anything were written in his mother tongue. His
English reading, which was not extensive, harmed him rather than
helped himn. No English author taught or could teach him anything.
He was not English, but Scottish,- Scottish in his nature and genius,
Scottish to his heart's core,— the singer of the Scottish people, their
greatest poet, and the greatest poet of his time.
R. it stoodud
THE COTTER'S SATURDAY NIGHT
M'
Y LOVED, my honored, much respected friend!
No mercenary bard his homage pays;
With honest pride I scorn each selfish end;
My dearest meed, a friend's esteem and praise:
To you I sing, in simple Scottish lays,
The lowly train in life's sequestered scene;
The native feelings strong, the guileless ways;
What Aiken in a cottage would have been;
Ah! though his worth unknown, far happier there, I ween.
November chill blaws loud wi' angry sugh';
The shortening winter day is near a close:
The miry beasts retreating frae the pleugh;
The blackening trains o' craws to their repose
The toil-worn Cotter frae his labor goes;
This night his weekly moil is at an end;
Collects his spades, his mattocks, and his hoes
Hoping the morn in ease and rest to spend,
And weary, o'er the moor his course does hameward bend.
Sough.


## p. 2846 (#418) ###########################################

2846
ROBERT BURNS
At length his lonely cot appears in view,
Beneath the shelter of an aged tree;
The expectant wee-things, toddlin, stacher' through
To meet their Dad, wi' flichterin noise an' glee.
His wee bit ingle, blinking bonnily,
His clean hearthstane, his thriftie wifie's smile,
The lisping infant prattling on his knee,
Does a' his weary carking cares beguile,
An' makes him quite forget his labor an' his toil.
Belyve' the elder bairns come drapping in,
At service out, amang the farmers roun';
Some ca’ the pleugh, some herd, some tentie' rin
A cannie errand to a neebor town.
Their eldest hope, their Jenny, woman grown,
In youthfu' bloom, love sparkling in her e'e,
Comes hame, perhaps, to shew a braw new gown,
Or deposit her sair-won penny-fee,
To help her parents dear, if they in hardship be.
Wi' joy unfeigned brothers and sisters meet,
An' each for other's weelfare kindly speirs:
The social hours, swift-winged, unnoticed fleet:
Each tells the uncos 6 that he sees or hears:
The parents, partial, eye their hopeful years;
Anticipation forward points the view.
The mother, wi' her needle an' her shears,
Gars? auld claes look amaist as weel's the new;
The father mixes a' wi' admonition due.
Their masters' an' their mistresses' command,
The yonkers a' are warned to obey;
An’ mind their labors wi' an eydent® hand,
An' ne'er, though out o' sight, to jauk' or play:
«An' O! be sure to fear the Lord alway!
An' mind your duty duly, morn an' night!
Lest in temptation's path ye gang astray,
Implore His counsel and assisting might:
They never sought in vain that sought the Lord aright!
But hark! a rap comes gently to the door;
Jenny, wha kens the meaning o' the same,
Tells how a neebor lad cam o'er the moor,
To do some errands, and convoy her hame.
1 Stagger. ? Fire, or fireplace. 3 By-and-by. * Careful.
5 Inquires. 6 News. 7 Makes. *Diligent. Dally.
1
9


## p. 2847 (#419) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2847
The wily mother sees the conscious flame
Sparkle in Jenny's e'e, and flush her cheek;
With heart-struck anxious care, inquires his name,
While Jenny haftlins? is afraid to speak:
Weel pleased, the mother hears it's nae wild, worthless rake.
Wi' kindly welcome Jenny brings him ben,
A strappan youth; he taks the mother's eye;
Blithe Jenny sees the visit's no ill ta'en:
The father cracks of horses, pleughs, and kye:*
The youngster's artless heart o'erflows wi' joy,
But blate • and laithfu’,6 scarce can weel behave;
The mother, wi' a woman's wiles, can spy
What makes the youth sae bashfu' an' sae grave;
Weel pleased to think her bairn's respected like the lave. ?
O happy love, where love like this is found !
O heartfelt raptures! bliss beyond compare!
I've pacèd much this weary mortal round,
And sage experience bids me this declare:-
« If Heaven a draught of heavenly pleasure spare,
One cordial in this melancholy vale,
'Tis when a youthful, loving, modest pair,
In other's arms breathe out the tender tale,
Beneath the milk-white thorn that scents the evening gale. ”
Is there in human form, that bears a heart
A wretch! a villain! lost to love and truth!
That can, with studied, sly, ensnaring art,
Betray sweet Jenny's unsuspecting youth?
Curse on his perjured arts! dissembling, smooth!
Are honor, virtue, conscience, all exiled ?
Is there no pity, no relenting ruth,
Points to the parents fondling o'er their child ?
Then paints the ruined maid, and their distraction wild ?
But now the supper crowns their simple board,
The halesome partitch,8 chief o' Scotia's food:
The soupe their only Hawkie' does afford,
That 'yont the hallan snugly chows her cood: 11
1 Half.
4 Cows.
7 Rest.
10 Wall.
2 Into the spence, or parlor.
5 Bashful.
6 Porridge.
11 Chews her cud.
3 Gossips.
6 Sheepish.
9 A white-faced cow.


## p. 2848 (#420) ###########################################

2848
ROBERT BURNS
The dame brings forth in complimental mood,
To grace the lad, her weel-hained' kebbuck,? fell,
An' aft he's prest, an' aft he ca's it guid;
The frugal wifie, garrulous, will tell,
How 'twas a towmond auld, sin' lint was i’ the be! 1. *
The cheerfu' supper done, wi' serious face,
They round the ingle form a circle wide:
The sire turns o'er, wi' patriarchal grace,
The big ha' Bible, ance his father's pride;
His bonnet rev'rently is laid aside,
His lyart haffets5 wearing thin an' bare;
Those strains that once did sweet in Zion glide,
He wales a portion wi' judicious care;
And “Let us worship God! ” he says, with solemn air.
They chant their artless notes in simple guise,
They tune their hearts, by far the noblest aim :
Perhaps Dundee's) wild warbling measures rise,
Or plaintive Martyrs,' worthy of the name;
Or noble Elgin' beets? the heavenward flame,
The sweetest far of Scotia's holy lays:
Compared with these, Italian trills are tame;
The tickled ears no heartfelt raptures raise;
Nae unison hae they with our Creator's praise.
The priest-like father reads the sacred page,
How Abram was the friend of God on high;
Or Moses bade eternal warfare wage
With Amalek's ungracious progeny;
Or how the royal bard did groaning lie
Beneath the stroke of Heaven's avenging ire;
Or Job's pathetic plaint, and wailing cry:
Or rapt Isaiah's wild, seraphic fire:
Or other holy seers that tune the sacred lyre.
Perhaps the Christian volume is the theme:
How guiltless blood for guilty man was shed;
How He who bore in heaven the second name
Had not on earth whereon to lay his head:
How his first followers and servants sped:
The precepts sage they wrote to many a land;
i Saved.
* Flax was in flower.
Increases.
2 Cheese.
5 Gray locks,
3 Twelvemonth.
6 Chooses.
7


## p. 2849 (#421) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2849
How he who, lone in Patmos banished,
Saw in the sun a mighty angel stand;
And heard great Bab'lon's doom pronounced by Heaven's com.
mand.
Then kneeling down, to Heaven's Eternal King
The saint, the father, and the husband prays:
Hope springs exulting on triumphant wing,”
That thus they all shall meet in future days:
There ever bask in uncreated rays,
No more to sigh, or shed the bitter tear,
Together hymning their Creator's praise,
In such society, yet still more dear;
While circling time moves round in an eternal sphere.
Compared with this, how poor Religion's pride,
In all the pomp of method and of art,
When men display to congregations wide
Devotion's every grace, except the heart!
The Power, incensed, the pageant will desert,
The pompous strain, the sacerdotal stole;
But haply in some cottage far apart,
May hear, well pleased, the language of the soul;
And in his Book of Life the inmates poor enroll.
Then homeward all take off their several way;
The youngling cottagers retire to rest :
The parent pair their secret homage pay,
And proffer up to Heaven the warm request
That He who stills the raven's clamorous nest,
And decks the lily fair in flowery pride,
Would, in the way His wisdom sees the best,
For them and for their little ones provide;
But chiefly in their hearts with grace divine preside.
From scenes like these old Scotia's grandeur springs,
That makes her loved at home, revered abroad;
Princes and lords are but the breath of kings,
“An honest man's the noblest work of God: )) 2
And certes, in fair virtue's heavenly road,
The cottage leaves the palace far behind;
2
1 Pope's (Windsor Forest. "
Pope's Essay on Man. )
V-179


## p. 2850 (#422) ###########################################

2850
ROBERT BURNS
What is a lordling's pomp! a cumbrous load,
Disguising oft the wretch of human kind,
Studied in arts of hell, in wickedness refined !
O Scotia! my dear, my native soil!
For whom my warmest wish to Heaven is sent !
Long may thy hardy sons of rustic toil
Be blest with health, and peace, and sweet content!
And oh! may Heaven their simple lives prevent
From Luxury's contagion weak and vile!
Then, howe'er crowns and coronets be rent,
A virtuous populace may rise the while,
And stand a wall of fire around their much-loved Isle.
O Thou! who poured the patriotic tide
That streamed through Wallace's undaunted heart;
Who dared to nobly stem tyrannic pride,
Or nobly die, the second glorious part,
(The patriot's God peculiarly thou art,
His friend, inspirer, guardian, and reward! )
O never, never, Scotia's realm desert;
But still the patriot, and the patriot bard,
In bright succession raise, her ornament and guard !
JOHN ANDERSON, MY JO
JOHN
OHN ANDERSON, my jo, John,
When we were first acquent,
Your locks were like the raven,
Your bonnie brow was brent;
But now your brow is bald, John,
Your locks are like the snaw;
But blessings on your frosty pow,
John Anderson, my jo.
John Anderson, my jo, John,
We clamb the hill thegither;
And mony a canty day, John,
We've had wi' ane anither:
Now we maun totter down, John,
But hand in hand we'll go;
And sleep thegither at the foot,
John Anderson, my jo.


## p. 2851 (#423) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2851
MAN WAS MADE TO MOURN
A DIRGE
WHEN
HEN chill November's surly blast
Made fields and forests bare,
One evening, as I wandered forth
Along the banks of Ayr,
I spied a man, whose aged step
Seemed weary, worn with care;
His face was furrowed o'er with years,
And hoary was his hair.
“Young stranger, whither wanderest thou ? »
Began the reverend sage;
«Does thirst of wealth thy step constrain,
Or youthful pleasure's rage ?
Or haply, pressed with cares and woes,
Too soon thou hast began
To wander forth, with me, to mourn
The miseries of man!
« The sun that overhangs yon moors,
Outspreading far and wide,
Where hundreds labor to support
A haughty lordling's pride;-
I've seen yon weary winter sun
Twice forty times return;
And every time has added proofs
That man was made to mourn.
«O man! while in thy early years,
How prodigal of time!
Misspending all thy precious hours,
Thy glorious youthful prime!
Alternate follies take the sway,
Licentious passions burn;
Which tenfold force gives Nature's law,
That man was made to mourn.
“Look not alone on youthful prime,
Or manhood's active might;
Man then is useful to his kind,
Supported is his right:
But see him on the edge of life,
With cares and sorrows worn,


## p. 2852 (#424) ###########################################

2852
ROBERT BURNS
Then age and want - oh ill-matched pair!
Show man was made to mourn.
A few seem favorites of fate,
In Pleasure's lap caressed;
Yet think not all the rich and great
Are likewise truly blest.
But oh! what crowds in every land
Are wretched and forlorn!
Through weary life this lesson learn,
That man was made to mourn.
“Many and sharp the num'rous ills
Inwoven with our frame;
More pointed still we make ourselves
Regret, remorse, and shame!
And man, whose heaven-erected face
The smiles of love adorn,
Man's inhumanity to man
Makes countless thousands mourn!
"See yonder poor o'er-labored wight,
So abject, mean, and vile,
Who begs a brother of the earth
To give him leave to toil;
And see his lordly fellow-worm
The poor petition spurn,
Unmindful, though a weeping wife
And helpless offspring mourn.
"If I'm designed yon lordling's slave,
By Nature's law designed,
Why was an independent wish
E'er planted in my mind ?
If not, why am I subject to
His cruelty or scorn ?
Or why has man the will and power
To make his fellow mourn ?
« Yet let not this too much, my son,
Disturb thy youthful breast;
This partial view of humankind
Is surely not the best!
The poor, oppressèd, honest man,
Had never, sure, been born,
Had there not been some recompense
To comfort those that mourn.


## p. 2853 (#425) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2853
«O Death! the poor man's dearest friend -
The kindest and the best!
Welcome the hour my agèd limbs
Are laid with thee at rest!
The great, the wealthy, fear thy blow
From pomp and pleasure torn;
But, oh! a blest relief to those
That weary-laden mourn ! "
GREEN GROW THE RASHES
T"
HERE's naught but care on every han',
In every hour that passes, O:
What signifies the life o' man,
An 't werena for the lasses, O?
CHORUS
Green grow the rashes, O!
Green grow the rashes, O!
The sweetest hours that e'er I spent
Were spent amang the lasses, O!
The warly race may riches chase,
An' riches still inay fly them, 0);
An' though at last they catch them fast,
Their hearts can ne'er enjoy them, O.
But gi'e me a canny hour at e'en,
My arms about my dearie, 0;
An' warly cares, an’ warly men,
May a' gae tapsalteerie, O!
For you sae douce, ye sneer at this,
Ye're nought but senseless asses, 0;
The wisest man the warl' e'er saw,
He dearly loved the lasses, O.
Auld Nature swears the lovely dears
Her noblest work she classes, 0);
Her 'prentice han’ she tried on man,
An' then she made the lasses, O.


## p. 2854 (#426) ###########################################

2854
ROBERT BURNS
IS THERE FOR HONEST POVERTY
I
S THERE for honest poverty
That hangs his head, and a' that ?
The coward slave, we pass him by,
We dare be poor for a' that!
For a' that, and a' that,
Our toil's obscure, and a' that:
The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
The man's the gowd for a' that.
What though on hamely fare we dine,
Wear hoddin gray, and a' that ?
Gi'e fools their silks, and knaves their wine,
A man's a man for a' that;
For a' that, and a' that,
Their tinsel show, and a' that -
The honest man, though e'er sae poor,
Is king o' men for a' that.
Ye see yon birkie,' ca'd a lord,
Wha struts, and stares, and a' that:
Though hundreds worship at his word,
He's but a coof? for a' that:
For a' that, and a' that,
His riband, star, and a' that-
The man of independent mind,
He looks and laughs at a' that.
A prince can mak' a belted knight,
A marquis, duke, and a' that,
But an honest man's aboon his might -
Guid faith, he mauna fa' that!
For a' that. and a' that,
Their dignities, and a' that,
The pith o' sense and pride o' worth
Are higher ranks than a' that.
Then let us pray that come it may -
As come it will for a' that
That sense and worth, o'er a' the earth,
May bear the gree, and a' that.
For a' that, and a' that,
It's comin' yet, for a' that,-
That man to man, the warld o'er,
Shall brothers be for a' that!
Spirited fellow.
2 Fool.


## p. 2855 (#427) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2855
TO A MOUSE
FLYING BEFORE A Plow
W
EE, sleekit, cowrin', tim'rous beastie,
Oh, what a panic's in thy breastie!
Thou needna start awa' sae hasty,
Wi’ bick'ring brattle! 1
I wad be laith to rin and chase thee,
Wi' murd'ring pattle! ?
I'm truly sorry man's dominion
Has broken nature's social union,
And justifies that ill opinion
Which mak's thee startle
At me, thy poor earth-born companion
And fellow-mortal!
I doubt na, whiles, but thou may thieve;
What then ? poor beastie, thou maun live!
A daimen icker in a thrave 3
'S a sma' request :
I'll get a blessin' wi' the lave,
And never miss 't!
Thy wee bit housie, too, in ruin!
Its silly“ wa's the win's are strewin'!
And naething now to big 5 a new ane
O' foggage green!
And bleak December's winds ensuin',
Baith snell' and keen!
Thou saw the fields laid bare and waste,
And weary winter comin' fast,
And cozie here, beneath the blast
Thou thought to dwell,
Till, crash! the cruel coulter past
Out through thy cell.
That wee bit heap o' leaves and stibble
Has cost thee mony a weary nibble!
Now thou's turned out for a' thy trouble,
But house or hauld,8
i Hurrying run.
2 The plow-spade.
3 An ear of corn in twenty-four sheaves — that is, in a thrave.
* Frail. 5 Build. 6 Aftermath. 7 Bitter. * Holding


## p. 2856 (#428) ###########################################

2856
ROBERT BURNS
To thole' the winter's sleety dribble,
And cranreuch ? cauld!
But, Mousie, thou art no thy lane 3
In proving foresight may be vain!
The best-laid schemes o mice and men
Gang aft agley,
And lea'e us naught but grief and pain
For promised joy.
Still thou art blest, compared wi' me!
The present only toucheth thee;
But och! I backward cast my e'e
On prospects drear!
And forward, though I canna see,
I guess and fear.
TO A MOUNTAIN DAISY
ON TURNING ONE DOWN WITH THE Plow
W"
TEE, modest, crimson-tipped flower,
Thou's met me in an evil hour;
For I maun crush amang the stoure'
Thy slender stem;
To spare thee now is past my power,
Thou bonnie gem.
Alas! it's no thy neebor sweet,
The bonnie lark, companion meet!
Bending thee 'mang the dewy weet,
Wi’ spreckled breast,
When upward-springing, blithe, to greet
The purpling east.
Cauld blew the bitter biting north
Upon thy early, humble birth,
Yet cheerfully thou glinted forth
Amid the storm,
Scarce reared above the parent earth
Thy tender form.
1 Endure.
* Crevice.
3 Alone.
* Dust.
Peeped.
5


## p. 2857 (#429) ###########################################

ROBERT BURNS
2857
The flaunting flowers our gardens yield,
High shelt'ring woods and wa's maun shield;
But thou beneath the random bield?
O'clod or stane,
Adorns the histie? stibble-field,
Unseen, alane.
There, in thy scanty mantle clad,
Thy snawy bosom sunward spread,
Thou lifts thy unassuming head
In humble guise;
But now the share uptears thy bed,
And low thou lies!
Such is the fate of artless maid,
Sweet flow'ret of the rural shade!
By love's simplicity betrayed,
And guileless trust,
Till she, like thee, all soiled, is laid
Low i' the dust.
Such is the fate of simple bard,
On life's rough ocean luckless starred !
Unskillful he to note the card
Of prudent lore,
Till billows rage, and gales blow hard,
And whelm him o'er!
Such fate to suffering worth is given,
Who long with wants and woes has striven,
By human pride or cunning driven
To mis'ry's brink,
Till wrenched of every stay but Heaven,
He, ruined, sink!
Ev'n thou who mourn'st the Daisy's fate,
That fate is thine — no distant date;
Stern Ruin's plowshare drives, elate,
Full on thy bloom,
Till crushed beneath the furrow's weight
Shall be thy doom!
1 Shelter.
2 Barren.


## p. 2858 (#430) ###########################################

2858
ROBERT BURNS
TAM O'SHANTER
W*
"HEN chapman billies' leave the street,
And drouthy? neebors neebors meet,
As market days are wearing late,
An' folk begin to tak’ the gate 3;
While we sit bousing at the nappy,
An' getting fou and unco happy,
We think na on the lang Scots miles,
The mosses, waters, slaps, and stiles,
That lie between us and our hame,
Whaur sits our sulky, sullen dame,
Gathering her brows like gathering storm,
Nursing her wrath to keep it warm.